Exploring the effect of CdO / Al2O3 replacement on structural, optical, and gamma-ray attenuation properties of Na2O-BaO-P2O5 glasses

Exploring the effect of CdO / Al2O3 replacement on structural, optical, and gamma-ray attenuation properties of Na2O-BaO-P2O5 glasses | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Exploring the effect of CdO / Al2O3 replacement on structural, optical, and gamma-ray attenuation properties of Na2O-BaO-P2O5 glasses Moines Azooz, H.A. Abo-Mosallam, Ebrahim Mahdy This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4178270/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract With the intention of investigating the impact of Al 2 O 3 replacement by CdO on the physical, structural, and optical properties of sodium barium phosphate glasses with chemical compositions of 20Na 2 O-25BaO-(15–x) Al 2 O 3 -xCdO-40P 2 O 5 were created using the traditional melt-quenching technique with coded as Cdx depending on cadmium amount, where (x = 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 mol%). Shielding parameters against gamma rays were also reported for the modified glass samples. A shot-range of amorphous nature was detected by the XRD analysis. The value of the density (ρ g ) increased linearly with CdO content, from 3.24 to 3.87 g/cm 3 . On the other hand, an opposing behavior was observed for the molar volume (V m ) and crystalline volume, (V c ). FTIR spectra were carried out and confirmed the structure changing by replacing Al 2 O 3 by CdO. Optical absorption spectra show a valuable difference at both energy gap and Urbach energy by increasing the CdO content. Radiation shielding parameters such as MAC, LAC, HVL, MFP, and Zeff, were calculated using Phy-X/PSD. We found that the CdO / Al 2 O 3 replacement enhanced all the shielding parameters. The obtained results indicated that the increasing in CdO content modifying the structural properties and improves the shielding abilities of the studied samples. Therefore, the prepared glasses could be considered as promising as shielding materials. Physical sciences/Materials science Physical sciences/Materials science/Materials for optics Barium-phosphate glasses Cadmium oxide Structural properties Optical features shielding ability Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 1. Introduction With the growth of the industrial nuclear market and the extensive usage of irradiation technological advances, the use of nuclear radiation of various types has spread on a large scale in different sectors of life, especially in industrial fields and medical uses [ 1 ]. This widespread use of nuclear radiation has led to many efforts by researchers and scientists to reduce the dangerous effects of this radiation on different equipment and human health [ 2 ]. As a result, work has been done to improve the properties of common shielding materials like multi-alloys, lead materials, or composite materials for permanent or temporary shielding, depending on the behavior of these materials with radiation and the interaction between them [ 3 – 6 ]. However, it was found that when these materials are used and exposed to long-term radiation, they crack, their defects become clearly visible, and they often fail. Recently, scientists' efforts have succeeded in finding glasses as protective materials against irradiation risks. These glasses were composed of a harmonious group of high-density metal oxides and have demonstrated high efficiency and outstanding properties that make them broadly used as materials for radiation shielding in structural applications [ 7 , 8 ]. The glass material has superior features, such as good structural flexibility and significant optical transparency, which enable monitoring in real time. It's also non-toxic, economy, light, radiation resistant, easy synthesis, environmentally friendly, and has other unique properties [ 9 , 10 ]. Currently, a variety of experimental and theoretical techniques have been used to examine the radiation-shielding potential of numerous compositions of glass because of their appealing characteristics [ 1 , 6 , 11 – 13 ]. Phosphate-based glass is highly technologically important and preferred material in scientific and technological applications. This may be attributed to their low glass transition temperature, low melting, high index of refraction, great emission and lowered optical dispersion [ 14 ]. Phosphate glass is structurally composed of a short-range network with Q 3 tetrahedral units, which involve one NBO bond (P = O) and three BO bonds (P-OP). When an alkali oxide such as Na2O is added to the phosphate glass network, the P-O-P bridge is converted to P-O-M + , leading to a change in the glass network to Q 2 structural units with increasing NBO bond [ 15 ]. These alterations in the unit groups of the phosphate structural from Q 3 to Q 2 to Q 1 to Q 0 occurred as the addition of an alkali oxide increased with growing in values of the molar ratio R (R = M 2 O/P 2 O 5 ) from 0 to 1 to 2 and lastly to 3, respectively. The existence of divalent oxides (BaO) as network modifiers or network formers in phosphate glass systems leads to advance their thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties by progressing the bond strengths and increasing their compaction [ 16 ]. The transition metal CdO oxide is doping into the phosphate glasses to increase their ability to resist humidity and improve their optical merits [ 17 , 18 ]. Furthermore, in order to significantly raise the glasses' density values, forming a compact glass structure, and leading to better capabilities of the CdO-doped glasses for shielding radiation [ 19 ]. Cadmium oxides can contribute to the glass network as a glass intermediate in both cases as a glass modifier (CdO6 units) and/or glass former (CdO4 units) [ 20 ], depending on the composition of the glass and the amount of CdO involved in the glass system. Currently, many investigations have studied the physical, structural, and optical properties of the CdO-doped glass systems [ 1 , 9 – 13 , 18 – 22 ], which showed the high ability of these glasses as radiation shielding materials with marked improvements in the physical and optical properties. Therefore, the authors in the current article intended to describe the impact of the introduction of CdO in place of Al 2 O 3 on the new ternary Na2O-BaO-Al2O3-P2O5 glass system on its physical, structural, and optical characteristics. As well, the ability of the prepared CdO-doped glasses as shielding materials was clearly discussed. 2. Experimental 2.1 Preparation of the glass samples The desired 20Na 2 O-25BaO-15Al 2 O 3 -40P 2 O 5 glass system was synthesized using the melt-quenching method. CdO was introduced in the glass composition instead of Al 2 O 3 , with concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 mol%. Related to the CdO contents, the prepared glasses were coded as Cd0, Cd2.5, Cd5, Cd10, and C15 (see Table 1). According to the chosen batch components, high-purity raw materials (99.98% Analar quality) of Na 2 CO 3 , BaCO 3 , Al 2 O 3 , CdCO3, and NH4H2PO4 were used. The suitable amounts of these compositions were combined, well-mixed, and placed in silica crucibles after being accurately weighted using an electronic balance. The mixtures will then melt at around 1250 − 1100 o C ± 30 o C for 2 h in an electrical furnace. Molds made of stainless steel were used to form the desired shapes from the molten glass for experimental measurements. These desired shapes of the bulk glass species were then transferred to an electric furnace and annealed at 400 o C for 1 h to prevent cracking. Then, the furnace turns off, and the glass samples will be left inside to become comfortable through cooling. 2.1 Glass Characterization XRD examinations will be performed on the formed glasses for determining their structures. An X-ray diffractometer of a Philips PW 1730 was used. The Archimedes method will be used to calculate the bulk densities of synthesis glasses using purified water (density of water, ρ w = 1 g/cm 3 ) at standard temperature serving as the immersion liquid. Each sample contained five unique pieces. Weigh the spices of each sample in water (W w ) and in air (W air ) to determine their respective weights (g), and then compute the sample density value, ρ g , (g/cm 3 ) from subsequent relation: ρ g = W air / (W air - W w ). ρ w (1) Whereas The glass samples' molar volume (V m ) was calculated through the other following relation: V m = MW glass /ρ g (2) In which MW is the glass's molar weight. Where the crystalline volume is defined as V c which can be given through the following formula: V c = ∑ x i V i (3) Where V i is the molar volume of i th component. FTIR measurements (Jasco spectrometer, FT/IR-6100, Japan) will used to assess the organizational units of the examined samples. The anhydrous KBr content of the vitreous powder is varied at a ratio of 1:50 mg and hard-pressed at a rate of 5 tones per cm 2 . FTIR measurements will be done in the 200–4000 cm − 1 wavenumber range at room temperature. Highly polished samples' optical absorbance was tested at room temperature (25 o C) in air. With a Cary series UV/Vis-spectrophotometer the measurements were performed with a spectral resolution of 0.5 nm after exposure to UV–visible radiation in the range of 200–1100 nm. Optical absorption measurements of the prepared samples were performed using at room temperature. A Phy-X/PSD-free software generated by Ref [ 23 ] at 0.015–15 MeV as a wider energy range was used for evaluating the shielding abilities of the examined glass samples against γ-rays. The study was done theoretically to compute the effective shielding parameters in terms of linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP), effective atomic number (Z eff ), and mass attenuation coefficient (MAC). 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Structure properties 3.1.1 XRD study The amorphous nature of the synthesized specimens was established by visual examination and X-ray diffraction explanations (XRD). The XRD result clearly approves the glassy structure of the prepared samples in the (20Na 2 O-xCdO-(15-x) Al 2 O 3 .-25BaO-40P 2 O 5 ) system as shown in Figure (1). There occurs an extensive humps pattern at around 30° ≤ 2θ ≤ 40° in the diffraction and no sharp peaks which is a typical non-crystalline character of the glass materials [24, 25] . 3.1.2 Density and Molar volume In fact, identifying the internal composition of non-crystalline materials is the main factor in knowing the changes that occur in its physical and chemical properties. In the current study, the density (ρ) and the molar volume (V m ) of the prepared glass samples are determined in an attempt to understand the change in the internal structure of the specimens with the change in the glass composition. The values of ρ and V m for the studied non-crystalline specimens are presented in Table 1. As is clear from Figure No.2 and Table No.1, the density (ρ) increases while the molar volume (V m ) decreases for the synthesized non-crystalline samples prepared with replacing and aluminum by cadmium in the base glass 20Na 2 O:25BaO: 15Al 2 O 3 :40P 2 O 5 . The density values of the non-crystalline sample Cd0; Cd2.5; Cd5; Cd10 and Cd15 are 3.24, 3.27, 3.48, 3.48 and 3.87 g/cm 3 , respectively. The specimen with the lowest density value is Cd0 (free of CdO), while the highest density value is examined in Cd15 (with 15 mol% CdO/Al 2 O 3 replacement). The increase the density of glass samples by CdO/Al 2 O 3 attributed to the substitution of the Al 2 O 3 compound (molar mass of 101.96 g/mol and density of 3.95 g/cm 3 ) with the CdO compound (molar mass of 128.4112 g/ mol and density of 8.15 g/cm 3 )[26]. In contrast to the trend of density results for glass specimens, it was found that the molar volume (V m ) decreased by adding CdO at the expense of Al 2 O 3 . We found that the molar volume decreases from 37.900 cm 3 /mol for Cd0 to 32.756 cm 3 /mol for Cd15 as the CdO/Al 2 O 3 replacement increases up to 15 mol %. From a theoretical standpoint, and from most previous studies of the density and molar volume of glass, it was found that the two relationships are inversely related to each other [27-29] . Frequently the V m values are based on the structure compactness of the glasses [27-29]. From the results, it was found that the molar volume of the prepared samples is consistent with the theoretical hypothesis. This means that there is an increase in the structure compactness of the prepared glasses with the increase of cadmium instead of Al 2 O 3 . Thermal stability and prevention of crystallization are important and required properties for the prepared glasses. The results proved that adding CdO can improve the thermal stability and crystallization resistance of prepared non-crystalline solids. The difference between V m and V c values can used as a criterion for glass stability[30, 31]. The greater this temperature change, the better is the thermal stability of the system [30, 31]. It has been observed that increasing cadmium at the expense of alumina leads to an increase in the difference in V c and V m values (Fig. 3 and Table 1). This proves that the CdO/Al 2 O 3 replacement process led to thermal stability of the glass samples in the prepared system. Table 1: The synthesized glass composition and some structural parameters; ρ g (density), V m (molar volume), and V c (crystalline volume) V c Cm 3 /mol V m Cm 3 /mol ρ g g/Cm 3 Glass composition (mole %) Sample ID P2O5 CdO Al2O3 BaO Na2O 39.790 37.900 3.24 40 0 15 25 20 Cd0 39.538 37.755 3.27 40 2.5 12.5 25 20 Cd2.5 39.287 35.667 3.48 40 5.0 10 25 20 Cd5 38.784 33.995 3.69 40 10 5 25 20 Cd10 38.281 32.756 3.87 40 15 0 25 20 Cd15 3.1.3. FTIR study FTIR spectroscopy studies were used to get fundamental and essential information about the arrangement of structural units of the glass samples. Figure (4) reveals the FTIR spectra of base and CdO content samples. The IR spectrum of the base glass shows extended absorption from 400 to about 1650 cm -1 revealing far infrared peaks at about 463, 538, 579 cm -1 and also, two small bands at about 692 and 766 cm -1 . This is followed by distinct absorption bands at about 910, 1022, 1120 1200, 1387, 1635 cm -1 . The rest of the IR spectrum reveals small peak at about 1722 cm -1 . All these bands can be confirmed at deconvoluted spectrum at Figure (5). The FTIR spectra of 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 CdO% show gradually changes of some absorption bands at their intensities or wavenumber positions reaching to the final spectrum of sample containing 15 CdO % which can be deconvoluted at Figure (6) which shows a remarkable change than the base sample and can be summarized as follows, two broad far IR bands at about 494, 598 cm -1 were overlapped, band at 914 cm -1 was splatted than the other bands at 1043, 1090 and 1144 cm -1 . Small band at about 1284 cm-1 was observed and finally, the intensity of absorption band at 1643 cm -1 was increased. The attribution of all these bands are tabulated and assignment at Table (2). From all these data, it is evident that cadmium oxide (CdO) is considered as conditional oxide possessing the ability to be both situated as modifier and to form glass forming CdO 4 units [31]. By increasing the CdO content, the intensity of the broad band which is cited at about 590 cm -1 increases due to the formation of more Cd-O bonds. The small band at about 463 cm -1 which is belongs to Al-O band slightly vanished and overlapped to the Cd-O vibration band due to the disappear of Al from the composition as shown in Table (1). 3.2 Optical properties The UV-Visible optical absorption spectra for all glass samples were studied and recorded in 190-100 nm spectral range and shown in Figure (7). From this figure, it was noted that there are no sharp absorption edges which mean that the present glass samples are in the glassy state [32]. There was a shift of absorption edge towards longer wavelength with increasing CdO content. This result clearly showed a decrease in the UV-Visible transmission by increasing CdO content. Figure (8) showed the process of determining E opt . by plotting (αɦυ) 0.5 as a function of photon energy (ɦυ) and extending the linear part of the curve to cut off the hn axis. The obtained values of E opt. are given in Figure (8). It is clearly evident that, the values of E opt. slightly decrease from 3.87 to 3.46 with increasing CdO content. This can be interpreted by Chung et al. [33] who reported that the increase of CdO content forces the non-bridging oxygens to progressively increase. Urbach energy can be determined by plotting lnα as a function of ɦυ the estimated values of ∆E are present in Figure (9). As shown, ∆E for the investigated glass samples was found to be increases and its values varied between 0.18 to 0.27 eV according to CdO content. as CdO content increases the ∆E increases. This can be discussed as the increasing of the disorder degree in the system. Beside the increase of CdO content localizes some states within the band gap, which seems to be the reason of the observed decrease in the E opt. values [32]. Table (2): Assignment of FITR bands of the studied samples. Band position(cm -1 ) Assignment references 1722 P-OH groups [34] 1635 1387 P-O asymm. stret. Q 3 ;PO 2 [35] 1200 PO 2 2- asymm. stret./P=O or P-O symm. stret. Q 2 [36] 1120 PO 4 3- symm. stret. or P-O asym.stret. Q 1 PO 2 [35] 910 P-O-P asymm. stret. [36] 766 asymm. stret. of P-O-P rings or AlO 4 units [36] 580 - 538 bending vib. of P=O-P or vibration of Cd-O bond [37] 475 – 466 bending vib. of AlO 6 units [38] 463 asymm. bending vib. of P-O-P [36] 3. 3 Gamma shielding study The effectiveness of materials used for radiation protection to block harmful rays is one of the concerns that have attracted researchers recently, and this is verified through the use of mathematical and theoretical estimates. For this study, we used the Phy-X online software [23] to measure the radiation shielding parameters of the glass samples under examination. These parameters include the mass (MAC) and linear (LAC) attenuation coefficients, half (HVL), value layers, mean free paths (MFP), and effective atomic number (Z eff ) spanning the energy range of 10 -3 to 15 MeV are studied to understand how CdO/Al 2 O 3 replacements supports Radiation shielding in the glasses. MAC and LAC generally describes the interaction probability between gamma photons and the mass per unit are for certain medium [23]. The MAC and LAC for all Cd0, Cd2.5, Cd5, Cd 10 and Cd15 glass specimen were calculated and plotted against gamma ray energy in Figures (10,11) respectively, for changing content of CdO. From the figures, it is obvious that the MAC and LAC are highest at lower gamma-ray energies. However, when the energy is increased, the MAC and LAC decrease rapidly and then decreases gradually for all the prepared glass specimens. It was also observed from effect of CdO/Al2O3 replacements (Figures 10 and 11) on each of the MAC and LAC parameters. The results have proven that adding cadmium in different quantities leads to an increase in both MAC and LAC values. This can be attributed to the addition of cadmium affected the structural properties of the prepared glass by significantly increasing the density. One of the most important scientific constants is that increasing the density of the glass is one of the most important physical factors that enhance the medium’s ability to attenuate radiation photons. Moreover, both parameters (MAC and LAC) depend no only on the density but also on the photon energy [1, 10]. On the other hand, HVL it is considered one of the most important factors that determine the effectiveness of prepared materials to protect against gamma rays. The HVL refers to the thickness that decreases the intensity of a gamma ray, which is diminished by 50% [39]. Figure 12 shows the graphical representation of the HVL based on the change in gamma ray energy. The HVL first shows its minimum value in the range of 0.01 to 0.1 MeV and then a significant increase of values until it reaches a maximum at 15 MeV for all prepared glasses. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that at low energy levels a glass of small thickness is required, which is reflected in the low HVL values attributed to the photoelectric processes [40]. However, in the medium and high energy ranges, this requires materials with a higher thickness in order to reduce the penetration of gamma rays into the prepared materials and thus reduce health damage [41]. It is noted also from Figure 12 that replacing aluminum with cadmium reduces HVL values. This can be attributed to an increase in the density of the specimens with an increase in the CdO content in the non-crystalline samples as it is known that there is an inverse relationship between the density and the values [42, 43]. On the other hand, mean free paths (MFP) is a very important factor in determining the efficiency of prepared materials to protect against harmful rays in the fields of ionizing radiation shielding. Figure 13 shows the behavior of the MFP with the intensity of energy of gamma rays from 10 -3 to 15 MeV for all synthesized non-crystalline specimens. The results indicate that the behavior of MFP is the same as that of HVL as the values increase slowly from 0.01 to 0.1 MeV, and they increase very quickly, reaching the maximum value at 15 MeV. The data obtained indicate that the supreme values of the MFP correspond to the energy of the 15 MeV gamma ray [39, 40]. The effective atomic number (Z eff ) is important parameter for radiation shielding materials demonstrates the efficiency of materials used for ionizing radiation shielding. The effective atomic number is a crucial parameter to consider when selecting glasses for radiation shielding [44]. The results show that There is an increase in Z eff below 0.1 MeV and decreases after that which is due to domination of pair production in the energy region. Z eff is maximum at 0.04 MeV for all the prepared glasses as shown in Figure 14. The shielding capability of improved materials is positively connected with larger values of Z eff . This suggests that a greater number of gamma rays experience attenuation while passing through materials characterized by higher Z eff values [41]. The results, taken from Figure 14, also showed that adding cadmium at the expense of aluminum led to an increase in Z eff values in different energy values from 0.001 to 15 MeV. The Z eff values results show like actions to both MAC and LAC values. The Z eff results reflect that the higher the cadmium contents in the samples, the greater the protective properties against harmful radiation [15]. According to the Z eff values, Cd15 non-crystalline sample has the greatest shielding characteristics against nuclear radiations. 4. Conclusion Cadmium sodium barium phosphate glasses based on 20Na 2 O-25BaO-15Al 2 O 3 /(CdO)-40P 2 O 5 compositions in which Al 2 O 3 is substituted by CdO with 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 (mol%) concentrations The glass materials were prepared by the melt quenching method. The investigated glass samples were characterized by means of XRD, FTIR, and UV-Vis measurements. As well, the MAC, LAC, HVL, MEF, and, Z eff shielding parameters against γ-rays were investigated depending on the CdO/Al 2 O 3 replacement. In contrast to the calculated V m and V c , there is an increasing trend in the measured density (ρ g ) of glasses from 3.24 to 3.87 g/cm 3 with respect to the concentrations of CdO and Al 2 O 3 . FTIR spectra were carried out and confirmed the structure changing by replacing Al 2 O 3 by CdO. Optical absorption spectra show a valuable difference at both energy gap and Urbach energy by increasing the CdO content. Finally, the increasing in CdO content improves the shielding properties of the studied samples, especially for Cd15 non-crystalline sample which has the greatest shielding abilities against nuclear radiations. Declarations Data Availability Data and materials are all available and prepared, authors will be pleased to provide it if requested during the publication process. The corresponding author ( H.A. Abo-Mosallam ) has a permission from other authors to reply if someone wants any data from this study. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge National Research Centre for providing the necessary facilities for carrying out the research work. Authors’ Contributions. Ebrahim Mahdy : Methodology, Writing- Original draft preparation, writing-reviewing and editing, software; M.A. Azooz : Conceptualization, methodology, writing- original draft preparation, writing- reviewing and editing; H.A. Abo-Mosallam : Conceptualization, methodology, writing- original draft preparation, writing- reviewing and editing. Funding No Fund Additional Information (Competing Interests Statement) The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest Consent for Publication All authors approved the version Conflicts of Interest/Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Consent to Participate A written informed consent was taken from all participants. Consent for Publication All authors approved the version of the manuscript to be published. References M. Ezzeldin, L.M. 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Khattari, Elastic, mechanical, and radiation shielding behaviors of copper-phosphate binary-glasses with diverse copper valence-states: R (Cu+) = Cu+/(Cu + + Cu++), Radiation Physics and Chemistry 213 (2023) 111239. S.A. Bassam, K.A. Naseer, K.A. Mahmoud, C.S.S. Sangeeth, M.I. Sayyed, M.S. Alqahtani, E. El Shiekh, Examination of the ionizing radiation shielding behavior of the zinc boro-tellurite glasses doped with dysprosium oxide, Radiation Physics and Chemistry 215 (2024) 111359. E.A. Mahdy, S. Ibrahim, H.A. Abo-Mosallam, The influence of Bi2O3 on structural and enhancing physical properties of Li2O–Fe2O3–In2O3–P2O5 glasses, Materials Chemistry and Physics 309 (2023) 128406. A. Dutta, A. Ghosh, Ionic conductivity of Li2O–BaO–Bi2O3 glasses, Journal of non-crystalline solids 351(3) (2005) 203–208. H. Doweidar, G. El-Damrawi, S. El-Stohy, Structure and properties of CdO–B2O3 and CdO–MnO–B2O3 glasses; Criteria of getting the fraction of four coordinated boron atoms from infrared spectra, Physica B: Condensed Matter 525 (2017) 137–143. S.E. Ibrahim, I.A. El-Mesady, M.M. Semary, S.M. Othman, Physical, thermal and optical properties of Cd-doped phosphate based glass system, Radiation Physics and Chemistry 209 (2023) 110955. J.-Y. Chung, J.-H. Kim, S.-Y. Choi, H.-J. Park, M.-K. Hwang, Y.-K. Jeong, B.-K. Ryu, Structural, optical, and chemical properties of cadmium phosphate glasses, Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society 52(2) (2015) 128–132. S.S. Das, B.P. Baranwal, P. Singh, V. Srivastava, Infrared spectroscopic studies of ion-conducting silver phosphate glasses doped with zinc and cadmium halides, Progress in crystal growth and characterization of materials 45(1–2) (2002) 89–96. O.J. Eddine, M. El Bouchti, O. Cherkaoui, H. Hannache, S. Gmouh, Elaboration and characterization of new phosphate glasses based on natural phosphate and red clay: influence of the chemical composition on the chemical durability, Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry 9(3) (2019) 222–235. M. Elisa, S.M. Iordache, A.M. Iordache, I.C. Vasiliu, C.E.A. Grigorescu, B.A. Sava, L. Boroica, A.V. Filip, M.C. Dinca, C. Bartha, Peculiarities of the structural and optical properties of rare-earth-doped phosphate glasses for temperature sensing applications, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 556 (2021) 120569. W.S. AbuShanab, E.B. Moustafa, A.H. Hammad, Dependence of the structure, optical, and dynamic properties of novel cadmium phosphate glass on vanadium content, journal of materials research and technology 9(6) (2020) 14178–14189. J. Zeng, H. Zhu, Y. Ding, D. Zhang, Y. Dai, Y. Wang, J. Chen, F. Wang, Q. Liao, Effects of Al2O3 and B2O3 on the structural features of iron phosphate glasses, Journal of Molecular Structure 1261 (2022) 132928. S. Stalin, D.K. Gaikwad, M.S. Al-Buriahi, C. Srinivasu, S.A. Ahmed, H.O. Tekin, S. Rahman, Influence of Bi2O3/WO3 substitution on the optical, mechanical, chemical durability and gamma ray shielding properties of lithium-borate glasses, Ceramics International 47(4) (2021) 5286–5299. M.S. Sadeq, O.I. Sallam, E.M. Sedqy, Shielding parameters and optical stability of sodium alumino-borate glasses against gamma rays by iron oxide additives, Optical Materials 150 (2024) 115234. M.S. Sadeq, B.O. El-Bashir, A.H. Almuqrin, M.I. Sayyed, The tungsten oxide within phosphate glasses to investigate the structural, optical, and shielding properties variations, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 32 (2021) 12402–12413. M.S. Kanca, Y. Taşgın, D. Yılmaz, A.F. Pathman, Ö. Güler, The effect of high entropy oxide on radiation shielding parameters of erbium oxide doped glasses, Ceramics International (2024). M. Tharwat, M.M. Semary, I.A. El-Mesady, Investigation of the structural, optical and shielding parameters of B2O3–Na2O–Bi2O3–CdO–V2O5 glasses, Optical Materials 149 (2024) 115090. A.Z. Shah, M.H.M. Zaid, K.A. Matori, Y. Yaakob, A.R. Sarmani, R. Hisam, Comprehensive study on structural, elastic and radiation shielding abilities of novel quaternary Bi2O3–TeO2–Li2O–Al2O3 glasses, Progress in Nuclear Energy 171 (2024) 105191. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4178270","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":293687919,"identity":"55cc36bc-aac2-4470-baa7-dc4d0789b574","order_by":0,"name":"Moines Azooz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Moines","middleName":"","lastName":"Azooz","suffix":""},{"id":293687920,"identity":"a2675f1c-06c3-48f6-8509-1caa7d5da32c","order_by":1,"name":"H.A. Abo-Mosallam","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQglwwehbYCYsfEAMVp42CB0GkhLA0laDoNJvFr4Zzcf3fDhjx0PG/vptMcVNeft1rYfBtpSYxON05I7x9JuzmxL5mHjyd1ueObY7eRtZxKBWo6l5Tbg0nMjx+w2bwMz0GG52yQbG24nmx0AamFsOIxTizxIC8+feh42/rcgLeeSzc4/xK/FAKyF7TAPmwTYlgN2ZjcI2GII8ctxoBagLQ3HkhPMbgBtScDjF7nbzcdufPhTLcfPD7SlocbO3ux8+sMHH2pscHsfHSSCVSYQqxwE7ElRPApGwSgYBSMDAABQbmL60UnltAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"National Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"H.A.","middleName":"","lastName":"Abo-Mosallam","suffix":""},{"id":293687921,"identity":"58bc18fc-02f4-4926-90bc-4f554edfa1d3","order_by":2,"name":"Ebrahim Mahdy","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ebrahim","middleName":"","lastName":"Mahdy","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-27 20:45:55","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4178270/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4178270/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":55086655,"identity":"d5e97ab7-95a1-41ca-91c1-a3bce9f9760e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-22 11:28:51","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":325152,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eXRD patterns of the CdO-doped glass samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4178270/v1/5dc9b6ac71fd9d9903b73373.png"},{"id":55085815,"identity":"d150a203-b4e5-47a1-a98d-6b54f2b15e38","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-22 11:12:51","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":318832,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariations of the density and molar volume of the CdO-doped glass samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4178270/v1/4ab21202778410a19d4d7658.png"},{"id":55085816,"identity":"527e5ccc-696d-4823-b7e1-7b24101691ac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-22 11:12:51","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":496394,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariations of the molar volume and crystalline volume as a function of CdO content\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4178270/v1/74e927f97b4199b0d02eb3b8.png"},{"id":55086152,"identity":"3fc9e1f4-d829-458a-a633-3a810ddb040f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-22 11:20:51","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":397158,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFTIR absorption spectra of base and CdO-doped glasses\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4178270/v1/ad53ba777666bc76554dfad7.png"},{"id":55085823,"identity":"944aeae1-6d28-4c9e-8e27-2d082a41db21","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-22 11:12:51","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":307560,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDeconvoluted FTIR spectra of base glass\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4178270/v1/697aad2ac350279a743dc160.png"},{"id":55086154,"identity":"8ccb0aed-be3f-41dc-8302-c41ee6eb3c9b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-22 11:20:51","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":298931,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDeconvoluted FTIR spectra of high CdO- doped glass\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4178270/v1/2bde40f39720f072f071b994.png"},{"id":55085819,"identity":"67f59db2-3632-449e-b271-d1938668cc6b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-22 11:12:51","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":239972,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUV-Visible optical absorption spectra of base and doped CdO- glasses\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4178270/v1/5369e454d2c367dbc0aa25f6.png"},{"id":55085822,"identity":"48f405a0-7da3-45bb-b224-dfdb8b4b078f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-22 11:12:51","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":229917,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOptical energy band gap (E\u003csub\u003eopt\u003c/sub\u003e.) of base and doped CdO- glasses\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4178270/v1/525721bc1771c45092a68ff2.png"},{"id":55085824,"identity":"132f53e6-bfda-4fdb-b9cf-37dda0c20f39","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-22 11:12:51","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":354857,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUrbach energy of base and doped CdO- glasses\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4178270/v1/b0585546ea2654e26aebff7a.png"},{"id":55085826,"identity":"2042d273-60b9-40e7-9810-2b3fef91c566","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-22 11:12:51","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":220735,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMAC as a function of the photon energy of the studied glass samples.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4178270/v1/547d9bdcf4350625564cb861.png"},{"id":55085821,"identity":"34a5fc71-ab01-4b07-bb32-da5f6c068376","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-22 11:12:51","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":233103,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLAC as a function of the photon energy of the studied glass samples.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4178270/v1/5470cc05566c16e3e29dfc0f.png"},{"id":55086155,"identity":"9a3d2f89-8689-49fe-b169-50a33d393eda","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-22 11:20:52","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":240504,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe variations of HVL of the studied samples against the photon energy.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4178270/v1/5c5b4808d7e838d7c44da5b0.png"},{"id":55085820,"identity":"7c25f04d-7a29-4ee5-93f4-53e5e4ad9340","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-22 11:12:51","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":249657,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariations of MFP of the studied samples against the photon energy.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4178270/v1/4c21754bf873f9a3dbb65ab3.png"},{"id":55085828,"identity":"2a2cfc2e-2255-46ba-92a5-dc97e2bf99e2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-22 11:12:51","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":280110,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe variations of Z\u003csub\u003eeff\u003c/sub\u003e of the studied samples against the photon energy.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4178270/v1/db445c64dc84e75c6f98c47c.png"},{"id":60392169,"identity":"6f16c51e-d22a-40f4-9249-d852632ba5f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 09:14:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4896021,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4178270/v1/7151432d-08c3-4b59-b590-698fd3f22bbe.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Exploring the effect of CdO / Al2O3 replacement on structural, optical, and gamma-ray attenuation properties of Na2O-BaO-P2O5 glasses","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWith the growth of the industrial nuclear market and the extensive usage of irradiation technological advances, the use of nuclear radiation of various types has spread on a large scale in different sectors of life, especially in industrial fields and medical uses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. This widespread use of nuclear radiation has led to many efforts by researchers and scientists to reduce the dangerous effects of this radiation on different equipment and human health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. As a result, work has been done to improve the properties of common shielding materials like multi-alloys, lead materials, or composite materials for permanent or temporary shielding, depending on the behavior of these materials with radiation and the interaction between them [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4 CR5\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. However, it was found that when these materials are used and exposed to long-term radiation, they crack, their defects become clearly visible, and they often fail. Recently, scientists' efforts have succeeded in finding glasses as protective materials against irradiation risks. These glasses were composed of a harmonious group of high-density metal oxides and have demonstrated high efficiency and outstanding properties that make them broadly used as materials for radiation shielding in structural applications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. The glass material has superior features, such as good structural flexibility and significant optical transparency, which enable monitoring in real time. It's also non-toxic, economy, light, radiation resistant, easy synthesis, environmentally friendly, and has other unique properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Currently, a variety of experimental and theoretical techniques have been used to examine the radiation-shielding potential of numerous compositions of glass because of their appealing characteristics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhosphate-based glass is highly technologically important and preferred material in scientific and technological applications. This may be attributed to their low glass transition temperature, low melting, high index of refraction, great emission and lowered optical dispersion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Phosphate glass is structurally composed of a short-range network with Q\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e tetrahedral units, which involve one NBO bond (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O) and three BO bonds (P-OP). When an alkali oxide such as Na2O is added to the phosphate glass network, the P-O-P bridge is converted to P-O-M\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, leading to a change in the glass network to Q\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e structural units with increasing NBO bond [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. These alterations in the unit groups of the phosphate structural from Q\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e to Q\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e to Q\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e to Q\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e occurred as the addition of an alkali oxide increased with growing in values of the molar ratio R (R\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;M\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO/P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e) from 0 to 1 to 2 and lastly to 3, respectively. The existence of divalent oxides (BaO) as network modifiers or network formers in phosphate glass systems leads to advance their thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties by progressing the bond strengths and increasing their compaction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe transition metal CdO oxide is doping into the phosphate glasses to increase their ability to resist humidity and improve their optical merits [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, in order to significantly raise the glasses' density values, forming a compact glass structure, and leading to better capabilities of the CdO-doped glasses for shielding radiation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Cadmium oxides can contribute to the glass network as a glass intermediate in both cases as a glass modifier (CdO6 units) and/or glass former (CdO4 units) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], depending on the composition of the glass and the amount of CdO involved in the glass system. Currently, many investigations have studied the physical, structural, and optical properties of the CdO-doped glass systems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10 CR11 CR12\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19 CR20 CR21\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], which showed the high ability of these glasses as radiation shielding materials with marked improvements in the physical and optical properties. Therefore, the authors in the current article intended to describe the impact of the introduction of CdO in place of Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e on the new ternary Na2O-BaO-Al2O3-P2O5 glass system on its physical, structural, and optical characteristics. As well, the ability of the prepared CdO-doped glasses as shielding materials was clearly discussed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Preparation of the glass samples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe desired 20Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO-25BaO-15Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e-40P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e glass system was synthesized using the melt-quenching method. CdO was introduced in the glass composition instead of Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, with concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 mol%. Related to the CdO contents, the prepared glasses were coded as Cd0, Cd2.5, Cd5, Cd10, and C15 (see Table\u0026nbsp;1). According to the chosen batch components, high-purity raw materials (99.98% Analar quality) of Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, BaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, CdCO3, and NH4H2PO4 were used. The suitable amounts of these compositions were combined, well-mixed, and placed in silica crucibles after being accurately weighted using an electronic balance. The mixtures will then melt at around 1250\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1100 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC \u0026plusmn; 30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 2 h in an electrical furnace. Molds made of stainless steel were used to form the desired shapes from the molten glass for experimental measurements. These desired shapes of the bulk glass species were then transferred to an electric furnace and annealed at 400 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 1 h to prevent cracking. Then, the furnace turns off, and the glass samples will be left inside to become comfortable through cooling.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Glass Characterization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eXRD examinations will be performed on the formed glasses for determining their structures. An X-ray diffractometer of a Philips PW 1730 was used. The Archimedes method will be used to calculate the bulk densities of synthesis glasses using purified water (density of water, ρ\u003csub\u003ew\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1 g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) at standard temperature serving as the immersion liquid. Each sample contained five unique pieces. Weigh the spices of each sample in water (W\u003csub\u003ew\u003c/sub\u003e) and in air (W\u003csub\u003eair\u003c/sub\u003e) to determine their respective weights (g), and then compute the sample density value, ρ\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e, (g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) from subsequent relation:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eρ\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;W\u003csub\u003eair\u003c/sub\u003e / (W\u003csub\u003eair\u003c/sub\u003e - W\u003csub\u003ew\u003c/sub\u003e). ρ\u003csub\u003ew\u003c/sub\u003e (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhereas The glass samples' molar volume (V\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e) was calculated through the other following relation:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e = MW\u003csub\u003eglass\u003c/sub\u003e /ρ\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn which MW is the glass's molar weight. Where the crystalline volume is defined as V\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e which can be given through the following formula:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e = \u0026sum; x\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003eV\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere V\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e is the molar volume of \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003eth component. FTIR measurements (Jasco spectrometer, FT/IR-6100, Japan) will used to assess the organizational units of the examined samples. The anhydrous KBr content of the vitreous powder is varied at a ratio of 1:50 mg and hard-pressed at a rate of 5 tones per cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. FTIR measurements will be done in the 200\u0026ndash;4000 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e wavenumber range at room temperature. Highly polished samples' optical absorbance was tested at room temperature (25 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC) in air. With a Cary series UV/Vis-spectrophotometer the measurements were performed with a spectral resolution of 0.5 nm after exposure to UV\u0026ndash;visible radiation in the range of 200\u0026ndash;1100 nm. Optical absorption measurements of the prepared samples were performed using at room temperature. A Phy-X/PSD-free software generated by Ref [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] at 0.015\u0026ndash;15 MeV as a wider energy range was used for evaluating the shielding abilities of the examined glass samples against γ-rays. The study was done theoretically to compute the effective shielding parameters in terms of linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP), effective atomic number (Z\u003csub\u003eeff\u003c/sub\u003e), and mass attenuation coefficient (MAC).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1. Structure properties\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.1.1 XRD study\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe amorphous nature of the synthesized specimens was established by visual examination and X-ray diffraction explanations (XRD). The XRD result clearly approves the glassy structure of the prepared samples in the (20Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO-xCdO-(15-x) Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.-25BaO-40P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e) system as shown in Figure (1). There occurs an extensive humps pattern at around 30\u0026deg; \u0026le; 2\u0026theta; \u0026le; 40\u0026deg; in the diffraction and no sharp peaks which is a typical non-crystalline character of the glass materials\u0026nbsp;[24, 25]\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.1.2 Density and Molar volume\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn fact, identifying the internal composition of non-crystalline materials is the main factor in knowing the changes that occur in its physical and chemical properties.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eIn the current study, the density (\u0026rho;)\u0026nbsp;and the molar volume (V\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e) of the prepared glass samples are determined in an attempt to understand the change in the internal structure of the specimens with the change in the glass composition. The values of \u0026rho; and V\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e for the studied non-crystalline specimens are presented in Table 1. As is clear from Figure No.2 and Table No.1, the density (\u0026rho;) increases while the molar volume (V\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e) decreases for the synthesized non-crystalline samples prepared with replacing and aluminum by cadmium in the base glass 20Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO:25BaO: 15Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e:40P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e. The density values of the non-crystalline sample Cd0; Cd2.5; Cd5; Cd10 and Cd15 are 3.24, 3.27, 3.48, 3.48 and 3.87 g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. The specimen with the lowest density value is Cd0 (free of CdO), while the highest density value is examined in Cd15 (with 15 mol% CdO/Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e replacement). The increase the density of glass samples by CdO/Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e attributed to the substitution of the Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e compound (molar mass of 101.96 g/mol and density of 3.95 g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) with the CdO compound (molar mass of 128.4112 g/ mol and density of 8.15 g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)[26].\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eIn contrast to the trend of density results for glass specimens, it was found that the molar volume\u0026nbsp;(V\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e)\u0026nbsp;decreased by adding CdO at the expense of Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. We found that the molar volume decreases from 37.900 cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/mol for Cd0 to 32.756\u0026nbsp;cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/mol for Cd15 as the CdO/Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003ereplacement increases up to 15 mol %.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom a theoretical standpoint, and from most previous studies of the density and molar volume of glass, it was found that the two relationships are inversely related to each other\u0026nbsp;[27-29]\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eFrequently the V\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e values are based on the structure compactness of the glasses [27-29]. From the results, it was found that the molar volume of the prepared samples is consistent with the theoretical hypothesis. This means that there is an increase in the structure compactness of the prepared glasses with the increase of cadmium instead of Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThermal stability and prevention of crystallization are important and required properties for the prepared glasses. The results proved that adding CdO can improve the thermal stability and crystallization resistance of prepared non-crystalline solids. The difference between V\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e and V\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e values can used as a criterion for glass stability[30, 31]. The greater this temperature change, the better is the thermal stability of the system\u0026nbsp;[30, 31]. It has been observed that increasing cadmium at the expense of alumina leads to an increase in the difference in V\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e and V\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e values (Fig. 3 and Table 1). This proves that the CdO/Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e replacement process led to thermal stability of the glass samples in the prepared system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1:\u003c/strong\u003e The synthesized glass composition and some structural parameters;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026rho;\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e (density), V\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e (molar volume), and V\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e (crystalline volume)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable dir=\"\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"532\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.969924812030076%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eV\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eCm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/mol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.969924812030076%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eV\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eCm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/mol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.969924812030076%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026rho;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eg/Cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"48.30827067669173%\" colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGlass composition (mole %)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.781954887218046%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eID\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eP2O5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCdO\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAl2O3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eBaO\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNa2O\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.018867924528301%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e39.790\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.018867924528301%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e37.900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.018867924528301%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.830188679245284%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCd0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.018867924528301%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e39.538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.018867924528301%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e37.755\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.018867924528301%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.830188679245284%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCd2.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.018867924528301%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e39.287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.018867924528301%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e35.667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.018867924528301%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.830188679245284%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCd5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.018867924528301%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e38.784\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.018867924528301%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e33.995\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.018867924528301%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.830188679245284%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCd10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.018867924528301%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e38.281\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.018867924528301%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e32.756\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.018867924528301%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.622641509433961%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.830188679245284%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCd15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.1.3. FTIR study\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFTIR spectroscopy studies were used to get fundamental and essential information about the arrangement of structural units of the glass samples. Figure (4) reveals the FTIR spectra of base and CdO content samples. The IR spectrum of the base glass shows extended absorption from 400 to about 1650 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e revealing far infrared peaks at about 463, 538, 579 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and also, two small bands at about 692 and 766 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. This is followed by distinct absorption bands at about 910, 1022, 1120 1200, 1387, 1635 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. The rest of the IR spectrum reveals small peak at about 1722 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. All these bands can be confirmed at deconvoluted spectrum at Figure (5). The FTIR spectra of 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 CdO% show gradually changes of some absorption bands at their intensities or wavenumber positions reaching to the final spectrum of sample containing 15 CdO % which can be deconvoluted at Figure (6) which shows a remarkable change than the base sample and can be summarized as follows, two broad far IR bands at about 494, 598 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e were overlapped, band at 914 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e was splatted than the other bands at 1043, 1090 and 1144 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. Small band at about 1284 cm-1 was observed and finally, the intensity of absorption band at 1643 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e was increased. The attribution of all these bands are tabulated and assignment at Table (2). From all these data, it is evident that cadmium oxide (CdO) is considered as\u0026nbsp;conditional oxide possessing the ability to be both situated as modifier and to form glass forming CdO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e units\u0026nbsp;[31]. By increasing the CdO content, the intensity of the broad band which is cited at about 590 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e increases due to the formation of more Cd-O bonds. The small band at about 463 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e which is belongs to Al-O band slightly vanished and overlapped to the Cd-O vibration band due to the disappear of Al from the composition as shown in Table (1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.2 Optical properties\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe UV-Visible optical absorption spectra for all glass samples were studied and recorded in 190-100 nm spectral range and shown in Figure (7). From this figure, it was noted that there are no sharp absorption edges which mean that the present glass samples are in the glassy state\u0026nbsp;[32].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was a shift of absorption edge towards longer wavelength with increasing CdO content. This result clearly showed a decrease in the UV-Visible transmission by increasing CdO content. Figure (8) showed the process of determining E\u003csub\u003eopt\u003c/sub\u003e. by plotting (\u0026alpha;ɦ\u0026upsilon;)\u003csup\u003e0.5\u003c/sup\u003e as a function of photon energy (ɦ\u0026upsilon;) and extending the linear part of the curve to cut off the hn axis. The obtained values of E\u003csub\u003eopt.\u003c/sub\u003e are given in Figure (8). It is clearly evident that, the values of E\u003csub\u003eopt.\u003c/sub\u003e slightly decrease from 3.87 to 3.46 with increasing CdO content. This can be interpreted by Chung et al. [33] who reported that the increase of CdO content forces the non-bridging oxygens to progressively increase. Urbach energy can be determined by plotting ln\u0026alpha; as a function of ɦ\u0026upsilon; the estimated values of ∆E are present in Figure (9). As shown, ∆E for the investigated glass samples was found to be increases and its values varied between 0.18 to 0.27 eV according to CdO content. as CdO content increases the ∆E increases. This can be discussed as the increasing of the disorder degree in the system. Beside the increase of CdO content localizes some states within the band gap, which seems to be the reason of the observed decrease in the E\u003csub\u003eopt.\u003c/sub\u003e values [32].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable (2):\u003c/strong\u003e Assignment of FITR bands of the studied samples. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.816901408450704%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eBand position(cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.33802816901409%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAssignment\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.845070422535212%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003ereferences\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.816901408450704%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1722\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.33802816901409%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eP-OH groups\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.845070422535212%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e[34]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1635\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.816901408450704%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1387\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.33802816901409%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eP-O asymm. stret. Q\u003csup\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e;PO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.845070422535212%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e[35]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.816901408450704%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1200\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.33802816901409%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2-\u003c/sup\u003easymm. stret./P=O or P-O symm. stret. Q\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.845070422535212%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e[36]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.816901408450704%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1120\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.33802816901409%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3-\u003c/sup\u003esymm. stret. or P-O asym.stret. Q\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e PO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.845070422535212%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e[35]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.816901408450704%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e910\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.33802816901409%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eP-O-P asymm. stret.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.845070422535212%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e[36]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.816901408450704%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e766\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.33802816901409%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003easymm. stret. of P-O-P rings or AlO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e units\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.845070422535212%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e[36]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.816901408450704%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e580 - 538\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.33802816901409%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003ebending vib. of P=O-P or vibration of Cd-O bond\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.845070422535212%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e[37]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.816901408450704%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e475 \u0026ndash; 466\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.33802816901409%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003ebending vib. of AlO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e units\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.845070422535212%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e[38]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.816901408450704%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e463\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.33802816901409%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003easymm. bending vib. of \u0026nbsp;P-O-P\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.845070422535212%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e[36]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3. 3 Gamma shielding study\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eThe effectiveness of materials used for radiation protection to block harmful rays is one of the concerns that have attracted researchers recently, and this is verified through the use of mathematical and theoretical estimates. For this study, we used the Phy-X online software\u0026nbsp;[23]\u0026nbsp;to measure the radiation shielding parameters of the glass samples under examination. These parameters include the mass (MAC) and linear (LAC) attenuation coefficients, half (HVL), value layers, mean free paths (MFP), and effective atomic number (Z\u003csub\u003eeff\u003c/sub\u003e) spanning the energy range of 10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e to 15 MeV are studied to understand how CdO/Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e replacements supports Radiation shielding in the glasses. \u0026nbsp;MAC and LAC generally describes the interaction probability between gamma photons and the mass per unit are for certain medium\u0026nbsp;[23]. The MAC and LAC for all Cd0, Cd2.5, Cd5, Cd 10 and Cd15 glass specimen were calculated and plotted against gamma ray energy in Figures (10,11) respectively, for changing content of CdO. From the figures, it is obvious that the MAC and LAC are highest at lower gamma-ray energies. However, when the energy is increased, the MAC and LAC decrease rapidly and then decreases gradually for all the prepared glass specimens. It was also observed from effect of CdO/Al2O3 replacements (Figures 10 and 11) on each of the MAC and LAC parameters. The results have proven that adding cadmium in different quantities leads to an increase in both MAC and LAC values. This can be attributed to the addition of cadmium affected the structural properties of the prepared glass by significantly increasing the density. One of the most important scientific constants is that increasing the density of the glass is one of the most important physical factors that enhance the medium\u0026rsquo;s ability to attenuate radiation photons. Moreover, both parameters (MAC and LAC) depend no only on the density but also on the photon energy\u0026nbsp;[1, 10]. On the other hand, HVL it is considered one of the most important factors that determine the effectiveness of prepared materials to protect against gamma rays. The HVL refers to the thickness that decreases the intensity of a gamma ray, which is diminished by 50%\u0026nbsp;[39]. Figure 12 shows the graphical representation of the HVL based on the change in gamma ray energy. The HVL first shows its minimum value in the range of 0.01 to 0.1 MeV and then a significant increase of values until it reaches a maximum at 15 MeV for all prepared glasses. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that at low energy levels a glass of small thickness is required, which is reflected in the low HVL values attributed to the photoelectric processes\u0026nbsp;[40]. However, in the medium and high energy ranges, this requires materials with a higher thickness in order to reduce the penetration of gamma rays into the prepared materials and thus reduce health damage\u0026nbsp;[41]. It is noted also from Figure 12 that replacing aluminum with cadmium reduces HVL values. This can be attributed to an increase in the density of the specimens with an increase in the CdO content in the non-crystalline samples as it is known that there is an inverse relationship between the density and the values\u0026nbsp;[42, 43]. On the other hand, mean free paths (MFP) is a very important factor in determining the efficiency of prepared materials to protect against harmful rays in the fields of ionizing radiation shielding. Figure 13 shows the behavior of the MFP with the intensity of energy of gamma rays from 10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e to 15 MeV for all synthesized non-crystalline specimens. The results indicate that the behavior of MFP is the same as that of HVL as the values increase slowly from 0.01 to 0.1 MeV, and they increase very quickly, reaching the maximum value at 15 MeV. The data obtained indicate that the supreme values of the MFP correspond to the energy of the 15 MeV gamma ray\u0026nbsp;[39, 40]. The effective atomic number (Z\u003csub\u003eeff\u003c/sub\u003e) is important parameter for radiation shielding materials demonstrates the efficiency of materials used for ionizing radiation shielding. The effective atomic number is a crucial parameter to consider when selecting glasses for radiation shielding\u0026nbsp;[44]. The results show that There is an increase in Z\u003csub\u003eeff\u003c/sub\u003e below 0.1 MeV and decreases after that which is due to domination of pair production in the energy region. Z\u003csub\u003eeff\u003c/sub\u003e is maximum at 0.04 MeV for all the prepared glasses as shown in Figure 14. \u0026nbsp;The shielding capability of improved materials is positively connected with larger values of Z\u003csub\u003eeff\u003c/sub\u003e. This suggests that a greater number of gamma rays experience attenuation while passing through materials characterized by higher Z\u003csub\u003eeff\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003evalues\u0026nbsp;[41]. The results, taken from Figure 14, also showed that adding cadmium at the expense of aluminum led to an increase in Z\u003csub\u003eeff\u003c/sub\u003e values in different energy values from 0.001 to 15 MeV. The Z\u003csub\u003eeff\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003evalues results show like actions to both MAC and LAC values. The Z\u003csub\u003eeff\u003c/sub\u003e results reflect that the higher the cadmium contents in the samples, the greater the protective properties against harmful radiation [15]. According to the Z\u003csub\u003eeff\u003c/sub\u003e values, Cd15 non-crystalline sample has the greatest shielding characteristics against nuclear radiations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eCadmium sodium barium phosphate glasses based on 20Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO-25BaO-15Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/(CdO)-40P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e compositions in which Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is substituted by CdO with 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 (mol%) concentrations The glass materials were prepared by the melt quenching method. The investigated glass samples were characterized by means of XRD, FTIR, and UV-Vis measurements. As well, the MAC, LAC, HVL, MEF, and, Z\u003csub\u003eeff\u003c/sub\u003e shielding parameters against γ-rays were investigated depending on the CdO/Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e replacement. In contrast to the calculated V\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e and V\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e, there is an increasing trend in the measured density (ρ\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e) of glasses from 3.24 to 3.87 g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e with respect to the concentrations of CdO and Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. FTIR spectra were carried out and confirmed the structure changing by replacing Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e by CdO. Optical absorption spectra show a valuable difference at both energy gap and Urbach energy by increasing the CdO content. Finally, the increasing in CdO content improves the shielding properties of the studied samples, especially for Cd15 non-crystalline sample which has the greatest shielding abilities against nuclear radiations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData and materials are all available and prepared, authors will be pleased to provide it if requested during the publication process. The corresponding author (\u003cstrong\u003eH.A. Abo-Mosallam\u003c/strong\u003e) has a permission from other authors to reply if someone wants any data from this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors acknowledge National Research Centre for providing the necessary facilities for carrying out the research work.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; Contributions.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEbrahim Mahdy\u003c/strong\u003e: Methodology, Writing- Original draft preparation, writing-reviewing and editing, software; \u003cstrong\u003eM.A.\u0026nbsp;Azooz\u003c/strong\u003e: Conceptualization, methodology, writing- original draft preparation, writing- reviewing and editing;\u0026nbsp;H.A. Abo-Mosallam\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, methodology, writing- original draft preparation, writing- reviewing and editing.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo Fund\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdditional Information (Competing Interests Statement)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;All authors approved the version\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest/Competing Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;A written informed consent was taken from all participants.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;All authors approved the version of the manuscript to be published. \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eM. 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Hisam, Comprehensive study on structural, elastic and radiation shielding abilities of novel quaternary Bi2O3\u0026ndash;TeO2\u0026ndash;Li2O\u0026ndash;Al2O3 glasses, Progress in Nuclear Energy 171 (2024) 105191.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Barium-phosphate glasses, Cadmium oxide, Structural properties, Optical features, shielding ability","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4178270/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4178270/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWith the intention of investigating the impact of Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e replacement by CdO on the physical, structural, and optical properties of sodium barium phosphate glasses with chemical compositions of 20Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO-25BaO-(15\u0026ndash;x) Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e-xCdO-40P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e were created using the traditional melt-quenching technique with coded as Cdx depending on cadmium amount, where (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 mol%). Shielding parameters against gamma rays were also reported for the modified glass samples. A shot-range of amorphous nature was detected by the XRD analysis. The value of the density (ρ\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e) increased linearly with CdO content, from 3.24 to 3.87 g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. On the other hand, an opposing behavior was observed for the molar volume (V\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e) and crystalline volume, (V\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e). FTIR spectra were carried out and confirmed the structure changing by replacing Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e by CdO. Optical absorption spectra show a valuable difference at both energy gap and Urbach energy by increasing the CdO content. Radiation shielding parameters such as MAC, LAC, HVL, MFP, and Zeff, were calculated using Phy-X/PSD. We found that the CdO / Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e replacement enhanced all the shielding parameters. The obtained results indicated that the increasing in CdO content modifying the structural properties and improves the shielding abilities of the studied samples. Therefore, the prepared glasses could be considered as promising as shielding materials.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Exploring the effect of CdO / Al2O3 replacement on structural, optical, and gamma-ray attenuation properties of Na2O-BaO-P2O5 glasses","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-22 11:12:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4178270/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5d422d4e-e4a9-483e-b990-220eda4669e0","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 22nd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":30953306,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"},{"id":30953307,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science/Materials for optics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-16T09:06:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-22 11:12:46","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4178270","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4178270","identity":"rs-4178270","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}