Discordance in Causal Terminology Between Scientific Papers and Subsequent Press Releases: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in the “Age of Spin”

Discordance in Causal Terminology Between Scientific Papers and Subsequent Press Releases: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in the “Age of Spin” | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Discordance in Causal Terminology Between Scientific Papers and Subsequent Press Releases: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in the “Age of Spin” Shawn R. Eagle, Natalie Sherry This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9416709/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The concept of “spin”, or overstating the conclusions and/or significance of the research findings in a press release, has been a notable problem across science. Whether spin is a problem for scientific communication about chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) studies is unknown. A search for the terms “chronic traumatic encephalopathy” or “CTE” was conducted on EurekAlert!, returning 61 usable press releases. We calculated a novel metric ("causal intensity score") for each scientific abstract and its corresponding press release. We quantified “spin” 1 as the difference between the causal intensity score of the abstract/press release. Thirty-nine of the 61 (63.9%) press releases studied were more deterministic than the abstract, reflected by a discordance gap > 0.0. Five releases were categorized as “severe spin”, with z-scores ≥1.5 standard deviations above the mean. In this novel investigation, we found that press releases on CTE research studies were more deterministic on average than the studies themselves. Health sciences/Neurology Biological sciences/Neuroscience Biological sciences/Psychology Social science/Psychology Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 INTRODUCTION Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neuropathological entity characterized by a unique pattern of tau deposition in those exposed to repetitive head impacts. CTE has captured the public’s attention since the publication of the first case in a former professional American football player in 2005. 2 Over the last 20 years, prevalence of CTE science in the popular media has risen exponentially leading to greater public awareness of the disease. Significant disparities exist between which CTE studies get more media attention. Specifically, studies which report an association between exposure to repetitive head impacts and affirm higher odds of having CTE, receive nearly double the new stories than those who do not identify such an association. 3 Possible reasons for this phenomenon include that a majority of CTE studies have focused on former professional American football players, which is the most popular sport in the United States. There are also known negativity biases in popular media which may explain this relationship. 4,5 Popular media consumption is often shaped by institution-initiated press releases of newly published scientific findings. A significant disparity in the rate of issued press releases has also been observed for CTE research, 6 which may inadvertently promote select perspectives within the field and distort public perception about the state of CTE science. Several studies have shown that athletes and their families obtain their information on CTE from popular media and their knowledge about CTE mechanisms and outcomes is incomplete. 7–10 This is problematic as media-driven interpretations may influence individuals to alter behavior or draw conclusions about their own health. 11 It is therefore important that press releases accurately reflect the scientific findings and frame the results in a balanced manner within the context of broader knowledge on the topic. The concept of “spin”, or overstating the conclusions and/or significance of the research findings in a press release, has been a notable problem across science over the last decade. 12–14 Of particular importance is the misrepresentation of causality, or a direct, deterministic link between exposure and an outcome. Causality is typically reserved for well-controlled evidence from a randomized clinical trial that clearly demonstrates a cause and effect, 14 but observational studies often inappropriately make causal claims (a problem previously noted in CTE research). 15 Investigation of whether spin is a problem for scientific communication about CTE studies is warranted given the known disparities in how this information has historically been disseminated (CITE Eagle). Assessing the degree of interpretive spin is particularly important for providers tasked with educating the public on a novel, complex research area that is subject to extensive media coverage. The purpose of this study was to quantify the amount of spin between scientific publications on CTE and their associated press releases. METHODS A search for the terms “chronic traumatic encephalopathy” or “CTE” was conducted on EurekAlert! on February 4th, 2026, returning 108 press releases. For the purposes of this investigation, we only included press releases issued from an academic institution about a peer-reviewed publication of original data or a review article. Examples of other topics for which press releases were issued (but not included in the current study) were announcing receipt of grant funding or award recognition. Four releases were for non-peer reviewed autopsy findings. Two press releases excluded were for case reports with no corresponding abstract. This resulted in a final analyzable sample of 61 press releases. Each press release and the abstract from its corresponding scientific publication were extracted and compared. We operationalized the classification of causal claims using a lexical dictionary adapted from the manual coding frameworks of Sumner et al. 13 and Adams et al. 12 . Terms were weighted on an ordinal scale: Associative (0), Conditional (1), and Deterministic (2), consistent with the hierarchy of evidence strength described in the STROBE guidelines. 16 A list of terms within each group can be viewed in Table 1 . Table 1 Ordinal categories of causal terms derived from the manual coding frameworks of Sumner et al. and Adams et al. High (Deterministic/Causal) Moderate (Conditional/Suggestive) Low (Associative/Safe) Terms cause, causes, caused, causing, cure, cures, cured, prevent, prevents, prevented, boost, boosts, boosted, reduce, reduces, reduced, increase, increases, increased, effect, effects, affect, affects, proven, proves, proof imply, implies, suggest, suggests, predict, predicts, risk, marker, link, linked, relationship, relation associated, correlation, correlated, related, observed, seen, measured We calculated a novel metric termed the "causal intensity score" for each press release and its corresponding scientific abstract, yielding two causal intensity scores. This score was defined as the mean weight of all causal terms identified within each text, providing a normalized measure of causal language severity independent of text length. Texts containing no causal terms were assigned a score of 0. We quantified “spin” 1 as the difference between the causal intensity score of the press release and its corresponding abstract (e.g., the “discordance gap”). 14 A positive discordance gap indicates that the press release utilized stronger causal language than the associated abstract. To identify patterns in the literature exhibiting significant deviations from the cohort norm, raw discordance gaps were standardized into z-scores. Observations were classified based on their deviation from the mean discordance of the entire sample: Severe Spin: Gap ≥ 1.5 standard deviations above the mean Moderate Spin: Gap between 1.0 and 1.4 standard deviations above the mean Accurate/Normal Range: Gap within ± 1.0 standard deviation. Cautious Reporting: Gap < -1.0 standard deviation (indicating the press release used weaker causal language than the abstract). All data processing and statistical analyses were performed using R (version 4.x) with the dplyr and tidytext packages. RESULTS Overall, 39 of the 61 (63.9%) press releases studied yielded a positive discordance gap indicating the press releases were more deterministic than the scientific abstract (Fig. 1). The average discordance gap between abstract and press release was 0.225 with a standard deviation of 0.451. Three years had higher median discordance gaps than the group average: 2015, 2019 and 2026. A complete list of included studies with descriptive statistics can be viewed in Table 2 . The average causal intensity score for abstracts was 0.740 and for releases was 0.964. The average number of causal terms identified in abstracts and releases was 6.9 and 10.1, respectively. Table 2 List of press releases by institution and year, with causal intensity scores (CIS) for each abstract and press release, number of causal terms, used, discordance gap and “spin” verdict Institution Year Abstract CIS Abstract Causal Terms Release CIS Release Causal Terms Discordance Gap Z Score Spin Verdict Indiana University 2019 0.50 2 2.0000000 1 1.50000000 2.8 SEVERE Boston University 2026 0.80 5 1.7500000 12 0.95000000 1.6 SEVERE Boston University 2024 0.60 5 1.5000000 4 0.90000000 1.5 SEVERE Boston University 2018 0.25 4 1.1363636 22 0.88636364 1.5 SEVERE Boston University 2024 0.00 7 0.8823529 17 0.88235294 1.5 SEVERE University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 2019 0.00 3 0.8333333 6 0.83333333 1.4 MODERATE Boston University 2023 0.50 4 1.3333333 6 0.83333333 1.4 MODERATE University of Western Ontario 2018 0.40 5 1.2000000 5 0.80000000 1.3 MODERATE University of California-Los Angeles 2015 0.33 3 1.1111111 18 0.77777778 1.2 MODERATE Boston University 2019 0.43 7 1.1250000 16 0.69642857 1.1 MODERATE University Health Network 2017 0.60 5 1.2727273 11 0.67272727 1.0 ACCURATE Harvard Medical School 2020 1.00 4 1.6363636 11 0.63636364 0.9 ACCURATE Boston University 2023 0.63 8 1.2121212 33 0.58712121 0.8 ACCURATE Boston University 2019 0.20 5 0.7500000 4 0.55000000 0.7 ACCURATE Mayo Clinic 2015 1.00 4 1.4545455 11 0.45454545 0.5 ACCURATE Mass General Brigham 2023 0.50 4 0.9333333 15 0.43333333 0.5 ACCURATE University College London 2017 1.00 5 1.4210526 19 0.42105263 0.4 ACCURATE Boston University 2022 0.73 11 1.1428571 7 0.41558442 0.4 ACCURATE Boston University 2023 0.92 13 1.3333333 9 0.41025641 0.4 ACCURATE Ben-Gurion University of the Negev 2020 0.92 12 1.3076923 13 0.39102564 0.4 ACCURATE Boston University 2025 0.91 21 1.2857143 14 0.38095238 0.4 ACCURATE New York Medical College 2012 0.75 8 1.0909091 11 0.34090909 0.3 ACCURATE Boston University 2022 0.29 7 0.6000000 5 0.31428571 0.2 ACCURATE Boston University 2018 0.85 13 1.1538462 13 0.30769231 0.2 ACCURATE Boston University 2023 0.20 20 0.5000000 10 0.30000000 0.2 ACCURATE Boston University 2024 1.12 17 1.4000000 10 0.28235294 0.1 ACCURATE NYU Langone Health 2025 0.86 14 1.1333333 15 0.27619048 0.1 ACCURATE Boston University 2022 0.80 5 1.0714286 14 0.27142857 0.1 ACCURATE Boston University 2021 0.25 8 0.5000000 6 0.25000000 0.1 ACCURATE Boston University 2015 0.00 1 0.2500000 4 0.25000000 0.1 ACCURATE Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center 2015 1.25 4 1.4782609 23 0.22826087 0.0 ACCURATE Mass General Brigham 2024 0.67 6 0.8461538 13 0.17948718 -0.1 ACCURATE Boston University 2018 0.73 11 0.9047619 21 0.17748918 -0.1 ACCURATE Boston University 2021 1.00 3 1.1666667 6 0.16666667 -0.1 ACCURATE Boston University 2023 0.78 9 0.9375000 16 0.15972222 -0.1 ACCURATE Boston University 2024 0.50 8 0.6250000 8 0.12500000 -0.2 ACCURATE Northwestern University 2025 0.67 3 0.7777778 9 0.11111111 -0.3 ACCURATE Boston University 2020 0.72 7 0.8000000 10 0.08571429 -0.3 ACCURATE Boston University 2024 0.50 8 0.5833333 12 0.08333333 -0.3 ACCURATE Mount Sinai Hospital 2025 1.00 2 1.0000000 6 0.00000000 -0.5 ACCURATE Boston University 2021 0.50 2 0.5000000 2 0.00000000 -0.5 ACCURATE University of Colorado at Boulder 2021 0.00 0.0000000 4 0.00000000 -0.5 ACCURATE Boston University 2020 0.78 9 0.7777778 18 0.00000000 -0.5 ACCURATE University of California-Los Angeles 2016 0.67 3 0.6666667 3 0.00000000 -0.5 ACCURATE Boston University 2016 1.42 12 1.3333333 6 -0.08333333 -0.7 ACCURATE Boston University 2023 0.69 16 0.5555556 9 -0.13194444 -0.8 ACCURATE Boston University 2022 1.40 10 1.2500000 8 -0.15000000 -0.8 ACCURATE Boston University 2017 0.91 11 0.7500000 4 -0.15909091 -0.9 ACCURATE University of Pittsburgh 2023 0.67 6 0.5000000 6 -0.16666667 -0.9 ACCURATE Boston University 2021 0.67 3 0.5000000 2 -0.16666667 -0.9 ACCURATE University of California-Los Angeles 2018 0.50 2 0.2857143 7 -0.21428571 -1.0 ACCURATE Boston University 2018 1.25 8 1.0000000 11 -0.25000000 -1.1 CAUTIOUS Boston University 2023 1.75 4 1.4285714 7 -0.32142857 -1.2 CAUTIOUS Boston Children's Hospital 2025 1.30 10 0.8750000 8 -0.42500000 -1.4 CAUTIOUS Boston University 2017 1.00 3 0.5714286 7 -0.42857143 -1.5 CAUTIOUS Mount Sinai Hospital 2024 1.00 1 0.5625000 16 -0.43750000 -1.5 CAUTIOUS Boston University 2021 1.33 3 0.6666667 3 -0.66666667 -2.0 CAUTIOUS Boston University 2024 1.67 3 1.0000000 2 -0.66666667 -2.0 CAUTIOUS Boston University 2012 1.00 3 0.2000000 5 -0.80000000 -2.3 CAUTIOUS The ten highest discordance gaps are shown in Fig. 2. Overall, discordance gaps varied greatly across areas of scholarship related to CTE; Boston University had 6, while Indiana University, University of Texas Health System, University of Western Ontario and University of California Los Angeles each had 1. Five releases were categorized as “severe spin”, with z-scores at least 1.5 standard deviations above the mean. Five releases were categorized as “moderate spin”, with z-scores between 1.0-1.4 standard deviations above the mean. Eight releases were categorized as “cautious”, with z-scores at least 1 standard deviation below the mean. DISCUSSION In this novel investigation on the dissemination of scientific findings related to CTE research, we found that press releases on CTE research studies were more deterministic on average than the studies themselves. This suggests that CTE press releases tend to assert stronger claims from research findings than what is considered acceptable by experts in the field. We identified several significant outliers which either directly or indirectly inferred causality in the press release, despite such conclusions not supported by the original research. The scientific community considers asserting a causal relationship between repetitive head impact exposure and CTE risk as premature and unsubstantiated by current evidence, 15 thus making unsupported causal claims about repetitive head impact exposure and CTE risk can lead to widespread misinformation. 17 The oversaturation of negative media attention on a complex and nuanced topic like CTE could potentially influence underinformed, at-risk populations to make impulsive decisions about their own health. Former professional football players who assume they have CTE (despite that there are no validated in vivo diagnostic assessments) are much more likely to report suicidality and depression than players who do not assume they have CTE. 11 Further, despite no difference in suicide rate for former National Football League (NFL) players from 1979–2019 to former professional baseball and basketball players, completed suicides in former football players increased two-fold after 2011. 18 The first documented press release about a CTE finding occurred in 2009. 6 To assume that CTE causes violent and/or suicidal behavior is an oversimplification of a complicated problem. 17 Several studies have shown that former professional football players who have either been incorrectly diagnosed with CTE in vivo or meet criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES) have higher odds of co-reporting other treatable medical conditions that could account for their current symptoms (e.g., depression, anxiety, obstructive sleep apnea, low testosterone, headache disorder, etc.). 19,20 The nonspecific nature of symptoms attributed to TES/CTE 21 raises the possibility of symptom misattribution. Individuals may be more likely to ascribe symptoms to an external cause, such as repetitive head injury, rather than to psychological or intrinsic factors, potentially due to stigma 22 and “good old days” bias which could impact their decision to seek treatment. 23 It is not known whether CTE messaging in the media causes individual despair or influences mental health. There are empirical examples, however, of media attention directly influencing individual patient’s decisions about their own medical care. A brief period of intense media coverage about side effects of statins caused 11–12% of patients with cardiovascular disease to cease taking the drug, often without consulting their physician. 24 Another particular concern for CTE messaging is the Werther effect, which is a phenomenon of increased suicide rates following sensationalized depictions of a suicide (especially of a celebrity or public figure), often accompanied with oversimplifications related to cause of death. 25 Several early CTE cases of high-profile professional football players who committed suicide were covered intensely in the media which could theoretically have induced copycat behaviors. It is the responsibility of scientists conducting this research to clearly and accurately communicate their findings to the public, to combat these potential risks. CONCLUSION “Spin” of chronic traumatic encephalopathy research findings is a significant concern for many studies with associated press releases. Scientists are responsible for ensuring proper communication of research findings to the public to stop the spread of misinformation. Declarations Competing Interest Statement: The authors have no competing interest to disclose. Ethical Approval Statement: This study did not require ethical approval. Funding Statement: No funding supported this work. Data Sharing Statement: All data and statistical code are available upon reasonable request. Patient and Public Involvement: Patients or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting or dissemination plans of our research Author Contribution SE and NS wrote the manuscript text and SE prepared the figures. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Acknowledgments: None. Transparency declaration: The guarantor affirms that the manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned (and, if relevant, registered) have been explained. Data Availability Data used here are publicly available. References Boutron I, Dutton S, Ravaud P, Altman DG. Reporting and interpretation of randomized controlled trials with statistically nonsignificant results for primary outcomes. Jama . 2010;303(20):2058-2064. Omalu BI, DeKosky ST, Minster RL, Kamboh MI, Hamilton RL, Wecht CH. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a National Football League player. Neurosurgery . Jul 2005;57(1):128-34; discussion 128-34. doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000163407.92769.ed Eagle SR, Okonkwo DO. Telling the Whole Story: Bibliometric Network Analysis to Evaluate Impact of Media Attention on Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Research. J Neurotrauma . Jan 2023;40(1-2):148-154. doi:10.1089/neu.2022.0266 Zhang M, Wu H, Huang Y, et al. Negative news headlines are more attractive: Negativity bias in online news reading and sharing. Current Psychology . 2024;43(38):30156-30169. Robertson CE, Pröllochs N, Schwarzenegger K, Pärnamets P, Van Bavel JJ, Feuerriegel S. Negativity drives online news consumption. Nature human behaviour . 2023;7(5):812-822. Eagle SR. Evaluation of press releases for chronic traumatic encephalopathy research over the last twenty years. Frontiers in Communication . 2025;10:1688757. Baugh CM, Gedlaman MA, Daneshvar DH, Kroshus E. Factors influencing college football players’ beliefs about incurring football-related dementia. Orthop J Sports Med . 2021;9(4):23259671211001129. Baugh CM, Kroshus E, Kiernan PT, Mendel D, Meehan III WP. Football players' perceptions of future risk of concussion and concussion-related health outcomes. J Neurotraum . 2017;34(4):790-797. Beidler E, Bogar K, Wallace J, McAllister-Deitrick J, Anderson M, Schatz P. The burden of unsubstantiated messaging: collegiate athletes’ chronic traumatic encephalopathy mechanism beliefs. Brain Injury . 2021;35(10):1259-1266. Ott SD, Cheema SK, Ryder A, et al. Information seeking behaviors and attitudes of wives of former football players regarding chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult . 2025;32(1):20-27. Grashow R, Terry DP, Iverson GL, et al. Perceived Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy and Suicidality in Former Professional Football Players. Jama Neurol . Sep 23 2024;81(11):1130-9. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.3083 Adams RC, Challenger A, Bratton L, et al. Claims of causality in health news: a randomised trial. BMC medicine . 2019;17(1):91. Sumner P, Vivian-Griffiths S, Boivin J, et al. The association between exaggeration in health related science news and academic press releases: retrospective observational study. Bmj . 2014;349 Yavchitz A, Boutron I, Bafeta A, et al. Misrepresentation of randomized controlled trials in press releases and news coverage: a cohort study. PLoS Med . 2012;9(9):e1001308. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001308 Fortington LV, Cassidy JD, Castellani RJ, et al. Epidemiological principles in claims of causality: An enquiry into repetitive head impacts (RHI) and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Sports Medicine . 2025;55(2):255-274. Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. The lancet . 2007;370(9596):1453-1457. Dams-O’Connor K. On media and messaging: fighting fear with facts as the science of chronic traumatic encephalopathy evolves. Brit J Sport Med . 2026; Grashow R, Konstantinides N, Anderson BC, et al. Participation in Professional American-Style Football and Suicide Mortality: 1979–2019. J Neurotraum . 2026:08977151251408496. Eagle SR, Grashow R, DiGregorio H, et al. Interaction of Medical Conditions and Football Exposures Associated with Premortem Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Diagnosis in Former Professional American Football Players. Sports Med . Mar 2024;54(3):743-752. doi:10.1007/s40279-023-01942-w Grashow R, Eagle SR, Terry DP, et al. Medical Conditions in Former Professional American-Style Football Players Are Associated With Self-Reported Clinical Features of Traumatic Encephalopathy Syndrome. Neurotrauma Rep . 2024;5(1):376-386. doi:10.1089/neur.2024.0008 Katz DI, Bernick C, Dodick DW, et al. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke consensus diagnostic criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome. Neurology . 2021;96(18):848-863. Corrigan PW. Mental health stigma as social attribution: Implications for research methods and attitude change. Clinical psychology: science and practice . 2000;7(1):48. Iverson GL, Lange RT, Brooks BL, Lynn Ashton Rennison V. “Good old days” bias following mild traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist . 2010;24(1):17-37. Matthews A, Herrett E, Gasparrini A, et al. Impact of statin related media coverage on use of statins: interrupted time series analysis with UK primary care data. Bmj . Jun 28 2016;353:i3283. doi:10.1136/bmj.i3283 Sufrate-Sorzano T, Di Nitto M, Garrote-Cámara ME, et al. Media Exposure of Suicidal Behaviour: An Umbrella Review. Nurs Rep . Oct 25 2023;13(4):1486-1499. doi:10.3390/nursrep13040125 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9416709","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":630183354,"identity":"254ef884-f33e-45ab-b30d-7fdbbc12eaa5","order_by":0,"name":"Shawn R. Eagle","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAz0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC+wYGxgNAWo4fKsDYQEiLARCDtBhLNpCqJXHDAaK1sB+/cODDn3uMm2/kHt3wg8FGFqYXJ7DnySk4OLOtmNnsRl7azR6GNGOCWgwYchIO8zYksJndyDG7zcBwOJGwFv43CYf//EngMZ4B1vKfCC0S6QcOM7AlSBhIgLUcIEbLG4aDvW0JBhJn3gH9YpBsPJOQFvv+9IcPfvxJqO9vzz1240eFnWwfIS0MDDwGMAYDJJoIA/YHSFpGwSgYBaNgFGABABUGS2UdhkVyAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Pittsburgh","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shawn","middleName":"R.","lastName":"Eagle","suffix":""},{"id":630183358,"identity":"bec57dfe-46ea-4f62-9a8d-a3f612f88685","order_by":1,"name":"Natalie Sherry","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Pittsburgh","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Natalie","middleName":"","lastName":"Sherry","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-14 14:23:47","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9416709/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9416709/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":108007588,"identity":"aa8b931f-9d06-4160-af22-0d5213d7b0c3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 13:00:42","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":56624,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of discordance gaps, defined as the difference between the causal intensity score of the scientific abstract and its corresponding press release\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9416709/v1/7e6cbf5706ab609058675885.jpg"},{"id":107961238,"identity":"4e24fcb3-e6b9-4d8b-b292-e0874bb622d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 04:35:24","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":166205,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTen largest discordance gaps of causal intensity scores between scientific abstract and corresponding press release.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9416709/v1/28ed3c5d4152e796c6268b68.jpg"},{"id":109285814,"identity":"54eef9c5-5ab6-41ee-8f43-86558ece389c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-15 01:24:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":609930,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9416709/v1/25914a4a-633f-4de8-87db-2e641cbd9cab.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Discordance in Causal Terminology Between Scientific Papers and Subsequent Press Releases: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in the “Age of Spin”","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eChronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neuropathological entity characterized by a unique pattern of tau deposition in those exposed to repetitive head impacts. CTE has captured the public\u0026rsquo;s attention since the publication of the first case in a former professional American football player in 2005.\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Over the last 20 years, prevalence of CTE science in the popular media has risen exponentially leading to greater public awareness of the disease. Significant disparities exist between which CTE studies get more media attention. Specifically, studies which report an association between exposure to repetitive head impacts and affirm higher odds of having CTE, receive nearly double the new stories than those who do not identify such an association.\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e Possible reasons for this phenomenon include that a majority of CTE studies have focused on former professional American football players, which is the most popular sport in the United States. There are also known negativity biases in popular media which may explain this relationship.\u003csup\u003e4,5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopular media consumption is often shaped by institution-initiated press releases of newly published scientific findings. A significant disparity in the rate of issued press releases has also been observed for CTE research,\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e which may inadvertently promote select perspectives within the field and distort public perception about the state of CTE science. Several studies have shown that athletes and their families obtain their information on CTE from popular media and their knowledge about CTE mechanisms and outcomes is incomplete.\u003csup\u003e7\u0026ndash;10\u003c/sup\u003e This is problematic as media-driven interpretations may influence individuals to alter behavior or draw conclusions about their own health.\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e It is therefore important that press releases accurately reflect the scientific findings and frame the results in a balanced manner within the context of broader knowledge on the topic.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concept of \u0026ldquo;spin\u0026rdquo;, or overstating the conclusions and/or significance of the research findings in a press release, has been a notable problem across science over the last decade.\u003csup\u003e12\u0026ndash;14\u003c/sup\u003e Of particular importance is the misrepresentation of causality, or a direct, deterministic link between exposure and an outcome. Causality is typically reserved for well-controlled evidence from a randomized clinical trial that clearly demonstrates a cause and effect,\u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e but observational studies often inappropriately make causal claims (a problem previously noted in CTE research).\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e Investigation of whether spin is a problem for scientific communication about CTE studies is warranted given the known disparities in how this information has historically been disseminated (CITE Eagle). Assessing the degree of interpretive spin is particularly important for providers tasked with educating the public on a novel, complex research area that is subject to extensive media coverage. The purpose of this study was to quantify the amount of spin between scientific publications on CTE and their associated press releases.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eA search for the terms \u0026ldquo;chronic traumatic encephalopathy\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;CTE\u0026rdquo; was conducted on EurekAlert! on February 4th, 2026, returning 108 press releases. For the purposes of this investigation, we only included press releases issued from an academic institution about a peer-reviewed publication of original data or a review article. Examples of other topics for which press releases were issued (but not included in the current study) were announcing receipt of grant funding or award recognition. Four releases were for non-peer reviewed autopsy findings. Two press releases excluded were for case reports with no corresponding abstract. This resulted in a final analyzable sample of 61 press releases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach press release and the abstract from its corresponding scientific publication were extracted and compared. We operationalized the classification of causal claims using a lexical dictionary adapted from the manual coding frameworks of Sumner et al.\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e and Adams et al.\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e. Terms were weighted on an ordinal scale: Associative (0), Conditional (1), and Deterministic (2), consistent with the hierarchy of evidence strength described in the STROBE guidelines.\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e A list of terms within each group can be viewed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrdinal categories of causal terms derived from the manual coding frameworks of Sumner et al. and Adams et al.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh (Deterministic/Causal)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Conditional/Suggestive)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Associative/Safe)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTerms\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecause, causes, caused, causing, cure, cures, cured, prevent, prevents, prevented, boost, boosts, boosted, reduce, reduces, reduced, increase, increases, increased, effect, effects, affect, affects, proven, proves, proof\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eimply, implies, suggest, suggests, predict, predicts, risk, marker, link, linked, relationship, relation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eassociated, correlation, correlated, related, observed, seen, measured\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe calculated a novel metric termed the \"causal intensity score\" for each press release and its corresponding scientific abstract, yielding two causal intensity scores. This score was defined as the mean weight of all causal terms identified within each text, providing a normalized measure of causal language severity independent of text length. Texts containing no causal terms were assigned a score of 0. We quantified \u0026ldquo;spin\u0026rdquo;\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e as the difference between the causal intensity score of the press release and its corresponding abstract (e.g., the \u0026ldquo;discordance gap\u0026rdquo;).\u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e A positive discordance gap indicates that the press release utilized stronger causal language than the associated abstract. To identify patterns in the literature exhibiting significant deviations from the cohort norm, raw discordance gaps were standardized into z-scores. Observations were classified based on their deviation from the mean discordance of the entire sample:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eSevere Spin: Gap \u0026ge; 1.5 standard deviations above the mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate Spin: Gap between 1.0 and 1.4 standard deviations above the mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccurate/Normal Range: Gap within \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0 standard deviation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eCautious Reporting: Gap \u0026lt; -1.0 standard deviation (indicating the press release used weaker causal language than the abstract).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll data processing and statistical analyses were performed using R (version 4.x) with the dplyr and tidytext packages.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eOverall, 39 of the 61 (63.9%) press releases studied yielded a positive discordance gap indicating the press releases were more deterministic than the scientific abstract (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1). The average discordance gap between abstract and press release was 0.225 with a standard deviation of 0.451. Three years had higher median discordance gaps than the group average: 2015, 2019 and 2026. A complete list of included studies with descriptive statistics can be viewed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The average causal intensity score for abstracts was 0.740 and for releases was 0.964. The average number of causal terms identified in abstracts and releases was 6.9 and 10.1, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of press releases by institution and year, with causal intensity scores (CIS) for each abstract and press release, number of causal terms, used, discordance gap and \u0026ldquo;spin\u0026rdquo; verdict\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstitution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbstract\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbstract\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCausal Terms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelease\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCIS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelease\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCausal Terms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscordance\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGap\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ Score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpin\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVerdict\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndiana University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEVERE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7500000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEVERE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEVERE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1363636\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88636364\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEVERE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8823529\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88235294\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEVERE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8333333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83333333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMODERATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3333333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83333333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMODERATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity of Western Ontario\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMODERATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity of California-Los Angeles\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1111111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77777778\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMODERATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1250000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69642857\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMODERATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity Health Network\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2727273\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67272727\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHarvard Medical School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6363636\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63636364\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2121212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58712121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7500000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMayo Clinic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4545455\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45454545\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMass General Brigham\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9333333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43333333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity College London\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4210526\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42105263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1428571\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41558442\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3333333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41025641\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBen-Gurion University of the Negev\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3076923\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39102564\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2857143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38095238\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNew York Medical College\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0909091\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34090909\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31428571\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1538462\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30769231\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28235294\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNYU Langone Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1333333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27619048\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0714286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27142857\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2500000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4782609\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22826087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMass General Brigham\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8461538\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17948718\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9047619\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17748918\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1666667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16666667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9375000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15972222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6250000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12500000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorthwestern University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7777778\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11111111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08571429\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5833333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08333333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMount Sinai Hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity of Colorado at Boulder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7777778\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity of California-Los Angeles\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6666667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3333333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.08333333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5555556\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.13194444\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2500000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.15000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7500000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.15909091\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity of Pittsburgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.16666667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.16666667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity of California-Los Angeles\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2857143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.21428571\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACCURATE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.25000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAUTIOUS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4285714\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.32142857\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAUTIOUS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston Children's Hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8750000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.42500000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAUTIOUS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5714286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.42857143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAUTIOUS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMount Sinai Hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5625000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.43750000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAUTIOUS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6666667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.66666667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAUTIOUS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.66666667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAUTIOUS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoston University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.80000000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAUTIOUS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ten highest discordance gaps are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;2. Overall, discordance gaps varied greatly across areas of scholarship related to CTE; Boston University had 6, while Indiana University, University of Texas Health System, University of Western Ontario and University of California Los Angeles each had 1. Five releases were categorized as \u0026ldquo;severe spin\u0026rdquo;, with z-scores at least 1.5 standard deviations above the mean. Five releases were categorized as \u0026ldquo;moderate spin\u0026rdquo;, with z-scores between 1.0-1.4 standard deviations above the mean. Eight releases were categorized as \u0026ldquo;cautious\u0026rdquo;, with z-scores at least 1 standard deviation below the mean.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this novel investigation on the dissemination of scientific findings related to CTE research, we found that press releases on CTE research studies were more deterministic on average than the studies themselves. This suggests that CTE press releases tend to assert stronger claims from research findings than what is considered acceptable by experts in the field. We identified several significant outliers which either directly or indirectly inferred causality in the press release, despite such conclusions not supported by the original research. The scientific community considers asserting a causal relationship between repetitive head impact exposure and CTE risk as premature and unsubstantiated by current evidence, \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e thus making unsupported causal claims about repetitive head impact exposure and CTE risk can lead to widespread misinformation.\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe oversaturation of negative media attention on a complex and nuanced topic like CTE could potentially influence underinformed, at-risk populations to make impulsive decisions about their own health. Former professional football players who assume they have CTE (despite that there are no validated \u003cem\u003ein vivo\u003c/em\u003e diagnostic assessments) are much more likely to report suicidality and depression than players who do not assume they have CTE.\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e Further, despite no difference in suicide rate for former National Football League (NFL) players from 1979\u0026ndash;2019 to former professional baseball and basketball players, completed suicides in former football players increased two-fold after 2011.\u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003e The first documented press release about a CTE finding occurred in 2009.\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e To assume that CTE causes violent and/or suicidal behavior is an oversimplification of a complicated problem.\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e Several studies have shown that former professional football players who have either been incorrectly diagnosed with CTE \u003cem\u003ein vivo\u003c/em\u003e or meet criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES) have higher odds of co-reporting other treatable medical conditions that could account for their current symptoms (e.g., depression, anxiety, obstructive sleep apnea, low testosterone, headache disorder, etc.).\u003csup\u003e19,20\u003c/sup\u003e The nonspecific nature of symptoms attributed to TES/CTE\u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e raises the possibility of symptom misattribution. Individuals may be more likely to ascribe symptoms to an external cause, such as repetitive head injury, rather than to psychological or intrinsic factors, potentially due to stigma\u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e and \u0026ldquo;good old days\u0026rdquo; bias which could impact their decision to seek treatment.\u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is not known whether CTE messaging in the media causes individual despair or influences mental health. There are empirical examples, however, of media attention directly influencing individual patient\u0026rsquo;s decisions about their own medical care. A brief period of intense media coverage about side effects of statins caused 11\u0026ndash;12% of patients with cardiovascular disease to cease taking the drug, often without consulting their physician.\u003csup\u003e24\u003c/sup\u003e Another particular concern for CTE messaging is the Werther effect, which is a phenomenon of increased suicide rates following sensationalized depictions of a suicide (especially of a celebrity or public figure), often accompanied with oversimplifications related to cause of death.\u003csup\u003e25\u003c/sup\u003e Several early CTE cases of high-profile professional football players who committed suicide were covered intensely in the media which could theoretically have induced copycat behaviors. It is the responsibility of scientists conducting this research to clearly and accurately communicate their findings to the public, to combat these potential risks.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Spin\u0026rdquo; of chronic traumatic encephalopathy research findings is a significant concern for many studies with associated press releases. Scientists are responsible for ensuring proper communication of research findings to the public to stop the spread of misinformation.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting Interest Statement:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors have no competing interest to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatement: This study did not require ethical approval.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding Statement:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo funding supported this work.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Sharing Statement: All data and statistical code are available upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient and Public Involvement: Patients or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting or dissemination plans of our research\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSE and NS wrote the manuscript text and SE prepared the figures. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransparency declaration: The guarantor affirms that the manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned (and, if relevant, registered) have been explained.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData used here are publicly available.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBoutron I, Dutton S, Ravaud P, Altman DG. Reporting and interpretation of randomized controlled trials with statistically nonsignificant results for primary outcomes. \u003cem\u003eJama\u003c/em\u003e. 2010;303(20):2058-2064. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOmalu BI, DeKosky ST, Minster RL, Kamboh MI, Hamilton RL, Wecht CH. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a National Football League player. \u003cem\u003eNeurosurgery\u003c/em\u003e. Jul 2005;57(1):128-34; discussion 128-34. doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000163407.92769.ed\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEagle SR, Okonkwo DO. Telling the Whole Story: Bibliometric Network Analysis to Evaluate Impact of Media Attention on Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Research. \u003cem\u003eJ Neurotrauma\u003c/em\u003e. Jan 2023;40(1-2):148-154. doi:10.1089/neu.2022.0266\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang M, Wu H, Huang Y, et al. Negative news headlines are more attractive: Negativity bias in online news reading and sharing. \u003cem\u003eCurrent Psychology\u003c/em\u003e. 2024;43(38):30156-30169. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRobertson CE, Pr\u0026ouml;llochs N, Schwarzenegger K, P\u0026auml;rnamets P, Van Bavel JJ, Feuerriegel S. Negativity drives online news consumption. \u003cem\u003eNature human behaviour\u003c/em\u003e. 2023;7(5):812-822. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEagle SR. Evaluation of press releases for chronic traumatic encephalopathy research over the last twenty years. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Communication\u003c/em\u003e. 2025;10:1688757. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaugh CM, Gedlaman MA, Daneshvar DH, Kroshus E. Factors influencing college football players\u0026rsquo; beliefs about incurring football-related dementia. \u003cem\u003eOrthop J Sports Med\u003c/em\u003e. 2021;9(4):23259671211001129. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaugh CM, Kroshus E, Kiernan PT, Mendel D, Meehan III WP. Football players\u0026apos; perceptions of future risk of concussion and concussion-related health outcomes. \u003cem\u003eJ Neurotraum\u003c/em\u003e. 2017;34(4):790-797. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBeidler E, Bogar K, Wallace J, McAllister-Deitrick J, Anderson M, Schatz P. The burden of unsubstantiated messaging: collegiate athletes\u0026rsquo; chronic traumatic encephalopathy mechanism beliefs. \u003cem\u003eBrain Injury\u003c/em\u003e. 2021;35(10):1259-1266. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOtt SD, Cheema SK, Ryder A, et al. Information seeking behaviors and attitudes of wives of former football players regarding chronic traumatic encephalopathy. \u003cem\u003eApplied Neuropsychology: Adult\u003c/em\u003e. 2025;32(1):20-27. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrashow R, Terry DP, Iverson GL, et al. Perceived Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy and Suicidality in Former Professional Football Players. \u003cem\u003eJama Neurol\u003c/em\u003e. Sep 23 2024;81(11):1130-9. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.3083\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdams RC, Challenger A, Bratton L, et al. Claims of causality in health news: a randomised trial. \u003cem\u003eBMC medicine\u003c/em\u003e. 2019;17(1):91. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSumner P, Vivian-Griffiths S, Boivin J, et al. 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The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. \u003cem\u003eThe lancet\u003c/em\u003e. 2007;370(9596):1453-1457. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDams-O\u0026rsquo;Connor K. On media and messaging: fighting fear with facts as the science of chronic traumatic encephalopathy evolves. \u003cem\u003eBrit J Sport Med\u003c/em\u003e. 2026;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrashow R, Konstantinides N, Anderson BC, et al. Participation in Professional American-Style Football and Suicide Mortality: 1979\u0026ndash;2019. \u003cem\u003eJ Neurotraum\u003c/em\u003e. 2026:08977151251408496. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEagle SR, Grashow R, DiGregorio H, et al. Interaction of Medical Conditions and Football Exposures Associated with Premortem Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Diagnosis in Former Professional American Football Players. \u003cem\u003eSports Med\u003c/em\u003e. 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Mental health stigma as social attribution: Implications for research methods and attitude change. \u003cem\u003eClinical psychology: science and practice\u003c/em\u003e. 2000;7(1):48. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIverson GL, Lange RT, Brooks BL, Lynn Ashton Rennison V. \u0026ldquo;Good old days\u0026rdquo; bias following mild traumatic brain injury. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c/em\u003e. 2010;24(1):17-37. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatthews A, Herrett E, Gasparrini A, et al. Impact of statin related media coverage on use of statins: interrupted time series analysis with UK primary care data. \u003cem\u003eBmj\u003c/em\u003e. Jun 28 2016;353:i3283. doi:10.1136/bmj.i3283\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSufrate-Sorzano T, Di Nitto M, Garrote-C\u0026aacute;mara ME, et al. Media Exposure of Suicidal Behaviour: An Umbrella Review. \u003cem\u003eNurs Rep\u003c/em\u003e. Oct 25 2023;13(4):1486-1499. doi:10.3390/nursrep13040125\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9416709/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9416709/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe concept of \u0026ldquo;spin\u0026rdquo;, or overstating the conclusions and/or significance of the research findings in a press release, has been a notable problem across science. Whether spin is a problem for scientific communication about chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) studies is unknown. A search for the terms \u0026ldquo;chronic traumatic encephalopathy\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;CTE\u0026rdquo; was conducted on EurekAlert!, returning 61 usable press releases. We calculated a novel metric (\"causal intensity score\") for each scientific abstract and its corresponding press release. We quantified \u0026ldquo;spin\u0026rdquo;\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e as the difference between the causal intensity score of the abstract/press release. Thirty-nine of the 61 (63.9%) press releases studied were more deterministic than the abstract, reflected by a discordance gap\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.0. Five releases were categorized as \u0026ldquo;severe spin\u0026rdquo;, with z-scores \u0026ge;1.5 standard deviations above the mean. In this novel investigation, we found that press releases on CTE research studies were more deterministic on average than the studies themselves.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Discordance in Causal Terminology Between Scientific Papers and Subsequent Press Releases: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in the “Age of Spin”","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-28 04:35:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9416709/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"310b17c6-8c25-4215-9b95-27e965160ab4","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 28th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Rejected","date":"2026-05-15T01:21:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-07T10:11:27+00:00","index":189,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-06T16:37:44+00:00","index":188,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"315311217545955292711329354641840091327","date":"2026-05-06T12:06:39+00:00","index":187,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"207222061277333062222809550850062059173","date":"2026-05-05T13:41:42+00:00","index":184,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"274533426469299385745327338607595951773","date":"2026-05-04T13:32:15+00:00","index":182,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-01T15:57:11+00:00","index":177,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"121406592292124426382346456902695564644","date":"2026-05-01T12:22:39+00:00","index":175,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T17:03:36+00:00","index":168,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"13099839799139171329578414400717238056","date":"2026-04-30T15:51:01+00:00","index":166,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"1128148163814941943794860490938725269","date":"2026-04-29T19:23:05+00:00","index":165,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-29T17:05:11+00:00","index":162,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"176050258497301093203129444465340419765","date":"2026-04-29T15:54:36+00:00","index":161,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"41757901284074078756608369162163437892","date":"2026-04-29T15:02:20+00:00","index":160,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":67071855,"name":"Health sciences/Neurology"},{"id":67071856,"name":"Biological sciences/Neuroscience"},{"id":67071857,"name":"Biological sciences/Psychology"},{"id":67071858,"name":"Social science/Psychology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-15T01:24:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-28 04:35:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9416709","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9416709","identity":"rs-9416709","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}