Hematophagy generates a convergent genomic signature in mosquitoes and sandflies

Blood-feeding (hematophagy) is widespread across Diptera (true flies), yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using phylogenomics, we show that four gene families associated with neuro-modulation, immune responses, embryonic development, and iron metabolism have undergone independent expansions within mosquitoes and sandflies. Our findings illuminate the underlying genetic basis for blood-feeding adaptations in these important disease vectors.