Magneto-Hydrodynamic Quadratic Convective TiO2–Cu / Water Hybrid Nanofluid Flow in an Enclosure With Partially Filled Porous Medium

Magneto-Hydrodynamic Quadratic Convective TiO2–Cu / Water Hybrid Nanofluid Flow in an Enclosure With Partially Filled Porous Medium | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Magneto-Hydrodynamic Quadratic Convective TiO 2 –Cu / Water Hybrid Nanofluid Flow in an Enclosure With Partially Filled Porous Medium Venkata Ramudu Gattu, Kathyayani Gandrakota This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6948002/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Nanofluid-based fuel cells are emerging as a major development in 21st century energy engineering. A new mathematical model is proposed for the laminar natural convection of a hybrid hydromagnetic nanofluid flow of TiO 2 -Cu/water in a partially filled porous enclosure with thermal radiation and heat generation/absorption. This model is inspired by recent developments in magnetized hybrid nanofluids, which combine nanoparticles and cupper nanoparticles simultaneously. The numerical investigation is carried out by based Marker-and-Cell (MAC) method is utilized. In order to arrive at a precise numerical solution, we make use of the efficient MAC solver to solve the dimensionless conservative equations of thermal transport, mass, and momentum transport, while ensuring that the appropriate wall conditions. The interplay of magnetic field influence, nanoparticle suspension, thermal radiation, porosity parameter, and internal heat generation/absorption is comprehensively analyzed to understand their collective impact on fluid dynamics and thermal distribution. The impact of magnetic number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 30), heat generation (-3 ≤ Q ≤ 3), Darcy parameter (10 − 4 ≤ Da ≤ 10 − 1 ), Rayleigh number (10 3 ≤ Ra ≤ 10 6 ), Thermal radiation (0 ≤ Rd ≤ 4) and Non-linear temperature parameter (0 ≤ λ ≤ 3) on the fluid flow and thermal transport have been examined. The numerical results have shown that convective thermal transmission in the nanofluid inside the square cavity is described in detail. Non-linear convection TiO2–Cu / water hybrid nanofluid Magnetic fuel cells Magnetohydrodynamic porous media MAC method square chamber Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6948002","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":475555193,"identity":"6b503708-e41e-4261-a6ed-fe60a40ff60f","order_by":0,"name":"Venkata Ramudu Gattu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yogi Vemana University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Venkata","middleName":"Ramudu","lastName":"Gattu","suffix":""},{"id":475555194,"identity":"0732e3da-9ce4-4436-a8b0-68ceb73ec429","order_by":1,"name":"Kathyayani Gandrakota","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4UlEQVRIie3SMQuCQBTA8WeCLmc2PpH6DMbBEdSHUQRd+gANFrbolmtL30UQrkVodReaGpqiSdKkVW0Luj8Pjgf345YDEIl+MARQmtPS211+Tw+RW2KEXxMr/ZC+jPjCSxJsKS3WDGGzdEJVSzuJSVyVEn5m7E1y3wnlsd1JZuAqJlH4ihWeh1KU1YRY3UQva1LxFT02pBpATKxf0aKAWehylMIBxDiWzDgdUop5mS1s7tOoj+DFueLtsZsnsbMv7sFymuh5N2kaEcgAJjZAPe1n6Et6wg5AT4fcFYlEon/sBURDPfjAS+AgAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Yogi Vemana University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kathyayani","middleName":"","lastName":"Gandrakota","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-22 06:38:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6948002/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6948002/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":85425689,"identity":"872b322f-6d86-4569-a810-b11b58dcb2f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-25 16:43:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1506415,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"GVRFINALPAPER.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6948002/v1_covered_29f7e375-9719-4555-a1aa-48484f2496c0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eMagneto-Hydrodynamic Quadratic Convective TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e–Cu / Water Hybrid Nanofluid Flow in an Enclosure With Partially Filled Porous Medium\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Non-linear convection, TiO2–Cu / water hybrid nanofluid, Magnetic fuel cells, Magnetohydrodynamic, porous media, MAC method, square chamber","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6948002/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6948002/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eNanofluid-based fuel cells are emerging as a major development in 21st century energy engineering. A new mathematical model is proposed for the laminar natural convection of a hybrid hydromagnetic nanofluid flow of TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e -Cu/water in a partially filled porous enclosure with thermal radiation and heat generation/absorption. This model is inspired by recent developments in magnetized hybrid nanofluids, which combine nanoparticles and cupper nanoparticles simultaneously. The numerical investigation is carried out by based Marker-and-Cell (MAC) method is utilized. In order to arrive at a precise numerical solution, we make use of the efficient MAC solver to solve the dimensionless conservative equations of thermal transport, mass, and momentum transport, while ensuring that the appropriate wall conditions. The interplay of magnetic field influence, nanoparticle suspension, thermal radiation, porosity parameter, and internal heat generation/absorption is comprehensively analyzed to understand their collective impact on fluid dynamics and thermal distribution. The impact of magnetic number (0\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;Ha\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;30), heat generation (-3\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;Q\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;3), Darcy parameter (10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026le; Da\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), Rayleigh number (10\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026le; Ra\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e), Thermal radiation (0\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;Rd\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;4) and Non-linear temperature parameter (0\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;λ\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;3) on the fluid flow and thermal transport have been examined. The numerical results have shown that convective thermal transmission in the nanofluid inside the square cavity is described in detail.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Magneto-Hydrodynamic Quadratic Convective TiO2–Cu / Water Hybrid Nanofluid Flow in an Enclosure With Partially Filled Porous Medium","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-25 16:11:23","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6948002/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"46adb79c-316b-4b53-90e3-6ade692ce6ca","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-25T16:11:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-25 16:11:23","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6948002","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6948002","identity":"rs-6948002","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}