Oxidative decolorization of indigo carmine dye using spent cathode of Li-ion batteries

Abstract This paper proposes recycling spent cathodes (SC) from Li-ion batteries to decolorize indigo carmine (IC) solutions, thus eliminating the need for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. The discoloration of indigo carmine is significantly influenced by the pH level, especially from 4.74 to 2. At lower pH values (pH ≤ 2), the decolorization kinetics are not affected by H+ ions and follow first-order kinetics. A 10ppm solution at pH = 3 was decolorized in approximately 20 minutes, suggesting that spent cathodes from Li-ion batteries are promising for advanced oxidative processes. The study also emphasizes the risks associated with improper disposal of Li-ion batteries, as spent cathodes can chemically react with organic molecules similar to indigo carmine in landfills, without the presence of peroxide or sunlight. Mass spectrometry has helped identify the discoloration mechanism, which involves the oxidative reaction of indigo carmine leading to the formation of isatin acid.