The Impact of Ecocentric Leadership on Green Innovation and Workplace Behavior Mediated by Epistemic Motivation and Greenwashing

The Impact of Ecocentric Leadership on Green Innovation and Workplace Behavior Mediated by Epistemic Motivation and Greenwashing | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Impact of Ecocentric Leadership on Green Innovation and Workplace Behavior Mediated by Epistemic Motivation and Greenwashing Ali Hasan, Xiang Zhang, Muhammad Kashif, Di Mao, irfan Ullah This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7975323/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose: This research aims to examine the role of ecocentric leadership to cultivate green workplace behaviour among employees. It identifies the unique relationships among social networking sites (SNSs), techno-epistemic attitudes and espistemic motivation to outline environmental sustainability while examining moderating role of greenwashing in fostering organizational sustainability. Design/methodology/approach: Survey-based time lagged data werecollected from 384 strategic managers working in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan. Data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling to test the hypotheses. Findings: Results indicated that all direct and indirect relationships are significant. Ecocentric leadership exerts a significant impact on green workplace behavior in the mediating role of SNSsand techno-epistemic attitude. Furthermore, all moderating relationships significantly affect green innovation and workplace behavior. Leaders and managers are capable ofeffectively establishingthe approaches and strategies that align the production process with sustainable goals. This research contributed to the empirical and theoretical review of green workplace behavior and innovation by using ecocentric leadership as a strong influencer. Practical implications : This study offers actionable insights for businesses seeking to develop Eco centric leadership and green workplace behavior and green inoovation and mediating moderating mechinisam. Originality: This study provides new insights into how eco-centric leadership fosters the green workplace ebheavior and green innovation at work place . Ecocentric Leadership Use of SNSs Epistemic Motivation Greenwashing Techno-Epistemic Attitude Green Workplace Behavior Green Innovation Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1. Introduction Sustainability is considered as a global priority in organizations due to environmental challenges such as pollution, climate change and resource depletion (Marimuthu, Sankaranarayanan, Ali, de Sousa Jabbour & Karuppiah, 2021 ). Organizations are pressured to adopt green practices by the government, consumers and other stakeholders (Baah et al., 2021 ). Deriving organizations toward sustainable development is not merely in trend but necessary to address environmental challenges and carbon footprints (Al-Shetwi, 2022 ). In this regard, green innovation is a significant factor meritoriously contributing to the sustainable development of an organization (Zheng, Zheng, Yang & Chang, 2023 ). It involves developing new products, processes and technologies with minimal environmental impact (Hsu, Quang-Thanh, Chien, Li & Mohsin, 2021 ). In addition, green innovation is important in environmental protection, operation resource efficiency and waste reduction (Aftab, Abid, Cucari & Savastano, 2023 ). Green innovation, with green workplace behavior, aligns organizations with sustainable goals and provides multiple benefits, including cost saving, green brand reputation, new market opportunities, greater consumer trust, etc. (Fontoura & Coelho, 2022 ). Green workplace behavior is gaining importance for sustainable development as well. The main concept of green behavior is to promote green practices within organizations (Ercantan & Eyupoglu, 2022 ). Green behavior includes reducing energy consumption, inspiring sustainable conversion and implementing reprocessing sequencers (Mondejar et al., 2021 ). Green workplace behavior develops a green culture where employees contribute commendably to sustainable goals (Aukhoon, Iqbal & Parray, 2024 ). Globally, sustainability is viewed as a competitive advantage for organizations that can be achieved via green innovation and workplace behavior (Tu & Wu, 2021 ). Now, the question arises of how organizations can increase green workplace behavior and innovation and perform sustainable practices? Leadership styles promoting environmental consciousness and sustainability have a huge influence on green innovation and workplace behavior. Ecocentric leaders play an important part in fostering a culture of ecological responsibility, inspiring employees to engage in green workplace behavior and contributing to green innovation initiatives (Robertson & Barling, 2013; Chen & Chang, 2013). Increased concerns about sustainability are accompanied by growing problems about greenwashing, in which organizations show false commitment to their environmental responsibilities (Montgomery, Lyon & Barg, 2024 ). By taking superficial measures, organizations mislead stakeholders into promoting eco-friendliness (Alyahia, Azazz, Fayyad, Elshaer & Mohammad, 2024 ). If greenwashing is exposed, organizations will face diverse consequences, including diminished consumer trust, damage to green brand reputation and reduced credibility of sustainable efforts (Ha, 2022 ). This requires organizations to excercise ecocentric leadership in greenwashing (Bajalqui De La Cruz, 2023). Ecocentric leadership ensures transparency, accountability and authenticity in green practices (Bucea-Manea-Țoniş et al., 2021 ). Instances where organizations face scrutiny demands from investors, consumers and regulators, ecocentric leaders can effectively address the situation (Alomari & Heffron, 2021 ). Ecocentric leadership is central to organizational behavior to engage employees with green practices (H. Zafar, Malik, Gugnani, Agarwal & Nijjer, 2023 ) and shape both organizational and environmental outcomes by means of green innovation and workplace behavior (Hasan et al., 2024 ). Ecocentric leaders promote green practices and ensure sustainability in the process of decision making (Uddin et al., 2021 ) through the culture of resource conservation and reduction in carbon footprints (Murtaza, Khan & Mustafa). This study aims at investigating the role of ecocentric leadership in developing green workplace behavior and innovation through epistemic motivation, and moderating the effect of greenwashing and techno-epistemic attitude. Epistemic motivation is vital to acquiring and implementing green knowledge to derive outcomes (Roh, Seok & Kim, 2022 ). It indicates how ecocentric leadership can lead towards successful sustainable efforts (M. Küpers, 2020 ). High epistemic motivation increases the proactivity of employees in green workplace behavior and innovation (Bratianu, Stanescu, Mocanu & Bejinaru, 2021 ). Furthermore, techno-epistemic attitude also creates significant influence to resolve environmental problems and mitigate challenges (Zeng, Deschenes & Durif, 2020 ). Epistemic motivation as the outcome of ecocentric leadership is disregarded by preceding studies (Guerrero & Sjöström, 2024 ). Previous studies also have ignored the authentic role of ecocentric leadership in green workplace behavior and innovation (Farrukh, Rafiq, Raza & Ansari, 2024 ). Moreover, the combination of these variables has not been investigated in Pakistan’s manufacturing industry (Khan et al., 2024 ). Some studies have studied the moderating effect of techno-epistemic attitude but ignored the creation of a disconnection between organizations and employees by greenwashing (Leavitt, Barnes & Shapiro, 2024 ). This study addresses these pertinent gaps in the literature and proposes a framework for understanding the relationships among these variables. This paper is structured by first presenting the conceptual model that discusses the concepts related to ecocentric leadership, epistemic leadership, greenwashing, techno-epistemic attitude, as well as green workplace behavior and innovation. The next section was a methodology, which deliberated on data collection, the measurement of variables and the profile of respondents by using quantitative research. The results section held a debate on the study findings highlighting the direct, indirect, mediating and moderating relationships of the proposed model. The discussion section explained the results of the study and provided support with the help of existing literature. In the end, the conclusion offered the key insights and contributions of the study and suggestions for future studies. 2. Literature Review and Hypothesis Development 2.1 Social Cognitive Theory The social cognitive theory (SCT) proposes how individuals maintain and acquire certain behaviors where they are performing while concerning the environment (Ateş, 2020 ; Bandura, 2023 ). Several key elements of the social cognitive theory encompass observational learning, self-efficacy, expectation of outcomes, self-regulation, reinforcement and reciprocal determinism (Schunk & DiBenedetto, 2020 ). The behavior of individuals can be influenced by observing others and their environments as well as by their motivations and cognitive processes (Kampis & Southgate, 2020 ). In this research, ecocentric leadership acts like a role model in which leaders encourage employees to adopt green practices and behavior in the workplace through positive reinforcement (H. Zafar et al., 2023 ). Under the lens of this theory, the epistemic motivation of employees is also influenced by their leaders who highlight their knowledge and innovation with an environmental focus (Miron-Spektor, Emich, Argote & Smith, 2022 ). The social cognitive theory emphasizes that employees consider green practices and commitments superficial when observing greenwashing by organizations (Lin, Liu & Lin, 2022 ). Greenwashing also reduces green innovation and workplace behavior within organizations (D. Zhang, 2022 ). This theory highlights the importance of techno-epistemic attitude in which employees believe that technology effectively can resolve sustainability challenges (Hehl, 2023 ). 2.2 Hypothesis Development 2.2.1 Ecocentric Leadership and Epistemic Motivation Ecocentric leadership demonstrates sustainability, ecological balance and environmental consciousness (Boeske, 2023 ). It focuses on eco-friendly practices, establishes sustainable goals and drives the strategic direction of an origination towards a green future (Murtaza et al.). Epistemic motivation means that an individual is intrinsically motivated to understand, seek and organize knowledge (Miron-Spektor et al., 2022 ). It is a decision-making process that aims understanding environmental challenges and complex problems, which can diminish resilience due to superficiality (Miron-Spektor et al., 2022 ). Ecocentric leadership fosters knowledge-driven sustainability, which ultimately increases epistemic motivation (Hamborg, Meya, Eisenack & Raabe, 2020 ). Besides, it exhilarates the epistemic motivation of individuals to pursue environmental knowledge deeply regarding green technologies and strategies (M. Küpers, 2020 ). Ecocentric leadership involves navigating the complexity and curiosity of the ecological system while having high-level epistemic motivation (McEntee et al., 2024 ). The connection between ecocentric leadership and epistemic motivation creates value for organizations by developing a culture of inquiry and progressive thinking (McEntee et al., 2024 )—however, we are unsure of influence it may caste. Therefore, we postulate the following hypotheses. H1: Ecocentric leadership positively influences epistemic motivation. 2.2.2 Ecocentric Leadership and the Use of Social Networking Sites The use of social networking sites (SNSs) in ecocentric leadership is instrumental in spreading environmental knowledge, engaging with a broader audience and developing sustainable behavior in organizations (Minhas, 2021 ). Leaders have leveraged Facebook, Instagram, Linkedin, Twitter and other social sites to promote green initiatives (Matthews, Matthews, Wang & Kelemen, 2022 ). The ecocentric leadership approach has effectively utilized SNSs to mobilize support for environmental campaigns (Minhas, 2021 ). Ecocentric leadership uses social sites as a tool for transparency where leaders communicate their ecological commitments and track the progress of sustainable goals (Shrivastava, Smith, O’Brien & Zsolnai, 2020 ). Social sites highlight the importance of how digital technologies can amplify leadership efforts in climate change and promote green culture across industries (Alabdali, Yaqub, Agarwal, Alofaysan & Mohapatra, 2024 ). SNSs are utlized in ecocentric leadership for several purposes, including raising awareness, providing education, community building, campaigning, advocacy, accountability, behavioral change, collaboration and real-time engagement (Hasan et al., 2024 ). Yet, a clear understanding on impact this leadership style could create for SNSs will enhance their functionality. Thus, following hypothese are presented. H2: Ecocentric leadership positively influences the use of social networking sites (SNSs). 2.2.3 Use of SNSs and Epistemic Motivation Previous studies highlighted that SNSs engage individuals in information-seeking behavior renovating into epistemic motivation for deeper inquisitiveness and considerations (Meyer & Li, 2024 ). Networking sites have provided access to diverse sources to gain information and enhance epistemic motivation by gratifying intellectual curiosity (Wong et al., 2020 ). The use of SNSs has a bearing on cognitive engagement, cerebral imagination and knowledge acquisition (Achterberg et al., 2022 ). By getting a large amount of information through SNSs, individuals can filter the whole data, which provides a deep understanding of specific areas to explore new perspectives (Van Erkel & Van Aelst, 2021 ). SNSs sometimes reduce epistemic motivation by minimizing intellectual change and existing beliefs (Choung, Newman & Stenhouse, 2020 ). H3: The use of SNSs has significantly positive impact on epistemic motivation. 2.2.4 Moderating Role of Greenwashing Greenwashing means that organizations provide false information related to their environmental commitments and green appearance in the market (Pizzetti, Gatti & Seele, 2021 ). This approach is adopted to mislead the claims in order to gain public trust and secure sustainable market advantages. (Nygaard & Silkoset, 2023 ). The role of greenwashing undermines the positive relationship between ecocentric leadership and epistemic motivation (Goulden & Kerret, 2021 ). Furthermore, trust in leadership erodes when employees believe that their organizations are engaged in greenwashing, which in turn diminishes epistemic motivation (Ratteree, 2023 ). Greenwashing diminishes ecological trust and increases the dishonest mindset of employees to develop epistemic motivation (Mu & Lee, 2023 ). Owing to the high level of greenwashing, a negative impact occurs on trust and green behavior (Ioannou, Kassinis & Papagiannakis, 2023 ). The moderating role of greenwashing is considered as a critical factor that increases skepticism and reduces engagement with sustainable practices (Ioannou et al., 2023 ). Prior research suggests that greenwashing weakens relationship between ecocentric leadership and epistemic motivation (W. Li, Seppänen & Koivumäki, 2023). Meanwhile, contrary to previous results, this study propose that greenwashing does not inherently diminish the relationship between ecocentric leadership and epistemic motivation. Instead, it cane be argued that ecocentric leadership can counteract the negative effects of greenwashing in the presence of trust and transperancy. This leadership style may enhance employees' epistemic motivation, encouraging greater employee engagement with sustainable practices despite the presence of greenwashing. Thus, we propose; H4: Greenwashing plays a significant positive moderating role between ecocentric leadership and epistemic motivation. 2.2.5 Epistemic Motivation and Green Workplace Behavior The association of epistemic motivation with green workplace behavior is understood through environmental consciousness and cognitive processes (Mastria, Vezzil & De Cesarei, 2023 ). Green behavior means that employees adopt eco-friendly behavior to positively influence the environment via energy conservation, sustainable resources and waste reduction (Qalati, Barbosa & Ibrahim, 2023 ). When having a high level of epistemic motivation, employees contribute more towards green initiatives and perform green workplace behaviors (Ikhide, Ogunmokun & Chen, 2024 ). Epistemic motivation, on other hand, encourages employees to seek environmental information and align with green responsible behavior (Gabler, Itani & Agnihotri, 2023 ). It derives understandings and knowledge that fosters green behavior in the workplace (Mastria et al., 2023 ). This is why, employees become champions of green applications through epistemic motivation and green workplace behavior (Filimonau, Bai, Romanenko, Tarakanova & Ermolaev, 2023 ). H5: Epistemic motivation has significantly positive impact on green workplace behavior. 2.2.6 Epistemic Motivation and Green Innovation Green innovation is creating new procedures and environment-friendly products with the latest technologies to promote sustainability for organizations (Suki, Suki, Sharif, Afshan & Rexhepi, 2023 ). Some elements involving green innovation include eco-friendly products, energy efficiency, green building, circular economy and green production (Ncube, Mtetwa, Bukhari, Fiorentino & Passaro, 2023 ). Epistemic motivation plays a vital role in developing green innovation within organizations (Zahid, Zhang, Shahzad, Junaid & Shrivastava, 2024 ). Epistemic motivation derives knowledge-seeking tendencies and fosters sustainable advancements for green innovation (Q. Li & Qamruzzaman, 2023 ). This connection significantly explores environmental issues and provides creative solutions for sustainable challenges (Bibri, Krogstie, Kaboli & Alahi, 2024 ). This approach leads organizations beyond conventional methodologies and embraces innovative ideas to reduce environmental impact (Opazo-Basáez, Monroy-Osorio & Marić, 2024 ). Epistemic motivation supports green organizational culture through the dynamic role of green innovation (Zahid et al., 2024 ). H6: Epistemic motivation has significantly positive impact on green innovation. 2.2.7 Moderating Role of Techno-Optimistic Attitude Individuals who believe that technology is an innovative solution to environmental problems and challenges are perceived to hold a techno-optimistic attitude (Todaro, Gusmerotti, Daddi & Frey, 2023 ). High techno-optimistic attitude leverages epistemic motivation to gain green information and increase green innovation and workplace behavior (Pasquinelli, Rovai & Bellini, 2023 ), while low techno-optimistic attitude translates to less epistemic motivation for green behavior and innovation (Pfotenhauer, Wentland & Ruge, 2023 ). Research has demonstrated that technology is a valuable tool for implementing sustainable solutions and exploring creative ways to enhance green innovation and behavior in the workplace (Shahzad, Jianguo & Junaid, 2023 ). Techno-optimistic attitude fuels epistemic motivation into green actions that increases the ability of organizations to implement green innovation (Lachney et al., 2024 ). In addition, it also improves the effectiveness of employees in exploring technological solutions and promoting sustainability (Kalakou, Marques, Prazeres & Agouridas, 2023 ). When this attitude is coupled with high epistemic motivation—where employees are inspired to gain knowledge and acquire skills—there is a greater possibility that their motivation will translate into positive behaviours. Therefore, we propose that techno-optimistic attitude plays a significant moderating role, to amplify the positive influences of epistemic motivation on both green innovation and workplace behavios. H7: Techno-optimistic attitude plays a significant positive moderating role between epistemic motivation and green innovation and workplace behavior. 2.2.8 Greenwashing and Green Workplace Behavior Previous studies have revealed that the affiliation between greenwashing and green workplace behavior is often negative and complex (Mu & Lee, 2023 ). Because of greenwashing, employees do not engage in environmentally friendly practices, which leads to disruption, cynicism and demotivation (Pasricha, Nivedhitha & Raghuvanshi, 2023 ). Greenwashing reduces the willingness of employees to adopt green behavior in the workplace and green practices (Qalati et al., 2023 ). It damages the culture of trust and accountability and results in non-green behavior in the workplace (Fuentes Brinquis, 2023 ). The most insignificant impact of greenwashing is the external reputation that has affected the internal green behavior of employees (Ioannou et al., 2023 ). Greenwashing culture amplifies the passive approach of employees in response to sustainable performance (S. Zhang, Ren & Tang, 2024 ). H8: Greenwashing has significantly negative impact on green workplace behavior. 2.2.9 Greenwashing and Green Innovation Empirical literature has shown that greenwashing exerts a negative impact on green innovation (D. Zhang, 2022 ). Some studies have indicated that organizations use greenwashing for short-term benefits, but could not become authentic in green innovation in the long term (Pimonenko, Bilan, Horák, Starchenko & Gajda, 2020 ). The association between greenwashing and green innovation turns into the cause of contradictory outcomes that undermine negative perceptions (Hu, Wang, Wu & Wang, 2023 ). Organizations cannot lie in balancing genuine and impactful innovation in the case of greenwashing (Iddagoda, Hysa, Bulińska-Stangrecka & Manta, 2021 ). Greenwashing condenses the capacity to shift from superficial sustainability to substantial green innovation (Korkmaz, Gupta, Ross & Sivalingam, 2023 ). It creates risks of customer backlash and erosion of trust (Free, Jones & Tremblay, 2024 ). Organizations cannot show authentic and impactful practices to gain sustainable performance (Chowdhury et al., 2022 ). H9: Greenwashing has significantly positive impact on green innovation. INSERT FIGURE 1 HERE 3. Methodology 3.1 Data Collection and Sample Size The proposed research model was investigated using the quantitative research strategy. Data were collected through time lageed( four Weeks) to avoid common method bias (Podsakoff et al., 2012). different constructs were measured separately. Managers working in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan were taken as the target population. The unit of analysis was organizations. A sample size of 500 was suitable for an unknown target population (Tree et al., 2022 ). After obtaining approval, we met with senior management to explain our research objectives and societal contribution. They were assured that all data would remain confidential and used exclusively for academic purposes. Responsible officials then provided access to employees who agreed to participate. The convenient sampling technique was employed to collect the data from the manufacturing sector of four main industrial and large cities: Lahore, Karachi, Gujranwala and Faisalabad. Digital platforms were used to distribute questionnaires to the respondents. At time one Janauary 2025 we distributed 500 questionaiire to target firms and a Unique identification codes were assigned to track responses across the three wave.code we asked about Eco centric leadership and epistic motivation, we received 398 questionnaires backed .on January 8th 2025 in second wave we distributed the the moderating and mediating variables ,Green Wasing, Use of SNS’s and techno – optismtic attitude based on given code we target the similar Managers of time 1 and we distributed the same number of response and after that we received 395 response backed.in third wave on 28th febuary we send questionaaire to Managers and asked about Green work behavior and green workplace attitude.we received 400 response backed. After eliminating missing response total we used 384 response for analysis.based on demographics Most responses were from leadership positions directly influencing decision-making and the strategic direction of an organization. Manufacturing professionals mostly had 5–20 years of experience. In addition, 42% of respondents were from Lahore, 28% from Faisalabad, 14% from Gujranwala, and 16% from Karachi. The respondents were aged between 28 and 50. The educational background of the respondents ranged from a bachelor's degree to a PhD degree. Measures Eco-Centric Leadership ( Time 1) (ECL) Measured with a 6-item scale developed by Chen and Yan (2022). A sample item is, “Our leader inspires the employees about the environment.” Employees completed this part of the survey to enable us to assess the perceptions of their supervisor. Cronbach’s alpha = 0.93. Green workplace behaviour( Time 3)(GWPB) Measured with a 5-item scale developed by (Francoeur, et al., 2021). A sample item is, “ At work, I actively involved in environemnatal protection, Cronbach’s alpha = 0.88. Epistemic Motivation (Time 1) (EM) Measured with a 4-item scale developed by (De Dreu, et al., 2007). A sample item is, “I like to have the responsibility of handling a situation that requires a lot of thinking, Cronbach’s alpha = 0.77. Green Innovation( Time 3 ) (GI) Measured with a 4-item scale developed by (Cheng, et al., 2012). A sample item is, “The company chooses the materials of the product that consume the materials of energy and resources for conducting the product development or design Cronbach’s alpha = 0.886. Green washing ( Time 2) (GW) Measured with a 6-item scale developed by (Du and X 2015). A sample item is, “I have trouble proving that the information of a given product is green, Cronbach’s alpha = 0.887. Techno-Optimistic Attitude ( Time 2) (TOA) Measured with a 4-item scale developed by (Maaz and Gordon, 2020). A sample item is, “Continued technological innovation is essential for improving people’s life satisfaction., Cronbach’s alpha = 0.912. Use of SNSs ( Time 2) (UOS) Measured with a 6-item scale developed by (Newman, et al., 2019) A sample item is, “I feel out of touch when I haven’t logged onto social media for a while, Cronbach’s alpha = 0.83. This study was primarily aimed at inspecting the role of ecocentric leadership in enhancing green workplace behavior and innovation through epistemic motivation moderating the effects of greenwashing and techno-optimistic attitude. The five-point Likert scale was utilized to affiliate the respondents with all items with 1 representing “Strongly Agree” and 5 representing “Strongly Disagree”. 4. Analytical Strategy Research hypotheses and the research theory were tested by using SmartPLS, one of the most significant tools that efficiently handles complex and critical research models and has a friendly interface. SmartPLS provides comprehensive and authentic results and performs advanced analysis. Another justification for preference is that PLS-SEM does not require normally distributed data (Hair, Hult, Ringle & Sarstedt, 2021). 4.1 Convergent Validity Convergent validity was measured through factor loadings (FLs), composite reality (CR), Cronbach's alpha (CA) and average variance extracted (AVE). Research analysts advocated that FL values must be higher than 0.30 (Shi, DiStefano, Maydeu-Olivares & Lee, 2022 ); AVE values must be higher than 0.50 (Hair Jr, Howard & Nitzl, 2020 ); CR values must be higher than 0.70 (Hair Jr et al., 2020 ) and CA values must be higher than 0.70 (dos Santos Barros et al., 2022 ). This supported the reliability and accurateness of constructs. In this regard, FL, CR, AVE and CA values were overextended from 0.379 to 0.921, 0.85 to 0.94, 0.509 to 0.815, and 0.773 to 0.93, respectively, as shown in Table 1. 4.2 Discriminant Validity Discriminant validity demonstrates that a construct is genuinely divergent from other paradigms. The Fornell-Larcker criterion and the Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) ratio are methods used to confirm discriminant validity. These methods are more significant in evaluating discriminant validity. INSERT TABLE 1 HERE According to the suggestion of previous research, the value of the HTMT ratio must be below 0.90 (Guenther, Guenther, Ringle, Zaefarian & Cartwright, 2023 ). Otherwise, the values above 0.90 might be measured as constructs not satisfactorily distinct. According to Table 2, all the values of the HTMT ratio and Fornell-Larcker were less than 0.90, which indicated the existence of discriminant validity. INSERT TABLE 2 HERE INSERT FIGURE 2 HERE As demonstrated in Table 3, all direct relationships are significant, and ecocentric leadership has a significant impact on epistemic motivation (B = 0.206, P < 0.05). On the other hand, epistemic motivation has a substantial relationship with green workplace behavior (B = 0.234, P < 0.05) and innovation (B = 0.398, P < 0.05). Ecocentric leadership has a significant impact on the use of SNSs (B = 0.127, P < 0.05). Furthermore, SNSs significantly influence epistemic motivation (B = 0.215, P < 0.05). Greenwashing has a significant impact on green workplace behavior (B = 0.059, P < 0.05) and green (B = 0.117, P < 0.05). Greenwashing also plays a significant moderating role between ecocentric leadership and epistemic motivation (B = 0.044, P < 0.05). Additionally, techno-epistemic attitude also plays a significant moderating role between epistemic motivation and green workplace behavior (B = 0.078, P < 0.05) as well as green innovation (B = 0.143, P < 0.05). INSERT TABLE 3 HERE As presented in Table 4, all indirect relationships are also significant, which emphasizes that epistemic motivation plays a significant mediating role between ecocentric leadership and green workplace behavior (B = 0.048, P < 0.05) as well as green innovation (B = 0.082). Both the use of SNSs and epistemic motivation play a significant mediating role between ecocentric leadership and green innovation (B = 0.011, P < 0.05) as well as green workplace behavior (B = 0.006, P < 0.05). Greenwashing plays a significant moderating role between ecocentric leadership and epistemic motivation, and exerts a direct significant impact on green workplace behavior (B = 0.01, P < 0.05) and innovation (B = 0.017, P < 0.05). Epistemic motivation plays a significant mediating role between the use of SNSs and green workplace behavior (B = 0.05, P < 0.05) as well as green innovation (B = 0.086, P < 0.05). INSERT TABLE 4 HERE 5. Discussion The findings of the anticipated research model underscore the interconnectedness of ecocentric leadership, use of SNSs, epistemic motivation, greenwashing and techno-epistemic attitude to increase green innovation and workplace behavior. Significant direct and indirect relationships demonstrate the importance of ecocentric leadership, individual motivation and techno-epistemic attitude in enhancing the sustainable outcomes of an organization. Ecocentric leadership influences the sustainable behavior of employees directly and indirectly, which leads to green workplace behavior and innovation (Hasan et al., 2024 ). Ecocentric leadership has a significant impact on epistemic motivation. Sometimes, organizations are faced with environmental challenges increasing the demand for ecocentric leadership that motivates individuals to adopt green practices (Al-Swidi, Gelaidan & Saleh, 2021 ). On the other hand, ecocentric leadership has a huge impact on green workplace behavior and innovation through epistemic motivation, the use of SNSs and greenwashing. The indirect relationships emphasize that direct leadership may decrease personal motivation and thus creates borders to effectively produce sustainable outcomes for organizations (Cho & Kao, 2022 ). Prior research has indicated that strong ecocentric leadership fosters the epistemic motivation that enhances green workplace behavior and innovation (Montiel, Gallo & Antolin-Lopez, 2020 ). Intrinsic motivation derived from epistemic motivation plays a significant mediating role in seeking knowledge and exploring green information for developing green behavior and innovation. Employees are motivated by information and supported by techno-epistemic attitude in the sustainability process (Pitkänen & Skjølsvold, 2024 ). The direct and indirect impacts of greenwashing show the paradoxical nature that influences green workplace behavior. Organizations focus on promoting authenticity and transparency in green practices to ensure that greenwashing does not erode sustainability commitments and trust (Alyahia et al., 2024 ). The use of SNSs has a significant influence on green innovation and workplace behavior in direct and indirect ways. Organizations motivate employees to use SNSs for sustainable development and knowledge sharing to enhance green consequences (A. U. Zafar, Shen, Ashfaq & Shahzad, 2021 ). Techno-optimistic attitude contributes to effective and efficient ways to address environmental challenges and get solutions to these problems by use of technology (Cologna, Berthold, Kreissel & Siegrist, 2024 ). 5.1 Theoretical Implications The proposed research model and variables offer valuable insights fostering green workplace behavior and innovation. The study results can be attributed to current literature and theoretical frameworks. SNSs can strengthen sustainability-oriented knowledge and green behavior (Hussain et al., 2021 ). In the context of these results, ecocentric leadership can be regarded as a significant element that shapes green outcomes to increase green reputation to reduce pressure from regulation bodies. Ecocentric leadership may balance their approaches that nurture individual epistemic motivation and autonomy for sustainable learning (Guerrero & Sjöström, 2024 ). Epistemic motivation can have a tangible impact on green workplace behavior and innovation. Techno-epistemic attitude can be measured as a critical factor alongside traditional environmental and organizational factors (Kelly, 2021 ). 5.2 Practical Implications Although the theoretical relationships proposed in the present study offer a strong model for leadership theory and practice, the value of this research also lies in overviewing a few implications for manages of manufacturing concerns. First, the outcomes of this study deliver important guidelines to leaders within organizations for increasing green workplace behavior and innovation by positioning the role of various forms of green attitude. Managers of the manufacturing sector can align their strategies with sustainable goals, which are influential in developing green workplace behavior and innovation (Ogiemwonyi, Alam & Alotaibi, 2023 ). Leaders may encourage the epistemic motivation of employees for sustainable results (Miron-Spektor et al., 2022 ). Through using SNSs, organizational leaders can empower individuals through green knowledge to foster a techno-epistemic attitude towards technology. Greenwashing may temporarily spark curiosity for ecocentric leaders that undermine long-term green innovation and workplace behavior (Szabo & Webster, 2021 ). 5.3 Conclusions This study uniquely positioned the integral role of ecocentric leadership in fostering green workplace behavior in Pakistani manufacturing enterprises. The findings confirm that ecocentric leadership has significant impact on enhancing epistemic motivation which consequently nurtures a stronger commitment to green innovation and sustainable work practices among employees. It introduced some important interventions such as using SNSs, techno-epistemic attitude and epistemic motivation drive environmental sustainability. In addition, the current studyhighlighted the detrimental effects of greenwashing and emphasized the importance of authentic leadership in promoting eco-friendly practices.. The results confirm that a techno-optimistic attitude positively moderates the relationship between epistemic motivation and green actions, encouraging proactive engagement with sustainability initiatives. In a way, these theoretical contributions strengthen the efficacy of ecocentric leadership in aligning organizational goals with sustainable development. From a more pragmatic perspective, the value of this study lies in offering some practical guidance to manufacturing concerns in countries like Pakistan to supercharge an environment-friendly agenda while bringing positive leadership behaviors to the fore. Such timely contributions can help managers and members of the scientific community to emphasize studies in the field of positive leadership behaviors, and consider environment-friendliness as a positive outcome. 5.4 Future Recommendations and Limitations This study was based on cross-sectional, single-sourced survey data possibly due to some common method bias. Since the measurement of behavior change was not the objective of this study, cross-sectional data collection was preferred over other forms of data collection designs, i.e., longitudinal data. Future studies can collect data from multiple actors, i.e., supervisors, leaders and even customers, to draw comprehensive analysis. Another limitation is the use of ecocentric leadership for predicting green workplace behavior and innovation. However, it was aligned with the deductive inquiry, and the hypotheses of this study embedded in extant literature were positioned. Nevertheless, green workplace and innovation behaviors have other explanations. Thus, future researchers are advised to position the green knowledge process, integration of green supply chain, entrepreneurial leadership, product and process innovations, resources and organizational culture as predictors of green workplace behavior. Another limitation is the use of a more quantitative approach to inquiry. However, ecocentric leadership is a relatively new yet emerging line of investigation that needs more depth. This is quite true for countries like Pakistan, where different forms of leadership behaviors or, better to say, ecocentric leadership might exist but in some unique forms. Therefore, future researchers strongly suggest employing qualitative inquiry methods to unearth the conceptualization of ecocentric leadership behaviors. Declarations Consent to Participate All participants in this study were fully informed about the research objectives, procedures, and their rights prior to participation. They were assured that their involvement was entirely voluntary and that they could withdraw from the study at any stage without any negative consequences. Participants provided their informed consent before completing the survey, confirming their willingness to contribute to the research. All data were collected anonymously, and confidentiality of the respondents was strictly maintained throughout the research process. Conflict of Interest Statement The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this research. This study was conducted independently, and no financial, personal, or professional affiliations influenced the research process, findings, or conclusions. All authors have contributed fairly and equitably to the study, and there are no competing interests that could have affected the integrity of the research. Funding Statement This research was conducted without any external funding. The authors did not receive financial support from any organization, institution, or funding agency for this study. All research activities were carried out independently. Consent to Publish The authors declare that this manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos). Therefore, the Consent to Publish declaration is not applicable. Ethics Declaration This study was conducted in accordance with ethical standards for research involving human participants. All procedures were reviewed and approved by the appropriate institutional research ethics committee. Participants were informed about the purpose and nature of the study, and their participation was voluntary. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. If no formal ethics approval was required for this type of study, please use the following version instead: Ethics declaration: not applicable. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Authors' Contribution Ali Hasan Conceptualization of the study Research design and methodology Data collection and analysis Writing the introduction and literature review Xiang Zhang Theoretical framework and hypothesis development Supervision and guidance on research direction Reviewing and refining the manuscript Muhammad Kashif Supporting literature review and theoretical insights Providing critical feedback on findings and conclusions Assisting in manuscript revision and editing Dr. Di Mao Statistical analysis and results interpretation Contribution to discussion and implications Refining the final draft for clarity and coherence Irfan Ullah Formatting and referencing according to journal guidelines Proofreading and language editing Assisting in data visualization (tables, figures, graphs) References Achterberg, M., Becht, A., van der Cruijsen, R., van de Groep, I. H., Spaans, J. P., Klapwijk, E., & Crone, E. A. (2022). 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Advancing higher education and its implication towards sustainable development: Moderate role of green innovation in BRI economies. Heliyon, 9 (9). Tables Table 1 Convergent Validity Variables Items Loadings CA CR AVE Ecocentric Leadership ECL1 0.765 0.93 0.94 0.662 ECL2 0.848 ECL3 0.873 ECL4 0.817 ECL5 0.88 ECL6 0.798 Epistemic Motivation EM1 0.818 0.773 0.85 0.589 EM2 0.855 EM3 0.724 EM4 0.656 Green Innovation GI1 0.822 0.79 0.852 0.509 GI2 0.846 GI3 0.832 GI4 0.805 GI5 0.424 GI6 0.379 Green washing GW1 0.817 0.887 0.922 0.748 GW2 0.919 GW3 0.87 GW4 0.85 Green Workplace Behavior GWPB1 0.881 0.886 0.93 0.815 GWPB2 0.916 GWPB3 0.91 Techno-Optimistic Attitude TOA1 0.895 0.918 0.942 0.803 TOA2 0.921 TOA3 0.871 TOA4 0.897 Use of SNSs USNS1 0.413 0.833 0.881 0.564 USNS2 0.879 USNS3 0.737 USNS4 0.676 USNS5 0.808 USNS6 0.888 Note: Indicators, CA Cronbach Alpha, CR=Composite Reliability. Average variance extracted (AVE), organizational citizenship behavior for the environment; VIF, variance inflation factor Table 2 HTMT Ratio ECL EM GI GW GWPB TOA USNS ECL EM 0.074 GI 0.102 0.747 GW 0.18 0.522 0.462 GWPB 0.075 0.269 0.151 0.188 TOA 0.068 0.828 0.585 0.7 0.235 USNS 0.131 0.487 0.525 0.689 0.401 0.578 Table 3 Direct Relationships Relationships B STDEV T Statistics P Values ECL -> EM 0.206 0.103 1.997 0.046 ECL -> USNS 0.127 0.018 7.064 0 EM -> GI 0.398 0.031 12.872 0 EM -> GWPB 0.234 0.071 3.275 0.001 GW -> EM 0.186 0.073 2.562 0.011 GW -> GI 0.117 0.036 3.287 0.001 GW -> GWPB 0.059 0.03 2.01 0.045 TOA -> GI 0.28 0.045 6.17 0 TOA -> GWPB 0.127 0.045 2.812 0.005 USNS -> EM 0.215 0.033 6.476 0 GW*ECL -> EM 0.044 0.019 2.282 0.023 TOA*EM -> GI 0.143 0.021 6.931 0 TOA*EM1 -> GWPB -0.078 0.013 5.9 0 Table 4 Indirect Relationship Relationships B STDEV T Statistics P Values ECL -> EM -> GI 0.082 0.042 1.965 0.05 ECL -> EM -> GWPB 0.048 0.028 1.712 0.087 GW -> EM -> GI 0.074 0.03 2.482 0.013 USNS -> EM -> GI 0.086 0.015 5.555 0 ECL -> USNS -> EM 0.027 0.006 4.704 0 USNS -> EM -> GWPB 0.05 0.017 2.964 0.003 GW -> EM -> GWPB 0.044 0.023 1.86 0.063 ECL -> USNS -> EM -> GWPB 0.006 0.002 2.78 0.006 ECL -> USNS -> EM -> GI 0.011 0.002 4.387 0 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Hasan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA50lEQVRIie3QvQrCMBDA8YRAu0RcI0X7Clc66KD0WYrglMHRqSiBdFFc9S26ugkBu/gAHf0AJwfHDh1MESelrZtD/tMN+XFcEDKZ/jEby9dA8OL0mLIGhLyJLZS3gUYEWa+BHiYOhQaiLYg85UXk9hkHZwiDcI3I+ZJVEKZw7K2k8nYbDj4HFm7nlu/zqjUKS9aa73GScRhr4sOeWk4VcTXpFEUUlEQNNAnqCGjiUIuEyfEQCgSsB6iGeCXpSjVOUqHwUhOmam7ppfGtcy+iUaL/Ic9nEW3H4nytPP8z8ttzk8lkMn3pCQXvR+rBTFEcAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ali","middleName":"","lastName":"Hasan","suffix":""},{"id":541407068,"identity":"f78cdb51-e5d2-4774-95e8-1a442f3ead85","order_by":1,"name":"Xiang Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiang","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":541407069,"identity":"b6023359-1a8d-4d6f-8b58-9120c53aa7c9","order_by":2,"name":"Muhammad Kashif","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National University of Sciences and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"","lastName":"Kashif","suffix":""},{"id":541407070,"identity":"69753175-f7bc-48d6-ad7f-62b2b699d167","order_by":3,"name":"Di Mao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Greenwich","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Di","middleName":"","lastName":"Mao","suffix":""},{"id":541407072,"identity":"8aa65d5e-4b4b-40ab-8e8e-f3a02c09c1e5","order_by":4,"name":"irfan Ullah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"irfan","middleName":"","lastName":"Ullah","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-29 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14:19:31","extension":"html","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":193459,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7975323/v1/d23586d24b9b31e6c9d885f3.html"},{"id":96243992,"identity":"790e78db-097f-49aa-ba98-d5bc5dffe215","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:17:28","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":31065,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConceptual Framework\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7975323/v1/6ce0ec80677356d661556d14.png"},{"id":95929675,"identity":"1b11115b-657a-4313-aed5-1ae2b45daa7d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-14 14:19:31","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50220,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAssessment Model\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7975323/v1/87c7ab9baebdc762a805710a.png"},{"id":104404846,"identity":"b54d6d09-76cb-44b5-80b7-8d4594252ea9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 12:21:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1305923,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7975323/v1/3ab0038e-8985-48ee-8c49-41b84876708b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The Impact of Ecocentric Leadership on Green Innovation and Workplace Behavior Mediated by Epistemic Motivation and Greenwashing","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSustainability is considered as a global priority in organizations due to environmental challenges such as pollution, climate change and resource depletion (Marimuthu, Sankaranarayanan, Ali, de Sousa Jabbour \u0026amp; Karuppiah, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Organizations are pressured to adopt green practices by the government, consumers and other stakeholders (Baah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Deriving organizations toward sustainable development is not merely in trend but necessary to address environmental challenges and carbon footprints (Al-Shetwi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In this regard, green innovation is a significant factor meritoriously contributing to the sustainable development of an organization (Zheng, Zheng, Yang \u0026amp; Chang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). It involves developing new products, processes and technologies with minimal environmental impact (Hsu, Quang-Thanh, Chien, Li \u0026amp; Mohsin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, green innovation is important in environmental protection, operation resource efficiency and waste reduction (Aftab, Abid, Cucari \u0026amp; Savastano, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Green innovation, with green workplace behavior, aligns organizations with sustainable goals and provides multiple benefits, including cost saving, green brand reputation, new market opportunities, greater consumer trust, etc. (Fontoura \u0026amp; Coelho, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreen workplace behavior is gaining importance for sustainable development as well. The main concept of green behavior is to promote green practices within organizations (Ercantan \u0026amp; Eyupoglu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Green behavior includes reducing energy consumption, inspiring sustainable conversion and implementing reprocessing sequencers (Mondejar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Green workplace behavior develops a green culture where employees contribute commendably to sustainable goals (Aukhoon, Iqbal \u0026amp; Parray, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Globally, sustainability is viewed as a competitive advantage for organizations that can be achieved via green innovation and workplace behavior (Tu \u0026amp; Wu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Now, the question arises of how organizations can increase green workplace behavior and innovation and perform sustainable practices? Leadership styles promoting environmental consciousness and sustainability have a huge influence on green innovation and workplace behavior. Ecocentric leaders play an important part in fostering a culture of ecological responsibility, inspiring employees to engage in green workplace behavior and contributing to green innovation initiatives (Robertson \u0026amp; Barling, 2013; Chen \u0026amp; Chang, 2013).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncreased concerns about sustainability are accompanied by growing problems about greenwashing, in which organizations show false commitment to their environmental responsibilities (Montgomery, Lyon \u0026amp; Barg, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). By taking superficial measures, organizations mislead stakeholders into promoting eco-friendliness (Alyahia, Azazz, Fayyad, Elshaer \u0026amp; Mohammad, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). If greenwashing is exposed, organizations will face diverse consequences, including diminished consumer trust, damage to green brand reputation and reduced credibility of sustainable efforts (Ha, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This requires organizations to excercise ecocentric leadership in greenwashing (Bajalqui De La Cruz, 2023). Ecocentric leadership ensures transparency, accountability and authenticity in green practices (Bucea-Manea-Țoniş et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Instances where organizations face scrutiny demands from investors, consumers and regulators, ecocentric leaders can effectively address the situation (Alomari \u0026amp; Heffron, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Ecocentric leadership is central to organizational behavior to engage employees with green practices (H. Zafar, Malik, Gugnani, Agarwal \u0026amp; Nijjer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and shape both organizational and environmental outcomes by means of green innovation and workplace behavior (Hasan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Ecocentric leaders promote green practices and ensure sustainability in the process of decision making (Uddin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) through the culture of resource conservation and reduction in carbon footprints (Murtaza, Khan \u0026amp; Mustafa).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study aims at investigating the role of ecocentric leadership in developing green workplace behavior and innovation through epistemic motivation, and moderating the effect of greenwashing and techno-epistemic attitude. Epistemic motivation is vital to acquiring and implementing green knowledge to derive outcomes (Roh, Seok \u0026amp; Kim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). It indicates how ecocentric leadership can lead towards successful sustainable efforts (M. K\u0026uuml;pers, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). High epistemic motivation increases the proactivity of employees in green workplace behavior and innovation (Bratianu, Stanescu, Mocanu \u0026amp; Bejinaru, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, techno-epistemic attitude also creates significant influence to resolve environmental problems and mitigate challenges (Zeng, Deschenes \u0026amp; Durif, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Epistemic motivation as the outcome of ecocentric leadership is disregarded by preceding studies (Guerrero \u0026amp; Sj\u0026ouml;str\u0026ouml;m, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Previous studies also have ignored the authentic role of ecocentric leadership in green workplace behavior and innovation (Farrukh, Rafiq, Raza \u0026amp; Ansari, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, the combination of these variables has not been investigated in Pakistan\u0026rsquo;s manufacturing industry (Khan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Some studies have studied the moderating effect of techno-epistemic attitude but ignored the creation of a disconnection between organizations and employees by greenwashing (Leavitt, Barnes \u0026amp; Shapiro, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This study addresses these pertinent gaps in the literature and proposes a framework for understanding the relationships among these variables.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis paper is structured by first presenting the conceptual model that discusses the concepts related to ecocentric leadership, epistemic leadership, greenwashing, techno-epistemic attitude, as well as green workplace behavior and innovation. The next section was a methodology, which deliberated on data collection, the measurement of variables and the profile of respondents by using quantitative research. The results section held a debate on the study findings highlighting the direct, indirect, mediating and moderating relationships of the proposed model. The discussion section explained the results of the study and provided support with the help of existing literature. In the end, the conclusion offered the key insights and contributions of the study and suggestions for future studies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Literature Review and Hypothesis Development","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1 Social Cognitive Theory\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe social cognitive theory (SCT) proposes how individuals maintain and acquire certain behaviors where they are performing while concerning the environment (Ateş, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Bandura, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Several key elements of the social cognitive theory encompass observational learning, self-efficacy, expectation of outcomes, self-regulation, reinforcement and reciprocal determinism (Schunk \u0026amp; DiBenedetto, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The behavior of individuals can be influenced by observing others and their environments as well as by their motivations and cognitive processes (Kampis \u0026amp; Southgate, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In this research, ecocentric leadership acts like a role model in which leaders encourage employees to adopt green practices and behavior in the workplace through positive reinforcement (H. Zafar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Under the lens of this theory, the epistemic motivation of employees is also influenced by their leaders who highlight their knowledge and innovation with an environmental focus (Miron-Spektor, Emich, Argote \u0026amp; Smith, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The social cognitive theory emphasizes that employees consider green practices and commitments superficial when observing greenwashing by organizations (Lin, Liu \u0026amp; Lin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Greenwashing also reduces green innovation and workplace behavior within organizations (D. Zhang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This theory highlights the importance of techno-epistemic attitude in which employees believe that technology effectively can resolve sustainability challenges (Hehl, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2 Hypothesis Development\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.1 Ecocentric Leadership and Epistemic Motivation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEcocentric leadership demonstrates sustainability, ecological balance and environmental consciousness (Boeske, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). It focuses on eco-friendly practices, establishes sustainable goals and drives the strategic direction of an origination towards a green future (Murtaza et al.). Epistemic motivation means that an individual is intrinsically motivated to understand, seek and organize knowledge (Miron-Spektor et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). It is a decision-making process that aims understanding environmental challenges and complex problems, which can diminish resilience due to superficiality (Miron-Spektor et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Ecocentric leadership fosters knowledge-driven sustainability, which ultimately increases epistemic motivation (Hamborg, Meya, Eisenack \u0026amp; Raabe, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Besides, it exhilarates the epistemic motivation of individuals to pursue environmental knowledge deeply regarding green technologies and strategies (M. K\u0026uuml;pers, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Ecocentric leadership involves navigating the complexity and curiosity of the ecological system while having high-level epistemic motivation (McEntee et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The connection between ecocentric leadership and epistemic motivation creates value for organizations by developing a culture of inquiry and progressive thinking (McEntee et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e)\u0026mdash;however, we are unsure of influence it may caste. Therefore, we postulate the following hypotheses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH1: Ecocentric leadership positively influences epistemic motivation.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.2 Ecocentric Leadership and the Use of Social Networking Sites\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe use of social networking sites (SNSs) in ecocentric leadership is instrumental in spreading environmental knowledge, engaging with a broader audience and developing sustainable behavior in organizations (Minhas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Leaders have leveraged Facebook, Instagram, Linkedin, Twitter and other social sites to promote green initiatives (Matthews, Matthews, Wang \u0026amp; Kelemen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The ecocentric leadership approach has effectively utilized SNSs to mobilize support for environmental campaigns (Minhas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Ecocentric leadership uses social sites as a tool for transparency where leaders communicate their ecological commitments and track the progress of sustainable goals (Shrivastava, Smith, O\u0026rsquo;Brien \u0026amp; Zsolnai, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Social sites highlight the importance of how digital technologies can amplify leadership efforts in climate change and promote green culture across industries (Alabdali, Yaqub, Agarwal, Alofaysan \u0026amp; Mohapatra, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). SNSs are utlized in ecocentric leadership for several purposes, including raising awareness, providing education, community building, campaigning, advocacy, accountability, behavioral change, collaboration and real-time engagement (Hasan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Yet, a clear understanding on impact this leadership style could create for SNSs will enhance their functionality. Thus, following hypothese are presented.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH2: Ecocentric leadership positively influences the use of social networking sites (SNSs).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.3 Use of SNSs and Epistemic Motivation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevious studies highlighted that SNSs engage individuals in information-seeking behavior renovating into epistemic motivation for deeper inquisitiveness and considerations (Meyer \u0026amp; Li, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Networking sites have provided access to diverse sources to gain information and enhance epistemic motivation by gratifying intellectual curiosity (Wong et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The use of SNSs has a bearing on cognitive engagement, cerebral imagination and knowledge acquisition (Achterberg et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). By getting a large amount of information through SNSs, individuals can filter the whole data, which provides a deep understanding of specific areas to explore new perspectives (Van Erkel \u0026amp; Van Aelst, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). SNSs sometimes reduce epistemic motivation by minimizing intellectual change and existing beliefs (Choung, Newman \u0026amp; Stenhouse, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH3: The use of SNSs has significantly positive impact on epistemic motivation.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.4 Moderating Role of Greenwashing\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreenwashing means that organizations provide false information related to their environmental commitments and green appearance in the market (Pizzetti, Gatti \u0026amp; Seele, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This approach is adopted to mislead the claims in order to gain public trust and secure sustainable market advantages. (Nygaard \u0026amp; Silkoset, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The role of greenwashing undermines the positive relationship between ecocentric leadership and epistemic motivation (Goulden \u0026amp; Kerret, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, trust in leadership erodes when employees believe that their organizations are engaged in greenwashing, which in turn diminishes epistemic motivation (Ratteree, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Greenwashing diminishes ecological trust and increases the dishonest mindset of employees to develop epistemic motivation (Mu \u0026amp; Lee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Owing to the high level of greenwashing, a negative impact occurs on trust and green behavior (Ioannou, Kassinis \u0026amp; Papagiannakis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The moderating role of greenwashing is considered as a critical factor that increases skepticism and reduces engagement with sustainable practices (Ioannou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Prior research suggests that greenwashing weakens relationship between ecocentric leadership and epistemic motivation (W. Li, Sepp\u0026auml;nen \u0026amp; Koivum\u0026auml;ki, 2023). Meanwhile, contrary to previous results, this study propose that greenwashing does not inherently diminish the relationship between ecocentric leadership and epistemic motivation. Instead, it cane be argued that ecocentric leadership can counteract the negative effects of greenwashing in the presence of trust and transperancy. This leadership style may enhance employees' epistemic motivation, encouraging greater employee engagement with sustainable practices despite the presence of greenwashing. Thus, we propose;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH4: Greenwashing plays a significant positive moderating role between ecocentric leadership and epistemic motivation.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.5 Epistemic Motivation and Green Workplace Behavior\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe association of epistemic motivation with green workplace behavior is understood through environmental consciousness and cognitive processes (Mastria, Vezzil \u0026amp; De Cesarei, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Green behavior means that employees adopt eco-friendly behavior to positively influence the environment via energy conservation, sustainable resources and waste reduction (Qalati, Barbosa \u0026amp; Ibrahim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). When having a high level of epistemic motivation, employees contribute more towards green initiatives and perform green workplace behaviors (Ikhide, Ogunmokun \u0026amp; Chen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Epistemic motivation, on other hand, encourages employees to seek environmental information and align with green responsible behavior (Gabler, Itani \u0026amp; Agnihotri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). It derives understandings and knowledge that fosters green behavior in the workplace (Mastria et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This is why, employees become champions of green applications through epistemic motivation and green workplace behavior (Filimonau, Bai, Romanenko, Tarakanova \u0026amp; Ermolaev, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH5: Epistemic motivation has significantly positive impact on green workplace behavior.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.6 Epistemic Motivation and Green Innovation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreen innovation is creating new procedures and environment-friendly products with the latest technologies to promote sustainability for organizations (Suki, Suki, Sharif, Afshan \u0026amp; Rexhepi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Some elements involving green innovation include eco-friendly products, energy efficiency, green building, circular economy and green production (Ncube, Mtetwa, Bukhari, Fiorentino \u0026amp; Passaro, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Epistemic motivation plays a vital role in developing green innovation within organizations (Zahid, Zhang, Shahzad, Junaid \u0026amp; Shrivastava, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Epistemic motivation derives knowledge-seeking tendencies and fosters sustainable advancements for green innovation (Q. Li \u0026amp; Qamruzzaman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This connection significantly explores environmental issues and provides creative solutions for sustainable challenges (Bibri, Krogstie, Kaboli \u0026amp; Alahi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This approach leads organizations beyond conventional methodologies and embraces innovative ideas to reduce environmental impact (Opazo-Bas\u0026aacute;ez, Monroy-Osorio \u0026amp; Marić, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Epistemic motivation supports green organizational culture through the dynamic role of green innovation (Zahid et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH6: Epistemic motivation has significantly positive impact on green innovation.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.7 Moderating Role of Techno-Optimistic Attitude\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndividuals who believe that technology is an innovative solution to environmental problems and challenges are perceived to hold a techno-optimistic attitude (Todaro, Gusmerotti, Daddi \u0026amp; Frey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). High techno-optimistic attitude leverages epistemic motivation to gain green information and increase green innovation and workplace behavior (Pasquinelli, Rovai \u0026amp; Bellini, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), while low techno-optimistic attitude translates to less epistemic motivation for green behavior and innovation (Pfotenhauer, Wentland \u0026amp; Ruge, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Research has demonstrated that technology is a valuable tool for implementing sustainable solutions and exploring creative ways to enhance green innovation and behavior in the workplace (Shahzad, Jianguo \u0026amp; Junaid, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Techno-optimistic attitude fuels epistemic motivation into green actions that increases the ability of organizations to implement green innovation (Lachney et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, it also improves the effectiveness of employees in exploring technological solutions and promoting sustainability (Kalakou, Marques, Prazeres \u0026amp; Agouridas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). When this attitude is coupled with high epistemic motivation\u0026mdash;where employees are inspired to gain knowledge and acquire skills\u0026mdash;there is a greater possibility that their motivation will translate into positive behaviours. Therefore, we propose that techno-optimistic attitude plays a significant moderating role, to amplify the positive influences of epistemic motivation on both green innovation and workplace behavios.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH7: Techno-optimistic attitude plays a significant positive moderating role between epistemic motivation and green innovation and workplace behavior.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.8 Greenwashing and Green Workplace Behavior\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have revealed that the affiliation between greenwashing and green workplace behavior is often negative and complex (Mu \u0026amp; Lee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Because of greenwashing, employees do not engage in environmentally friendly practices, which leads to disruption, cynicism and demotivation (Pasricha, Nivedhitha \u0026amp; Raghuvanshi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Greenwashing reduces the willingness of employees to adopt green behavior in the workplace and green practices (Qalati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). It damages the culture of trust and accountability and results in non-green behavior in the workplace (Fuentes Brinquis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The most insignificant impact of greenwashing is the external reputation that has affected the internal green behavior of employees (Ioannou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Greenwashing culture amplifies the passive approach of employees in response to sustainable performance (S. Zhang, Ren \u0026amp; Tang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH8: Greenwashing has significantly negative impact on green workplace behavior.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.9 Greenwashing and Green Innovation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmpirical literature has shown that greenwashing exerts a negative impact on green innovation (D. Zhang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Some studies have indicated that organizations use greenwashing for short-term benefits, but could not become authentic in green innovation in the long term (Pimonenko, Bilan, Hor\u0026aacute;k, Starchenko \u0026amp; Gajda, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The association between greenwashing and green innovation turns into the cause of contradictory outcomes that undermine negative perceptions (Hu, Wang, Wu \u0026amp; Wang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Organizations cannot lie in balancing genuine and impactful innovation in the case of greenwashing (Iddagoda, Hysa, Bulińska-Stangrecka \u0026amp; Manta, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Greenwashing condenses the capacity to shift from superficial sustainability to substantial green innovation (Korkmaz, Gupta, Ross \u0026amp; Sivalingam, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). It creates risks of customer backlash and erosion of trust (Free, Jones \u0026amp; Tremblay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Organizations cannot show authentic and impactful practices to gain sustainable performance (Chowdhury et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH9: Greenwashing has significantly positive impact on green innovation.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eINSERT FIGURE 1 HERE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Data Collection and Sample Size\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe proposed research model was investigated using the quantitative research strategy. Data were collected through time lageed( four Weeks) to avoid common method bias (Podsakoff et al., 2012). different constructs were measured separately. Managers working in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan were taken as the target population. The unit of analysis was organizations. A sample size of 500 was suitable for an unknown target population (Tree et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). After obtaining approval, we met with senior management to explain our research objectives and societal contribution. They were assured that all data would remain confidential and used exclusively for academic purposes. Responsible officials then provided access to employees who agreed to participate. The convenient sampling technique was employed to collect the data from the manufacturing sector of four main industrial and large cities: Lahore, Karachi, Gujranwala and Faisalabad. Digital platforms were used to distribute questionnaires to the respondents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt time one Janauary 2025 we distributed 500 questionaiire to target firms and a Unique identification codes were assigned to track responses across the three wave.code we asked about Eco centric leadership and epistic motivation, we received 398 questionnaires backed .on January 8th 2025 in second wave we distributed the the moderating and mediating variables ,Green Wasing, Use of SNS\u0026rsquo;s and techno \u0026ndash; optismtic attitude based on given code we target the similar Managers of time 1 and we distributed the same number of response and after that we received 395 response backed.in third wave on 28th febuary we send questionaaire to Managers and asked about Green work behavior and green workplace attitude.we received 400 response backed. After eliminating missing response total we used 384 response for analysis.based on demographics Most responses were from leadership positions directly influencing decision-making and the strategic direction of an organization. Manufacturing professionals mostly had 5\u0026ndash;20 years of experience. In addition, 42% of respondents were from Lahore, 28% from Faisalabad, 14% from Gujranwala, and 16% from Karachi. The respondents were aged between 28 and 50. The educational background of the respondents ranged from a bachelor's degree to a PhD degree.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMeasures\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEco-Centric Leadership ( Time 1) (ECL)\u003c/em\u003e Measured with a 6-item scale developed by Chen and Yan (2022). A sample item is, \u0026ldquo;Our leader inspires the employees about the environment.\u0026rdquo; Employees completed this part of the survey to enable us to assess the perceptions of their supervisor. Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.93.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGreen workplace behaviour( Time 3)(GWPB)\u003c/em\u003e Measured with a 5-item scale developed by (Francoeur, et al., 2021). A sample item is, \u0026ldquo; At work, I actively involved in environemnatal protection, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.88.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEpistemic Motivation (Time 1) (EM)\u003c/em\u003e Measured with a 4-item scale developed by (De Dreu, et al., 2007). A sample item is, \u0026ldquo;I like to have the responsibility of handling a situation that requires a lot of thinking, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.77.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGreen Innovation( Time 3 ) (GI)\u003c/em\u003e Measured with a 4-item scale developed by\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Cheng, et al., 2012). A sample item is, \u0026ldquo;The company chooses the materials of the product that consume the materials of energy and resources for conducting the product development or design Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.886.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGreen washing ( Time 2) (GW)\u003c/em\u003e Measured with a 6-item scale developed by (Du and X 2015). A sample item is, \u0026ldquo;I have trouble proving that the information of a given product is green, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.887.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTechno-Optimistic Attitude ( Time 2) (TOA)\u003c/em\u003e Measured with a 4-item scale developed by (Maaz and Gordon, 2020). A sample item is, \u0026ldquo;Continued technological innovation is essential for improving people\u0026rsquo;s life satisfaction., Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.912.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUse of SNSs ( Time 2) (UOS)\u003c/em\u003e Measured with a 6-item scale developed by (Newman, et al., 2019)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA sample item is, \u0026ldquo;I feel out of touch when I haven\u0026rsquo;t logged onto social media for a while, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.83.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study was primarily aimed at inspecting the role of ecocentric leadership in enhancing green workplace behavior and innovation through epistemic motivation moderating the effects of greenwashing and techno-optimistic attitude. The five-point Likert scale was utilized to affiliate the respondents with all items with 1 representing \u0026ldquo;Strongly Agree\u0026rdquo; and 5 representing \u0026ldquo;Strongly Disagree\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Analytical Strategy","content":"\u003cp\u003eResearch hypotheses and the research theory were tested by using SmartPLS, one of the most significant tools that efficiently handles complex and critical research models and has a friendly interface. SmartPLS provides comprehensive and authentic results and performs advanced analysis. Another justification for preference is that PLS-SEM does not require normally distributed data (Hair, Hult, Ringle \u0026amp; Sarstedt, 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.1 Convergent Validity\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eConvergent validity was measured through factor loadings (FLs), composite reality (CR), Cronbach's alpha (CA) and average variance extracted (AVE). Research analysts advocated that FL values must be higher than 0.30 (Shi, DiStefano, Maydeu-Olivares \u0026amp; Lee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e); AVE values must be higher than 0.50 (Hair Jr, Howard \u0026amp; Nitzl, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e); CR values must be higher than 0.70 (Hair Jr et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and CA values must be higher than 0.70 (dos Santos Barros et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This supported the reliability and accurateness of constructs. In this regard, FL, CR, AVE and CA values were overextended from 0.379 to 0.921, 0.85 to 0.94, 0.509 to 0.815, and 0.773 to 0.93, respectively, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;1.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.2 Discriminant Validity\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiscriminant validity demonstrates that a construct is genuinely divergent from other paradigms. The Fornell-Larcker criterion and the Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) ratio are methods used to confirm discriminant validity. These methods are more significant in evaluating discriminant validity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eINSERT TABLE 1 HERE\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the suggestion of previous research, the value of the HTMT ratio must be below 0.90 (Guenther, Guenther, Ringle, Zaefarian \u0026amp; Cartwright, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Otherwise, the values above 0.90 might be measured as constructs not satisfactorily distinct. According to Table\u0026nbsp;2, all the values of the HTMT ratio and Fornell-Larcker were less than 0.90, which indicated the existence of discriminant validity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eINSERT TABLE 2 HERE\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eINSERT FIGURE 2 HERE\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs demonstrated in Table\u0026nbsp;3, all direct relationships are significant, and ecocentric leadership has a significant impact on epistemic motivation (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.206, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). On the other hand, epistemic motivation has a substantial relationship with green workplace behavior (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.234, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and innovation (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.398, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Ecocentric leadership has a significant impact on the use of SNSs (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.127, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Furthermore, SNSs significantly influence epistemic motivation (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.215, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Greenwashing has a significant impact on green workplace behavior (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.059, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and green (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.117, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Greenwashing also plays a significant moderating role between ecocentric leadership and epistemic motivation (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.044, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Additionally, techno-epistemic attitude also plays a significant moderating role between epistemic motivation and green workplace behavior (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.078, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) as well as green innovation (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.143, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eINSERT TABLE 3 HERE\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs presented in Table\u0026nbsp;4, all indirect relationships are also significant, which emphasizes that epistemic motivation plays a significant mediating role between ecocentric leadership and green workplace behavior (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.048, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) as well as green innovation (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.082). Both the use of SNSs and epistemic motivation play a significant mediating role between ecocentric leadership and green innovation (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) as well as green workplace behavior (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Greenwashing plays a significant moderating role between ecocentric leadership and epistemic motivation, and exerts a direct significant impact on green workplace behavior (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and innovation (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Epistemic motivation plays a significant mediating role between the use of SNSs and green workplace behavior (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) as well as green innovation (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.086, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eINSERT TABLE 4 HERE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe findings of the anticipated research model underscore the interconnectedness of ecocentric leadership, use of SNSs, epistemic motivation, greenwashing and techno-epistemic attitude to increase green innovation and workplace behavior. Significant direct and indirect relationships demonstrate the importance of ecocentric leadership, individual motivation and techno-epistemic attitude in enhancing the sustainable outcomes of an organization. Ecocentric leadership influences the sustainable behavior of employees directly and indirectly, which leads to green workplace behavior and innovation (Hasan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Ecocentric leadership has a significant impact on epistemic motivation. Sometimes, organizations are faced with environmental challenges increasing the demand for ecocentric leadership that motivates individuals to adopt green practices (Al-Swidi, Gelaidan \u0026amp; Saleh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, ecocentric leadership has a huge impact on green workplace behavior and innovation through epistemic motivation, the use of SNSs and greenwashing. The indirect relationships emphasize that direct leadership may decrease personal motivation and thus creates borders to effectively produce sustainable outcomes for organizations (Cho \u0026amp; Kao, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Prior research has indicated that strong ecocentric leadership fosters the epistemic motivation that enhances green workplace behavior and innovation (Montiel, Gallo \u0026amp; Antolin-Lopez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Intrinsic motivation derived from epistemic motivation plays a significant mediating role in seeking knowledge and exploring green information for developing green behavior and innovation. Employees are motivated by information and supported by techno-epistemic attitude in the sustainability process (Pitk\u0026auml;nen \u0026amp; Skj\u0026oslash;lsvold, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The direct and indirect impacts of greenwashing show the paradoxical nature that influences green workplace behavior. Organizations focus on promoting authenticity and transparency in green practices to ensure that greenwashing does not erode sustainability commitments and trust (Alyahia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The use of SNSs has a significant influence on green innovation and workplace behavior in direct and indirect ways. Organizations motivate employees to use SNSs for sustainable development and knowledge sharing to enhance green consequences (A. U. Zafar, Shen, Ashfaq \u0026amp; Shahzad, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Techno-optimistic attitude contributes to effective and efficient ways to address environmental challenges and get solutions to these problems by use of technology (Cologna, Berthold, Kreissel \u0026amp; Siegrist, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.1 Theoretical Implications\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe proposed research model and variables offer valuable insights fostering green workplace behavior and innovation. The study results can be attributed to current literature and theoretical frameworks. SNSs can strengthen sustainability-oriented knowledge and green behavior (Hussain et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In the context of these results, ecocentric leadership can be regarded as a significant element that shapes green outcomes to increase green reputation to reduce pressure from regulation bodies. Ecocentric leadership may balance their approaches that nurture individual epistemic motivation and autonomy for sustainable learning (Guerrero \u0026amp; Sj\u0026ouml;str\u0026ouml;m, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Epistemic motivation can have a tangible impact on green workplace behavior and innovation. Techno-epistemic attitude can be measured as a critical factor alongside traditional environmental and organizational factors (Kelly, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.2 Practical Implications\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough the theoretical relationships proposed in the present study offer a strong model for leadership theory and practice, the value of this research also lies in overviewing a few implications for manages of manufacturing concerns. First, the outcomes of this study deliver important guidelines to leaders within organizations for increasing green workplace behavior and innovation by positioning the role of various forms of green attitude. Managers of the manufacturing sector can align their strategies with sustainable goals, which are influential in developing green workplace behavior and innovation (Ogiemwonyi, Alam \u0026amp; Alotaibi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Leaders may encourage the epistemic motivation of employees for sustainable results (Miron-Spektor et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Through using SNSs, organizational leaders can empower individuals through green knowledge to foster a techno-epistemic attitude towards technology. Greenwashing may temporarily spark curiosity for ecocentric leaders that undermine long-term green innovation and workplace behavior (Szabo \u0026amp; Webster, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.3 Conclusions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study uniquely positioned the integral role of ecocentric leadership in fostering green workplace behavior in Pakistani manufacturing enterprises. The findings confirm that ecocentric leadership has significant impact on enhancing epistemic motivation which consequently nurtures a stronger commitment to green innovation and sustainable work practices among employees. It introduced some important interventions such as using SNSs, techno-epistemic attitude and epistemic motivation drive environmental sustainability. In addition, the current studyhighlighted the detrimental effects of greenwashing and emphasized the importance of authentic leadership in promoting eco-friendly practices.. The results confirm that a techno-optimistic attitude positively moderates the relationship between epistemic motivation and green actions, encouraging proactive engagement with sustainability initiatives. In a way, these theoretical contributions strengthen the efficacy of ecocentric leadership in aligning organizational goals with sustainable development. From a more pragmatic perspective, the value of this study lies in offering some practical guidance to manufacturing concerns in countries like Pakistan to supercharge an environment-friendly agenda while bringing positive leadership behaviors to the fore. Such timely contributions can help managers and members of the scientific community to emphasize studies in the field of positive leadership behaviors, and consider environment-friendliness as a positive outcome.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.4 Future Recommendations and Limitations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study was based on cross-sectional, single-sourced survey data possibly due to some common method bias. Since the measurement of behavior change was not the objective of this study, cross-sectional data collection was preferred over other forms of data collection designs, i.e., longitudinal data. Future studies can collect data from multiple actors, i.e., supervisors, leaders and even customers, to draw comprehensive analysis. Another limitation is the use of ecocentric leadership for predicting green workplace behavior and innovation. However, it was aligned with the deductive inquiry, and the hypotheses of this study embedded in extant literature were positioned. Nevertheless, green workplace and innovation behaviors have other explanations. Thus, future researchers are advised to position the green knowledge process, integration of green supply chain, entrepreneurial leadership, product and process innovations, resources and organizational culture as predictors of green workplace behavior. Another limitation is the use of a more quantitative approach to inquiry. However, ecocentric leadership is a relatively new yet emerging line of investigation that needs more depth. This is quite true for countries like Pakistan, where different forms of leadership behaviors or, better to say, ecocentric leadership might exist but in some unique forms. Therefore, future researchers strongly suggest employing qualitative inquiry methods to unearth the conceptualization of ecocentric leadership behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll participants in this study were fully informed about the research objectives, procedures, and their rights prior to participation. They were assured that their involvement was entirely voluntary and that they could withdraw from the study at any stage without any negative consequences. Participants provided their informed consent before completing the survey, confirming their willingness to contribute to the research. All data were collected anonymously, and confidentiality of the respondents was strictly maintained throughout the research process.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this research. This study was conducted independently, and no financial, personal, or professional affiliations influenced the research process, findings, or conclusions. All authors have contributed fairly and equitably to the study, and there are no competing interests that could have affected the integrity of the research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was conducted without any external funding. The authors did not receive financial support from any organization, institution, or funding agency for this study. All research activities were carried out independently.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that this manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos). Therefore, the Consent to Publish declaration is not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in accordance with ethical standards for research involving human participants. All procedures were reviewed and approved by the appropriate institutional research ethics committee. Participants were informed about the purpose and nature of the study, and their participation was voluntary. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf no formal ethics approval was required for this type of study, please use the following version instead:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics declaration: not applicable.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' Contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAli Hasan\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eConceptualization of the study\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eResearch design and methodology\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eData collection and analysis\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWriting the introduction and literature review\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eXiang Zhang\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTheoretical framework and hypothesis development\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSupervision and guidance on research direction\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eReviewing and refining the manuscript\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMuhammad Kashif\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSupporting literature review and theoretical insights\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eProviding critical feedback on findings and conclusions\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAssisting in manuscript revision and editing\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDr. Di Mao\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eStatistical analysis and results interpretation\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eContribution to discussion and implications\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRefining the final draft for clarity and coherence\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIrfan Ullah\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFormatting and referencing according to journal guidelines\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eProofreading and language editing\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAssisting in data visualization (tables, figures, graphs)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAchterberg, M., Becht, A., van der Cruijsen, R., van de Groep, I. 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Reverse Logistics Practices: A Dilemma to Gain Competitive Advantage in Manufacturing Industries of Pakistan with Organization Performance as a Mediator. \u003cem\u003eSustainability, 16\u003c/em\u003e(8), 3223.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKorkmaz, M. E., Gupta, M., Ross, N. S., \u0026amp; Sivalingam, V. (2023). Implementation of green cooling/lubrication strategies in metal cutting industries: A state of the art towards sustainable future and challenges. \u003cem\u003eSustainable Materials and Technologies, 36\u003c/em\u003e, e00641.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLachney, M., Green, B., Yadav, A., Drazin, M., Allen Kuyenga, M. C., \u0026amp; Harris, A. (2024). Sparring with technology: collaborating with coaches, mentors, and academic staff to develop culturally responsive computing education for a youth boxing program. \u003cem\u003eEducational technology research and development\u003c/em\u003e, 1-33.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLeavitt, K., Barnes, C. M., \u0026amp; Shapiro, D. L. (2024). The Role of Human Managers within Algorithmic Performance Management Systems: A Process Model of Employee Trust in Managers through Reflexivity. \u003cem\u003eAcademy of Management Review\u003c/em\u003e(ja), amr. 2022.0058.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLi, Q., \u0026amp; Qamruzzaman, M. (2023). Innovation-led environmental sustainability in Vietnam\u0026mdash;towards a green future. \u003cem\u003eSustainability, 15\u003c/em\u003e(16), 12109.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLi, W., Li, W., Sepp\u0026auml;nen, V., \u0026amp; Koivum\u0026auml;ki, T. (2023). Effects of greenwashing on financial performance: Moderation through local environmental regulation and media coverage. \u003cem\u003eBusiness Strategy and the Environment, 32\u003c/em\u003e(1), 820-841.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLin, Y.-T., Liu, N.-C., \u0026amp; Lin, J.-W. (2022). Firms\u0026rsquo; adoption of CSR initiatives and employees\u0026rsquo; organizational commitment: Organizational CSR climate and employees\u0026rsquo; CSR-induced attributions as mediators. \u003cem\u003eJournal of business Research, 140\u003c/em\u003e, 626-637.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eM. K\u0026uuml;pers, W. (2020). From the Anthropocene to an \u0026apos;Ecocene\u0026apos;―Eco-phenomenological perspectives on embodied, anthrodecentric transformations towards enlivening practices of organizing sustainably. \u003cem\u003eSustainability, 12\u003c/em\u003e(9), 3633.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMarimuthu, R., Sankaranarayanan, B., Ali, S. M., de Sousa Jabbour, A. B. L., \u0026amp; Karuppiah, K. (2021). Assessment of key socio-economic and environmental challenges in the mining industry: Implications for resource policies in emerging economies. \u003cem\u003eSustainable Production and Consumption, 27\u003c/em\u003e, 814-830.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMastria, S., Vezzil, A., \u0026amp; De Cesarei, A. (2023). Going green: A review on the role of motivation in sustainable behavior. \u003cem\u003eSustainability, 15\u003c/em\u003e(21), 15429.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMatthews, M. J., Matthews, S. H., Wang, D. D., \u0026amp; Kelemen, T. K. (2022). Tweet, like, subscribe! Understanding leadership through social media use. \u003cem\u003eThe leadership quarterly, 33\u003c/em\u003e(1), 101580.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMcEntee, M., Thomas, K., Mullen, M., Houghton, C., Harvey, M., \u0026amp; Craig-Smith, A. (2024). Addressing Epistemic Injustice: Engaging Children as Environmental Communicators to Support the Long-Term Sustainability of Forest Ecosystems. \u003cem\u003eSustainability, 16\u003c/em\u003e(8), 3124.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMeyer, M., \u0026amp; Li, T. (2024). Can Good Information Prevent Misconduct? The Role of Organizational Epistemic Virtues for Ethical Behavior. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Business Ethics\u003c/em\u003e, 1-16.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMinhas, N. R. (2021). \u003cem\u003eGreen Consumer Behavior among Social Media Users: Examining Consumer Green Perceptions in an Extended Model of Theory of Planned Behavior.\u003c/em\u003e \u0026copy; Lahore School of Economics. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMiron-Spektor, E., Emich, K. J., Argote, L., \u0026amp; Smith, W. K. (2022). Conceiving opposites together: Cultivating paradoxical frames and epistemic motivation fosters team creativity. \u003cem\u003eOrganizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 171\u003c/em\u003e, 104153.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMondejar, M. E., Avtar, R., Diaz, H. L. B., Dubey, R. K., Esteban, J., G\u0026oacute;mez-Morales, A., . . . Prasad, K. A. (2021). Digitalization to achieve sustainable development goals: Steps towards a Smart Green Planet. \u003cem\u003eScience of The Total Environment, 794\u003c/em\u003e, 148539.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMontgomery, A. W., Lyon, T. P., \u0026amp; Barg, J. (2024). No end in sight? A greenwash review and research agenda. \u003cem\u003eOrganization \u0026amp; Environment, 37\u003c/em\u003e(2), 221-256.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMontiel, I., Gallo, P. J., \u0026amp; Antolin-Lopez, R. (2020). What on Earth should managers learn about corporate sustainability? A threshold concept approach. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Business Ethics, 162\u003c/em\u003e, 857-880.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMu, H., \u0026amp; Lee, Y. (2023). Greenwashing in corporate social responsibility: A dual-faceted analysis of its impact on employee trust and identification. \u003cem\u003eSustainability, 15\u003c/em\u003e(22), 15693.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMurtaza, S. H., Khan, A., \u0026amp; Mustafa, S. M. Ecocentric success: Stakeholder approaches to sustainable performance via green improvisation behavior and environmental orientation in the hotel industry. \u003cem\u003eBusiness Strategy and the Environment\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNcube, A., Mtetwa, S., Bukhari, M., Fiorentino, G., \u0026amp; Passaro, R. (2023). Circular economy and green chemistry: the need for radical, innovative approaches in the design for new products. \u003cem\u003eEnergies, 16\u003c/em\u003e(4), 1752.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNygaard, A., \u0026amp; Silkoset, R. (2023). Sustainable development and greenwashing: How blockchain technology information can empower green consumers. \u003cem\u003eBusiness Strategy and the Environment, 32\u003c/em\u003e(6), 3801-3813.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOgiemwonyi, O., Alam, M. N., \u0026amp; Alotaibi, H. S. (2023). Pathways toward environmental performance: Link between green human resource management, green innovation, and green behavior at work in manufacturing companies. \u003cem\u003eJournal of cleaner production, 425\u003c/em\u003e, 138949.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOpazo-Bas\u0026aacute;ez, M., Monroy-Osorio, J. C., \u0026amp; Marić, J. (2024). Evaluating the effect of green technological innovations on organizational and environmental performance: A treble innovation approach. \u003cem\u003eTechnovation, 129\u003c/em\u003e, 102885.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePasquinelli, C., Rovai, S., \u0026amp; Bellini, N. (2023). Linking place brands and regional innovation: sustainable business strategies leveraging heritage. \u003cem\u003eRegional Studies\u003c/em\u003e, 1-17.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePasricha, P., Nivedhitha, K., \u0026amp; Raghuvanshi, J. (2023). The perceived CSR-innovative behavior conundrum: Towards unlocking the socio-emotional black box. \u003cem\u003eJournal of business Research, 161\u003c/em\u003e, 113809.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePfotenhauer, S. M., Wentland, A., \u0026amp; Ruge, L. (2023). Understanding regional innovation cultures: Narratives, directionality, and conservative innovation in Bavaria. \u003cem\u003eResearch Policy, 52\u003c/em\u003e(3), 104704.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePimonenko, T., Bilan, Y., Hor\u0026aacute;k, J., Starchenko, L., \u0026amp; Gajda, W. (2020). Green brand of companies and greenwashing under sustainable development goals. \u003cem\u003eSustainability, 12\u003c/em\u003e(4), 1679.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePitk\u0026auml;nen, O., \u0026amp; Skj\u0026oslash;lsvold, T. M. (2024). Shifting patterns\u0026ndash;The patterned enactments of flexible electricity consumption by Norwegian households. \u003cem\u003eEnergy Research \u0026amp; Social Science, 115\u003c/em\u003e, 103639.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePizzetti, M., Gatti, L., \u0026amp; Seele, P. (2021). Firms talk, suppliers walk: Analyzing the locus of greenwashing in the blame game and introducing \u0026lsquo;vicarious greenwashing\u0026rsquo;. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Business Ethics, 170\u003c/em\u003e(1), 21-38.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eQalati, S. A., Barbosa, B., \u0026amp; Ibrahim, B. (2023). Factors influencing employees\u0026rsquo; eco-friendly innovation capabilities and behavior: the role of green culture and employees\u0026rsquo; motivations. \u003cem\u003eEnvironment, Development and Sustainability\u003c/em\u003e, 1-22.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRatteree, K. C. (2023). \u003cem\u003eGrowing a Garden: An Educational Praxis of Allyship, Traditional Ecological Knowledge, and Western Science\u003c/em\u003e: University of Wisconsin-Green Bay.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRoh, T., Seok, J., \u0026amp; Kim, Y. (2022). Unveiling ways to reach organic purchase: Green perceived value, perceived knowledge, attitude, subjective norm, and trust. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 67\u003c/em\u003e, 102988.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSchunk, D. H., \u0026amp; DiBenedetto, M. K. (2020). Motivation and social cognitive theory. \u003cem\u003eContemporary educational psychology, 60\u003c/em\u003e, 101832.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShahzad, M. A., Jianguo, D., \u0026amp; Junaid, M. (2023). Impact of green HRM practices on sustainable performance: mediating role of green innovation, green culture, and green employees\u0026rsquo; behavior. \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research, 30\u003c/em\u003e(38), 88524-88547.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShi, D., DiStefano, C., Maydeu-Olivares, A., \u0026amp; Lee, T. (2022). Evaluating SEM model fit with small degrees of freedom. \u003cem\u003eMultivariate behavioral research, 57\u003c/em\u003e(2-3), 179-207.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShrivastava, P., Smith, M. S., O\u0026rsquo;Brien, K., \u0026amp; Zsolnai, L. (2020). Transforming sustainability science to generate positive social and environmental change globally. \u003cem\u003eOne Earth, 2\u003c/em\u003e(4), 329-340.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSuki, N. M., Suki, N. M., Sharif, A., Afshan, S., \u0026amp; Rexhepi, G. (2023). Importance of green innovation for business sustainability: Identifying the key role of green intellectual capital and green SCM. \u003cem\u003eBusiness Strategy and the Environment, 32\u003c/em\u003e(4), 1542-1558.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSzabo, S., \u0026amp; Webster, J. (2021). Perceived greenwashing: the effects of green marketing on environmental and product perceptions. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Business Ethics, 171\u003c/em\u003e, 719-739.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTodaro, N. M., Gusmerotti, N. M., Daddi, T., \u0026amp; Frey, M. (2023). Do environmental attitudes affect public acceptance of key enabling technologies? Assessing the influence of environmental awareness and trust on public perceptions about nanotechnology. \u003cem\u003eJournal of cleaner production, 387\u003c/em\u003e, 135964.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTree, A. C., Ostler, P., van der Voet, H., Chu, W., Loblaw, A., Ford, D., . . . Staffurth, J. (2022). Intensity-modulated radiotherapy versus stereotactic body radiotherapy for prostate cancer (PACE-B): 2-year toxicity results from an open-label, randomized, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. \u003cem\u003eThe Lancet Oncology, 23\u003c/em\u003e(10), 1308-1320.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTu, Y., \u0026amp; Wu, W. (2021). How does green innovation improve enterprises\u0026rsquo; competitive advantage? The role of organizational learning. \u003cem\u003eSustainable Production and Consumption, 26\u003c/em\u003e, 504-516.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUddin, M. A., Biswas, S. R., Bhattacharjee, S., Dey, M., \u0026amp; Mahmood, M. (2021). Inspiring employees\u0026apos; ecological behaviors: The roles of corporate environmental strategy, biospheric values, and ecocentric leadership. \u003cem\u003eBusiness Strategy and the Environment, 30\u003c/em\u003e(5), 2367-2381.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVan Erkel, P. F., \u0026amp; Van Aelst, P. (2021). Why don\u0026rsquo;t we learn from social media? Studying effects of and mechanisms behind social media news use on general surveillance political knowledge. \u003cem\u003ePolitical Communication, 38\u003c/em\u003e(4), 407-425.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWong, L.-H., Chan, T.-W., Chen, W., Looi, C.-K., Chen, Z.-H., Liao, C. C., . . . Wong, S. L. (2020). IDC theory: interest and the interest loop. \u003cem\u003eResearch and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 15\u003c/em\u003e, 1-16.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZafar, A. U., Shen, J., Ashfaq, M., \u0026amp; Shahzad, M. (2021). Social media and sustainable purchasing attitude: Role of trust in social media and environmental effectiveness. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 63\u003c/em\u003e, 102751.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZafar, H., Malik, A., Gugnani, R., Agarwal, R., \u0026amp; Nijjer, S. (2023). Green thumbs at work: Boosting employee eco-participation through ecocentric leadership, green crafting, and green human resource management. \u003cem\u003eJournal of cleaner production, 432\u003c/em\u003e, 139718.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZahid, Z., Zhang, J., Shahzad, M. A., Junaid, M., \u0026amp; Shrivastava, A. (2024). Green Synergy: Interplay of corporate social responsibility, green intellectual capital, and green ambidextrous innovation for sustainable performance in the industry 4.0 era. \u003cem\u003ePLoS ONE, 19\u003c/em\u003e(8), e0306349.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZeng, T., Deschenes, J., \u0026amp; Durif, F. (2020). Eco-design packaging: An epistemological analysis and transformative research agenda. \u003cem\u003eJournal of cleaner production, 276\u003c/em\u003e, 123361.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang, D. (2022). Environmental regulation, green innovation, and export product quality: What is the role of greenwashing? \u003cem\u003eInternational Review of Financial Analysis, 83\u003c/em\u003e, 102311.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang, S., Ren, S., \u0026amp; Tang, G. (2024). From passive to active: the positive spillover of required employee green behavior on green advocacy. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Business Ethics, 192\u003c/em\u003e(1), 57-76.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZheng, K., Zheng, X., Yang, Y., \u0026amp; Chang, J. (2023). Advancing higher education and its implication towards sustainable development: Moderate role of green innovation in BRI economies. \u003cem\u003eHeliyon, 9\u003c/em\u003e(9). \u003cstrong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1 Convergent Validity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLoadings\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAVE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEcocentric Leadership\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eECL1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.765\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.662\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eECL2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.848\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eECL3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.873\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eECL4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.817\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eECL5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eECL6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.798\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEpistemic Motivation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEM1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.818\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.773\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.589\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEM2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.855\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEM3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.724\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEM4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.656\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGreen Innovation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGI1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.822\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.852\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.509\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGI2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.846\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGI3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.832\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGI4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.805\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGI5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.424\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGI6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.379\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGreen washing\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGW1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.817\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.887\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.922\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.748\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGW2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.919\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGW3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGW4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGreen Workplace Behavior\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGWPB1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.881\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.886\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.815\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGWPB2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.916\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGWPB3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTechno-Optimistic Attitude\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTOA1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.895\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.918\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.942\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.803\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTOA2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.921\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTOA3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.871\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTOA4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.897\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of SNSs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUSNS1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.413\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.833\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.881\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.564\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUSNS2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.879\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUSNS3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.737\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUSNS4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.676\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUSNS5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.808\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUSNS6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.888\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: Indicators, CA Cronbach Alpha, CR=Composite Reliability. Average variance extracted (AVE), organizational citizenship behavior for the environment; VIF, variance inflation factor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 HTMT Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eECL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGWPB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTOA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUSNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eECL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.747\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.522\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.462\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGWPB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.269\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTOA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.828\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.585\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.235\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUSNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.487\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.525\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.689\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.401\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.578\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 Direct Relationships\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelationships\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSTDEV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT Statistics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP Values\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eECL -\u0026gt; EM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.997\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eECL -\u0026gt; USNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEM -\u0026gt; GI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.398\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.872\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEM -\u0026gt; GWPB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGW -\u0026gt; EM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.562\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGW -\u0026gt; GI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGW -\u0026gt; GWPB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTOA -\u0026gt; GI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTOA -\u0026gt; GWPB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.812\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUSNS -\u0026gt; EM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.215\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.476\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGW*ECL -\u0026gt; EM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTOA*EM -\u0026gt; GI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.931\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTOA*EM1 -\u0026gt; GWPB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 Indirect Relationship\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelationships\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSTDEV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT Statistics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP Values\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eECL -\u0026gt; EM -\u0026gt; GI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.965\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eECL -\u0026gt; EM -\u0026gt; GWPB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.712\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGW -\u0026gt; EM -\u0026gt; GI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.482\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUSNS -\u0026gt; EM -\u0026gt; GI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.555\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eECL -\u0026gt; USNS -\u0026gt; EM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.704\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUSNS -\u0026gt; EM -\u0026gt; GWPB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.964\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGW -\u0026gt; EM -\u0026gt; GWPB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eECL -\u0026gt; USNS -\u0026gt; EM -\u0026gt; GWPB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eECL -\u0026gt; USNS -\u0026gt; EM -\u0026gt; GI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.387\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Ecocentric Leadership, Use of SNSs, Epistemic Motivation, Greenwashing, Techno-Epistemic Attitude, Green Workplace Behavior, Green Innovation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7975323/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7975323/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurpose: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003eThis research aims to examine the role of ecocentric leadership to cultivate green workplace behaviour among employees. It identifies the unique relationships among social networking sites (SNSs), techno-epistemic attitudes and espistemic motivation to outline environmental sustainability while examining moderating role of greenwashing in fostering organizational sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDesign/methodology/approach:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e Survey-based time lagged \u0026nbsp;data werecollected from 384 strategic managers working in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan. Data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling to test the hypotheses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFindings:\u003c/strong\u003e Results indicated that all direct and indirect relationships are significant. Ecocentric leadership exerts a significant impact on green workplace behavior in the mediating role of SNSsand techno-epistemic attitude. Furthermore, all moderating relationships significantly affect green innovation and workplace behavior. Leaders and managers are capable ofeffectively establishingthe approaches and strategies that align the production process with sustainable goals. This research contributed to the empirical and theoretical review of green workplace behavior and innovation by using ecocentric leadership as a strong influencer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePractical implications\u003c/strong\u003e: This study offers actionable insights for businesses seeking to develop Eco centric leadership and green workplace behavior and green inoovation and mediating moderating mechinisam.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOriginality:\u003c/strong\u003e This study provides new insights into how eco-centric leadership fosters the green workplace ebheavior and green innovation at work place\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Impact of Ecocentric Leadership on Green Innovation and Workplace Behavior Mediated by Epistemic Motivation and Greenwashing","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-14 14:19:26","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7975323/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d80aa300-1792-4905-8c07-58d60624d990","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-09T04:40:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-14 14:19:26","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7975323","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7975323","identity":"rs-7975323","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}