Experimental Investigation on Microstructure, Mechanical Behavior and Tribological analysis of Al2017/SiC/TiO₂ Composed by double stir casting route

Experimental Investigation on Microstructure, Mechanical Behavior and Tribological analysis of Al2017/SiC/TiO₂ Composed by double stir casting route | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Experimental Investigation on Microstructure, Mechanical Behavior and Tribological analysis of Al2017/SiC/TiO₂ Composed by double stir casting route Shlok Agarwal, Kaustubh Kambiri, Roop Lal This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3966938/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study is on synthesising aluminium-based metal matrix hybrid composites with silicon carbide (SiC) and Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) reinforcements by double stir casting technique. SiC and TiO₂ were chosen for their excellent mechanical, tribological and physical properties. As limited information exists on the mechanical properties of Al2017 composites with both SiC and TiO₂. The Al/SiC/TiO₂ hybrid nanocomposites were prepared with 5 wt.% of SiC nanoparticles, 5 wt.% of TiO₂ nanoparticles, and a mixture of both at 5,5 wt.%. Microstructure analysis confirmed a uniform distribution of SiC and TiO₂ particles within the aluminium matrix. The Al2017/SiC composite exhibited a hardness of 46.33 HRB, while the Al2017/TiO₂ composite displayed a comparable hardness of 44.33 HRB. However, the combined Al2017/SiC/TiO₂ composite showed a decreased hardness of 40.33 HRB suggesting the importance of considering the composition and combination of reinforcement materials when designing metal matrix composites. The observed decrease in hardness in the Al2017/SiC/TiO₂ composite can be attributed to various factors, including the interaction and compatibility between SiC and TiO₂ particles within the aluminium matrix. Further research is required to understand the underlying mechanisms and enhance the mechanical behaviour of the Al2017 composites. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Materials science Physical sciences/Physics Stir casting Aluminium metal matrix composites Reinforcement Mechanical properties Future potential Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. Introduction It is challenging to choose the right material for a given application; lighter materials typically have lower strengths, whereas brittle materials have lesser toughness and fatigue resistance. Thus the hunt for new and better materials is ongoing due to the newest technological demands for greater energy efficiency, durability, lighter, and less expensive materials. For technological applications, it is nearly hard to find a single monolithic material with the necessary property profile.[ 1 ] Since the early 1960s, new and improved construction materials have been sought with the advances in modern technology that have an interest in the rapid development of metal matrix composites in the aerospace and automotive sectors. Extensive research and development efforts have been made in the realm of composites as a result of the high demands placed on materials to increase overall performance. Metal matrix composites based on aluminium are often employed in the field of composites. Innovations in material processing have made it feasible to enhance wear resistance, attain high strength-to-weight ratios, increase stiffness, and maintain strength at high temperatures in order to satisfy new demands.[ 2 ] 2. Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (AlMMCs) A composite material is defined as a mixture of at least two materials that produces preferred qualities when compared to the properties of the component segments utilised separately. Every material has its unique chemical, physical, and mechanical qualities, as compared to metallic alloys. When compared to mass materials, composite materials' primary benefit is their excellent quality and solidity, along with their low density. This enables the finished part's weight to be reduced.[ 3 ] Aluminium matrix composites are regarded as a novel and emerging class of materials having unique characteristics for specific applications. Advanced engineered materials, or AlMMCs, have better qualities than other traditional aluminium. Because of these characteristics, they have recently attracted considerable interest for a range of prospective applications in the automotive, aerospace, and other structural fields. In order to obtain the material with the needed qualities, extensive research and development has been done on Al-based MMCs using every conceivable alloy and various reinforcements.[ 4 ] 3. Stir Casting In stir casting, the molten metal matrix is stirred with a stirrer. The material used to make the stirrer often has a greater melting point than the matrix temperature. Graphite stirrers are typically used in stir casting. The stirrer primarily consists of two parts: a cylindrical rod and an impeller. One end of the rod is attached to the motor shaft, and the other end is linked to the impeller. The stirrer is typically kept upright and rotates at different speeds thanks to a motor. Afterward, the molten metal is put into a die for casting. Stir casting is suited for producing composites with reinforcement volume fractions up to 30%.[ 5 ] Such setup can be seen in Fig. 1 A major concern associated with the stir casting is segregation of reinforcement particles due to various process parameters and material properties resulting in the non-homogeneous metal distribution. The numerous process variables include things like the degree to which metal particles are moist, relative density, settling velocity, etc. The speed of the stirrer, its angle, the presence of vortices, and other factors all have an impact on how the particles are distributed inside the molten metal matrix. Where G.G. Sozhamannan et al.(2012) [ 6 ] fabricated aluminium metal composites at different processing temperatures with different holding time, which had different mechanical properties. 3.1 Double Stir-Casting Technique There have been several reports on the use of two-step (double) stir casting to enhance cast metal matrix composites. K.K. Alaneme et al.(2012)[ 7 ] proposed that producing AMCs without using two-step stirring causes less homogeneity of the particles and greater porosity levels, which may be over the permitted limits. To promote wettability between the melt of the aluminium alloy and the SiC particles, the procedure calls for pre-treating the SiC particulates in a dry oven at 1,100°C..Additionally, to reduce the moisture content, P. Shanmughasundaram et al.(2011)[ 8 ] employed fly ash particles that had been warmed to 600℃ for two hours in a different muffle furnace. The graphite crucible was charged with aluminium, and the furnace temperature was increased to a liquidus temperature of 670℃ in order to completely melt the aluminium scraps. The melt temperature was then reduced to 620℃ in order to achieve a semi-solid condition. The crucible was filled with warmed fly ash particles and 1.5 wt% magnesium. To encourage the wetting activity between the Al matrix and the fly ash reinforcement particles, Mg was added to the melt. After 10 minutes, the molten Al composite slurry reached a semi-solid condition and was agitated with a stirrer at a speed of 300 rpm. According to K. K. ALANEME et al. (2013)[ 9 ] research, the AA 6063/Al2O3p composites made using the two-step stir casting method used in this study had low porosity values of less than 3.6%. Although the strain to fracture and fracture toughness values of the composites declined with increasing volume percent alumina, the tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness values rose. Comparing well with other aluminium-based alumina reinforced composites described in literature, the mechanical characteristics derived from the AA 6063/Al2O3p composites created. 3.2 Material For this study aluminium 2017 was used with compositions given below in Table 1. Table.1. Composition of Al used as matrix material (wt. %) According to J. R. Davis (2001)[ 10 ], In alloys from the 2xxx class, copper serves as the main alloying element, with magnesium serving as a minor component. To achieve their ideal qualities, these alloys must undergo solution heat treatment; in this state, their mechanical properties are comparable to and occasionally even surpass those of low-carbon steel. Precipitation heat treatment, also known as ageing, is used to further improve mechanical characteristics. This process reduces elongation while increasing yield strength; it has a less significant impact on tensile strength. Screw machine products, fittings, fasteners, and machine components are the principal uses for Al2017. According to K. Mroczka et al. (2012)[ 11 ] research on the 2017A aluminium alloy under various heat treatment circumstances, the alloy should be treated at a temperature of 500°C (the allowable temperature range is between 490°C and 520°C). After 72 hours, the material had reached its maximum hardness and ultimate tensile strength due to natural ageing. After six hours, artificial ageing at 180°C results in a significant increase in hardness. The ultimate tensile strength of the material improves by 20% as a result of natural ageing (compared to the supersaturation state). Mrówka-Nowotnik Grayna et al.(2021)[ 12 ] came to the conclusion that the temperature of the solution heat treatment also influences the alloy's hardness during artificial ageing. It was discovered that as compared to natural ageing, artificial ageing enables the achievement of greater hardness levels. The hardest alloy is the alloy 2017 solution, which was heat treated at 510°C and aged at 175°C. The hardness is quite similar to the value attained during natural ageing after ageing at 120°C. It was discovered that during artificial ageing, the temperature of the solution heat treatment has no bearing on how quickly hardness increases to its maximum value. 4. Reinforcement The reinforced metal matrix has the potential to create improved MMCs and exhibits superior characteristics when compared to base or reinforced material used alone. For micron-sized particles in general, 5 to 10% might be adequate, and for nanomaterials, even less than 5%, resulting in a significant improvement in mechanical behaviour. V.K. Sharma et al.(2012)[ 13 ] discovered that the wear resistance of manufactured composites rises as the flyash concentration increases. Composites with high flyash contents wore out 13.6% less than composites with low flyash concentrations.The sample with a medium flyash concentration (4%) had the lowest average coefficient of friction (0.12), while the sample with a high flyash level (6%) had the highest average coefficient of friction (0.161). As a result, the amount of flyash in the aluminium matrix is restricted to 4%. The addition of more reinforcement increases the coefficient of friction between the tribopairs. 4.1 SiC (Silicon Carbide) The most widely employed reinforcement material in the development of AMMCs is silicon carbide (SiC). It also increases ultimate tensile strength while decreasing porosity. The qualities of the reinforcement vary depending on the grade of aluminium alloy used.[ 14 ] Md. Habibur Rahmana(2014)[ 15 ] came to the conclusion that adding SiC to an Al matrix boosted the Vickers hardness and tensile strength of composites when compared to unreinforced Al. AlMMC with a SiC concentration of 20% had the highest hardness and tensile strength. The wear resistance of SiC reinforced AMCs increased as the SiC concentration in the Al matrix increased. Based on wear resistance, AMC reinforced with 20% SiC performed best. Cui Yana et al.(2008)[ 16 ] research also reveals that SiC/Al composites have a low density (2.94 g/cm 3 ), a high elastic modulus (220 GPa), a prominent thermal management function due to a low coefficient of thermal expansion (8×10 - ⁶ K -1 ) and high thermal conductivity (235 W/(mK)), and a unique preventability of resonance vibration. The multi-functional SiC/Al composites were manufactured into near-net-shape pieces using a number of established processes. Precision components for space-based optomechanical structures and airborne optoelectronic platforms have been manufactured in large quantities. Several common goods are now being tested in the field. 4.2 TiO₂ (Titanium Dioxide) According to Anna A. Murashkina et al.(2015)[ 17 ] research, TiO₂ samples exhibit a mixed phase rutile-anatase crystalline structure, with the anatase component increasing linearly from 0.0 wt% for Al-TiO₂ to 18 wt% for 1.1-Al-TiO₂. With increasing Al concentration, particle size decreases from 800 nm to 50 nm, and specific surface area increases from 1.7 m 2 /g to 28 m 2 /g. Adeolu A. Adediran et al. (2021)[ 18 ] demonstrated Simultaneous optimization of the characteristics 779.3°C, 574.2 rpm, and 22.5 min as the best stir casting parameters for temperature, speed, and duration, respectively, using Minitab 19 software. The interaction profile of the parameters according to the response surface was examined. Contour plots for each interaction revealed distinct ranges of stirring settings for optimising each attribute. 4.3 Hybrid of SiC (Silicon Carbide)&TiO₂ (Titanium Dioxide) Mechanical parameters of hybrid composites such as tensile strength (TS), hardness (BHN), density, and impact strength have been found to be identical to or higher than those of conventional composites. It has been said that hybrid composites provide higher flexibility and reliability in the structure of the future parts determined by the fortification mix and organization.[ 19 ] G. Elangoa et al. (2013)[ 20 ] studied the wear behaviour of aluminium alloy LM25 reinforced with SiC particulate and further addition of TiO₂ particulate. The wear resistance and frictional properties of a hybrid metal matrix composite were investigated using a pin on disc wear tester concluding that reinforcing the metal matrix with SiC and TiO₂ minimises wear rate at room temperature. Aluminium hybrid metal matrix nanocomposites (Al/SiC/TiO₂) were synthesised by M.R. Mattli et al. (2021)[ 21 ] using a microwave-assisted powder metallurgy procedure, and their developed microstructure and mechanical properties were examined. The Al/SiC/TiO₂ hybrid nanocomposites were prepared by reinforcing aluminium (Al) matrix with a fixed amount of silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles (5 wt.%) and varying concentrations of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (3, 6, and 9 wt.%). The addition of TiO₂ nanoparticles increased the hardness and compressive strength of the Al/SiC/TiO₂ hybrid nanocomposites. The Al/SiC/TiO₂ hybrid nanocomposites with the highest concentration of TiO₂ nanoparticles (9 wt.%) showed the best mechanical properties. A.D. Assi et al. (2020)[ 22 ] produced composites were reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles added in precise weight percentages (3, 6, 9 wt%) using a stir casting technique. All specimens were subjected to cold mechanical treatment (pressure forming) and heat-treated T6 (solution heat treatment artificial ageing). Mechanical tests were then performed on the samples. According to the SEM and X-RD data, the reinforced AA (6061) had improved in hardness, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and impact toughness. S. Hariharan et al. (2020)[ 23 ] developed an aluminium-based hybrid composite material by stir casting with AI7075 as the matrix and SiC and TiO₂ as the reinforcements. Mechanical analysis of AI7075 + SiC + TiO₂ revealed greater hardness and tensile strength. 5. Experimental Procedure Material Preparation The Al2017 matrix alloy was used as the composites' base material. As reinforcement materials, silicon carbide (SiC) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) particles were employed. To guarantee appropriate dispersion, the SiC and TiO₂ particles were pre-treated. Double Stir Casting Technique The Al2017/SiC/TiO₂ composites were created using the double stir casting technique. The Al2017 alloy was melted in a crucible using a controlled temperature furnace. The pre-treated SiC and TiO₂ particles were gradually added to the molten Al2017 alloy while the mixture was constantly stirred. To achieve consistent dispersion of the reinforcement particles, the stirring operation was carried out using mechanical stirrers at a predetermined speed. The stirring was done for a certain amount of time to ensure proper mixing and bonding between the matrix alloy and the reinforcing particles. Surface Preparation To eliminate any dirt, grease, or impurities, the surfaces of the aluminium samples were thoroughly washed with a suitable cleansing agent. To eliminate surface flaws, scratches, and oxidation, coarse grit sanding was performed with sandpaper with a grain size of 120–180.The entire surface was uniformly sanded, with special attention paid to any unusually rough or damaged areas. To further refine the surface and remove any leftover scratches or markings, fine grit sanding was performed using increasingly finer sandpapers. During the sanding operation, water or a suitable polishing fluid was employed as a lubricant to reduce heat buildup and improve surface quality. The stirring was done for a certain amount of time to ensure proper mixing and bonding between the matrix alloy and the reinforcing particles. Mirror Polishing Mirror finishing was performed on the smoothed surface using a high-quality aluminium polishing compound along with a clean cloth and rotatory polishing station, aluminium surface was polished in circular motions while applying light pressure and keeping a consistent speed. The polishing compound was applied uniformly throughout the whole surface, with special attention paid to any residual defects. Throughout the polishing process, the surface was inspected at regular intervals to check progress and ensure the intended outcomes. The polishing process was repeated until a mirror-like quality was obtained. Microstructure Analysis On polished cylindrical samples, an Olympus microscope was used for microstructure examination. This microscope provided superior optical resolution and magnification, enabling a thorough analysis of the dispersion and properties of SiC and TiO₂ particles within the Al2017 matrix. The microscope was used to record high-resolution microstructures at various magnifications in order to gain a full understanding of the microstructural characteristics and bonding properties of the composite materials. The microstructure analysis yielded information on the distribution, shape, and bonding properties of the reinforcing particles. Rockwell Hardness Testing The Rockwell hardness values of the individual composite samples were determined. A Rockwell hardness testing machine with the Rockwell B scale was used. The cylindrical samples were subjected to a small load of 10 kg, followed by a main load of 100 kg. The indenter was a steel ball with a diameter of 1/16 of an inch. The cylindrical samples' polished surfaces were indented, and the related hardness values were recorded. To assure statistical reliability, each sample was indented many times. Such setup can be seen in Fig. 2 Data Collection : The obtained microstructure and hardness values were recorded and documented for further analysis and interpretation. 6. Results and Discussions The results of the experimental analysis on aluminium-based composites are presented in this section. This assessment is divided into three parts: surface analysis, hardness testing, and microstructure characterization. These three factors were chosen because they are critical in defining the mechanical properties and performance of composites. The results of this analysis helps to understand the material's behaviour, identify any limitations, and provide a foundation for future optimization and advancement in research and applications. 6.1. Surface analysis Surface analysis was used to evaluate the quality and characteristics of the produced samples." The results revealed that the porosity levels of the various composites varied. The TiO₂ particle-reinforced sample had the maximum porosity, followed by the hybrid composite and the SiC-reinforced sample. This finding indicates that the addition of TiO₂ particles has made achieving a fully dense structure more difficult. Porosity in composites can have a negative impact on mechanical qualities such as hardness. As a result, addressing the porosity issue is critical in order to improve the performance of composites. On the other hand, the sample reinforced with SiC particles, demonstrated a remarkable observation after dry polishing, in which the composite was seen to shed abrasive particles. This is due to a less strong bond between the SiC particles and the aluminium matrix. However, the TiO₂ casting technique did not produce adequate results for the Al2017 alloy, indicating difficulties in obtaining uniform distribution and effective bonding of TiO₂ particles with the aluminium matrix. To improve the performance of the Al2017/TiO₂ composite, more research and optimisation of the casting parameters are required. These surface analysis findings highlight the necessity of regulating porosity and establishing strong interfacial interaction between the reinforcement particles and the matrix in hybrid composites. 6.2 Hardness Hardness refers to a material's resistance to surface indentation. The microhardness of composites measures the strength of the interface bonding between reinforcing particles and matrix. The Rockwell hardness test was used to determine the hardness values of the produced samples. The hardness of the hybrid composite was 40.3333HRB, the hardness of the SiC-reinforced sample was 46.333 HRB, and the hardness of the TiO₂-reinforced sample was 43.333 HRB. The difference in hardness across samples reflects the effect of different reinforcements on the mechanical properties of the composites. The hybrid composite's decreased hardness seems to be related to elements such as the interaction and compatibility of SiC and TiO₂ particles within the aluminium matrix, as well as the presence of porosity. Such variation in hardness can be seen in Fig. 3 6.3 Microstructures The microstructure study of the samples revealed distinct characteristics. The SiC sample revealed a network-like architecture with interconnected particles. It also had numerous fine black dots, which indicated the dispersion of SiC particles within the aluminium matrix. The TiO₂ sample, on the other hand, had a more homogeneous microstructure with finer grain boundaries and less apparent black spots. The microstructure of the hybrid sample was identical to that of the TiO₂ sample, indicating a homogenous distribution of TiO₂ particles inside the aluminium matrix. The changes in microstructure across the samples can have a substantial impact on their mechanical qualities and performance. The SiC sample's linked structure may lead to improved mechanical strength and load-bearing capabilities.The highly homogeneous microstructure of the TiO₂ and hybrid samples indicates good particle dispersion and possible improvements in characteristics like wear resistance and dimensional stability. Microstructure for the following can be seen in Fig. 4 . 7. Conclusion Possible reasons for this outcome could be related to the particle distribution, particle interactions, or the effect of different reinforcement mechanisms. It is important to note that the interaction between SiC and TiO₂ particles might have influenced the overall microstructure and mechanical behaviour of the composite. The combined presence of these two types of particles may have affected their distribution and bonding within the matrix, resulting in a reduction in hardness compared to individual reinforcement additions. Potential reasons for the observed decrease in hardness when SiC and TiO₂ are added simultaneously: Particle Interactions The interaction between SiC and TiO₂ particles may have led to agglomeration or clustering, resulting in uneven distribution within the matrix. This clustering could have hindered effective load transfer and reduced the overall hardness. Reinforcement Mechanisms SiC and TiO₂ have different reinforcement mechanisms. SiC is known for its excellent hardness and high wear resistance, while TiO₂ is primarily used for its beneficial frictional properties. The combined addition of these particles might have influenced the dominant reinforcement mechanism, potentially leading to a compromise in hardness. Matrix Compatibility The Al2017 matrix may have different levels of compatibility with SiC and TiO₂. The interactions between the matrix and the two types of particles could have varied, leading to a difference in the effectiveness of reinforcement and subsequent hardness. The addition of SiC and TiO₂ to the Al2017 matrix reduced hardness as compared to individual additions. Potential particle interactions, changes in reinforcement mechanisms, and differences in matrix compatibility can all be attributed to this drop. These findings highlight the significance of carefully evaluating the combination and interactions of different reinforcing particles when attempting to obtain the desired mechanical characteristics in composite materials. To further enhance the understanding of the observed trend, future studies could focus on optimising the particle distribution, exploring alternative processing techniques, or investigating the effect of varying weight fractions of SiC and TiO₂ in the composite. Such research could help customise the mechanical properties of Aluminum composites for various applications. Declarations Author Contribution S.A. and K.K. wrote the main manuscript text and prepared figures 1-3. All authors reviewed the manuscript. R.L. supervised the experimental procedure and the analysis of the microstructures. Data Availability The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon special request. References A.K. Sharma, R. Bhandari, A. Aherwar, R. Rimašauskiene, C.P. Bretotean, A study of advancement in application opportunities of aluminium metal matrix composites, Materials Today: Proceedings 26 (2020) 2419–2424 P.D. Srivyas, M.S. 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Ayyanarraja, R. Samuel hansen, A Review of aluminium (Al7075) SiC & TiO2 with Stir Casting, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 9, Issue 2, (2020) Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3966938","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":294413049,"identity":"4295f628-e94a-425f-bf6e-ff0752962ecf","order_by":0,"name":"Shlok Agarwal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Delhi Technological University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shlok","middleName":"","lastName":"Agarwal","suffix":""},{"id":294413050,"identity":"1c1fa0ff-0016-453d-bb77-9a8e9c8b318e","order_by":1,"name":"Kaustubh Kambiri","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Delhi Technological University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kaustubh","middleName":"","lastName":"Kambiri","suffix":""},{"id":294413051,"identity":"1c830603-b6bb-4093-8aa0-2325d1af75c0","order_by":2,"name":"Roop Lal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Delhi Technological University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Roop","middleName":"","lastName":"Lal","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-18 12:29:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3966938/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3966938/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":55221774,"identity":"4038d46c-68d1-4c12-b68f-ccd30b0e5f58","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-24 09:19:39","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":60084,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic set up diagram of stir casting process\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3966938/v1/addfa754148456074d551b98.jpg"},{"id":55221773,"identity":"1d7646b8-39ec-4f27-89e7-654d13b61794","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-24 09:19:39","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":64209,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic set up diagram of Rockwell Hardness Tester\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3966938/v1/219eeb4b105136604340a185.jpg"},{"id":55221775,"identity":"6ab576d0-c6b8-4ef3-a7cd-e50e40a47fd6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-24 09:19:39","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":29640,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation in Rockwell hardness\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3966938/v1/2b9ec002220fe33bbb50c5f0.jpg"},{"id":55221776,"identity":"1b473726-a710-40e8-b299-f670277cb0c9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-24 09:19:39","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":140455,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMicrostructures\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3966938/v1/ab5fe328709c89f8c210de63.jpg"},{"id":55374681,"identity":"d56ff6bf-fe17-4baa-bb4b-bc55056d3766","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-26 12:27:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":651331,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3966938/v1/26dd4179-eab9-4d29-898a-9776182be6a2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Experimental Investigation on Microstructure, Mechanical Behavior and Tribological analysis of Al2017/SiC/TiO₂ Composed by double stir casting route","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt is challenging to choose the right material for a given application; lighter materials typically have lower strengths, whereas brittle materials have lesser toughness and fatigue resistance. Thus the hunt for new and better materials is ongoing due to the newest technological demands for greater energy efficiency, durability, lighter, and less expensive materials. For technological applications, it is nearly hard to find a single monolithic material with the necessary property profile.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince the early 1960s, new and improved construction materials have been sought with the advances in modern technology that have an interest in the rapid development of metal matrix composites in the aerospace and automotive sectors. Extensive research and development efforts have been made in the realm of composites as a result of the high demands placed on materials to increase overall performance. Metal matrix composites based on aluminium are often employed in the field of composites. Innovations in material processing have made it feasible to enhance wear resistance, attain high strength-to-weight ratios, increase stiffness, and maintain strength at high temperatures in order to satisfy new demands.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (AlMMCs)","content":"\u003cp\u003eA composite material is defined as a mixture of at least two materials that produces preferred qualities when compared to the properties of the component segments utilised separately. Every material has its unique chemical, physical, and mechanical qualities, as compared to metallic alloys. When compared to mass materials, composite materials' primary benefit is their excellent quality and solidity, along with their low density. This enables the finished part's weight to be reduced.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAluminium matrix composites are regarded as a novel and emerging class of materials having unique characteristics for specific applications. Advanced engineered materials, or AlMMCs, have better qualities than other traditional aluminium. Because of these characteristics, they have recently attracted considerable interest for a range of prospective applications in the automotive, aerospace, and other structural fields. In order to obtain the material with the needed qualities, extensive research and development has been done on Al-based MMCs using every conceivable alloy and various reinforcements.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Stir Casting","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn stir casting, the molten metal matrix is stirred with a stirrer. The material used to make the stirrer often has a greater melting point than the matrix temperature. Graphite stirrers are typically used in stir casting. The stirrer primarily consists of two parts: a cylindrical rod and an impeller. One end of the rod is attached to the motor shaft, and the other end is linked to the impeller. The stirrer is typically kept upright and rotates at different speeds thanks to a motor. Afterward, the molten metal is put into a die for casting. Stir casting is suited for producing composites with reinforcement volume fractions up to 30%.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuch setup can be seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA major concern associated with the stir casting is segregation of reinforcement particles due to various process parameters and material properties resulting in the non-homogeneous metal distribution. The numerous process variables include things like the degree to which metal particles are moist, relative density, settling velocity, etc. The speed of the stirrer, its angle, the presence of vortices, and other factors all have an impact on how the particles are distributed inside the molten metal matrix. Where G.G. Sozhamannan et al.(2012) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] fabricated aluminium metal composites at different processing temperatures with different holding time, which had different mechanical properties.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Double Stir-Casting Technique\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere have been several reports on the use of two-step (double) stir casting to enhance cast metal matrix composites. K.K. Alaneme et al.(2012)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] proposed that producing AMCs without using two-step stirring causes less homogeneity of the particles and greater porosity levels, which may be over the permitted limits. To promote wettability between the melt of the aluminium alloy and the SiC particles, the procedure calls for pre-treating the SiC particulates in a dry oven at 1,100\u0026deg;C..Additionally, to reduce the moisture content, P. Shanmughasundaram et al.(2011)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] employed fly ash particles that had been warmed to 600℃ for two hours in a different muffle furnace. The graphite crucible was charged with aluminium, and the furnace temperature was increased to a liquidus temperature of 670℃ in order to completely melt the aluminium scraps. The melt temperature was then reduced to 620℃ in order to achieve a semi-solid condition. The crucible was filled with warmed fly ash particles and 1.5 wt% magnesium. To encourage the wetting activity between the Al matrix and the fly ash reinforcement particles, Mg was added to the melt. After 10 minutes, the molten Al composite slurry reached a semi-solid condition and was agitated with a stirrer at a speed of 300 rpm. According to K. K. ALANEME et al. (2013)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] research, the AA 6063/Al2O3p composites made using the two-step stir casting method used in this study had low porosity values of less than 3.6%. Although the strain to fracture and fracture toughness values of the composites declined with increasing volume percent alumina, the tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness values rose. Comparing well with other aluminium-based alumina reinforced composites described in literature, the mechanical characteristics derived from the AA 6063/Al2O3p composites created.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Material\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor this study aluminium 2017 was used with compositions given below in Table\u0026nbsp;1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable.1.\u003c/b\u003e Composition of Al used as matrix material (wt. %)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to J. R. Davis (2001)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], In alloys from the 2xxx class, copper serves as the main alloying element, with magnesium serving as a minor component. To achieve their ideal qualities, these alloys must undergo solution heat treatment; in this state, their mechanical properties are comparable to and occasionally even surpass those of low-carbon steel. Precipitation heat treatment, also known as ageing, is used to further improve mechanical characteristics. This process reduces elongation while increasing yield strength; it has a less significant impact on tensile strength. Screw machine products, fittings, fasteners, and machine components are the principal uses for Al2017. According to K. Mroczka et al. (2012)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] research on the 2017A aluminium alloy under various heat treatment circumstances, the alloy should be treated at a temperature of 500\u0026deg;C (the allowable temperature range is between 490\u0026deg;C and 520\u0026deg;C). After 72 hours, the material had reached its maximum hardness and ultimate tensile strength due to natural ageing. After six hours, artificial ageing at 180\u0026deg;C results in a significant increase in hardness. The ultimate tensile strength of the material improves by 20% as a result of natural ageing (compared to the supersaturation state). Mr\u0026oacute;wka-Nowotnik Grayna et al.(2021)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] came to the conclusion that the temperature of the solution heat treatment also influences the alloy's hardness during artificial ageing. It was discovered that as compared to natural ageing, artificial ageing enables the achievement of greater hardness levels. The hardest alloy is the alloy 2017 solution, which was heat treated at 510\u0026deg;C and aged at 175\u0026deg;C. The hardness is quite similar to the value attained during natural ageing after ageing at 120\u0026deg;C. It was discovered that during artificial ageing, the temperature of the solution heat treatment has no bearing on how quickly hardness increases to its maximum value.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Reinforcement","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe reinforced metal matrix has the potential to create improved MMCs and exhibits superior characteristics when compared to base or reinforced material used alone. For micron-sized particles in general, 5 to 10% might be adequate, and for nanomaterials, even less than 5%, resulting in a significant improvement in mechanical behaviour. V.K. Sharma et al.(2012)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] discovered that the wear resistance of manufactured composites rises as the flyash concentration increases. Composites with high flyash contents wore out 13.6% less than composites with low flyash concentrations.The sample with a medium flyash concentration (4%) had the lowest average coefficient of friction (0.12), while the sample with a high flyash level (6%) had the highest average coefficient of friction (0.161). As a result, the amount of flyash in the aluminium matrix is restricted to 4%. The addition of more reinforcement increases the coefficient of friction between the tribopairs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 SiC (Silicon Carbide)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most widely employed reinforcement material in the development of AMMCs is silicon carbide (SiC). It also increases ultimate tensile strength while decreasing porosity. The qualities of the reinforcement vary depending on the grade of aluminium alloy used.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMd. Habibur Rahmana(2014)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] came to the conclusion that adding SiC to an Al matrix boosted the Vickers hardness and tensile strength of composites when compared to unreinforced Al. AlMMC with a SiC concentration of 20% had the highest hardness and tensile strength. The wear resistance of SiC reinforced AMCs increased as the SiC concentration in the Al matrix increased. Based on wear resistance, AMC reinforced with 20% SiC performed best. Cui Yana et al.(2008)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] research also reveals that SiC/Al composites have a low density (2.94 g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e), a high elastic modulus (220 GPa), a prominent thermal management function due to a low coefficient of thermal expansion (8\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e⁶ K\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) and high thermal conductivity (235 W/(mK)), and a unique preventability of resonance vibration. The multi-functional SiC/Al composites were manufactured into near-net-shape pieces using a number of established processes. Precision components for space-based optomechanical structures and airborne optoelectronic platforms have been manufactured in large quantities. Several common goods are now being tested in the field.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 TiO₂ (Titanium Dioxide)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Anna A. Murashkina et al.(2015)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] research, TiO₂ samples exhibit a mixed phase rutile-anatase crystalline structure, with the anatase component increasing linearly from 0.0 wt% for Al-TiO₂ to 18 wt% for 1.1-Al-TiO₂. With increasing Al concentration, particle size decreases from 800 nm to 50 nm, and specific surface area increases from 1.7 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/g to 28 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/g. Adeolu A. Adediran et al. (2021)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] demonstrated Simultaneous optimization of the characteristics 779.3\u0026deg;C, 574.2 rpm, and 22.5 min as the best stir casting parameters for temperature, speed, and duration, respectively, using Minitab 19 software. The interaction profile of the parameters according to the response surface was examined. Contour plots for each interaction revealed distinct ranges of stirring settings for optimising each attribute.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Hybrid of SiC (Silicon Carbide)\u0026amp;TiO₂ (Titanium Dioxide)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical parameters of hybrid composites such as tensile strength (TS), hardness (BHN), density, and impact strength have been found to be identical to or higher than those of conventional composites. It has been said that hybrid composites provide higher flexibility and reliability in the structure of the future parts determined by the fortification mix and organization.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eG. Elangoa et al. (2013)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] studied the wear behaviour of aluminium alloy LM25 reinforced with SiC particulate and further addition of TiO₂ particulate. The wear resistance and frictional properties of a hybrid metal matrix composite were investigated using a pin on disc wear tester concluding that reinforcing the metal matrix with SiC and TiO₂ minimises wear rate at room temperature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAluminium hybrid metal matrix nanocomposites (Al/SiC/TiO₂) were synthesised by M.R. Mattli et al. (2021)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] using a microwave-assisted powder metallurgy procedure, and their developed microstructure and mechanical properties were examined. The Al/SiC/TiO₂ hybrid nanocomposites were prepared by reinforcing aluminium (Al) matrix with a fixed amount of silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles (5 wt.%) and varying concentrations of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (3, 6, and 9 wt.%). The addition of TiO₂ nanoparticles increased the hardness and compressive strength of the Al/SiC/TiO₂ hybrid nanocomposites. The Al/SiC/TiO₂ hybrid nanocomposites with the highest concentration of TiO₂ nanoparticles (9 wt.%) showed the best mechanical properties.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.D. Assi et al. (2020)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] produced composites were reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles added in precise weight percentages (3, 6, 9 wt%) using a stir casting technique. All specimens were subjected to cold mechanical treatment (pressure forming) and heat-treated T6 (solution heat treatment artificial ageing). Mechanical tests were then performed on the samples. According to the SEM and X-RD data, the reinforced AA (6061) had improved in hardness, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and impact toughness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. Hariharan et al. (2020)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] developed an aluminium-based hybrid composite material by stir casting with AI7075 as the matrix and SiC and TiO₂ as the reinforcements. Mechanical analysis of AI7075\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SiC\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;TiO₂ revealed greater hardness and tensile strength.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Experimental Procedure","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eMaterial Preparation\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Al2017 matrix alloy was used as the composites' base material. As reinforcement materials, silicon carbide (SiC) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) particles were employed. To guarantee appropriate dispersion, the SiC and TiO₂ particles were pre-treated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eDouble Stir Casting Technique\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Al2017/SiC/TiO₂ composites were created using the double stir casting technique. The Al2017 alloy was melted in a crucible using a controlled temperature furnace. The pre-treated SiC and TiO₂ particles were gradually added to the molten Al2017 alloy while the mixture was constantly stirred. To achieve consistent dispersion of the reinforcement particles, the stirring operation was carried out using mechanical stirrers at a predetermined speed. The stirring was done for a certain amount of time to ensure proper mixing and bonding between the matrix alloy and the reinforcing particles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSurface Preparation\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo eliminate any dirt, grease, or impurities, the surfaces of the aluminium samples were thoroughly washed with a suitable cleansing agent. To eliminate surface flaws, scratches, and oxidation, coarse grit sanding was performed with sandpaper with a grain size of 120\u0026ndash;180.The entire surface was uniformly sanded, with special attention paid to any unusually rough or damaged areas. To further refine the surface and remove any leftover scratches or markings, fine grit sanding was performed using increasingly finer sandpapers. During the sanding operation, water or a suitable polishing fluid was employed as a lubricant to reduce heat buildup and improve surface quality. The stirring was done for a certain amount of time to ensure proper mixing and bonding between the matrix alloy and the reinforcing particles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eMirror Polishing\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eMirror finishing was performed on the smoothed surface using a high-quality aluminium polishing compound along with a clean cloth and rotatory polishing station, aluminium surface was polished in circular motions while applying light pressure and keeping a consistent speed. The polishing compound was applied uniformly throughout the whole surface, with special attention paid to any residual defects. Throughout the polishing process, the surface was inspected at regular intervals to check progress and ensure the intended outcomes. The polishing process was repeated until a mirror-like quality was obtained.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eMicrostructure Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn polished cylindrical samples, an Olympus microscope was used for microstructure examination. This microscope provided superior optical resolution and magnification, enabling a thorough analysis of the dispersion and properties of SiC and TiO₂ particles within the Al2017 matrix. The microscope was used to record high-resolution microstructures at various magnifications in order to gain a full understanding of the microstructural characteristics and bonding properties of the composite materials. The microstructure analysis yielded information on the distribution, shape, and bonding properties of the reinforcing particles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eRockwell Hardness Testing\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Rockwell hardness values of the individual composite samples were determined. A Rockwell hardness testing machine with the Rockwell B scale was used. The cylindrical samples were subjected to a small load of 10 kg, followed by a main load of 100 kg. The indenter was a steel ball with a diameter of 1/16 of an inch. The cylindrical samples' polished surfaces were indented, and the related hardness values were recorded. To assure statistical reliability, each sample was indented many times.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuch setup can be seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eData Collection\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe obtained microstructure and hardness values were recorded and documented for further analysis and interpretation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Results and Discussions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of the experimental analysis on aluminium-based composites are presented in this section. This assessment is divided into three parts: surface analysis, hardness testing, and microstructure characterization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese three factors were chosen because they are critical in defining the mechanical properties and performance of composites. The results of this analysis helps to understand the material's behaviour, identify any limitations, and provide a foundation for future optimization and advancement in research and applications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e6.1. Surface analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface analysis was used to evaluate the quality and characteristics of the produced samples.\" The results revealed that the porosity levels of the various composites varied. The TiO₂ particle-reinforced sample had the maximum porosity, followed by the hybrid composite and the SiC-reinforced sample. This finding indicates that the addition of TiO₂ particles has made achieving a fully dense structure more difficult. Porosity in composites can have a negative impact on mechanical qualities such as hardness. As a result, addressing the porosity issue is critical in order to improve the performance of composites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, the sample reinforced with SiC particles, demonstrated a remarkable observation after dry polishing, in which the composite was seen to shed abrasive particles. This is due to a less strong bond between the SiC particles and the aluminium matrix. However, the TiO₂ casting technique did not produce adequate results for the Al2017 alloy, indicating difficulties in obtaining uniform distribution and effective bonding of TiO₂ particles with the aluminium matrix. To improve the performance of the Al2017/TiO₂ composite, more research and optimisation of the casting parameters are required. These surface analysis findings highlight the necessity of regulating porosity and establishing strong interfacial interaction between the reinforcement particles and the matrix in hybrid composites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e6.2 Hardness\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHardness refers to a material's resistance to surface indentation. The microhardness of composites measures the strength of the interface bonding between reinforcing particles and matrix. The Rockwell hardness test was used to determine the hardness values of the produced samples. The hardness of the hybrid composite was 40.3333HRB, the hardness of the SiC-reinforced sample was 46.333 HRB, and the hardness of the TiO₂-reinforced sample was 43.333 HRB. The difference in hardness across samples reflects the effect of different reinforcements on the mechanical properties of the composites. The hybrid composite's decreased hardness seems to be related to elements such as the interaction and compatibility of SiC and TiO₂ particles within the aluminium matrix, as well as the presence of porosity. Such variation in hardness can be seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e6.3 Microstructures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe microstructure study of the samples revealed distinct characteristics. The SiC sample revealed a network-like architecture with interconnected particles. It also had numerous fine black dots, which indicated the dispersion of SiC particles within the aluminium matrix. The TiO₂ sample, on the other hand, had a more homogeneous microstructure with finer grain boundaries and less apparent black spots. The microstructure of the hybrid sample was identical to that of the TiO₂ sample, indicating a homogenous distribution of TiO₂ particles inside the aluminium matrix.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe changes in microstructure across the samples can have a substantial impact on their mechanical qualities and performance. The SiC sample's linked structure may lead to improved mechanical strength and load-bearing capabilities.The highly homogeneous microstructure of the TiO₂ and hybrid samples indicates good particle dispersion and possible improvements in characteristics like wear resistance and dimensional stability. Microstructure for the following can be seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"7. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePossible reasons for this outcome could be related to the particle distribution, particle interactions, or the effect of different reinforcement mechanisms. It is important to note that the interaction between SiC and TiO₂ particles might have influenced the overall microstructure and mechanical behaviour of the composite. The combined presence of these two types of particles may have affected their distribution and bonding within the matrix, resulting in a reduction in hardness compared to individual reinforcement additions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotential reasons for the observed decrease in hardness when SiC and TiO₂ are added simultaneously:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eParticle Interactions\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe interaction between SiC and TiO₂ particles may have led to agglomeration or clustering, resulting in uneven distribution within the matrix. This clustering could have hindered effective load transfer and reduced the overall hardness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eReinforcement Mechanisms\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiC and TiO₂ have different reinforcement mechanisms. SiC is known for its excellent hardness and high wear resistance, while TiO₂ is primarily used for its beneficial frictional properties. The combined addition of these particles might have influenced the dominant reinforcement mechanism, potentially leading to a compromise in hardness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eMatrix Compatibility\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Al2017 matrix may have different levels of compatibility with SiC and TiO₂. The interactions between the matrix and the two types of particles could have varied, leading to a difference in the effectiveness of reinforcement and subsequent hardness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe addition of SiC and TiO₂ to the Al2017 matrix reduced hardness as compared to individual additions. Potential particle interactions, changes in reinforcement mechanisms, and differences in matrix compatibility can all be attributed to this drop. These findings highlight the significance of carefully evaluating the combination and interactions of different reinforcing particles when attempting to obtain the desired mechanical characteristics in composite materials.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo further enhance the understanding of the observed trend, future studies could focus on optimising the particle distribution, exploring alternative processing techniques, or investigating the effect of varying weight fractions of SiC and TiO₂ in the composite. Such research could help customise the mechanical properties of Aluminum composites for various applications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eS.A. and K.K. wrote the main manuscript text and prepared figures 1-3. All authors reviewed the manuscript. R.L. supervised the experimental procedure and the analysis of the microstructures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon special request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA.K. Sharma, R. Bhandari, A. Aherwar, R. Rimašauskiene, C.P. Bretotean, A study of advancement in application opportunities of aluminium metal matrix composites, Materials Today: Proceedings 26 (2020) 2419\u0026ndash;2424\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eP.D. Srivyas, M.S. Charoo, aluminium metal matrix composites a review of reinforcement; mechanical and tribological behaviour, International Journal of Engineering \u0026amp; Technology, 7 (2.4) (2018) 117\u0026ndash;122\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJ. Hashim, L. Looney and M.S.J. Hashmi, Metal matrix composites: production by the stir casting method, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 92\u0026ndash;93 (1999) 1\u0026ndash;7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAmit Pal, Abhishek Verma, S.S Saxena and B.C. Kandpal,Stir Casting of Metal Matrix Composites \u0026ndash; A Review, International Journal of Computer \u0026amp; Mathematical Sciences, ISSN 2347\u0026ndash;8527, Volume 4, February 2015\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA. Kumar, R.C. singh, R. 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Prabhu, Some Studies on Aluminium\u0026ndash;Fly Ash Composites Fabricated by Two Step Stir Casting Method, European Journal of Scientific Research, ISSN 1450-216X, Vol.63 No.2 (2011), pp.204\u0026ndash;218\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eK. K. ALANEME, M. O. BODUNRIN, MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF ALUMINA REINFORCED AA6063 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES DEVELOPED BY TWO STEP \u0026ndash; STIR CASTING PROCESS, ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS- Bulletin of Engineering Tome V୲(Year 2013), ISSN 2067\u0026ndash;3809\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJ.R. Davis, Alloying: Understanding the Basics, ASM International, p351-416,(2001)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eK. Mroczka, A. W\u0026oacute;jcicka, P. Kurtyka, 2017A aluminium ALLOY IN DIFFERENT HEAT TREATMENT CONDITIONS, Acta Metallurgica Slovaca, Vol. 18, (2012), No. 2\u0026ndash;3, p. 82\u0026ndash;91\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMr\u0026oacute;wka-Nowotnik Grażyna, Kamil Gancarczyk, Andrzej Nowotnik, Kamil Dychtoń and Grzegorz Boczkal, Microstructure and Properties of As-Cast and Heat-Treated 2017A Aluminium Alloy Obtained from Scrap Recycling, Acta Metallurgica Slovaca (2021), 14, 89.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVipin K. Sharma, R.C. Singh, Rajiv Chaudhary, Effect of flyash particles with aluminium melt on the wear of aluminium metal matrix composites, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 1318\u0026ndash;1323\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDunia Abdul Saheb, aluminium SILICON CARBIDE AND aluminium GRAPHITE PARTICULATE COMPOSITES, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, (2011), VOL. 6, NO. 10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMd. Habibur Rahmana, H. M. Mamun Al Rashed, Characterization of silicon carbide reinforced aluminium matrix composites, Procedia Engineering 90 (2014) 103\u0026ndash;109\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCui Yana, Wang Lifeng, Ren Jianyue, Multi-functional SiC/Al Composites for Aerospace Applications,Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 21(2008) 578\u0026ndash;584\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAnna A. Murashkina, Petr D. Murzin, Aida V. Rudakova, Vladimir K. Ryabchuk, Alexei V. Emeline and Detlef W. Bahnemann, Influence of the Dopant Concentration on the Photocatalytic Activity: Al-Doped TiO2, J. Phys. Chem. C 2015, 119, 24695\u0026ndash;24703\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdeolu A. Adediran, Abayomi A. Akinwande, Oluwatosin A. Balogun, Bayode J. Olorunfemi \u0026amp; M. Saravana Kumar, Optimisation studies of stir casting parameters and mechanical properties of TiO2 reinforced Al7075 composite using response surface methodology, \u003cem\u003eScientific Reports\u003c/em\u003e volume11, Article number: 19860 (2021)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eS. Venugopal, L. Karikalan, Microstructure and physical properties of hybrid metal matrix composites AA6061-TiO2-SiC via stir casting techniques, Materials Today: Proceedings 37 (2021) 1289\u0026ndash;1294\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eG. Elangoa, B.K.Raghunath, Tribological Behavior of Hybrid (LM25Al\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SiC\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;TiO2) Metal Matrix Composites, Procedia Engineering 64 (2013) 671\u0026ndash;680\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eManohar Reddy Mattli, Penchal Reddy Matli, Adnan Khan, Rokaya Hamdy Abdelatty, Moinuddin Yusuf, Abdulla Al Ashraf, Rama Gopal Kotalo and Rana Abdul Shakoor, Study of Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Al/SiC/TiO2 Hybrid Nanocomposites Developed by Microwave Sintering, Crystals 2021, 11, 1078\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbdullah Dhayea Assi, Hassan A.Abdulhadi, Salman Hussien Omran, Effect Of Adding SIC And TIO2 Nanoparticles To AA6061 By Stir Casting Technique On The Mechanical Properties Of Composites, Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Developments, ISSN: 1024\u0026ndash;1752, (2020), Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 167\u0026ndash;183\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eS. Hariharan, M. Kartheeswaran, M. Essakiraj, R. Harikrishnan, M. Ayyanarraja, R. Samuel hansen, A Review of aluminium (Al7075) SiC \u0026amp; TiO2 with Stir Casting, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 9, Issue 2, (2020)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Stir casting, Aluminium metal matrix, composites, Reinforcement, Mechanical properties, Future potential","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3966938/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3966938/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study is on synthesising aluminium-based metal matrix hybrid composites with silicon carbide (SiC) and Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) reinforcements by double stir casting technique. SiC and TiO₂ were chosen for their excellent mechanical, tribological and physical properties. As limited information exists on the mechanical properties of Al2017 composites with both SiC and TiO₂. The Al/SiC/TiO₂ hybrid nanocomposites were prepared with 5 wt.% of SiC nanoparticles, 5 wt.% of TiO₂ nanoparticles, and a mixture of both at 5,5 wt.%. Microstructure analysis confirmed a uniform distribution of SiC and TiO₂ particles within the aluminium matrix. The Al2017/SiC composite exhibited a hardness of 46.33 HRB, while the Al2017/TiO₂ composite displayed a comparable hardness of 44.33 HRB. However, the combined Al2017/SiC/TiO₂ composite showed a decreased hardness of 40.33 HRB suggesting the importance of considering the composition and combination of reinforcement materials when designing metal matrix composites. The observed decrease in hardness in the Al2017/SiC/TiO₂ composite can be attributed to various factors, including the interaction and compatibility between SiC and TiO₂ particles within the aluminium matrix. Further research is required to understand the underlying mechanisms and enhance the mechanical behaviour of the Al2017 composites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Experimental Investigation on Microstructure, Mechanical Behavior and Tribological analysis of Al2017/SiC/TiO₂ Composed by double stir casting route","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-24 09:19:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3966938/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f6399df5-4660-497e-af0e-ead812e32e1d","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 24th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":31033501,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":31033502,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"},{"id":31033503,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-26T10:55:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-24 09:19:35","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3966938","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3966938","identity":"rs-3966938","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}