Publics’ Malaria Knowledge, Prevention and Treatment Practices, A Cross-sectional Survey From Khartoum, Sudan

Publics’ Malaria Knowledge, Prevention and Treatment Practices, A Cross-sectional Survey From Khartoum, Sudan | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Publics’ Malaria Knowledge, Prevention and Treatment Practices, A Cross-sectional Survey From Khartoum, Sudan Syed Sulaiman, Elkhanssa Abdelhameed Elhag This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-72853/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background : Malaria is one of the major health problems in Sudan with high prevalence among children under five years age and pregnant women. Effective control of the disease needs contribution of the community, health authorities as well as political commitment. This research was conducted to assess the public’s knowledge, and practice regarding malaria prevention and treatment. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among publics in Khartoum State. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Publics were assessed for their knowledge about malaria symptoms and complications, knowledge and utilization of prevention methods and drugs knowledge and treatment behaviors. Results: About 457 of the public participated in the survey. Despite that the publics showed good knowledge regarding malaria symptoms, complications and drugs knowledge, self-treatment practices were there. Noncompliance to treatment in form of stopping treatment upon symptoms relieve and upon developing adverse drug reactions was also reported. Underuse of prevention methods was reported. Conclusions: Inappropriate treatment and prevention practices among the community could be an obstacle in the way of malaria elimination in Sudan. More efforts towards involvement of the community in malaria control through community education are needed. Infectious Diseases Public knowledge Malaria treatment malaria prevention Sudan Background Malaria is a serious disease with the highest prevalence in Sub Saharan African countries in which more than ninety percent of malaria cases and deaths were reported [1]. In Sudan, the latest Malaria Indicator Survey showed that almost all the people in Sudan are at risk of malaria. The highest prevalence was reported among males, pregnant women, children less than five years of age and in rural areas [2]. Malaria knowledge, treatment and prevention practices could affect the process of malaria control. Malaria knowledge, treatment seeking behaviors, use of treatment and prevention methods vary among communities of different countries[3-5]. Even the communities in one country may show different patterns of knowledge and practices regarding malaria prevention and treatment[6, 7]. In Sudan, the community knowledge about malaria was not studied in big communities and not many of the research that has been published investigated the public knowledge of antimalarial drugs and their drugs use behavior. In this research, our objective was to assess the public knowledge about malaria causes, symptoms and complications, to assess their treatment seeking behavior, antimalarial drugs knowledge, use and compliance to treatment. The research was also investigated the public knowledge and use of prevention methods. Methods Study setting This survey was carried out in Khartoum State, Sudan between September to December 2016. Study population Publics of different socioeconomic classes, educational levels, and jobs in different public places were targeted for the study. Study design and sampling procedure A descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried among the public in Khartoum state. The sample size was calculated by Raosoft sample size calculator based on 95% confidence level and 5% confidence interval. The sampling frame was the population of Khartoum state. The calculated sample was 385 participants.[8, 9] Adults (18 and above) who agreed to participate in the study were included after verbal consent. Healthcare professionals and students of any health-related institutes were excluded. Adults with hearing, visual and mental problems and those who refused to participate in the study were excluded. Illiterates excluded as they were unable to complete the self-administered questionnaire. Data collection Data was collected via a structured self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed by the researcher after reviewing the literature, piloted and tested for reliability and internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha (0.744). The questionnaire then translated to the Arabic language since it is the mother tongue language of the surveyed population. Forward and backward translation was carried. Different public places were approached for sample collection (two public markets, school, engineering workshop, a private company, bank, Quran learning center, industrial complex and military complex). Data was collected by the researcher and two trained data collectors. About 500 questionnaires were distributed and 457 were retrieved giving a response rate of 91.4%. Data Analysis Data was entered checked and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 23). Descriptive statistics were conducted such as frequencies and percentages. Chi-square test was used to test correlations between categorical variables. Probability values of < 0.05 considered as statistically significant for all results. Ethical approval Ethical approval was obtained from the National Ethical Committee, Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan . Verbal consent was obtained from the surveyed publics after they were informed about the research objectives. Results Demographics Publics from the three cities (Khartoum, Omdurman and Khartoum North ) participated in the survey. The majority of the respondents were university graduates and Private- employees. About 53 participants did not report their monthly income and most of them those who were not working (Table 1). Table 1 Demographic data of the public participated in the study Variable Frequency(N) Percentage (%) Gender Males 269 58.9 Females 188 41.1 Residence Khartoum 136 29.8 Omdurman 152 33.3 Khartoum North 169 36.9 Education Primary education 24 5.3 Secondary education 86 18.8 University graduate 273 59.7 Postgraduate degree 74 16.2 Job Not working 101 22.1 Self-employed 72 15.8 Private –employee 183 40 Governmental-employee 101 22.1 Monthly income (Sudanese Pounds) 3000 99 21.7 *53(11.5%) did not report their monthly income Public Knowledge About 86.9% of the public could relate malaria to mosquito bites however wrong believe about contaminated food as a cause of malaria was mentioned by 11.2% of the respondents. Fever, headache and body aches were known malaria symptoms among the public. Dehydration, anemia and cerebral malaria were the most mentioned malaria complications (Table 2). Table2 Knowledge of the surveyed publics about malaria causes, symptoms and complications Variable Frequency(N) Percentage (%) Malaria cause Mosquito bites 397 86.9 Walking in the sun 35 7.7 Dirty environment 145 31.7 Contaminated food 51 11.2 Malaria symptoms Fever 385 84.2 Nausea and vomiting 263 57.5 Sweating 109 23.9 Headache 340 74.4 Chills 262 57.3 Diarrhea 81 17.7 Body aches 317 69.4 Cough 14 3.1 Malaria complications Cerebral malaria 158 34.6 Severe anemia 187 40.9 Dehydration 306 67 Renal failure 56 12.3 Jaundice 81 17.7 Hepatic failure 21 4.6 Malaria treatment Diagnosis of malaria by symptoms was practiced by near thirteen percent of the surveyed publics and 6.1% practice self-treatment mainly due to financial reasons. Self-treatment with drugs was common. About 17.7% seek malaria treatment at the community pharmacy because they perceive the pharmacist as a knowledgeable health care provider who could manage malaria. About 79.2% mentioned that their drugs were selected mainly by the pharmacist at the community pharmacy and near one-quarter of the surveyed population (24.7%) claimed that the pharmacists dispensed the antimalarials for them upon their request without asking about prescription or laboratory result. A significant relationship between malaria treatment and the level of education was reported. Less educated publics were more likely to practice self-treatment (Tables 3,4,5,6). Table 3 Malaria diagnosis of the surveyed publics Variable Frequency(N) Percentage (%) Malaria diagnosis Self-assessment by symptoms 58 12.7 Self-assessment by symptoms +lab diagnosis 399 87.3 Table 4 Malaria treatment-seeking behavior of the surveyed publics Variable Frequency (N) Percentage (%) Malaria treatment Self –treatment 28 6.1 Seek pharmacist advice at a community pharmacy 81 17.7 Seek medical advice at the hospital or health center 348 76.1 Reasons for self –treatment Financial reasons 14 50 Unavailability of health facility 5 17.9 Other reasons Do not want to discover other diseases 1 3.6 Know the disease and treatments 3 10.7 Lack of confidence in doctors 1 3.6 Lack of confidence in lab results 1 3.6 Prefer herbalist 1 3.6 What used for self- treatment Self- treatment using drugs 18 66.7 Self- treatment using herbs 10 37 Why seek pharmacist advice Pharmacists knowledgeable to manage malaria 67 82.7 Cannot afford to go to the hospital or clinic 26 32.1 *Inaccurate percentages due to missing data Table 5 Relationship between sociodemographics and treatment behavior of the surveyed publics Variable Frequency (Percentage (%) Self -treatment Seek pharmacist advice Seek medical advice at the hospital P-value Gender Males 17(6.3%) 50 (18.6%) 202 (75.1%) 0.815 Females 11(5.9%) 31(16.5%) 146 (77.7%) Education Primary education 6 (25%) 8 (33.3%) 10 (41.7%) 0.000 Secondary education 7 (8.1%) 12(14%) 67 (77.9%) University graduate 11 (4%) 48 (17.6%) 214 (78.4%) Postgraduate degree 5 (5.4%) 13 (17.6%) 57 (77.0%) Monthly Income 3000 2 (2%) 20 (20.2%) 77 (77.8%) Table 6 Antimalarial drugs dispensing practices at the community pharmacy as described by the surveyed publics Variable Frequency(N) Percentage (%) How pharmacist dispense drugs On your request 113 24.7 Ask for prescription 255 55.8 Ask for a lab result 89 19.5 Drugs obtained from the pharmacy Selected by the pharmacist 262 79.2 Requested by the patient 95 20.8 Antimalarial drugs knowledge and use behavior About three-quarter (75.1%) of the surveyed publics knew the combination of Artesunate +Sulphadoxine/Pyrimethamine. It was the 1 St line drug for treatment of uncomplicated malaria at the time of the study. In the translated Arabic version of the questionnaire, it was given the name by which it was known among the community (Rajimat). As reported by the public the main source of drug knowledge was the medical doctors (57.3%) however, 36.5% reported that they get their information about drugs from their families members and friends. About 10.7% claimed that they developed adverse reactions due to antimalarial drugs use. Gastrointestinal adverse reactions were the most reported. Artesunate +Sulphadoxine/Pyrimethamine combination was reported as the drug that responsible for the majority of the reported adverse reactions. Stop treatment upon development of adverse drugs reaction was reported by 20.5% of the respondents (Table 7,8). Table 7 Antimalarial drugs knowledge of the surveyed publics Variable Frequency(N) Percentage (%) Drugs Knowledge Artesunate +Sulphadoxine/Pyremethamine 343 75.1 Chloroquine 148 32.4 Quinine 206 45.1 Artemether 255 55.8 Drugs knowledge source Pharmacist 98 21.4 Medical doctor 262 57.3 Media 84 18.4 Family members and friends 167 36.5 Table 8 The pattern of antimalarial adverse drugs reactions reported by the surveyed publics Variable Frequency(N) Percentage (%) Incidence of adverse drug reactions(ADRs) Yes 49 10.7 No 408 89.3 Type of adverse drug reactions Fever 13 28.9 Nausea 26 57.8 Vomiting 24 53.3 Diarrhea 5 11.1 Fatigue 21 46.7 Skin rash 1 2.3 Tinnitus 1 2.3 Anemia 5 11.1 Drugs that cause adverse reactions Artemether 3 14.3 Artesunate +Sulphadoxine/Pyremethamine 13 61.9 Quinine 5 23.8 Actions taken to manage adverse drug reactions Stop treatment 9 20.5 Consult pharmacist 5 11.4 Consult the medical doctor 12 27.3 Ignore it and continue treatment 18 40.9 *Percentage of reactions calculated out of 45 as 3 respondents did not mention the ADRs they developed Treatment compliance The results of the assessment of patients compliance showed that 22.8% of the patients stop their treatment when their symptoms disappeared and 7.2% stop their treatment if they vomit the first dose of their antimalarial drugs. There was no significant relationship between the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents and their compliance with treatment (Table 9,10 ). Antimalarial drugs were available (93.9%) and available (82.5%) for the majority of the respondents. ( Table 11) Table 9 Compliance of the surveyed publics to malaria treatment Variable Frequency(N) Percentage (%) Actions when prescribed antimalarial treatment Complete the course of treatment 353 77.2 Stop treatment when symptoms disappeared 104 22.8 Actions taken if vomit the first dose Repeat the dose 129 28.2 Continue without repeating the dose 131 28.7 Discontinue treatment 33 7.2 Consult doctor or pharmacist for advice 164 35.9 Table 10 The relation between demographics and compliance with malaria treatment among the surveyed publics Variable Frequency (Percentage %) Complete treatment course Stop treatment after symptoms disappear P-value Gender Males 206(76.6%) 63(23.4%) 0.387 Females 147(78.2%) 41(21.8%) Education Primary education 16(66.7%) 8(33.3%) 0.653 Secondary education 67(77.9%) 19(22.1%) University graduate 212(77.7%) 61(22.3%) Postgraduate degree 58(78.4%) 16(21.6%) Monthly Income 3000 78(78.8%0 21(21.2%) Table 11 Availability and affordability of antimalarial drugs as reported by the surveyed publics Variable Frequency(N) Percentage (%) Antimalarial drugs available Yes 429 93.9 No 28 6.1 Antimalarial drugs affordable Yes 377 82.5 No 80 17.5 Malaria Prevention The public in Khartoum State showed good knowledge regarding prevention methods. Insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor house spraying was mentioned by 81.1% and 70.2% respectively. However ner thirty percent (28.9%) did not use any prevention method. Of those who did not use prevention methods, none availability (40%) and unaffordability (21.7%) were of the main reasons mentioned of not using prevention methods (Table 12, 13). Being a female and receiving education on malaria prevention and treatment were significant predictors of prevention methods use (P-value 0.006 and 0.001 respectively) Table 14). Slightly more than half (54.3%) the surveyed publics received education on malaria prevention and treatment. The media (42.7%) and friends and family members (38.5%) were the main providers of education (Table 15). Table 12 Prevention methods knowledge of the surveyed publics Variable Frequency(N) Percentage (%) Knowledge of prevention methods Insecticide-treated bed nets 374 81.8 Mosquito repellants and sprays 208 45.5 Indoor house spraying 321 70.2 Other prevention methods Environmental control 12 2.6 Nets without insecticides 1 0.2 Sleeping in closed areas 1 0.2 Vaccination 1 0.2 Table 13 Prevention methods use behavior of the surveyed publics Variables Frequency(N) Percentage (%) Use of prevention methods Yes 325 71.1 No 132 28.9 Prevention methods used Insecticide-treated bed nets 188 57.8 Topical mosquito repellants and sprays 106 32.6 Indoor house spraying 204 62.8 Other prevention methods 2 0.6 Reasons for not using prevention methods Not available 48 40 Not affordable 26 21.7 Other reasons 42 34.7 Carelessness 5 1.1 Don’t like it 4 0.9 Insecticides allergy 5 1.1 Insecticides bad smell 2 0.4 No need for it 22 4.8 Not effective 1 0.2 *Percentage differences because some respondents didn’t report why they didn’t use prevention methods . Table 14 The Predictors of prevention methods used among the surveyed population Variable Frequency (Percentage %) Use prevention methods Don’t use prevention method P-value Gender Males 179(55.1%) 90 (68.2%) 0.006 Females 146(44.9%) 42(31.8%) Education on malaria prevention and treatment Yes 192(59.1%) 56(42.4%) 0.001 No 133(40.9%) 76(57.6%) Monthly Income 3000 66(23.3%) 33(27.3%) Table 15 Education of the surveyed publics about malaria prevention and treatment Variable Frequency(N) Percentage (%) Received education on malaria prevention and treatment Yes 248 54.3 No 209 45.7 Education Provider Pharmacist 39 15.7 Medical doctor 81 32.7 National Malaria Control Program 58 23.4 Media (radio, television and newspapers) 104 42.7 Nongovernmental organizations 48 19.4 Friends and family members 95 38.5 Discussion The public in Khartoum state showed good knowledge about malaria causes, symptoms, and complications. The majority of the public in malaria-endemic countries could mention most of the malaria symptoms. Fever and headache were the most known symptoms and with or without different levels of knowledge about malaria causes and complications [10-13]. Two researchs in Sudan one among the public in one of the rural parts of Khartoum and in Estren Sudan revealed poor knowledge on malaria complications[10, 14]. Sudan is a big country with different sociodemographic and educational levels among different State. More research is needed for assessment of malaria knowledge among communities of different Sudanese states to help the policymakers in setting control programs in accordance of the needs of different communities. Malaria self-diagnosis and self-treatment were reported in the current study. Malaria self-diagnosis and treatment was documented in other studies conducted in Khartoum state[15, 16] and in many other malaria-endemic countries [17, 18]. The main reason mentioned by the respondents who practiced self-treatment was financial reasons. A study from Khartoum also showed that people do seek treatment from community pharmacies because they could not afford to pay for consultation fees and that they were not satisfied by the services at the public health facilities[19]. Although the percentage that practiced self-treatment in the current study was 6.1%, part of the 17.7% who seek malaria treatment at community pharmacies could also be considered as practicing self-treatment because they mentioned that the community pharmacist dispensed antimalarials upon their request.in the current study, primary educated people were more likely to go for self-treatment however in the study carried by Awad et al, medical students were practicing malaria self-treatment more than other university students [16]. Self-treatment using herbal drugs was of the practices reported in Sudan[20, 21] as well as many African communities such as in Cameroon[6] and in Kenya [22]. Regarding drug knowledge, 75.1% of the public could recognize the drug used as 1 st line treatment at the study period. The publics mentioned doctors and pharmacists as sources of information and could be reliable sources. Family members and friends were mentioned as a source of information for 36.5% of the respondents, however, the accuracy of information provided by them was questionable. Different studies showed different patients information sources[23, 24] but providing patients with adequate information on drugs and treatments from reliable sources is very important as it could affect the cure of their disease. The majority of the reported adverse drugs reactions (ADRs) were gastrointestinal system related and was mainly caused by the combination of Artesunate+ sulphadoxine/Pyrimethamine as it was the most used drug. Although some patients consulted physicians and pharmacists when they developed ADRs it was not investigated if these ADRs were reported or not. Patients can contribute to the process of ADRs reporting and determination of drugs safety. However, inadequate patients knowledge and practices were reported in many communities [25, 26]. Lack of patients awareness about reporting systems and reporting skills could be of the barriers to patients contribution in ADRs reporting[27]. About 20.5% of those who experienced the adverse effects stopped treatment. Stopping of treatment upon improvement of symptoms was reported by 22.8%. Discontinuation of treatment after the development of ADRs or symptoms improvement indicated a problem of patients compliance which may lead to poor prognosis and development of drugs resistance. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between patients demographics and their compliance with antimalarial drugs treatment and that was consistent with the findings of a study carried out in Uganda[28]. Stopping treatment after symptoms improvement [29] and upon the development of ADRs[30] was shown in some studies and it was found that drug knowledge and previous experience of drug use were significant predictors of adherence to treatment [31]. Patient education on noncompliance to treatment and its drawbacks not only for the patients but also for the whole country as a risk of drug resistance is very crucial. The publics showed good knowledge about prevention methods but still near one third (28.9%) of the surveyed publics did not use the prevention methods. The difference between knowledge of prevention methods and use behavior was reported in many malaria-endemic countries such as in Cameroon [32] in Ethiopia [33] and in Ghana[34]. In Sudan underuse of preventive measures in many states [35] and inappropriateness in availability, affordability and use of preventive measures in terms of public’s behavior and stakeholder’s implementation was reported[36]. Of those who did not use prevention methods, 40% and 21.7% attributed that to nonavailability and unaffordability of it respectively. The recent Malaria Indicator Survey in Sudan showed the same findings of this study. Khartoum State and the Red Sea state were reported as having the lower ownership and use of insecticides treated nets (ITNs) and indoor house spraying. The highest rates of using ITNs were reported in the refugee's camps and the some targeted states in which it is distributed free of charge. Nonavailability and unaffordability were also reported as the reasons for not using prevention methods [2]. Females and those who received education in malaria prevention and treatment were more likely to use prevention methods (P-values 0.006 and 0.001 respectively). Despite the effect of education on patients, knowledge and preventive methods use behavior, slightly more than half of the surveyed people( 54.3%) received education on malaria prevention and treatment. The media (42.7%) and family and friends (38.5%) were mentioned in the top list of education providers to public. The media (radio, television and newspapers) could play an important role in malaria education [37, 38]as well as other sources of information such as books, internet and the procedures distributed in the clinics [39]. Continuous education was underscored by community members as an important tool in malaria elimination [40]. Generally, health education could help individuals and communities in improving their health conditions with extended positive habits of a healthy life to future generations[41]. More efforts in public education on malaria prevention and treatment is required for achievement of malaria elimination targets in Sudan Conclusion Although the public in Khartoum state showed good knowledge on malaria prevention and treatment, there are many inappropriate practices among the public. Self-diagnosis and treatment, noncompliance to treatment and underuse of prevention methods were of the barriers to effective control of malaria in Sudan. Study limitations Majority of the respondents in the surveyed publics were university graduate which may not reflect the actual community knowledge. More socioeconomic status and illiteracy level and access to media and education may differ among the different Sudanese states which make the results not generalizable and the survey should be carried in different state to reflect the actual situation. Ethics approval and consent to participate Declarations Consent for publication The authors agreed to submit this paper for publication Availability of data and material Data and materials used in the study are available and will be provided by the corresponding author whenever needed. Competing interests The authors declared that they have no competing interest. Funding This research did not received funding from any sponsor or organization . Authors' contribution Elkhanssa Abdelhameed designed the study, trained data collectors and contributed in data collection, performed the data analysis and interpretation of results. Syed Azhar contributed in interpretation of the results, provided advice and critically reviewed the study results. All authors read and approved the final manuscript Acknowledgements We wish to thank all our colleagues and the data collectors who helped a lot in data collection References World Health Organization, World malaria report 2016: summary. 2017. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-72853","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":2641348,"identity":"1f584cf0-a14c-4492-b5c0-ecb7202d4d27","order_by":0,"name":"Syed Sulaiman","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1074-0307","institution":"Director of AMDI-USM,sains@Bertam,Penang","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Syed","middleName":"","lastName":"Sulaiman","suffix":""},{"id":2641349,"identity":"64d9b81e-a01b-4077-8810-c0e8e36ace42","order_by":1,"name":"Elkhanssa Abdelhameed Elhag","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCQkInQChKg6AqQMPiNdy5gADD0hLAtFaGNsgWmAmYAWSs5ufPfzxxy7PvL358Ief8+7I2Ysdfgi0xU5OtwG7FmmZY+bGvG3JxTJnjiUY9m57ZswjnWYA1JJsbHYAuxY5iQQzacYG5sQZEjkGCbzbDif2SCeAtBxI3IZTS/o3yR9/6sFaDv6dA9KS/gGvFmmJHDMJHrbDIC2GzbwNIC05+G2RnJFTJs3bdrxYgudYMrPMscPGPLdzCg4kGOD2i8SN9G1Ah1XnSbA3H/74puawHPvs9M0fPlTYyeHSggsYkKZ8FIyCUTAKRgEqAAB3r2FxZIcrWwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Elkhanssa","middleName":"Abdelhameed","lastName":"Elhag","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-09-05 11:32:34","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-72853/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-72853/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":13597508,"identity":"2231961a-7c57-45cb-9f89-e44c7c409aa9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 05:32:36","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":717005,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-72853/v1/163d9b53-a716-412d-b295-826a166cffed.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003ePublics’ Malaria Knowledge, Prevention and Treatment Practices, A Cross-sectional Survey From Khartoum, Sudan\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eMalaria is a serious disease with the highest prevalence in Sub Saharan African countries in which more than ninety percent of malaria cases and deaths were reported [1]. In Sudan, the latest Malaria Indicator Survey showed that almost all the people in Sudan are at risk of malaria. The highest prevalence was reported among males, pregnant women, children less than five years of age and in rural areas [2]. Malaria knowledge, treatment and prevention practices could affect the process of malaria control. Malaria knowledge, treatment seeking behaviors, use of treatment and prevention methods vary among communities of different countries[3-5]. Even the communities in one country may show different patterns of knowledge and practices regarding malaria prevention and treatment[6, 7]. In Sudan, the community knowledge about malaria was not studied in big communities and not many of the research that has been published investigated the public knowledge of antimalarial drugs and their drugs use behavior. In this research, our objective was to assess the public knowledge about malaria causes, symptoms and complications, to assess their treatment seeking behavior, antimalarial drugs knowledge, use and compliance to treatment. The research was also investigated the public knowledge and use of prevention methods.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy setting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis survey was carried out in Khartoum State, Sudan between September to December 2016.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy population\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePublics of different socioeconomic classes, educational levels, and jobs in different public places were targeted for the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy design and sampling procedure \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried among the public in Khartoum state. The sample size was calculated by Raosoft sample size calculator based on 95% confidence level and 5% confidence interval. The sampling frame was the population of Khartoum state. The calculated sample was 385 participants.[8, 9]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdults (18 and above) who agreed to participate in the study were included after verbal consent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHealthcare professionals and students of any health-related institutes were excluded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdults with hearing, visual and mental problems and those who refused to participate in the study were excluded. Illiterates excluded as they were unable to complete the self-administered questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eData collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData was collected via a structured self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed by the researcher after reviewing the literature, piloted and tested for reliability and internal consistency (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha (0.744). The questionnaire then translated to the Arabic language since it is the mother tongue language of the surveyed population. Forward and backward translation was carried. Different public places were approached for sample collection (two public markets, school, engineering workshop, a private company, bank, Quran learning center, industrial complex and military complex). Data was collected by the researcher and two trained data collectors. About 500 questionnaires were distributed and 457 were retrieved giving a response rate of 91.4%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData was entered checked and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 23). Descriptive statistics were conducted such as frequencies and percentages. Chi-square test was used to test correlations between categorical variables. Probability values of \u0026lt; 0.05 considered as statistically significant for all results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval was obtained from the National Ethical Committee, Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVerbal consent was obtained from the surveyed publics after they were informed about the research objectives.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemographics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePublics from the three cities (Khartoum, Omdurman and Khartoum North ) participated in the survey. The majority of the respondents were university graduates and Private- employees. About 53 participants did not report their monthly income and most of them those who were not working (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 Demographic data of the public participated in the study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency(N)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e269\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResidence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKhartoum\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOmdurman\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKhartoum North\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary education\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondary education\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUniversity graduate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e273\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostgraduate degree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJob\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot working\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelf-employed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrivate \u0026ndash;employee\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGovernmental-employee\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonthly income (Sudanese Pounds)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1000-1900\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2000-3000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"275\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;3000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"154\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"129\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*53(11.5%) did not report their monthly income\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Knowledge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbout 86.9% of the public could relate malaria to mosquito bites however wrong believe about contaminated food as a cause of malaria was mentioned by 11.2% of the respondents. Fever, headache and body aches were known malaria symptoms among the public. Dehydration, anemia and cerebral malaria were the most mentioned malaria complications (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable2 Knowledge of the surveyed publics about malaria causes, symptoms and complications\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"151\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency(N)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"151\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMalaria cause\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"151\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMosquito bites\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e397\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"151\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWalking in the sun\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"151\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDirty environment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"151\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContaminated food\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"151\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMalaria symptoms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"151\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e84.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"151\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNausea and vomiting\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e263\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"151\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSweating\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"151\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeadache\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e74.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"151\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChills\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e262\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"151\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiarrhea\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"151\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBody aches\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e317\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e69.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"151\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCough\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"151\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMalaria complications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"151\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCerebral malaria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"151\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSevere anemia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"151\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDehydration\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e306\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"151\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRenal failure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"151\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJaundice\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"151\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHepatic failure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMalaria treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Diagnosis of malaria by symptoms was practiced by near thirteen percent of the surveyed publics and 6.1% practice self-treatment mainly due to financial reasons. Self-treatment with drugs was common. About 17.7% seek malaria treatment at the community pharmacy because they perceive the pharmacist as a knowledgeable health care provider who could manage malaria. About 79.2% mentioned that their drugs were selected mainly by the pharmacist at the community pharmacy and near one-quarter of the surveyed population (24.7%) claimed that the pharmacists dispensed the antimalarials for them upon their request without asking about prescription or laboratory result. A significant relationship between malaria treatment and the level of education was reported. Less educated publics were more likely to practice self-treatment (Tables 3,4,5,6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 Malaria diagnosis of the surveyed publics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"312\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency(N) \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"312\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMalaria diagnosis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"132\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"312\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelf-assessment by symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"312\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelf-assessment by symptoms +lab diagnosis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e399\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 Malaria treatment-seeking behavior of the surveyed publics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"308\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency (N)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"308\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMalaria treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"308\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelf \u0026ndash;treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"308\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeek pharmacist advice at a community pharmacy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"308\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeek medical advice at the hospital or health center\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e348\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"308\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReasons for self \u0026ndash;treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"308\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinancial reasons\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"308\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnavailability of health facility\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"308\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther reasons\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"308\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDo not want to discover other diseases\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"308\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKnow the disease and treatments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"308\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLack of confidence in doctors\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"308\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLack of confidence in lab results\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"308\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrefer herbalist\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"308\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat used for self- treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"308\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelf- treatment using drugs\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"308\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelf- treatment using herbs\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"308\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhy seek pharmacist advice\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"308\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePharmacists knowledgeable to manage malaria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e82.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"308\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCannot afford to go to the hospital or clinic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Inaccurate percentages due to missing data\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5 Relationship between sociodemographics and treatment behavior of the surveyed publics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency (Percentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSelf -treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSeek pharmacist advice\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSeek medical advice at the hospital\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17(6.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50 (18.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e202 (75.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.815\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11(5.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31(16.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e146 (77.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary education\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (25%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8 (33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (41.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondary education\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7 (8.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12(14%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e67 (77.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUniversity graduate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48 (17.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e214 (78.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostgraduate degree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (5.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13 (17.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57 (77.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonthly Income\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (10.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17 (17.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72 (72.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.209\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1000-1900\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9 (7.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16 (13.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e92 (78.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2000-3000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (5.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20 (22.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64 (71.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;3000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20 (20.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e77 (77.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6 Antimalarial drugs dispensing practices at the community pharmacy as described by the surveyed publics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"230\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency(N)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"230\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow pharmacist dispense drugs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"230\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn your request\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"230\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAsk for prescription\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e255\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"230\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAsk for a lab result\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"230\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrugs obtained from the pharmacy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"230\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelected by the pharmacist\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e262\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e79.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"230\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRequested by the patient\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntimalarial drugs knowledge and use behavior\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbout three-quarter (75.1%) of the surveyed publics knew the combination of Artesunate +Sulphadoxine/Pyrimethamine. It was the 1\u003csup\u003eSt\u003c/sup\u003e line drug for treatment of uncomplicated malaria at the time of the study. In the translated Arabic version of the questionnaire, it was given the name by which it was known among the community (Rajimat). As reported by the public the main source of drug knowledge was the medical doctors (57.3%) however, 36.5% reported that they get their information about drugs from their families members and friends. About 10.7% claimed that they developed adverse reactions due to antimalarial drugs use. Gastrointestinal adverse reactions were the most reported. Artesunate +Sulphadoxine/Pyrimethamine combination was reported as the drug that responsible for the majority of the reported adverse reactions. Stop treatment upon development of adverse drugs reaction was reported by 20.5% of the respondents (Table 7,8).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 7 Antimalarial drugs knowledge of the surveyed publics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"273\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency(N)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"273\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrugs Knowledge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"273\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtesunate +Sulphadoxine/Pyremethamine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e343\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e75.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"273\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChloroquine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"273\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuinine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"273\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtemether\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e255\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"273\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrugs knowledge source\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"273\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePharmacist\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"273\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMedical doctor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e262\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"273\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMedia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"273\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFamily members and friends\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e167\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 8 The pattern of antimalarial adverse drugs reactions reported by the surveyed publics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"358\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency(N)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"358\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncidence of adverse drug reactions(ADRs)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"358\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"358\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e408\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e89.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"358\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType of adverse drug reactions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"358\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"358\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNausea\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"358\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVomiting\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"358\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiarrhea\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"358\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFatigue\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"358\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSkin rash\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"358\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTinnitus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"358\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnemia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"358\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrugs that cause adverse reactions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"358\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtemether\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"358\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtesunate +Sulphadoxine/Pyremethamine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e61.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"358\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuinine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"358\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eActions taken to manage adverse drug reactions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"358\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStop treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"358\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsult pharmacist\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"358\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsult the medical doctor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"358\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIgnore it and continue treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Percentage of reactions calculated out of 45 as 3 respondents did not mention the ADRs they developed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment compliance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the assessment of patients compliance showed that 22.8% of the patients stop their treatment when their symptoms disappeared and 7.2% stop their treatment if they vomit the first dose of their antimalarial drugs. There was no significant relationship between the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents and their compliance with treatment (Table 9,10 ).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntimalarial drugs were available (93.9%) and available (82.5%) for the majority of the respondents. ( Table 11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 9 Compliance of the surveyed publics to malaria treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"327\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency(N) \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"112\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"327\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eActions when prescribed antimalarial treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"112\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"327\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComplete the course of treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e353\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"112\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e77.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"327\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStop treatment when symptoms disappeared\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"112\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"327\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eActions taken if vomit the first dose\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"112\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"327\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRepeat the dose\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"112\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"327\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContinue without repeating the dose\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"112\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"327\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiscontinue treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"112\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"327\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsult doctor or pharmacist for advice\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e164\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"112\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 10 The relation between demographics and compliance with malaria treatment among the surveyed publics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"128\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"325\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency (Percentage %)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"95\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"128\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"155\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComplete treatment course\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStop treatment after symptoms disappear\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"128\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"155\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"170\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"95\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"128\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"155\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e206(76.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e63(23.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.387\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"128\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"155\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e147(78.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41(21.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"128\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"155\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"170\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"95\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"128\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary education\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"155\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16(66.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8(33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.653\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"128\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondary education\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"155\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e67(77.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19(22.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"128\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUniversity graduate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"155\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e212(77.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e61(22.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"128\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostgraduate degree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"155\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58(78.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16(21.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"128\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonthly Income\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"155\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"170\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"95\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"128\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"155\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72(72.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27(27.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" width=\"95\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.576\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"128\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1000-1900\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"155\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e91(77.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26(22.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"128\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2000-3000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"155\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72(80.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17(19.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"128\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;3000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"155\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e78(78.8%0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21(21.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 11 Availability and affordability of antimalarial drugs as reported by the surveyed publics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency(N)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntimalarial drugs available\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"168\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e429\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e93.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntimalarial drugs affordable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"168\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e377\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e82.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMalaria Prevention\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe public in Khartoum State showed good knowledge regarding prevention methods. Insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor house spraying was mentioned by 81.1% and 70.2% respectively. However ner thirty percent (28.9%) did not use any prevention method. Of those who did not use prevention methods, none availability (40%) and unaffordability (21.7%) were of the main reasons mentioned of not using prevention methods (Table 12, 13). Being a female and receiving education on malaria prevention and treatment were significant predictors of prevention methods use (P-value 0.006 and 0.001 respectively) Table 14).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSlightly more than half (54.3%) the surveyed publics received education on malaria prevention and treatment. The media (42.7%) and friends and family members (38.5%) were the main providers of education (Table 15).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 12 Prevention methods knowledge of the surveyed publics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"283\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency(N)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"180\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"283\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge of prevention methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"180\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"283\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsecticide-treated bed nets\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e374\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"180\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e81.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"283\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMosquito repellants and sprays\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e208\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"180\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"283\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndoor house spraying\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e321\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"180\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"283\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOther prevention methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"180\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"283\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnvironmental control\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"180\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"283\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNets without insecticides\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"180\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"283\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleeping in closed areas\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"180\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"283\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVaccination\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"180\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 13 Prevention methods use behavior of the surveyed publics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"290\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency(N)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"139\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"290\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUse of prevention methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"139\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"290\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e325\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"139\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"290\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"139\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"290\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevention methods used\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"139\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"290\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsecticide-treated bed nets\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"139\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"290\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopical mosquito repellants and sprays\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"139\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"290\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndoor house spraying\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e204\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"139\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e62.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"290\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther prevention methods\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"139\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"290\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReasons for not using prevention methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"139\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"290\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot available\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"139\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"290\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot affordable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"139\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"290\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOther reasons\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"139\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"290\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCarelessness\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"139\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"290\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t like it\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"139\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"290\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsecticides allergy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"139\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"290\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsecticides bad smell\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"139\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"290\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo need for it\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"139\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"290\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot effective\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"139\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Percentage differences because some respondents didn\u0026rsquo;t report why they didn\u0026rsquo;t use prevention methods\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 14 The Predictors of prevention methods used among the surveyed population\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"321\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency (Percentage %)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"94\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUse prevention methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"180\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t use prevention method\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"94\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"180\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"94\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e179(55.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"180\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90 (68.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"94\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemales\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e146(44.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"180\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42(31.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation on malaria prevention and treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"180\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"94\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e192(59.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"180\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56(42.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"94\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e133(40.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"180\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76(57.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonthly Income\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"180\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"94\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e67(23.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"180\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32(26.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" width=\"94\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.665\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1000-1900\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86(30.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"180\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31(25.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2000-3000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64(22.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"180\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25(20.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;3000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"142\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66(23.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"180\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33(27.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 15 Education of the surveyed publics about malaria prevention and treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"326\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency(N)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"326\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReceived education on malaria prevention and treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"326\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e248\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"326\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e209\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"326\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation Provider\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"326\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePharmacist\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"326\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMedical doctor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"326\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNational Malaria Control Program\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"326\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMedia (radio, television and newspapers)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"326\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNongovernmental organizations\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"326\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFriends and family members\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"110\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"104\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe public in Khartoum state showed good knowledge about malaria causes, symptoms, and complications. The majority of the public in malaria-endemic countries could mention most of the malaria symptoms. Fever and headache were the most known symptoms and with or without different levels of knowledge about malaria causes and complications [10-13]. Two researchs in Sudan one among the public in one of the rural parts of Khartoum and in Estren Sudan revealed poor knowledge on malaria complications[10, 14]. Sudan is a big country with different sociodemographic and educational levels among different State. More research is needed for assessment of malaria knowledge among communities of different Sudanese states to help the policymakers in setting control programs in accordance of the needs of different communities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMalaria self-diagnosis and self-treatment were reported in the current study. Malaria self-diagnosis and treatment was documented in other studies conducted in Khartoum state[15, 16] and in many other malaria-endemic countries [17, 18]. The main reason mentioned by the respondents who practiced self-treatment was financial reasons. A study from Khartoum also showed that people do seek treatment from community pharmacies because they could not afford to pay for consultation fees and that they were not satisfied by the services at the public health facilities[19]. Although the percentage that practiced self-treatment in the current study was 6.1%, part of the 17.7% who seek malaria treatment at community pharmacies could also be considered as practicing self-treatment because they mentioned that the community pharmacist dispensed antimalarials upon their request.in the current study, primary educated people were more likely to go for self-treatment however in the study carried by Awad \u003cem\u003eet al,\u003c/em\u003e medical students were practicing malaria self-treatment more than other university students [16]. Self-treatment using herbal drugs was of the practices reported in Sudan[20, 21] as well as many African communities such as in Cameroon[6] and in Kenya [22].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding drug knowledge, 75.1% of the public could recognize the drug used as 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e line treatment at the study period. The publics mentioned doctors and pharmacists as sources of information and could be reliable sources. Family members and friends were mentioned as a source of information for 36.5% of the respondents, however, the accuracy of information provided by them was questionable. Different studies showed different patients information sources[23, 24] but providing patients with adequate information on drugs and treatments from reliable sources is very important as it could affect the cure of their disease.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the reported adverse drugs reactions (ADRs) were gastrointestinal system related and was mainly caused by the combination of Artesunate+ sulphadoxine/Pyrimethamine as it was the most used drug. Although some patients consulted physicians and pharmacists when they developed ADRs it was not investigated if these ADRs were reported or not. Patients can contribute to the process of ADRs reporting and determination of drugs safety. However, inadequate patients knowledge and practices were reported in many communities [25, 26]. Lack of patients awareness about reporting systems and reporting skills could be of the barriers to patients contribution in ADRs reporting[27]. About 20.5% of those who experienced the adverse effects stopped treatment. Stopping of treatment upon improvement of symptoms was reported by 22.8%. Discontinuation of treatment after the development of ADRs or symptoms improvement indicated a problem of patients compliance which may lead to poor prognosis and development of drugs resistance. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between patients demographics and their compliance with antimalarial drugs treatment and that was consistent with the findings of a study carried out in Uganda[28]. Stopping treatment after symptoms improvement [29] and upon the development of ADRs[30] was shown in some studies and it was found that drug knowledge and previous experience of drug use were significant predictors of adherence to treatment [31]. Patient education on noncompliance to treatment and its drawbacks not only for the patients but also for the whole country as a risk of drug resistance is very crucial.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe publics showed good knowledge about prevention methods but still near one third (28.9%) of the surveyed publics did not use the prevention methods. The difference between knowledge of prevention methods and use behavior was reported in many malaria-endemic countries such as in Cameroon [32] in Ethiopia [33] and in Ghana[34]. In Sudan underuse of preventive measures in many states [35] and inappropriateness in availability, affordability and use of preventive measures in terms of public\u0026rsquo;s behavior and stakeholder\u0026rsquo;s implementation was reported[36]. Of those who did not use prevention methods, 40% and 21.7% attributed that to nonavailability and unaffordability of it respectively. The recent Malaria Indicator Survey in Sudan showed the same findings of this study. Khartoum State and the Red Sea state were reported as having the lower ownership and use of insecticides treated nets (ITNs) and indoor house spraying. The highest rates of using ITNs were reported in the refugee's camps and the some targeted states in which it is distributed free of charge. Nonavailability and unaffordability were also reported as the reasons for not using prevention methods [2]. Females and those who received education in malaria prevention and treatment were more likely to use prevention methods (P-values 0.006 and 0.001 respectively). Despite the effect of education on patients, knowledge and preventive methods use behavior, slightly more than half of the surveyed people( 54.3%) received education on malaria prevention and treatment. The media (42.7%) and family and friends (38.5%) were mentioned in the top list of education providers to public. The media (radio, television and newspapers) could play an important role in malaria education [37, 38]as well as other sources of information such as books, internet and the procedures distributed in the clinics [39]. Continuous education was underscored by community members as an important tool in malaria elimination [40]. Generally, health education could help individuals and communities in improving their health conditions with extended positive habits of a healthy life to future generations[41]. More efforts in public education on malaria prevention and treatment is required for achievement of malaria elimination targets in Sudan\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion ","content":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough the public in Khartoum state showed good knowledge on malaria prevention and treatment, there are many inappropriate practices among the public. Self-diagnosis and treatment, noncompliance to treatment and underuse of prevention methods were of the barriers to effective control of malaria in Sudan.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Study limitations\t","content":"\u003cp\u003eMajority of the respondents in the surveyed publics were university graduate which may not reflect the actual community knowledge. More socioeconomic status and illiteracy level and access to media and education may differ among the different Sudanese states which make the results not generalizable and the survey should be carried in different state to reflect the actual situation. Ethics approval and consent to participate\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors agreed to submit this paper for publication\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Availability of data and material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData and materials used in the study are available and will be provided by the corresponding author whenever needed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declared that they have no competing interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Funding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not received funding from any sponsor or organization\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eElkhanssa Abdelhameed designed the study, trained data collectors and contributed in data collection, performed the data analysis and interpretation of results. Syed Azhar contributed in interpretation of the results, provided advice and critically reviewed the study results. All authors read and approved the final manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe wish to thank all our colleagues and the data collectors who helped a lot in data collection\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization, \u003cem\u003eWorld malaria report 2016: summary.\u003c/em\u003e 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFederal Ministry of Health, S., \u003cem\u003eSudan Malaria Indicator Survey 2016.\u003c/em\u003e 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbate, A., A. Degarege, and B. 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Panayiotou, \u003cem\u003eImpact of malaria related messages on insecticide-treated net (ITN) use for malaria prevention in Ghana.\u003c/em\u003e Malaria journal, 2014. \u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 123.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMustafa, H., et al., \u003cem\u003eMalaria preventive measures, health care seeking behaviour and malaria\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e burden in different epidemiological settings in Sudan.\u003c/em\u003e Tropical Medicine \u0026amp; International Health, 2009. \u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c/strong\u003e(12): p. 1488-1495.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOnwujekwe, O., et al., \u003cem\u003eFinancing and delivery mechanisms for mosquito control tools in Sudan: A Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis.\u003c/em\u003e International Journal of Medicine and Health Development, 2011. \u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e(2): p. 9-17.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTripathi, S., et al., \u003cem\u003eMedia utilization pattern among rural families residing in Varanasi district of eastern UP.\u003c/em\u003e The Journal of Community Health Management, 2016. \u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e(2): p. 55-58.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUmeano-Enemuoh, J.C., et al., \u003cem\u003eA qualitative study on health workers\u0026rsquo; and community members\u0026rsquo; perceived sources, role of information and communication on malaria treatment, prevention and control in southeast Nigeria.\u003c/em\u003e BMC infectious diseases, 2015. \u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 437.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBakhireva, L.N., et al., \u003cem\u003ePatient utilization of information sources about safety of medications during pregnancy.\u003c/em\u003e The Journal of reproductive medicine, 2011. \u003cstrong\u003e56\u003c/strong\u003e(7-8): p. 339-343.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIngabire, C.M., et al., \u003cem\u003eCommunity mobilization for malaria elimination: application of an open space methodology in Ruhuha sector, Rwanda.\u003c/em\u003e Malaria journal, 2014. \u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 167.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSarwar, M.F., M.H. Sarwar, and M. Sarwar, \u003cem\u003eUnderstanding some of the best practices for discipline of health education to the public on the sphere.\u003c/em\u003e International Journal of Innovation and Research in Educational Sciences, 2015. \u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 1-4.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Public knowledge, Malaria treatment, malaria prevention, Sudan","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-72853/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-72853/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e: Malaria is one of the major health problems in Sudan with high prevalence among children under five years age and pregnant women. Effective control of the disease needs contribution of the community, health authorities as well as political commitment. This research was conducted to assess the public’s knowledge, and practice regarding malaria prevention and treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003eA cross-sectional survey was conducted among publics in Khartoum State. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Publics were assessed for their knowledge about malaria symptoms and complications, knowledge and utilization of prevention methods and drugs knowledge and treatment behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eAbout 457 of the public participated in the survey. Despite that the publics showed good knowledge regarding malaria symptoms, complications and drugs knowledge, self-treatment practices were there. Noncompliance to treatment in form of stopping treatment upon symptoms relieve and upon developing adverse drug reactions was also reported. Underuse of prevention methods was reported.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions: \u003c/strong\u003eInappropriate treatment and prevention practices among the community could be an obstacle in the way of malaria elimination in Sudan. More efforts towards involvement of the community in malaria control through community education are needed.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Publics’ Malaria Knowledge, Prevention and Treatment Practices, A Cross-sectional Survey From Khartoum, Sudan","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2020-09-24 14:53:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-72853/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"06ea105b-6445-41e4-93a8-e90db3ad3112","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 24th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":602104,"name":"Infectious Diseases"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2020-09-24T17:13:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2020-09-24 14:53:00","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-72853","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-72853","identity":"rs-72853","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}