Visitor Perceptions and Emotional Trends in Chinese Sports Parks: A Textual Network and Sentiment Analysis 

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Visitors' perceptions of sports parks offer valuable insights into their sustainable development, helping to create spaces that support both physical activity and community well-being. To better understand visitors' multi-dimensional perceptions, a total of 30,558 words were collected from online review platforms using Python, with data processed through ROSTCM6, UCINET, and MATLAB. The feedback categorized sports parks into six key areas: landscape, infrastructure, activities, management services, location, and social interaction. Notably, social interaction elicited the most positive emotions, while management services received the least favorable feedback. This research integrates sentiment analysis and secondary classification techniques to explore the emotional dimensions of visitor experiences, which are crucial for enhancing sports park sustainability. By identifying key factors influencing visitor satisfaction, this study provides actionable recommendations for urban planners and policymakers. These findings contribute to the social, environmental, and economic sustainability of sports parks, ensuring they are better utilized, maintained, and integrated into the urban fabric, thus supporting healthier and more resilient cities. sports park network text analysis perception emotional tendency Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Introduction The original parks movement was launched in Europe in the mid-1800s to provide ordinary people with respite from the crowding and pollution caused by industrial urbanism (LeGates & Stout, 1998). Multiple benefits of parks to health and well-being have since been recognized (Bedimo-Rung et al., 2005; Driver et al., 1991; Godbey et al., 1992), but the idea that parks should function as a population-wide treatment for insufficient physical activity is relatively new. The increasing interest in active tourism has led to a greater engagement of urban residents in extreme sports such as bungee jumping, rafting, and paragliding (Bujdosó & Dr. Dávid, 2013). This trend underscores the importance of developing diverse recreational spaces that cater to a wide range of physical and emotional needs. Despite the recognized benefits of sports parks for physical activity, it remains unclear which specific park characteristics and conditions most effectively promote such activity. This study aims to address this gap by examining visitor perceptions not only from a landscape design perspective but also considering emotional responses and other multi-faceted factors. Understanding the nuances of visitors' perceptions of sports parks is essential in driving increased use of these accessible spaces for physical activity. This endeavor aligns seamlessly with environmental strategies aimed at promoting health and well-being. Previous research has shown that the diversity and accessibility of community sports parks have a positive impact on residents' subjective well-being, highlighting the crucial role that well-designed parks play in enhancing the physical and mental health of communities (Zhang et al., 2021). As the most populous country in the world, China has experienced rapid urbanization in recent years, leading to increased demand for public sports facilities. By the end of 2023, the per capita sports field area in China was 2.89m² (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2024), showing progress, though still smaller than that in developed countries. This urban expansion has placed considerable pressure on public services, especially in providing adequate sports facilities and green spaces. The 14th Five-Year Plan of China addresses these challenges by prioritizing the development of robust sports infrastructure and improving overall quality of life (Xinhua News Agency, 2021). Moreover, as urbanization intensifies, sports parks have become a vital tool for promoting environmental sustainability, contributing significantly to urban greening and mitigating the urban heat island effect. These sports parks provide crucial green spaces that help improve air quality, enhance biodiversity, and offer relief from the heat, making them essential for sustainable urban development. However, many sports venues continue to struggle with low utilization and operational difficulties (Xiao et al., 2022), which contribute to the imbalance between supply and demand in public sports services. China's sports parks not only promote public health but also serve vital social and cultural functions. However, research on the cognitive and emotional tendencies of visitors to Chinese sports parks remains scarce, making this study particularly significant. Therefore, this article will answer the following questions: What are the main parts of visitors' perception of sports parks? How do visitors' perceptions of various aspects of sports parks affect their emotional tendencies? What insights can be drawn from the exploration of visitors' perceptions of sports parks for the sustainable development of sports parks? This study makes several key contributions to the understanding and development of sports parks. First, it extends the existing literature by integrating emotional tendencies and multi-sensory interactions into the analysis of visitor perceptions, offering a more comprehensive framework for evaluating sports parks. Second, by focusing on the rapidly urbanizing environment of China, this research provides unique insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by developing nations in enhancing public health through urban green spaces. Finally, the study advances methodological practices by utilizing secondary classification of text mining data, enabling a deeper exploration of visitor emotions and perceptions. These contributions are expected to provide practical guidance for policymakers and urban planners in the sustainable design and management of sports parks, both in China and globally. Based on the answers to the above questions, this study attempts to construct a theoretical framework for evaluating sports parks from the perspective of visitor perception. By focusing on emotional tendencies and multi-sensory interactions, it provides practical guidance for the sustainable development of sports parks, especially in the context of China's rapid urbanization and growing demand for public space. To achieve these objectives, this study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining advanced text mining techniques with traditional surveys. This methodology allows for a comprehensive analysis of visitor perceptions and emotional responses, integrating quantitative data from surveys with qualitative insights derived from large volumes of unstructured text data. By leveraging these complementary methods, the study ensures a robust and multi-dimensional understanding of the factors influencing visitor experiences in sports parks. Literature review Visitor perception and sports park The science linking park settings with physical activities is still in its early stages, and it remains unclear exactly which park characteristics and conditions are most effective in promoting greater population-wide physical activity (Cohen et al., 2010). Researchers have examined how landscape design and environmental features influence park usage, with natural elements like vegetation and water closely related to landscape preferences. These features encourage positive perceptions and greater use of parks for physical activities (Santosa et al., 2018; He et al., 2022). Additionally, the design and implementation of therapeutic landscapes, consistent with multi-sensory theory, have shown positive impacts on both the physical and mental health of visitors (He et al., 2022). However, landscape design is only one aspect of what influences visitor perceptions of sports parks. Other factors such as park infrastructure, management services, and location conditions are equally critical in shaping visitor experiences and satisfaction (Chan et al., 2018; Nam & Dempsey, 2020; González et al., 2023). Moreover, sports parks serve a vital role in promoting social sustainability by providing spaces for community engagement and social interaction. These sports parks not only encourage physical activity but also facilitate interactions among diverse groups, fostering a sense of community and belonging. Well-maintained facilities, accessible design, and multifunctional spaces contribute to the creation of environments that encourage social connections, thus enhancing the overall quality of life in urban areas. For example, well-maintained facilities and easy access significantly enhance the attractiveness of sports parks, promoting frequent use and encouraging social gatherings (González et al., 2023). Therefore, relying solely on a landscape perspective, whether single-dimensional or multi-sensory, cannot fully address the diverse needs of visitor perception research and the sustainable development of sports parks. While understanding the physical and environmental factors influencing visitor perceptions is crucial, it is equally important to explore the emotional responses that sports parks evoke. Emotions play a central role in shaping visitor satisfaction and significantly impact the success and long-term sustainability of sports parks. This emotional dimension, often overlooked in traditional studies, is essential for improving sports park design and ensuring that sports parks fulfill their role in promoting both physical activity and well-being. Emotional orientation and visitor satisfaction Sports park researchers have long overlooked the importance of visitors’ emotional tendencies in the context of park sustainability. Traditionally, studies have not adequately considered how visitors' emotions influence post-visit satisfaction, missing a critical source of insight for improving park design and promoting sustainable development. "Emotional experience" refers to the personal emotions and responses individuals have to various stimuli, events, or circumstances (Suban, 2024). The concept of restorative environments theory supports this by suggesting that natural elements in parks—such as sounds, sensory landscapes, and open spaces—can enhance emotional well-being and recovery from daily stressors, which is essential for achieving positive emotional experiences in these settings (Kou et al., 2025; Ratcliffe, 2021). Research in tourism (Prayag et al., 2013) and marketing (Ladhari, 2007) has demonstrated a strong connection between emotions and satisfaction. For instance, Machleit and Eroglu (2000) showed that satisfaction is positively influenced by specific positive emotions. Exploring the emotional tendencies of visitors can reveal factors crucial to the sustainability of sports parks. Positive emotions, for example, can be useful for evaluating use patterns and user satisfaction in urban public spaces (Kong et al., 2022; Lee et al., 2014). Moreover, according to affordance theory, the design of park features can promote specific interactions and activities, thereby fostering positive emotional responses and social engagement (Gibson, 1978). Conversely, negative and neutral emotions may help identify problems related to space design and management (Galaktionova, 2021; Meenar & Mandarano, 2021). By focusing on visitors' emotional tendencies, researchers can better understand the key factors that contribute to the sustainable development of sports parks. This exploration creates a positive feedback loop, enhancing our understanding of visitor perceptions and informing more effective sports park management and design strategies. Moreover, sports parks, by fostering social participation and promoting physical activity, can significantly contribute to reducing public healthcare costs, thereby enhancing the economic sustainability of cities. Sports parks that engage visitors emotionally not only encourage frequent use, leading to improved physical health but also help mitigate healthcare expenditures by preventing lifestyle-related diseases. By improving public health, sports parks contribute to the overall economic well-being of urban areas, making them vital to long-term urban sustainability. As noted in recent studies, principled communication with public open and green spaces in cities, along with planning based on environmental sustainability, can contribute significantly to both the environment's health and people's physical and mental well-being (Tashakkori et al., 2023). Sports parks not only serve as spaces for recreation but also as platforms for promoting healthy activities and public sports development, positively impacting both the environment and public health. To comprehensively understand these emotional and perceptual dynamics, it is crucial to adopt robust and innovative research methods. Traditional data collection approaches have limitations that can be addressed by leveraging modern technologies. Research methods Traditional data collection methods, such as surveys and questionnaires, are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and limited in reach, capturing only a narrow slice of public opinion (Rhodes et al., 2007). A significant shortcoming of these methods lies in the variability of individual interpretations of questions, which can distort the results and limit their applicability to broader contexts (Leshno et al., 2024). Consequently, policymakers may struggle to obtain a comprehensive and authentic understanding of public perceptions. With technological advancements, new methods for collecting data on visitor perception have emerged, offering significant improvements over traditional approaches. Techniques such as network text mining, eye-tracking technology, and GIS have become widely used in analyzing visitor perceptions of park landscapes and infrastructure (Na et al., 2024; Gholami et al., 2021; Cracu et al., 2024). These methods overcome many of the limitations associated with traditional data collection by enabling researchers to analyze larger datasets more efficiently and accurately. Among these, network text mining stands out as a particularly powerful tool. It transcends the constraints of environment, funding, and sample size, pushing research conclusions into broader and more generalizable contexts. Social media data mining, for example, has gained popularity for its ability to capture real-time emotional responses and perceptions of public spaces, providing a dynamic and expansive view of visitor sentiment (Yang & Zhang, 2024). Text mining, as a valuable technique, extracts meaningful insights from large volumes of unstructured text data, revealing trends and information that may be obscured within the raw data itself (Na et al., 2024). As the volume of text data has surged in recent years, text mining has become a focal point in big data analysis, offering new opportunities to explore complex social phenomena (Hassani et al., 2020; Kim et al., 2021). By extracting keywords and analyzing relationships between words, text mining illuminates social trends and behaviors in ways that traditional methods cannot capture. (Oner et al., 2024). However, despite its potential, current applications of text mining in sports park visitor perception studies are often limited by a narrow focus. Many studies only analyze text mining data once and perform superficial clustering on the results, without performing secondary classification based on these clusters or verifying the rationality of the clustering results through secondary classification to produce a deeper analysis. This approach overlooks the potential for more nuanced understanding, such as dimension and emotional tendency analysis, which could provide richer insights into visitor perceptions and experiences (Jukyung & Yonghoon, 2021;Nurbanillah Fujianti et al., 2021;Munawir et al., 2019). By advancing these methods, future research could significantly enhance the depth and applicability of insights gained from text mining. In summary, the literature underscores the significant influence of landscape design, infrastructure, and management on visitor perceptions of sports parks. Additionally, the connection between visitors' emotional experiences and their overall satisfaction, which plays a crucial role in sports park sustainability, is well-documented. However, current research has largely overlooked the complexity of emotional responses and the potential of advanced analytical methods like text mining to explore these dimensions in depth. This study addresses these gaps by utilizing secondary classification of text mining data to provide a more nuanced understanding of visitor perceptions and emotional tendencies, thereby contributing to the sustainable development of sports parks. Methodology Research scope Located in Jiangsu Province, China, Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park spans 1.01 million square meters, making it the largest sports venue in Asia (Figure 1). The total area is 180,000 square meters, and the total construction area is 160,000 square meters, of which the gymnasium has a construction area of 128,000 square meters. The gymnasium can accommodate 20,000 spectators, which is currently the gymnasium with the largest number of spectators in China (Nanjing Physical Culture Bureau,2023). Situated in a subtropical monsoon climate near a tributary of the Yangtze River, the sports park offers a picturesque setting and comprehensive sports facilities for local residents. Originally built as the only new venue complex for the 2014 Nanjing Youth Olympic Games, the sports park has since become a prominent landmark in Nanjing, hosting numerous international events annually. It also serves as a world-class waterfront leisure space, accommodating concerts and performances, and enhancing the city's reputation as a global sports hub. By August 2022, the sports park had welcomed over 800,000 visitors, with online broadcasts reaching 600 million people. In 2024 alone, the sports park hosted 14 corporate and institutional sports events, 49 football matches, and 27 group running events, contributing significantly to national fitness initiatives and public sports services (Nanjing Sport Industry Group,2024). As a key player in revitalizing public sports resources, Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park is predominantly open to the public free of charge, allowing unrestricted access to both local and international visitors. Its diverse usage, high visitor numbers, and significant role in public health initiatives make it an exemplary case for studying visitor perceptions of sports parks. By focusing on this park, the study can comprehensively analyze the interplay between visitor experiences, emotional responses, and sports park management strategies in a highly dynamic and representative environment. Research framework Data Source and Collection We retrieved a total of 1,092 reviews from multiple online platforms, including Meituan, Dianping, Mafengwo, and Ctrip, using the keyword “Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park.” The data collection covered the period from June 2017, when the venue was fully completed, to June 2024. Only reviews that provided substantive feedback directly related to the park’s facilities, services, or visitor sentiments were included in the analysis. After removing duplicate reviews, irrelevant content, and instances of multiple reviews from the same user, we ultimately selected 401 reviews as our final sample, which totaled 30,558 words, with an average length of 76 words per review. The selected reviews offer in-depth insights into visitors’ perceptions and emotional responses regarding the sports park, thereby enhancing the depth and richness of the dataset. In comparison to a larger but less focused collection of reviews, this concentrated dataset is more conducive to subsequent analyses and ensures a more nuanced understanding of visitor experiences, as illustrated in Figure 2. Ethical statement: Not applicable. The validity of using data sourced from the three platforms has been confirmed by previous studies. Meituan, as China's premier e-commerce platform for services, operates several well-known apps in China, including Meituan, Dianping, Meituan Waimai, and Mobike, offering a wide range of services in over 2800 cities and counties across China (Hosen, 2020). After its merger with Dianping, Meituan's scope has expanded to encapsulate a broad spectrum of essential services, escalating its prevalence. Mafengwo is a favored travel website in China, boasting over 100 million registered users and information on more than 60,000 destinations globally (Mainolfi & Marino, 2020). W Ctrip.com is the leading online travel platform in China, holding significant representativeness and social penetration within the market(Cui et al., 2022). These platforms were selected due to their large user bases and strong reputations for providing authentic insights into the experiences of real tourists. Furthermore, this selection ensures that the dataset covers a variety of perspectives from different demographic groups and has become a valuable data resource for many studies(Lin et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2024). Data Pre-processing The raw data were uploaded into ROST Content Mining 6.0, a free social computing platform developed by Professor Shen Yang at Wuhan University. This platform is designed for large-scale text mining and analysis in the humanities and social sciences. During preprocessing, irrelevant elements such as repetitive comments, emoticons, and redundant symbols were manually removed. Synonyms were consolidated, and the thesaurus was customized to reflect the context accurately. This step ensured the creation of a suitable dataset for further analysis. Keyword Analysis and CONCOR (Convergence of Iterative Correlations) Analysis We conducted a keyword analysis using ROST CM’s NetDraw function, which identified the top 45 high-frequency words within the dataset. Subsequently, a CONCOR analysis was performed using the Pearson co-occurrence matrix. CONCOR analysis is widely used in the analysis of online review data due to its powerful hierarchical decomposition capabilities(Kim & Jun, 2014). This method allows us to explore in greater detail how different sentiment tendencies in visitor reviews are clustered together based on shared attributes(Na et al., 2024). By grouping keywords into node blocks, we were able to identify relationships among them and understand the perceptual attributes of sports park visitors. These insights are critical for the future planning and development of sports parks in China. Sentiment Analysis Building on the keyword and CONCOR analysis, the data were manually categorized into six distinct groups based on the identified node blocks. We then utilized the ROST EA (Emotional Analysis) module within ROST CM6 for sentiment analysis. This module, based on the RoBERTa (Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach) framework, autonomously extracts and analyzes emotional content from the text. The RoBERTa model's deep understanding of linguistic structure and semantics enables a precise analysis of visitors' emotional sentiments, providing a rich and nuanced interpretation of the qualitative data related to the recreational use of the sports park. In other words, ROST sentiment analysis (EA) uses a sentiment lexicon-based approach to analyze the proportion of sentences with different polarities in a text. During the text data processing phase utilizing the RoBERTa-based sentiment analysis module, we adopted an iterative approach that combined machine learning techniques with manual corrections to enhance the accuracy of sentiment evaluation. Initially, the analysis relied on a pre-established sentiment lexicon to assess the emotional valence of the sample data. Following this preliminary analysis, we continuously refined the outputs based on the results generated by the sentiment analysis module. In instances where the output indicated misclassification of sentiment due to issues with word or phrase segmentation, we systematically incorporated the problematic terms into the sentiment lexicon for future reference. This dynamic feedback loop not only improved the accuracy of emotional assessments but also ensured the reliability and consistency of our analytical outcomes. The systematic approach described above facilitated a comprehensive analysis of visitor perceptions and emotional responses at Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park. The steps involved in this process are shown in Figure 3. This methodology, grounded in advanced text mining and sentiment analysis techniques, offers valuable insights for the sustainable development of sports parks in rapidly urbanizing regions like China. Results Content analysis of high-frequency words Youth Olympic Sports Park. Previous research has demonstrated that the frequency of words can serve as a proxy for relevance and can indicate the importance of features and values (Godnov & Redek, 2016). The higher the frequency, the greater the significance of the characteristics and values. The list of high-frequency words extracted by the word frequency analysis function primarily consists of verbs, nouns, adjectives, and some words depicting emotions, as shown in Table 1. Table 1. High-Frequency characteristic words list. High-Frequency Words （ Frequency ） High-Frequency Words （ Frequency ） Nanjing Youth Olympic Games Sports Park（230） Self-Driving(39) vocal concert（203） Public Participantion(39) Nanjing（168） Gastronomy(37) Arena（147） Considerable(36) Sports（130） Climatic(26) Subway（124） Fundamental Services(26) Competition（97） Variegation(25) Show（91） Surrounding(24) Convenience（80） Parking Lot(24) Nanjing Youth Olympic Games（74） Seat(23) Walk（73） Staff(23) Place（66） Taking Photo(22) Bordering The River（66） Overall Environment(21) Neighboring（62) Interior(20) Flower And Tree Landscaping(60) Nature(17) Location(58) Artscape(17) Environment(56) Happy(16) Minutes(53) Expectation(15) Crazy(51) Large-Scale(15) First(46) Weekend(14) Area(42) Security(14) Preserve(42) Next (13) Popularity(42) The frequent appearance of ‘Nanjing Youth Olympic Games Sports Park’, ‘Nanjing’ and ‘Subway’ is consistent with Yang’s research, which states that location is a crucial factor influencing visitors' decisions to visit, and that accessibility is a critical component of this (Yang & Liu, 2023). The term ‘Nanjing Youth Olympic Games Sports Park’ and ‘Nanjing’ appeared a total of 398 times, accounting for about 15.5% of the whole dataset, suggesting that sports park visitors are highly attuned to geographic location. Additionally, the number of aesthetic expressions of the landscape environment, although fewer than the expressions of geographic location, with varied vocabulary such as 'bordering the river', 'flora and fauna landscapes', and 'environment', signals the significant role of landscape resources in sports parks. The aesthetic quality of urban park landscapes is rooted in cultural aspects and natural elements, including plants and water (Jahani et al., 2022). In terms of non-natural landscape features favored by visitors, infrastructure elements such as 'arena' (147 mentions) and 'convenience' (80 mentions) are more popular than 'flora and fauna landscapes' (60 mentions) and 'environment' (56 mentions). The sports park's nature likely causes visitors to opt for exercise and play, including ball games and picnics. Overall, the results of the high-frequency feature words suggest that sports are the primary activities for visitors in the sports park, and transportation conditions and environment significantly impact visitation. Word cloud image, an informative text visualization technique, indicates the importance of words through variations in text size and is supplemented by a variety of phrase displays. It reveals that facility dimensions, such as 'sport', 'arenas', and 'competition', are richly perceived, while management dimensions such as 'staff' and 'services' stand out prominently, as shown in Figure 4. CONCOR analysis of key word To further explore the relationship between keywords and visitor perception, we utilized MATLAB to extract the co-occurrence matrix of high-frequency words and employed CONCOR analysis as the clustering method. The co-occurrence matrix, depicted in Figure 5, represents the frequency with which keywords A and B appear together. The clustering process, which organizes these keywords into meaningful groups, was guided by a dendrogram (Lee & Song, 2020). As illustrated in Figure 6, the filtered high-frequency words were clustered into six distinct groups based on their feature vector scores, providing a clear visualization of the associations among the keywords. Cluster 1, labelled 'landscape' based on CONCOR analysis, consists of keywords such as 'bordering the river', 'environment', and 'climate'. Cluster 2, called 'infrastructure', comprises sports and leisure facilities including 'seat', 'gastronomy', and 'parking lot'. Cluster 3, named 'location condition', is composed of 'Nanjing', 'subway', 'minutes', and 'surrounding'. Cluster 4, referred to as 'public activities', encompasses 'Nanjing Youth Olympic Games' and 'vocal concert'. Cluster 5, designated as 'management service', includes three elements of sports park management: 'preserve', 'staff', and 'security'. Cluster 6, labelled 'social interaction', involves keywords such as 'weekend' and 'taking photo'. The clusters, focused equally on location conditions and social interaction rather than the traditional geographically biased perspective, suggest that visitors are increasingly interested in the social interaction effects of sport parks and expect to increase their connections to society through sports park visits. Further elaboration on the clusters can be provided by referring to Table 2. Table 2. Six Cluster and Keywords. Cluster Group Cluster Name Key Words Cluster1 Landscape Bordering the River,Flower and Tree Landscaping,Environment,Climatic,Overall Environment,Nature,Artscape Cluster2 Infrastructure Arena,Area,Gastronomy,Fundamental Services,Parking Lot,Seat,Interior Cluster3 Location Condition Nanjing,Subway,Convenience,Walk,Place,Neighboring,Location,Minutes,Popularity,Self-Driving,Surrounding Cluster4 Public Activities VocalConcert,Sports,Competition,Show,Nanjing Youth Olympic Games Cluster5 Management Service Perserve,Staff,Security Cluster6 Social Interaction Crazy,First,Public Participantion,Considerable,Variegation,Taking Photo,Happy,Expectation,Large-Scale,Weekend,Next Semantic network analysis based on 6 clusters Sentiment analysis, also known as opinion mining, analyses people’s opinions and attitudes toward entities such as products, services, and topics, along with their attributes (Alqaryouti et al., 2024). This sentiment analysis method is grounded in the use of sentiment dictionaries. The approach involves constructing a sentiment dictionary composed of positive words, negative words, negation words, and sentiment adverbs (Zhang et al., 2018). These elements are derived from existing dictionaries or are created a new based on topic relevance (Keshavarz et al.,2017). The method assigns scores to input sentences and categorizes the text into three sentiment classes—positive, negative, and neutral—following the Likert scale. The collected raw data was reclassified into six categories based on the CONCOR results. Semantic network graphs and sentiment analysis statistics were then generated using the EA module in ROSTCM 6. Among the 110 comments about the landscape, 84.55% of visitors expressed a positive attitude, 5.45% were neutral, and 10% were negative, indicating that the vast majority have a favorable opinion of the sports park's landscape, with only a few negative assessments (Table 3). The architecture of the Youth Olympic Sports Park is likened to a 'river gull', and many visitors have expressed amazement. 'Spectacular' in the semantic network diagram is also closely connected with 'gymnasium'. The beautiful natural scenery enhances the sports park's aesthetic appeal. Keywords such as 'landscape', 'flower', and 'forest' highlight this. However, weather conditions such as 'rain' can pose obstacles for visitors (Figure 7). Table 3. Landscape emotion tendency. Type of Emotion Intensity Quantity Percentage positivity extremely 62 56.35% fairly 15 13.64% slightly 16 14.55% Neutrality 6 5.45% Negativity extremely 3 2.73% fairly 4 3.64% slightly 4 3.64% Among the 165 opinions on infrastructure, 83.3% of people expressed satisfaction, with 44.85% expressing strong agreement with the sports park's facilities and only 1.21% exhibiting strong dissatisfaction (Table 4). The initial lack of developed transportation infrastructure was likely responsible for negative perceptions. Recent improvements, such as the opening of Metro Line 5 and enhancements to surrounding roads, have improved accessibility and reduced travel time for sports park visitors. Consequently, 'subway line', 'Linjiang Station', and 'construction' are key terms in the semantic network diagram (Figure 8). Table 4. Infrastructure emotion tendency. Type of Emotion Intensity Quantity Percentage Positivity extremely 74 44.85% fairly 34 20.61% slightly 29 17.58% Neutrality 10 6.06% Negativity extremely 2 1.21% fairly 3 1.81% slightly 13 7.88% Among the 216 comments related to location conditions, only 12.5% of tourists expressed negative sentiments, with the remainder showing neutral or positive attitudes (Table 5). Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park situated in Jiangbei New District has seen growth in surrounding infrastructure and traffic conditions, transforming it from a sparsely populated area characterized by terms like 'poor', 'empty', and 'inconvenient' (Figure 9). Table 5. Location condition emotion tendency. Type of Emotion Intensity Quantity Percentage Positivity extremely 104 48.15% fairly 37 17.13% slightly 40 18.52% Neutrality 8 3.70% Negativity extremely 20 9.26% fairly 4 1.85% slightly 3 1.39% Visitors' thoughts on public events were overwhelmingly positive (84.05%), with many praising the sports park's ability to host large and medium-sized competitions, concerts, and other activities (Table 6). Keywords such as 'game' and 'concert' are closely connected throughout the entries, indicative of visitor enthusiasm for these events. Expressive adjectives such as 'excited', 'friendly', and 'satisfied' further underscore visitors' positive emotions (Figure 10). Table 6. Public events emotion tendency. Type of Emotion Intensity Quantity Percentage Positivity extremely 88 53.99% fairly 27 16.56% slightly 22 13.50% Neutrality 8 4.91% Negativity extremely 1 0.61% fairly 3 1.84% slightly 14 8.59% Of the 40 comments related to sports park management, 25.5% reflected dissatisfaction, with 5% expressing extreme displeasure (Table 7). The use of 'chaotic' and 'ridiculous' stemmed mainly from complaints involving on-duty staff's ineffectiveness during events. Additionally, terms like 'navigation' and 'guidelines' suggest that the sports park's signage system requires improvements. Although representing a small portion of the data, these findings help identify areas for enhancement (Figure 11). Table 7. Management service emotion tendency. Type of Emotion Intensity Quantity Percentage positivity extremely 19 47.50% fairly 9 22.50% slightly 2 5.00% neutrality 1 2.50% negativity extremely 2 5.00% fairly 0 0.00% slightly 7 17.50% Among the 113 comments on social interaction, 61.06% of people highly praised this aspect of the sports park, and over 90% held positive views (Table 8). Beyond concerts and festivals, visitors engage in activities like taking photos and picnics, thus expanding social interaction opportunities for younger demographics. The semantic network diagram's inclusion of 'concert', 'festival', 'weekend', and 'photo' supports this, with adjectives such as 'delicious', 'happy', and 'immersive' reflecting the positive tone seen in the tabular data (Figure 12). Table 8. Social interaction emotion tendency. Type of Emotion Intensity Quantity Percentage positivity extremely 69 61.06% fairly 16 14.16% slightly 19 16.81% neutrality 2 1.77% negativity extremely 2 1.77% fairly 0 0.00% slightly 5 4.42% Discussion This study has revealed that visitors possess a distinct understanding of the functional positioning of the sports park; it is not merely a place for leisure and rest but also serves as a venue offering facilities for engaging in sports activities and fostering an awareness of physical activity. In traditional park management, visitors' feelings about the park environment have always been a crucial factor, a common characteristic across various types of parks, including sports parks (Chan et al. 2018). This underscores the importance of fostering a strong and positive connection between people and nature, which is essential for securing public support and ensuring the success of park management (Herrmann et al., 2000). However, unlike previous studies where visitors typically place less emphasis on additional aspects of park management—such as the availability of facilities and the incorporation of innovative concepts (Chan et al. 2018)—in the context of sports parks, this study reveals a significant shift in visitor priorities. Sport park users exhibit a heightened awareness and concern for the sports facilities provided, with particular attention to the variety, accessibility, and maintenance of these facilities. This indicates that in sports parks, the quality and upkeep of sports-related infrastructure are pivotal to enhancing visitor satisfaction and overall sports park effectiveness. This finding aligns with the outcomes of the majority of studies related to sports parks, which have also highlighted the significance of sports facilities and accessibility in shaping visitor perceptions. For example, Nam & Dempsey (2020) emphasized the importance of infrastructure in improving user engagement, which is consistent with our findings. The construction of subway stations and the optimization of transportation modes connecting subway stations with sports park entrances have improved the accessibility of sports parks. Echoing previous research, it is evident that location conditions, especially accessibility, are the foremost concern for most visitors (Zhan et al., 2024). Following the findings, it is essential to highlight the broader role of sports parks in promoting urban sustainability. In particular, sports parks contribute significantly to social sustainability by enhancing residents' access to physical activities, leisure, and stress relief, which are essential components of a healthy and livable urban environment. The integration of natural landscapes with sports facilities addresses the growing demand for both physical exercise and mental relaxation in densely populated urban areas. As such, sports parks are key in contributing to the overall well-being of urban populations, ensuring that urbanization does not come at the expense of public health. Following the CONCOR analysis, the emotional tendency analysis performed post-classification indicates that visitors experience distinct emotional responses to different park dimensions. The highest proportion of positive emotional experiences were recorded in the "social interaction and landscape" dimensions. This finding may be attributed to the unique functional characteristics of urban parks, such as sports parks. Various parks types provide diverse experiences and levels of positive emotion ranging from ecological (e.g., area, vegetation, and water bodies) to human (e.g., tranquility, crowdedness, and culture) aspects (Collins et al., 2020; De Vries et al., 2021; Van Berkel et al., 2018). The extensive sports facilities and equipment available in sports parks cater effectively to both the athletic and social needs of visitors, whether individually or in groups. The expansive grounds offer a versatile outdoor space where families and friends can gather for leisure and recreation. Furthermore, the integration of natural and cultural landscapes within these sports parks plays a significant role in alleviating the stresses associated with rapid urbanization. These unique attributes of sports parks enable them to fulfill needs those other types of parks may not fully address. Therefore, the presence of adequate sports facilities and the park's landscape significantly influence visitors' experiences and emotions. Sports parks that successfully integrate these elements not only enhance visitor satisfaction but also promote frequent usage, reinforcing their role in public health initiatives. The integration of social interaction spaces within these sports parks fosters a sense of community, which is crucial for social sustainability. As urbanization accelerates and social individualization increases, sports parks offer essential spaces for social connection, community engagement, and alleviation of the emotional strain caused by urban living. From an environmental perspective, sports parks also play an important role in urban sustainability. These sports parks contribute to environmental sustainability by providing green spaces that mitigate urban heat island effects, enhance biodiversity, and improve air quality. Through careful management of vegetation and water bodies, sports parks offer valuable ecosystem services while supporting the mental and physical health of urban residents. The insights obtained from visitor perception can inform the construction and sustainable development of future urban sports parks, especially in the context of China's unique cultural and societal environment. As urban areas continue to grow in China, with a population density significantly higher than the global average, sports parks become even more essential. They provide much-needed spaces for fitness, relaxation, and recreation in a rapidly urbanizing environment. The mental and physical well-being they foster is a key element in enhancing urban livability, helping to alleviate the stress and social isolation that often accompany rapid urbanization. By the end of 2023, China's total population reached 1.409 billion, with an average population density of 146 people per square kilometer, which is 3.7 times the global average (National Bureau of Statistics of China,2024). The rapid pace of urbanization has led to increased population density in certain areas, exacerbating the imbalance in population distribution. Within this context, sports parks, as a vital component of the urban green space system, play a crucial role in expanding residents' access to fitness, leisure, and recreational spaces, thereby contributing to the enhancement of urban livability. Furthermore, sports parks contribute to economic sustainability by driving property value appreciation in surrounding areas, reducing healthcare costs by encouraging physical activity, and promoting sports tourism. The limited living and working spaces in densely populated urban areas heighten stress levels among residents, making the mental relaxation provided by natural landscapes increasingly essential. Moreover, the emphasis on sports facilities within these sports parks underscores the growing demand among urban residents for physical exercise and stress relief. In the face of this growing demand, urban planners should take into account the multifaceted benefits of sports parks, integrating them into the broader urban planning framework to ensure that these spaces meet the diverse needs of the urban population and contribute to the city's sustainable development. Furthermore, the acceleration of urbanization has intensified the trend toward social individualization, leading to increased population mobility and disrupting China's traditional family-centered modes of production and lifestyle (Zhu et al., 2015). As a result, many individuals, separated from their families and lacking social support, have migrated to cities. The emotional strain caused by cultural differences and the challenges of establishing a psychological and physical identity in an unfamiliar environment is often difficult to alleviate. In this context, the social interaction functions of sports parks become increasingly significant, offering essential opportunities for connection and community. This amplified importance of social interaction in sports parks may explain the divergence from findings in previous studies, where such functions were less emphasized. Sports parks offer spaces where individuals can engage with others, fostering a sense of belonging and mitigating the emotional isolation often felt in urbanized, individualistic societies. To promote the sustainable development of sports parks, practical measures informed by visitor perception studies can be implemented. Accessibility is a critical factor in the effective use of sports parks and the realization of their benefits (Ayala-Azcárraga et al., 2019). Consequently, park operators should collaborate closely with infrastructure departments to strengthen the integration between public transportation networks and internal sports park transportation systems. This could involve expanding or optimizing public transportation routes surrounding the sports park, particularly during peak periods such as weekends and holidays, while also enhancing the frequency of services. Additionally, introducing barrier-free electric trolley services within the sports park and increasing the number of car rental stations would further facilitate the smooth and efficient movement of tourists between various areas. Moreover, organizing diverse and engaging activities is essential for enhancing the social functions of sports parks. Urban parks have the potential to foster social cohesion through various events, thereby contributing to overall human well-being (Peters et al., 2010). In addition to hosting large and medium-sized sports events and music festivals, it is also advisable to explore collaborations with local art groups and cultural associations to jointly plan and execute celebrations centered around traditional local festivals. This approach not only enriches the cultural offerings but also strengthens the connection between the sports park and the local community. Additionally, it is essential to enhance staff training and establish effective channels for visitor feedback. This can be achieved by refining staff training and management processes, such as organizing at least one customer service training session for sports park management and service personnel each quarter. These sessions should focus on areas such as handling visitor complaints, improving communication skills, and enhancing emergency response capabilities. Furthermore, regular visitor satisfaction surveys should be conducted, and a digital feedback platform should be established to enable real-time feedback from visitors, thereby fostering continuous improvement in service quality. Additionally, incorporating visitor feedback into urban planning efforts will help optimize the sports park’s design, accessibility, and connectivity to surrounding urban areas, ensuring that these spaces meet the evolving needs of diverse city populations. These efforts will not only improve visitor satisfaction but also contribute to the sports park’s role as a key component of the city's sustainable development, reinforcing its importance as a resource for health, well-being, and social interaction in urban environments. For sports park planners, one of the key insights of this article lies in its emotional analysis of visitors. For instance, the article highlights that the proportion of highly active visitors is the highest in social interactions. Based on this, planners can integrate emotional data to specifically guide the design and layout of different sports park areas. For example, open seating areas, squares, sports fields, and other facilities can be strategically placed within social activity zones to encourage interpersonal communication. A spacious square, centrally located within the sports park, surrounded by sports facilities or leisure seating, could provide ample opportunities for social engagement among visitors. Additionally, planners can leverage facial recognition technology to gather emotional data, which could then be used to identify "hot zones" and "cold zones" within the sports park. This data can help optimize facility configurations and spatial distribution. For instance, quieter, natural landscape areas could be situated on the periphery of the sports park, while more interactive sports facilities and cultural activity zones could be concentrated in the central area, fostering greater interaction and engagement among visitors. Additionally, this study did not collect detailed demographic information from the visitors, such as age, gender, or socioeconomic status. While the absence of these details does not invalidate the overall conclusions, it does restrict the ability to fully explore how different demographic factors might influence visitors' experiences and perceptions of the sports park. Future studies could aim to gather more diverse and representative samples, as well as detailed demographic data, to enhance the generalizability of the findings and provide a deeper understanding of the various factors shaping sports park visitors' experiences. A limitation of this study is the absence of GIS-based spatial visualization, which could have provided insights into the spatial distribution of data, such as visitor density and emotional hotspots. While this does not affect the overall validity of the findings, it limits the understanding of spatial dynamics in visitor engagement and accessibility. Future studies integrating GIS technology could offer a more detailed view of how location-based factors influence visitor experiences, leading to more targeted recommendations for sports park design and management. Additionally, expanding the dataset to include a wider range of platforms would enhance the robustness of the findings, particularly in improving sports park accessibility and social functions. Conclusion This study empirically examines visitors' perceptions of Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park across various dimensions, utilizing sentiment analysis to enhance visitor experiences and promote the sustainable development of sports parks. The primary dimensions of public perception identified include social interaction, landscape, public activities, location conditions, infrastructure, and management services. These dimensions not only reflect general aspects of sports park perception but also underscore the unique characteristics of sports parks, particularly the importance of social interaction and high-quality infrastructure. The CONCOR clustering analysis highlights six thematic groups based on feature vector scores, illustrating the intricate interplay between different sports park attributes and visitor perceptions. Sentiment analysis reveals that visitors express the most positive emotions toward social interaction, followed closely by landscaping, public activities, location conditions, infrastructure, and management services. These findings provide valuable insights for park managers, guiding the optimization of management strategies and contributing to the sustainable development of sports parks. Exploring visitors' perceptions of sports parks offers significant insights into the current state of sports park development in China, reflecting the real experiences and expectations of park users. This understanding is crucial for future planning and construction, enabling continuous improvement in park design and management based on the priorities identified by visitors. In the context of rapid urbanization in China, sports parks serve as essential "spiritual oases," helping to alleviate residents' mental stress, providing high-quality public services, and promoting the natural and healthy development of urban populations. A key contribution of this study lies in illuminating the emotional responses and perceptions of visitors toward sports parks. Data derived from self-reported experiences are authentic and representative, providing a reliable foundation for understanding visitor sentiment. The innovative application of CONCOR analysis and subsequent exploration of emotional tendencies serve as methodological insights for future research. The findings of this study have broader implications for urban planners and policymakers, particularly in designing and managing sports parks that promote public health, social interaction, and environmental sustainability. Understanding the specific needs and preferences of sports park visitors enables the creation of more effective and user-centered public spaces. By addressing key factors that significantly influence visitor satisfaction—such as opportunities for social interaction and well-maintained infrastructure—urban planners can design sports parks that not only fulfill recreational needs but also contribute to the overall well-being and sustainability of urban communities. Ultimately, this research underscores the vital role that well-designed sports parks can play in enhancing urban liveability, fostering social connections, and promoting the health of populations in increasingly dense urban environments. Declarations Funding Dclaration： No Funding. References Alqaryouti, O., Siyam, N., Abdel Monem, A., & Shaalan, K. (2024). Aspect-based sentiment analysis using smart government review data. Applied Computing and Informatics, 20(1/2), 142-161. Ayala-Azcárraga, C., Diaz, D., & Zambrano, L. 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2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":56195,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe number of network reviews of Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports park.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6191403/v1/699b2ee114ad6076bbe8db89.png"},{"id":80997150,"identity":"8f1e6d1b-08cd-45de-84b5-699eb6402c84","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-21 05:34:26","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":49940,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResearch framework.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6191403/v1/50fc41058b99ee5589f3eb80.png"},{"id":80997149,"identity":"1cbe0406-0f04-487a-81d4-d8141a4fe0ba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-21 05:34:26","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":200969,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWord Cloud image of the high-frequency characteristic word.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6191403/v1/a1d95893e35ae7c1dbe8f40d.png"},{"id":80998411,"identity":"b5b8fa95-e223-47b0-939d-03a3eeecc6b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-21 05:42:27","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":147365,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePart of Co-Occurrence Matrix\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6191403/v1/afdca50b76ed2b915c59afba.png"},{"id":80997238,"identity":"7ce994b3-5cc8-4237-b024-83e941caad85","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-21 05:34:53","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":527250,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVisualization result of CONCOR analysis.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6191403/v1/9889d4b15c0a87c8f9932ac3.png"},{"id":80997153,"identity":"c195698e-29cc-4630-ac41-25fc4741c782","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-21 05:34:27","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":707617,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLandscape semantic network.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6191403/v1/f664c12e2775589fcff70dcb.png"},{"id":80997427,"identity":"ae986dee-47f2-406d-8a9a-8c4244aa1a45","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-21 05:35:18","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":723884,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInfrastructure semantic network.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6191403/v1/6b4e803add77c00907a89362.png"},{"id":80997151,"identity":"988ebd51-73cb-4d61-837e-a6468d737df7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-21 05:34:27","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":686169,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocation condition semantic network.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6191403/v1/6c64055b4bbec6aadac35db8.png"},{"id":80997237,"identity":"4f2639e7-81f8-406b-9228-9dc8b8360014","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-21 05:34:50","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":604898,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePublic events semantic network.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"010.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6191403/v1/a67147a8726eb7c9c3de8e09.png"},{"id":80998422,"identity":"9fe5e4ce-007c-473b-8f41-362841b07661","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-21 05:42:37","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":400945,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eManagement service semantic network.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6191403/v1/1e2827b2da30098d435c4f82.png"},{"id":80997180,"identity":"9abe23e5-0efb-4627-bd50-52f08118065f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-21 05:34:37","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":684171,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSocial interaction semantic network.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6191403/v1/3b13b453f9b58818abd7a574.png"},{"id":94490771,"identity":"834a7d80-a4e0-47f7-9617-0af39b396756","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:15:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":6098156,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6191403/v1/59f004a3-91b2-469e-a652-aa138553f505.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Visitor Perceptions and Emotional Trends in Chinese Sports Parks: A Textual Network and Sentiment Analysis ","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe original parks movement was launched in Europe in the mid-1800s to provide ordinary people with respite from the crowding and pollution caused by industrial urbanism (LeGates \u0026amp; Stout, 1998). Multiple benefits of parks to health and well-being have since been recognized (Bedimo-Rung et al., 2005; Driver et al., 1991; Godbey et al., 1992), but the idea that parks should function as a population-wide treatment for insufficient physical activity is relatively new. The increasing interest in active tourism has led to a greater engagement of urban residents in extreme sports such as bungee jumping, rafting, and paragliding (Bujdos\u0026oacute; \u0026amp; Dr. D\u0026aacute;vid, 2013). This trend underscores the importance of developing diverse recreational spaces that cater to a wide range of physical and emotional needs. Despite the recognized benefits of sports parks for physical activity, it remains unclear which specific park characteristics and conditions most effectively promote such activity. This study aims to address this gap by examining visitor perceptions not only from a landscape design perspective but also considering emotional responses and other multi-faceted factors. Understanding the nuances of visitors\u0026apos; perceptions of sports parks is essential in driving increased use of these accessible spaces for physical activity. This endeavor aligns seamlessly with environmental strategies aimed at promoting health and well-being. Previous research has shown that the diversity and accessibility of community sports parks have a positive impact on residents\u0026apos; subjective well-being, highlighting the crucial role that well-designed parks play in enhancing the physical and mental health of communities (Zhang et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs the most populous country in the world, China has experienced rapid urbanization in recent years, leading to increased demand for public sports facilities. By the end of 2023, the per capita sports field area in China was 2.89m\u0026sup2; (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2024), showing progress, though still smaller than that in developed countries. This urban expansion has placed considerable pressure on public services, especially in providing adequate sports facilities and green spaces. The 14th Five-Year Plan of China addresses these challenges by prioritizing the development of robust sports infrastructure and improving overall quality of life (Xinhua News Agency, 2021). Moreover, as urbanization intensifies, sports parks have become a vital tool for promoting environmental sustainability, contributing significantly to urban greening and mitigating the urban heat island effect. These sports parks provide crucial green spaces that help improve air quality, enhance biodiversity, and offer relief from the heat, making them essential for sustainable urban development. However, many sports venues continue to struggle with low utilization and operational difficulties (Xiao et al., 2022), which contribute to the imbalance between supply and demand in public sports services. China\u0026apos;s sports parks not only promote public health but also serve vital social and cultural functions. However, research on the cognitive and emotional tendencies of visitors to Chinese sports parks remains scarce, making this study particularly significant. Therefore, this article will answer the following questions:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul start=\"50\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWhat are the main parts of visitors\u0026apos; perception of sports parks?\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHow do visitors\u0026apos; perceptions of various aspects of sports parks affect their emotional tendencies?\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWhat insights can be drawn from the exploration of visitors\u0026apos; perceptions of sports parks for the sustainable development of sports parks?\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study makes several key contributions to the understanding and development of sports parks. First, it extends the existing literature by integrating emotional tendencies and multi-sensory interactions into the analysis of visitor perceptions, offering a more comprehensive framework for evaluating sports parks. Second, by focusing on the rapidly urbanizing environment of China, this research provides unique insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by developing nations in enhancing public health through urban green spaces. Finally, the study advances methodological practices by utilizing secondary classification of text mining data, enabling a deeper exploration of visitor emotions and perceptions. These contributions are expected to provide practical guidance for policymakers and urban planners in the sustainable design and management of sports parks, both in China and globally.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the answers to the above questions, this study attempts to construct a theoretical framework for evaluating sports parks from the perspective of visitor perception. By focusing on emotional tendencies and multi-sensory interactions, it provides practical guidance for the sustainable development of sports parks, especially in the context of China\u0026apos;s rapid urbanization and growing demand for public space. To achieve these objectives, this study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining advanced text mining techniques with traditional surveys. This methodology allows for a comprehensive analysis of visitor perceptions and emotional responses, integrating quantitative data from surveys with qualitative insights derived from large volumes of unstructured text data. By leveraging these complementary methods, the study ensures a robust and multi-dimensional understanding of the factors influencing visitor experiences in sports parks.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Literature review ","content":"\u003ch2\u003eVisitor perception and sports park\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe science linking park settings with physical activities is still in its early stages, and it remains unclear exactly which park characteristics and conditions are most effective in promoting greater population-wide physical activity (Cohen et al., 2010). Researchers have examined how landscape design and environmental features influence park usage, with natural elements like vegetation and water closely related to landscape preferences. These features encourage positive perceptions and greater use of parks for physical activities (Santosa et al., 2018; He et al., 2022). Additionally, the design and implementation of therapeutic landscapes, consistent with multi-sensory theory, have shown positive impacts on both the physical and mental health of visitors (He et al., 2022).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, landscape design is only one aspect of what influences visitor perceptions of sports parks. Other factors such as park infrastructure, management services, and location conditions are equally critical in shaping visitor experiences and satisfaction (Chan et al., 2018; Nam \u0026amp; Dempsey, 2020; Gonz\u0026aacute;lez et al., 2023). Moreover, sports parks serve a vital role in promoting social sustainability by providing spaces for community engagement and social interaction. These sports parks not only encourage physical activity but also facilitate interactions among diverse groups, fostering a sense of community and belonging. Well-maintained facilities, accessible design, and multifunctional spaces contribute to the creation of environments that encourage social connections, thus enhancing the overall quality of life in urban areas. For example, well-maintained facilities and easy access significantly enhance the attractiveness of sports parks, promoting frequent use and encouraging social gatherings (Gonz\u0026aacute;lez et al., 2023). Therefore, relying solely on a landscape perspective, whether single-dimensional or multi-sensory, cannot fully address the diverse needs of visitor perception research and the sustainable development of sports parks. While understanding the physical and environmental factors influencing visitor perceptions is crucial, it is equally important to explore the emotional responses that sports parks evoke. Emotions play a central role in shaping visitor satisfaction and significantly impact the success and long-term sustainability of sports parks. This emotional dimension, often overlooked in traditional studies, is essential for improving sports park design and ensuring that sports parks fulfill their role in promoting both physical activity and well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEmotional orientation and visitor satisfaction\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSports park researchers have long overlooked the importance of visitors\u0026rsquo; emotional tendencies in the context of park sustainability. Traditionally, studies have not adequately considered how visitors\u0026apos; emotions influence post-visit satisfaction, missing a critical source of insight for improving park design and promoting sustainable development. \u0026quot;Emotional experience\u0026quot; refers to the personal emotions and responses individuals have to various stimuli, events, or circumstances (Suban, 2024). The concept of restorative environments theory supports this by suggesting that natural elements in parks\u0026mdash;such as sounds, sensory landscapes, and open spaces\u0026mdash;can enhance emotional well-being and recovery from daily stressors, which is essential for achieving positive emotional experiences in these settings (Kou et al., 2025; Ratcliffe, 2021). Research in tourism (Prayag et al., 2013) and marketing (Ladhari, 2007) has demonstrated a strong connection between emotions and satisfaction. For instance, Machleit and Eroglu (2000) showed that satisfaction is positively influenced by specific positive emotions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExploring the emotional tendencies of visitors can reveal factors crucial to the sustainability of sports parks. Positive emotions, for example, can be useful for evaluating use patterns and user satisfaction in urban public spaces (Kong et al., 2022; Lee et al., 2014). Moreover, according to affordance theory, the design of park features can promote specific interactions and activities, thereby fostering positive emotional responses and social engagement (Gibson, 1978). Conversely, negative and neutral emotions may help identify problems related to space design and management (Galaktionova, 2021; Meenar \u0026amp; Mandarano, 2021). By focusing on visitors\u0026apos; emotional tendencies, researchers can better understand the key factors that contribute to the sustainable development of sports parks. This exploration creates a positive feedback loop, enhancing our understanding of visitor perceptions and informing more effective sports park management and design strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, sports parks, by fostering social participation and promoting physical activity, can significantly contribute to reducing public healthcare costs, thereby enhancing the economic sustainability of cities. Sports parks that engage visitors emotionally not only encourage frequent use, leading to improved physical health but also help mitigate healthcare expenditures by preventing lifestyle-related diseases. By improving public health, sports parks contribute to the overall economic well-being of urban areas, making them vital to long-term urban sustainability. As noted in recent studies, principled communication with public open and green spaces in cities, along with planning based on environmental sustainability, can contribute significantly to both the environment\u0026apos;s health and people\u0026apos;s physical and mental well-being (Tashakkori et al., 2023). Sports parks not only serve as spaces for recreation but also as platforms for promoting healthy activities and public sports development, positively impacting both the environment and public health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo comprehensively understand these emotional and perceptual dynamics, it is crucial to adopt robust and innovative research methods. Traditional data collection approaches have limitations that can be addressed by leveraging modern technologies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch methods\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTraditional data collection methods, such as surveys and questionnaires, are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and limited in reach, capturing only a narrow slice of public opinion (Rhodes et al., 2007). A significant shortcoming of these methods lies in the variability of individual interpretations of questions, which can distort the results and limit their applicability to broader contexts (Leshno et al., 2024). Consequently, policymakers may struggle to obtain a comprehensive and authentic understanding of public perceptions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith technological advancements, new methods for collecting data on visitor perception have emerged, offering significant improvements over traditional approaches. Techniques such as network text mining, eye-tracking technology, and GIS have become widely used in analyzing visitor perceptions of park landscapes and infrastructure (Na et al., 2024; Gholami et al., 2021; Cracu et al., 2024). These methods overcome many of the limitations associated with traditional data collection by enabling researchers to analyze larger datasets more efficiently and accurately.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong these, network text mining stands out as a particularly powerful tool. It transcends the constraints of environment, funding, and sample size, pushing research conclusions into broader and more generalizable contexts. Social media data mining, for example, has gained popularity for its ability to capture real-time emotional responses and perceptions of public spaces, providing a dynamic and expansive view of visitor sentiment (Yang \u0026amp; Zhang, 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eText mining, as a valuable technique, extracts meaningful insights from large volumes of unstructured text data, revealing trends and information that may be obscured within the raw data itself (Na et al., 2024). As the volume of text data has surged in recent years, text mining has become a focal point in big data analysis, offering new opportunities to explore complex social phenomena (Hassani et al., 2020; Kim et al., 2021). By extracting keywords and analyzing relationships between words, text mining illuminates social trends and behaviors in ways that traditional methods cannot capture. (Oner et al., 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, despite its potential, current applications of text mining in sports park visitor perception studies are often limited by a narrow focus. Many studies only analyze text mining data once and perform superficial clustering on the results, without performing secondary classification based on these clusters or verifying the rationality of the clustering results through secondary classification to produce a deeper analysis. This approach overlooks the potential for more nuanced understanding, such as dimension and emotional tendency analysis, which could provide richer insights into visitor perceptions and experiences (Jukyung \u0026amp; Yonghoon, 2021;Nurbanillah Fujianti et al., 2021;Munawir et al., 2019). By advancing these methods, future research could significantly enhance the depth and applicability of insights gained from text mining.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn summary, the literature underscores the significant influence of landscape design, infrastructure, and management on visitor perceptions of sports parks. Additionally, the connection between visitors\u0026apos; emotional experiences and their overall satisfaction, which plays a crucial role in sports park sustainability, is well-documented. However, current research has largely overlooked the complexity of emotional responses and the potential of advanced analytical methods like text mining to explore these dimensions in depth. This study addresses these gaps by utilizing secondary classification of text mining data to provide a more nuanced understanding of visitor perceptions and emotional tendencies, thereby contributing to the sustainable development of sports parks.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology ","content":"\u003ch2\u003eResearch scope\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLocated in Jiangsu Province, China, Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park spans 1.01 million square meters, making it the largest sports venue in Asia (Figure 1). The total area is 180,000 square meters, and the total construction area is 160,000 square meters, of which the gymnasium has a construction area of 128,000 square meters. The gymnasium can accommodate 20,000 spectators, which is currently the gymnasium with the largest number of spectators in China (Nanjing Physical Culture Bureau,2023). Situated in a subtropical monsoon climate near a tributary of the Yangtze River, the sports park offers a picturesque setting and comprehensive sports facilities for local residents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOriginally built as the only new venue complex for the 2014 Nanjing Youth Olympic Games, the sports park has since become a prominent landmark in Nanjing, hosting numerous international events annually. It also serves as a world-class waterfront leisure space, accommodating concerts and performances, and enhancing the city\u0026apos;s reputation as a global sports hub. By August 2022, the sports park had welcomed over 800,000 visitors, with online broadcasts reaching 600 million people. In 2024 alone, the sports park hosted 14 corporate and institutional sports events, 49 football matches, and 27 group running events, contributing significantly to national fitness initiatives and public sports services (Nanjing Sport Industry Group,2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a key player in revitalizing public sports resources, Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park is predominantly open to the public free of charge, allowing unrestricted access to both local and international visitors. Its diverse usage, high visitor numbers, and significant role in public health initiatives make it an exemplary case for studying visitor perceptions of sports parks. By focusing on this park, the study can comprehensively analyze the interplay between visitor experiences, emotional responses, and sports park management strategies in a highly dynamic and representative environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch framework\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Source and Collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe retrieved a total of 1,092 reviews from multiple online platforms, including Meituan, Dianping, Mafengwo, and Ctrip, using the keyword \u0026ldquo;Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park.\u0026rdquo; The data collection covered the period from June 2017, when the venue was fully completed, to June 2024. Only reviews that provided substantive feedback directly related to the park\u0026rsquo;s facilities, services, or visitor sentiments were included in the analysis. After removing duplicate reviews, irrelevant content, and instances of multiple reviews from the same user, we ultimately selected 401 reviews as our final sample, which totaled 30,558 words, with an average length of 76 words per review. The selected reviews offer in-depth insights into visitors\u0026rsquo; perceptions and emotional responses regarding the sports park, thereby enhancing the depth and richness of the dataset. In comparison to a larger but less focused collection of reviews, this concentrated dataset is more conducive to subsequent analyses and ensures a more nuanced understanding of visitor experiences, as illustrated in Figure 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical statement: Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe validity of using data sourced from the three platforms has been confirmed by previous studies. Meituan, as China\u0026apos;s premier e-commerce platform for services, operates several well-known apps in China, including Meituan, Dianping, Meituan Waimai, and Mobike, offering a wide range of services in over 2800 cities and counties across China (Hosen, 2020). After its merger with Dianping, Meituan\u0026apos;s scope has expanded to encapsulate a broad spectrum of essential services, escalating its prevalence. Mafengwo is a favored travel website in China, boasting over 100 million registered users and information on more than 60,000 destinations globally (Mainolfi \u0026amp; Marino, 2020). W Ctrip.com is the leading online travel platform in China, holding significant representativeness and social penetration within the market(Cui et al., 2022). These platforms were selected due to their large user bases and strong reputations for providing authentic insights into the experiences of real tourists. Furthermore, this selection ensures that the dataset covers a variety of perspectives from different demographic groups and has become a valuable data resource for many studies(Lin et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Pre-processing\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe raw data were uploaded into ROST Content Mining 6.0, a free social computing platform developed by Professor Shen Yang at Wuhan University. This platform is designed for large-scale text mining and analysis in the humanities and social sciences. During preprocessing, irrelevant elements such as repetitive comments, emoticons, and redundant symbols were manually removed. Synonyms were consolidated, and the thesaurus was customized to reflect the context accurately. This step ensured the creation of a suitable dataset for further analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eKeyword Analysis and CONCOR (Convergence of Iterative Correlations) Analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe conducted a keyword analysis using ROST CM\u0026rsquo;s NetDraw function, which identified the top 45 high-frequency words within the dataset. Subsequently, a CONCOR analysis was performed using the Pearson co-occurrence matrix. CONCOR analysis is widely used in the analysis of online review data due to its powerful hierarchical decomposition capabilities(Kim \u0026amp; Jun, 2014). This method allows us to explore in greater detail how different sentiment tendencies in visitor reviews are clustered together based on shared attributes(Na et al., 2024). By grouping keywords into node blocks, we were able to identify relationships among them and understand the perceptual attributes of sports park visitors. These insights are critical for the future planning and development of sports parks in China.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSentiment Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBuilding on the keyword and CONCOR analysis, the data were manually categorized into six distinct groups based on the identified node blocks. We then utilized the ROST EA (Emotional Analysis) module within ROST CM6 for sentiment analysis. This module, based on the RoBERTa (Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach) framework, autonomously extracts and analyzes emotional content from the text. The RoBERTa model\u0026apos;s deep understanding of linguistic structure and semantics enables a precise analysis of visitors\u0026apos; emotional sentiments, providing a rich and nuanced interpretation of the qualitative data related to the recreational use of the sports park. In other words, ROST sentiment analysis (EA) uses a sentiment lexicon-based approach to analyze the proportion of sentences with different polarities in a text.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the text data processing phase utilizing the RoBERTa-based sentiment analysis module, we adopted an iterative approach that combined machine learning techniques with manual corrections to enhance the accuracy of sentiment evaluation. Initially, the analysis relied on a pre-established sentiment lexicon to assess the emotional valence of the sample data. Following this preliminary analysis, we continuously refined the outputs based on the results generated by the sentiment analysis module. In instances where the output indicated misclassification of sentiment due to issues with word or phrase segmentation, we systematically incorporated the problematic terms into the sentiment lexicon for future reference. This dynamic feedback loop not only improved the accuracy of emotional assessments but also ensured the reliability and consistency of our analytical outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe systematic approach described above facilitated a comprehensive analysis of visitor perceptions and emotional responses at Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park. The steps involved in this process are shown in Figure 3. This methodology, grounded in advanced text mining and sentiment analysis techniques, offers valuable insights for the sustainable development of sports parks in rapidly urbanizing regions like China.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003ch2\u003eContent analysis of high-frequency words\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYouth Olympic Sports Park. Previous research has demonstrated that the frequency of words can serve as a proxy for relevance and can indicate the importance of features and values (Godnov \u0026amp; Redek, 2016). The higher the frequency, the greater the significance of the characteristics and values. The list of high-frequency words extracted by the word frequency analysis function primarily consists of verbs, nouns, adjectives, and some words depicting emotions, as shown in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1. High-Frequency characteristic words list.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"613\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 331px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh-Frequency Words\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e（\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e）\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh-Frequency Words\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e（\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e）\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNanjing Youth Olympic Games Sports Park（230）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-Driving(39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evocal concert（203）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublic Participantion(39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNanjing（168）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGastronomy(37)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArena（147）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConsiderable(36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSports（130）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClimatic(26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubway（124）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFundamental Services(26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompetition（97）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariegation(25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShow（91）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurrounding(24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConvenience（80）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParking Lot(24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNanjing Youth Olympic Games（74）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeat(23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWalk（73）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStaff(23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlace（66）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTaking Photo(22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBordering The River（66）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall Environment(21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeighboring（62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInterior(20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlower And Tree Landscaping(60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNature(17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocation(58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArtscape(17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnvironment(56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHappy(16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMinutes(53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExpectation(15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrazy(51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarge-Scale(15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst(46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeekend(14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArea(42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecurity(14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePreserve(42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNext (13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePopularity(42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 263px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe frequent appearance of \u0026lsquo;Nanjing Youth Olympic Games Sports Park\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;Nanjing\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;Subway\u0026rsquo; is consistent with Yang\u0026rsquo;s research, which states that location is a crucial factor influencing visitors\u0026apos; decisions to visit, and that accessibility is a critical component of this (Yang \u0026amp; Liu, 2023). The term \u0026lsquo;Nanjing Youth Olympic Games Sports Park\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;Nanjing\u0026rsquo; appeared a total of 398 times, accounting for about 15.5% of the whole dataset, suggesting that sports park visitors are highly attuned to geographic location. Additionally, the number of aesthetic expressions of the landscape environment, although fewer than the expressions of geographic location, with varied vocabulary such as \u0026apos;bordering the river\u0026apos;, \u0026apos;flora and fauna landscapes\u0026apos;, and \u0026apos;environment\u0026apos;, signals the significant role of landscape resources in sports parks. The aesthetic quality of urban park landscapes is rooted in cultural aspects and natural elements, including plants and water (Jahani et al., 2022). In terms of non-natural landscape features favored by visitors, infrastructure elements such as \u0026apos;arena\u0026apos; (147 mentions) and \u0026apos;convenience\u0026apos; (80 mentions) are more popular than \u0026apos;flora and fauna landscapes\u0026apos; (60 mentions) and \u0026apos;environment\u0026apos; (56 mentions). The sports park\u0026apos;s nature likely causes visitors to opt for exercise and play, including ball games and picnics. Overall, the results of the high-frequency feature words suggest that sports are the primary activities for visitors in the sports park, and transportation conditions and environment significantly impact visitation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWord cloud image, an informative text visualization technique, indicates the importance of words through variations in text size and is supplemented by a variety of phrase displays. It reveals that facility dimensions, such as \u0026apos;sport\u0026apos;, \u0026apos;arenas\u0026apos;, and \u0026apos;competition\u0026apos;, are richly perceived, while management dimensions such as \u0026apos;staff\u0026apos; and \u0026apos;services\u0026apos; stand out prominently, as shown in Figure 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONCOR analysis of key word\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo further explore the relationship between keywords and visitor perception, we utilized MATLAB to extract the co-occurrence matrix of high-frequency words and employed CONCOR analysis as the clustering method. The co-occurrence matrix, depicted in Figure 5, represents the frequency with which keywords A and B appear together. The clustering process, which organizes these keywords into meaningful groups, was guided by a dendrogram (Lee \u0026amp; Song, 2020). As illustrated in Figure 6, the filtered high-frequency words were clustered into six distinct groups based on their feature vector scores, providing a clear visualization of the associations among the keywords.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster 1, labelled \u0026apos;landscape\u0026apos; based on CONCOR analysis, consists of keywords such as \u0026apos;bordering the river\u0026apos;, \u0026apos;environment\u0026apos;, and \u0026apos;climate\u0026apos;. Cluster 2, called \u0026apos;infrastructure\u0026apos;, comprises sports and leisure facilities including \u0026apos;seat\u0026apos;, \u0026apos;gastronomy\u0026apos;, and \u0026apos;parking lot\u0026apos;. Cluster 3, named \u0026apos;location condition\u0026apos;, is composed of \u0026apos;Nanjing\u0026apos;, \u0026apos;subway\u0026apos;, \u0026apos;minutes\u0026apos;, and \u0026apos;surrounding\u0026apos;. Cluster 4, referred to as \u0026apos;public activities\u0026apos;, encompasses \u0026apos;Nanjing Youth Olympic Games\u0026apos; and \u0026apos;vocal concert\u0026apos;. Cluster 5, designated as \u0026apos;management service\u0026apos;, includes three elements of sports park management: \u0026apos;preserve\u0026apos;, \u0026apos;staff\u0026apos;, and \u0026apos;security\u0026apos;. Cluster 6, labelled \u0026apos;social interaction\u0026apos;, involves keywords such as \u0026apos;weekend\u0026apos; and \u0026apos;taking photo\u0026apos;. The clusters, focused equally on location conditions and social interaction rather than the traditional geographically biased perspective, suggest that visitors are increasingly interested in the social interaction effects of sport parks and expect to increase their connections to society through sports park visits. Further elaboration on the clusters can be provided by referring to Table 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2. Six Cluster and Keywords.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCluster Group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCluster Name\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKey Words\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCluster1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLandscape\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBordering the River,Flower and Tree Landscaping,Environment,Climatic,Overall Environment,Nature,Artscape\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCluster2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfrastructure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArena,Area,Gastronomy,Fundamental Services,Parking Lot,Seat,Interior\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCluster3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocation Condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNanjing,Subway,Convenience,Walk,Place,Neighboring,Location,Minutes,Popularity,Self-Driving,Surrounding\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCluster4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublic Activities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVocalConcert,Sports,Competition,Show,Nanjing Youth Olympic Games\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCluster5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManagement Service\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerserve,Staff,Security\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCluster6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial Interaction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrazy,First,Public Participantion,Considerable,Variegation,Taking Photo,Happy,Expectation,Large-Scale,Weekend,Next\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSemantic network analysis based on 6 clusters\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSentiment analysis, also known as opinion mining, analyses people\u0026rsquo;s opinions and attitudes toward entities such as products, services, and topics, along with their attributes (Alqaryouti et al., 2024). This sentiment analysis method is grounded in the use of sentiment dictionaries. The approach involves constructing a sentiment dictionary composed of positive words, negative words, negation words, and sentiment adverbs (Zhang et al., 2018). These elements are derived from existing dictionaries or are created a new based on topic relevance (Keshavarz et al.,2017). The method assigns scores to input sentences and categorizes the text into three sentiment classes\u0026mdash;positive, negative, and neutral\u0026mdash;following the Likert scale. The collected raw data was reclassified into six categories based on the CONCOR results. Semantic network graphs and sentiment analysis statistics were then generated using the EA module in ROSTCM 6.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the 110 comments about the landscape, 84.55% of visitors expressed a positive attitude, 5.45% were neutral, and 10% were negative, indicating that the vast majority have a favorable opinion of the sports park\u0026apos;s landscape, with only a few negative assessments (Table 3). The architecture of the Youth Olympic Sports Park is likened to a \u0026apos;river gull\u0026apos;, and many visitors have expressed amazement. \u0026apos;Spectacular\u0026apos; in the semantic network diagram is also closely connected with \u0026apos;gymnasium\u0026apos;. The beautiful natural scenery enhances the sports park\u0026apos;s aesthetic appeal. Keywords such as \u0026apos;landscape\u0026apos;, \u0026apos;flower\u0026apos;, and \u0026apos;forest\u0026apos; highlight this. However, weather conditions such as \u0026apos;rain\u0026apos; can pose obstacles for visitors (Figure 7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3. Landscape emotion tendency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of Emotion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuantity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epositivity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eextremely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.35%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efairly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.64%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eslightly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.55%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutrality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.45%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegativity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eextremely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.73%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efairly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.64%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eslightly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.64%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the 165 opinions on infrastructure, 83.3% of people expressed satisfaction, with 44.85% expressing strong agreement with the sports park\u0026apos;s facilities and only 1.21% exhibiting strong dissatisfaction (Table 4). The initial lack of developed transportation infrastructure was likely responsible for negative perceptions. Recent improvements, such as the opening of Metro Line 5 and enhancements to surrounding roads, have improved accessibility and reduced travel time for sports park visitors. Consequently, \u0026apos;subway line\u0026apos;, \u0026apos;Linjiang Station\u0026apos;, and \u0026apos;construction\u0026apos; are key terms in the semantic network diagram (Figure 8). \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4. Infrastructure emotion tendency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of Emotion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuantity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositivity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eextremely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.85%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efairly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.61%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eslightly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.58%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutrality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.06%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegativity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eextremely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efairly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.81%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eslightly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.88%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the 216 comments related to location conditions, only 12.5% of tourists expressed negative sentiments, with the remainder showing neutral or positive attitudes (Table 5). Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park situated in Jiangbei New District has seen growth in surrounding infrastructure and traffic conditions, transforming it from a sparsely populated area characterized by terms like \u0026apos;poor\u0026apos;, \u0026apos;empty\u0026apos;, and \u0026apos;inconvenient\u0026apos; (Figure 9).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5. Location condition emotion tendency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of Emotion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuantity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositivity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eextremely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.15%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efairly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.13%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eslightly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.52%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutrality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegativity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eextremely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.26%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efairly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eslightly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.39%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVisitors\u0026apos; thoughts on public events were overwhelmingly positive (84.05%), with many praising the sports park\u0026apos;s ability to host large and medium-sized competitions, concerts, and other activities (Table 6). Keywords such as \u0026apos;game\u0026apos; and \u0026apos;concert\u0026apos; are closely connected throughout the entries, indicative of visitor enthusiasm for these events. Expressive adjectives such as \u0026apos;excited\u0026apos;, \u0026apos;friendly\u0026apos;, and \u0026apos;satisfied\u0026apos; further underscore visitors\u0026apos; positive emotions (Figure 10).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6. Public events emotion tendency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"98%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of Emotion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuantity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositivity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eextremely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.99%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efairly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.56%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eslightly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutrality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.91%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegativity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eextremely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efairly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eslightly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.59%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the 40 comments related to sports park management, 25.5% reflected dissatisfaction, with 5% expressing extreme displeasure (Table 7). The use of \u0026apos;chaotic\u0026apos; and \u0026apos;ridiculous\u0026apos; stemmed mainly from complaints involving on-duty staff\u0026apos;s ineffectiveness during events. Additionally, terms like \u0026apos;navigation\u0026apos; and \u0026apos;guidelines\u0026apos; suggest that the sports park\u0026apos;s signage system requires improvements. Although representing a small portion of the data, these findings help identify areas for enhancement (Figure 11).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 7. Management service emotion tendency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of Emotion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuantity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epositivity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eextremely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efairly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eslightly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eneutrality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enegativity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eextremely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efairly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eslightly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the 113 comments on social interaction, 61.06% of people highly praised this aspect of the sports park, and over 90% held positive views (Table 8). Beyond concerts and festivals, visitors engage in activities like taking photos and picnics, thus expanding social interaction opportunities for younger demographics. The semantic network diagram\u0026apos;s inclusion of \u0026apos;concert\u0026apos;, \u0026apos;festival\u0026apos;, \u0026apos;weekend\u0026apos;, and \u0026apos;photo\u0026apos; supports this, with adjectives such as \u0026apos;delicious\u0026apos;, \u0026apos;happy\u0026apos;, and \u0026apos;immersive\u0026apos; reflecting the positive tone seen in the tabular data (Figure 12).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 8. Social interaction emotion tendency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of Emotion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuantity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epositivity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eextremely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.06%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efairly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.16%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eslightly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.81%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eneutrality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.77%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enegativity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eextremely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.77%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efairly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eslightly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.42%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study has revealed that visitors possess a distinct understanding of the functional positioning of the sports park; it is not merely a place for leisure and rest but also serves as a venue offering facilities for engaging in sports activities and fostering an awareness of physical activity. In traditional park management, visitors\u0026apos; feelings about the park environment have always been a crucial factor, a common characteristic across various types of parks, including sports parks (Chan et al. 2018). This underscores the importance of fostering a strong and positive connection between people and nature, which is essential for securing public support and ensuring the success of park management (Herrmann et al., 2000). However, unlike previous studies where visitors typically place less emphasis on additional aspects of park management\u0026mdash;such as the availability of facilities and the incorporation of innovative concepts (Chan et al. 2018)\u0026mdash;in the context of sports parks, this study reveals a significant shift in visitor priorities. Sport park users exhibit a heightened awareness and concern for the sports facilities provided, with particular attention to the variety, accessibility, and maintenance of these facilities. This indicates that in sports parks, the quality and upkeep of sports-related infrastructure are pivotal to enhancing visitor satisfaction and overall sports park effectiveness. This finding aligns with the outcomes of the majority of studies related to sports parks, which have also highlighted the significance of sports facilities and accessibility in shaping visitor perceptions. For example, Nam \u0026amp; Dempsey (2020) emphasized the importance of infrastructure in improving user engagement, which is consistent with our findings. The construction of subway stations and the optimization of transportation modes connecting subway stations with sports park entrances have improved the accessibility of sports parks. Echoing previous research, it is evident that location conditions, especially accessibility, are the foremost concern for most visitors (Zhan et al., 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFollowing the findings, it is essential to highlight the broader role of sports parks in promoting urban sustainability. In particular, sports parks contribute significantly to social sustainability by enhancing residents\u0026apos; access to physical activities, leisure, and stress relief, which are essential components of a healthy and livable urban environment. The integration of natural landscapes with sports facilities addresses the growing demand for both physical exercise and mental relaxation in densely populated urban areas. As such, sports parks are key in contributing to the overall well-being of urban populations, ensuring that urbanization does not come at the expense of public health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFollowing the CONCOR analysis, the emotional tendency analysis performed post-classification indicates that visitors experience distinct emotional responses to different park dimensions. The highest proportion of positive emotional experiences were recorded in the \u0026quot;social interaction and landscape\u0026quot; dimensions. This finding may be attributed to the unique functional characteristics of urban parks, such as sports parks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVarious parks types provide diverse experiences and levels of positive emotion ranging from ecological (e.g., area, vegetation, and water bodies) to human (e.g., tranquility, crowdedness, and culture) aspects (Collins et al., 2020; De Vries et al., 2021; Van Berkel et al., 2018). The extensive sports facilities and equipment available in sports parks cater effectively to both the athletic and social needs of visitors, whether individually or in groups. The expansive grounds offer a versatile outdoor space where families and friends can gather for leisure and recreation. Furthermore, the integration of natural and cultural landscapes within these sports parks plays a significant role in alleviating the stresses associated with rapid urbanization. These unique attributes of sports parks enable them to fulfill needs those other types of parks may not fully address. Therefore, the presence of adequate sports facilities and the park\u0026apos;s landscape significantly influence visitors\u0026apos; experiences and emotions. Sports parks that successfully integrate these elements not only enhance visitor satisfaction but also promote frequent usage, reinforcing their role in public health initiatives. The integration of social interaction spaces within these sports parks fosters a sense of community, which is crucial for social sustainability. As urbanization accelerates and social individualization increases, sports parks offer essential spaces for social connection, community engagement, and alleviation of the emotional strain caused by urban living.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom an environmental perspective, sports parks also play an important role in urban sustainability. These sports parks contribute to environmental sustainability by providing green spaces that mitigate urban heat island effects, enhance biodiversity, and improve air quality. Through careful management of vegetation and water bodies, sports parks offer valuable ecosystem services while supporting the mental and physical health of urban residents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe insights obtained from visitor perception can inform the construction and sustainable development of future urban sports parks, especially in the context of China\u0026apos;s unique cultural and societal environment. As urban areas continue to grow in China, with a population density significantly higher than the global average, sports parks become even more essential. They provide much-needed spaces for fitness, relaxation, and recreation in a rapidly urbanizing environment. The mental and physical well-being they foster is a key element in enhancing urban livability, helping to alleviate the stress and social isolation that often accompany rapid urbanization.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy the end of 2023, China\u0026apos;s total population reached 1.409 billion, with an average population density of 146 people per square kilometer, which is 3.7 times the global average (National Bureau of Statistics of China,2024). The rapid pace of urbanization has led to increased population density in certain areas, exacerbating the imbalance in population distribution. Within this context, sports parks, as a vital component of the urban green space system, play a crucial role in expanding residents\u0026apos; access to fitness, leisure, and recreational spaces, thereby contributing to the enhancement of urban livability. Furthermore, sports parks contribute to economic sustainability by driving property value appreciation in surrounding areas, reducing healthcare costs by encouraging physical activity, and promoting sports tourism.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe limited living and working spaces in densely populated urban areas heighten stress levels among residents, making the mental relaxation provided by natural landscapes increasingly essential. Moreover, the emphasis on sports facilities within these sports parks underscores the growing demand among urban residents for physical exercise and stress relief. In the face of this growing demand, urban planners should take into account the multifaceted benefits of sports parks, integrating them into the broader urban planning framework to ensure that these spaces meet the diverse needs of the urban population and contribute to the city\u0026apos;s sustainable development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the acceleration of urbanization has intensified the trend toward social individualization, leading to increased population mobility and disrupting China\u0026apos;s traditional family-centered modes of production and lifestyle (Zhu et al., 2015). As a result, many individuals, separated from their families and lacking social support, have migrated to cities. The emotional strain caused by cultural differences and the challenges of establishing a psychological and physical identity in an unfamiliar environment is often difficult to alleviate. In this context, the social interaction functions of sports parks become increasingly significant, offering essential opportunities for connection and community. This amplified importance of social interaction in sports parks may explain the divergence from findings in previous studies, where such functions were less emphasized. Sports parks offer spaces where individuals can engage with others, fostering a sense of belonging and mitigating the emotional isolation often felt in urbanized, individualistic societies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo promote the sustainable development of sports parks, practical measures informed by visitor perception studies can be implemented. Accessibility is a critical factor in the effective use of sports parks and the realization of their benefits (Ayala-Azc\u0026aacute;rraga et al., 2019). Consequently, park operators should collaborate closely with infrastructure departments to strengthen the integration between public transportation networks and internal sports park transportation systems. This could involve expanding or optimizing public transportation routes surrounding the sports park, particularly during peak periods such as weekends and holidays, while also enhancing the frequency of services. Additionally, introducing barrier-free electric trolley services within the sports park and increasing the number of car rental stations would further facilitate the smooth and efficient movement of tourists between various areas.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, organizing diverse and engaging activities is essential for enhancing the social functions of sports parks. Urban parks have the potential to foster social cohesion through various events, thereby contributing to overall human well-being (Peters et al., 2010). In addition to hosting large and medium-sized sports events and music festivals, it is also advisable to explore collaborations with local art groups and cultural associations to jointly plan and execute celebrations centered around traditional local festivals. This approach not only enriches the cultural offerings but also strengthens the connection between the sports park and the local community.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, it is essential to enhance staff training and establish effective channels for visitor feedback. This can be achieved by refining staff training and management processes, such as organizing at least one customer service training session for sports park management and service personnel each quarter. These sessions should focus on areas such as handling visitor complaints, improving communication skills, and enhancing emergency response capabilities. Furthermore, regular visitor satisfaction surveys should be conducted, and a digital feedback platform should be established to enable real-time feedback from visitors, thereby fostering continuous improvement in service quality. Additionally, incorporating visitor feedback into urban planning efforts will help optimize the sports park\u0026rsquo;s design, accessibility, and connectivity to surrounding urban areas, ensuring that these spaces meet the evolving needs of diverse city populations. These efforts will not only improve visitor satisfaction but also contribute to the sports park\u0026rsquo;s role as a key component of the city\u0026apos;s sustainable development, reinforcing its importance as a resource for health, well-being, and social interaction in urban environments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor sports park planners, one of the key insights of this article lies in its emotional analysis of visitors. For instance, the article highlights that the proportion of highly active visitors is the highest in social interactions. Based on this, planners can integrate emotional data to specifically guide the design and layout of different sports park areas. For example, open seating areas, squares, sports fields, and other facilities can be strategically placed within social activity zones to encourage interpersonal communication. A spacious square, centrally located within the sports park, surrounded by sports facilities or leisure seating, could provide ample opportunities for social engagement among visitors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, planners can leverage facial recognition technology to gather emotional data, which could then be used to identify \u0026quot;hot zones\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;cold zones\u0026quot; within the sports park. This data can help optimize facility configurations and spatial distribution. For instance, quieter, natural landscape areas could be situated on the periphery of the sports park, while more interactive sports facilities and cultural activity zones could be concentrated in the central area, fostering greater interaction and engagement among visitors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, this study did not collect detailed demographic information from the visitors, such as age, gender, or socioeconomic status. While the absence of these details does not invalidate the overall conclusions, it does restrict the ability to fully explore how different demographic factors might influence visitors\u0026apos; experiences and perceptions of the sports park. Future studies could aim to gather more diverse and representative samples, as well as detailed demographic data, to enhance the generalizability of the findings and provide a deeper understanding of the various factors shaping sports park visitors\u0026apos; experiences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA limitation of this study is the absence of GIS-based spatial visualization, which could have provided insights into the spatial distribution of data, such as visitor density and emotional hotspots. While this does not affect the overall validity of the findings, it limits the understanding of spatial dynamics in visitor engagement and accessibility. Future studies integrating GIS technology could offer a more detailed view of how location-based factors influence visitor experiences, leading to more targeted recommendations for sports park design and management. Additionally, expanding the dataset to include a wider range of platforms would enhance the robustness of the findings, particularly in improving sports park accessibility and social functions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study empirically examines visitors\u0026apos; perceptions of Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park across various dimensions, utilizing sentiment analysis to enhance visitor experiences and promote the sustainable development of sports parks. The primary dimensions of public perception identified include social interaction, landscape, public activities, location conditions, infrastructure, and management services. These dimensions not only reflect general aspects of sports park perception but also underscore the unique characteristics of sports parks, particularly the importance of social interaction and high-quality infrastructure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe CONCOR clustering analysis highlights six thematic groups based on feature vector scores, illustrating the intricate interplay between different sports park attributes and visitor perceptions. Sentiment analysis reveals that visitors express the most positive emotions toward social interaction, followed closely by landscaping, public activities, location conditions, infrastructure, and management services. These findings provide valuable insights for park managers, guiding the optimization of management strategies and contributing to the sustainable development of sports parks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExploring visitors\u0026apos; perceptions of sports parks offers significant insights into the current state of sports park development in China, reflecting the real experiences and expectations of park users. This understanding is crucial for future planning and construction, enabling continuous improvement in park design and management based on the priorities identified by visitors. In the context of rapid urbanization in China, sports parks serve as essential \u0026quot;spiritual oases,\u0026quot; helping to alleviate residents\u0026apos; mental stress, providing high-quality public services, and promoting the natural and healthy development of urban populations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA key contribution of this study lies in illuminating the emotional responses and perceptions of visitors toward sports parks. Data derived from self-reported experiences are authentic and representative, providing a reliable foundation for understanding visitor sentiment. The innovative application of CONCOR analysis and subsequent exploration of emotional tendencies serve as methodological insights for future research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study have broader implications for urban planners and policymakers, particularly in designing and managing sports parks that promote public health, social interaction, and environmental sustainability. Understanding the specific needs and preferences of sports park visitors enables the creation of more effective and user-centered public spaces. By addressing key factors that significantly influence visitor satisfaction\u0026mdash;such as opportunities for social interaction and well-maintained infrastructure\u0026mdash;urban planners can design sports parks that not only fulfill recreational needs but also contribute to the overall well-being and sustainability of urban communities. Ultimately, this research underscores the vital role that well-designed sports parks can play in enhancing urban liveability, fostering social connections, and promoting the health of populations in increasingly dense urban environments.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Dclaration：\u003c/strong\u003eNo Funding.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlqaryouti, O., Siyam, N., Abdel Monem, A., \u0026amp; Shaalan, K. (2024). Aspect-based sentiment analysis using smart government review data. Applied Computing and Informatics, 20(1/2), 142-161. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAyala-Azc\u0026aacute;rraga, C., Diaz, D., \u0026amp; Zambrano, L. (2019). Characteristics of urban parks and their relation to user well-being. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 27-35. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBedimo-Rung, A. L., Mowen, A. J., \u0026amp; Cohen, D. A. (2005). 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Guangming Daily. https://epaper.gmw.cn/gmrb/html/2015-08/24/nw.D110000gmrb_20150824_1-11.htm\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-sustainability","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"disu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Sustainability","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"sports park, network text analysis, perception, emotional tendency","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6191403/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6191403/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAs urbanization accelerates and the demand for public spaces in China rises, sports parks play an increasingly critical role in promoting public health, social interaction, and environmental sustainability. Visitors' perceptions of sports parks offer valuable insights into their sustainable development, helping to create spaces that support both physical activity and community well-being. To better understand visitors' multi-dimensional perceptions, a total of 30,558 words were collected from online review platforms using Python, with data processed through ROSTCM6, UCINET, and MATLAB. The feedback categorized sports parks into six key areas: landscape, infrastructure, activities, management services, location, and social interaction. Notably, social interaction elicited the most positive emotions, while management services received the least favorable feedback. This research integrates sentiment analysis and secondary classification techniques to explore the emotional dimensions of visitor experiences, which are crucial for enhancing sports park sustainability. By identifying key factors influencing visitor satisfaction, this study provides actionable recommendations for urban planners and policymakers. These findings contribute to the social, environmental, and economic sustainability of sports parks, ensuring they are better utilized, maintained, and integrated into the urban fabric, thus supporting healthier and more resilient cities.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Visitor Perceptions and Emotional Trends in Chinese Sports Parks: A Textual Network and Sentiment Analysis ","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-21 05:26:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6191403/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-05-28T07:47:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-13T07:26:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-12T13:16:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"310708960346563412229883748791715382708","date":"2025-05-12T13:14:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-09T12:03:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"24962748900931044545656618838526479679","date":"2025-05-09T11:57:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"185032349273390996739973735641243057594","date":"2025-05-09T11:26:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-09T11:10:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-09T11:10:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-05-07T09:39:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Sustainability","date":"2025-04-17T04:21:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-sustainability","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"disu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Sustainability","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"cb4a7e91-2d72-4af5-a409-fc5691c7c8c4","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 21st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-27T16:35:37+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6191403","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01431-2","journal":{"identity":"discover-sustainability","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Discover Sustainability"},"publishedOn":"2025-10-21 16:16:28","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 21st, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-21 05:26:22","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s43621-025-01431-2","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01431-2","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6191403","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6191403","identity":"rs-6191403","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}