Changes in Urbanization and Urban Heat Island Effect in Dhaka City

Changes in Urbanization and Urban Heat Island Effect in Dhaka City | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Changes in Urbanization and Urban Heat Island Effect in Dhaka City A S M Shanawaz Uddin, Najeebullah Khan, Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul Islam, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-442136/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Nov, 2021 Read the published version in Theoretical and Applied Climatology → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Urbanization changes the local environment, resulting in urban heat island (UHI) effect and deteriorating human life quality. Knowledge of urban environments and temperature changes is important to outline the urban planning process for mitigation of UHI effect. The study aimed to assess the changes in urban areas and UHI effects in Dhaka city, Bangladesh from 2001to 2017, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) daily day- and nighttime land surface temperature (LST) data from 2001to 2017. The expansion of the city was calculated using the city clustering algorithm (CCA). The temperature of the identified urbanized area was analyzed and compared with the adjacent regions. The changes in urban temperature were estimated using non-parametric statistical methods. The results showed that the Dhaka city area has grown by 19.12% and its inhabitants by 76.65% during 2001–2017. Urban expansion and dense settlements caused an increase in average temperature in some areas of Dhaka city nearly 3°C compared to that at its boundary. The day and night temperatures at Dhaka city's warmest location were nearly 7 and 5ºC, respectively, more than the coolest point outside the city. The city's annual average day- and nighttime temperature was increasing at a rate of 0.03° and 0.023°C/year over the period 2001–2017. The rising temperature would increase the UHI effect in the future, which combined with high humidity, may cause a significant increase in public health risk in the city if mitigation practices are not followed. Climatology Climate Analysis and Modeling City clustering algorithm. Dhaka city MODIS urban heat island trend analysis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Nov, 2021 Read the published version in Theoretical and Applied Climatology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Minor Revisions Needed 10 Jul, 2021 Reviews received at journal 19 May, 2021 Reviewers invited by journal 18 May, 2021 Editor assigned by journal 28 Apr, 2021 First submitted to journal 19 Apr, 2021 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-442136","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":27939010,"identity":"5d97c6eb-c617-4e6a-9d36-08d262c271db","order_by":0,"name":"A S M Shanawaz Uddin","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLACxgYo4wMQs7GTooVxBkgLMylamHnAJAHV/P2nExh/7rDL45+R/Pizza9t8nzMDIwfPubg1iJxI3cDM++Z5GKJG2kGxrl9tw3bmBmYJWduw2PNDd4NzIxtzIkNtxMMknN7bgPZQO/w4tEif/7sBsafbfWJ82+nfzhs2XPbnqAWgwO5Gxh42w4nbridY9jM8ON2IkEthkC/HOZtO5648f6bYsbehtvJbcyMzXj9Inf+7MaHP9uqE+edOb75w48/t23ntzcf/PARn/eB4ACcxdgGJhvwq0cFf0hRPApGwSgYBSMFAAAMUVY/DhKN2QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4814-5247","institution":"Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"A","middleName":"S M Shanawaz","lastName":"Uddin","suffix":""},{"id":27939011,"identity":"5ce7268a-a827-4fa9-86ea-9d73c39b4f86","order_by":1,"name":"Najeebullah Khan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lasbela University of Agriculture Water and Marine Sciences (LUAWMS)","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Najeebullah","middleName":"","lastName":"Khan","suffix":""},{"id":27939012,"identity":"cd158dd9-1ae9-476c-b691-8ff42a803dc1","order_by":2,"name":"Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul Islam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Begum Rokeya University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abu","middleName":"Reza Md. Towfiqul","lastName":"I","suffix":"Md."},{"id":27939013,"identity":"d90ff1ce-c36a-40d9-b0ab-f3200f4a347e","order_by":3,"name":"Mohammad Kamruzzaman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bangladesh Rice Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"","lastName":"Kamruzzaman","suffix":""},{"id":27939014,"identity":"6a87611a-cf02-42d6-8c16-9f5d9f7ed2c1","order_by":4,"name":"Shamsuddin Shahid","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shamsuddin","middleName":"","lastName":"Shahid","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-04-20 08:45:51","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-442136/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-442136/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03872-x","type":"published","date":"2021-11-24T12:50:29+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":9427551,"identity":"65f10f46-c379-473f-b039-51c2d5cef4a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-21 12:04:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":488348,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Location map of Dhaka city with corresponding latitude and longitude \n\nNote: The designations employed and the presentation of the material on this map\ndo not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Research Square concerning\nthe legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, \nor concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This map has been provided by the authors.","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-442136/v1/11e1c424e3758e2206b3c10f.jpg"},{"id":9427364,"identity":"1e6a33cf-267d-426a-ba31-494959c819e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-21 12:01:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":140342,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Time series of city area shows the expansion of Dhaka city during 2001 to 2017","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-442136/v1/944541b448a7de7a88e088e4.jpg"},{"id":9427550,"identity":"a28c3348-869c-49ac-9fd7-2ab42749d57f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-21 12:04:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":474391,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The spatial extend of Dhaka city in the year: (a) 2001, (b) 2005, (c) 2010 and (d) 2017, estimated using city clustering algorithm. \n\n\nNote: The designations employed and the presentation of the material on this map\ndo not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Research Square concerning\nthe legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, \nor concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This map has been provided by the authors.","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-442136/v1/a86309bf59d259c79452113d.jpg"},{"id":9427360,"identity":"71211757-e007-49a6-accd-57623ef7ea5a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-21 12:01:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":707426,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Spatial distribution of daytime land surface temperature of Dhaka city and surrounding area for years: (a) 2001, (b) 2005, (c) 2010 and (d) 2017 \n\n\nNote: The designations employed and the presentation of the material on this map\ndo not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Research Square concerning\nthe legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, \nor concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This map has been provided by the authors.","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-442136/v1/65370f08f435b8c5e9946374.jpg"},{"id":9427358,"identity":"53930cbf-e249-4375-b309-e0de1299f369","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-21 12:01:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":760776,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Spatial distribution of nighttime land surface temperature of Dhaka city and surrounding area for years: (a) 2001, (b) 2005, (c) 2010 and (d) 2017\n\n\nNote: The designations employed and the presentation of the material on this map\ndo not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Research Square concerning\nthe legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, \nor concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This map has been provided by the authors.","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-442136/v1/9ecb23a6a2979a578615354e.jpg"},{"id":9427708,"identity":"d9ff4fd2-5110-4d55-8e11-b9c815c07897","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-21 12:07:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":447138,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Changes in the day and nighttime temperature along the latitudinal line shown in Figures 4 and 5, respectively for the years: (a) 2001, (b) 2005, (c) 2010 and (d) 2017","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-442136/v1/3b02b00ee2aa8a6fe43894af.jpg"},{"id":9427552,"identity":"beeea025-9b6c-4c4d-9db2-33e59871aa2d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-21 12:04:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":463120,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Changes in the day and nighttime temperature along the longitudinal line shown in Figures 4 and 5, respectively for the years: (a) 2001, (b) 2005, (c) 2010 and (d) 2017","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-442136/v1/14ed3853f76ff2e3dfed4ea1.jpg"},{"id":9427362,"identity":"f8e86a73-b135-4d9e-b4b7-72e6a1ee90d2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-21 12:01:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":751351,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Trends in the areal average of (a) annual (b) summer, and (c) winter day- and nighttime urban heat island temperature of Dhaka city over the period 2001-2017","description":"","filename":"8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-442136/v1/5e00eb1bd5a147acb2efb06f.jpg"},{"id":15862837,"identity":"4da2fc93-f228-4e38-97d4-09e24527f688","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-11-24 12:50:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2131142,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"UHIDhakaSS.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-442136/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":13635786,"identity":"3dc7174d-cda6-49b5-998b-eb14b0c28e1c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 08:38:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2126148,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"UHIDhakaSS.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-442136/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":9427836,"identity":"13ba49ff-36bc-48f1-998e-a074550547a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-21 12:07:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2122580,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"UHIDhakaSS.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-442136/v1_covered.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Changes in Urbanization and Urban Heat Island Effect in Dhaka City","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"This preprint is available for \u003ca href='/article/rs-442136/latest.pdf' target='_blank'\u003edownload as a PDF\u003c/a\u003e."}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"theoretical-and-applied-climatology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"taac","sideBox":"Learn more about [Theoretical and Applied Climatology](https://www.springer.com/journal/704)","snPcode":"704","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/704/3","title":"Theoretical and Applied Climatology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"City clustering algorithm., Dhaka city, MODIS, urban heat island, trend analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-442136/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-442136/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eUrbanization changes the local environment, resulting in urban heat island (UHI) effect and deteriorating human life quality. Knowledge of urban environments and temperature changes is important to outline the urban planning process for mitigation of UHI effect. The study aimed to assess the changes in urban areas and UHI effects in Dhaka city, Bangladesh from 2001to 2017, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) daily day- and nighttime land surface temperature (LST) data from 2001to 2017. The expansion of the city was calculated using the city clustering algorithm (CCA). The temperature of the identified urbanized area was analyzed and compared with the adjacent regions. The changes in urban temperature were estimated using non-parametric statistical methods. The results showed that the Dhaka city area has grown by 19.12% and its inhabitants by 76.65% during 2001\u0026ndash;2017. Urban expansion and dense settlements caused an increase in average temperature in some areas of Dhaka city nearly 3\u0026deg;C compared to that at its boundary. The day and night temperatures at Dhaka city's warmest location were nearly 7 and 5\u0026ordm;C, respectively, more than the coolest point outside the city. The city's annual average day- and nighttime temperature was increasing at a rate of 0.03\u0026deg; and 0.023\u0026deg;C/year over the period 2001\u0026ndash;2017. The rising temperature would increase the UHI effect in the future, which combined with high humidity, may cause a significant increase in public health risk in the city if mitigation practices are not followed.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Changes in Urbanization and Urban Heat Island Effect in Dhaka City","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-05-21 12:01:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-442136/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Minor Revisions Needed","date":"2021-07-10T11:52:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-05-19T06:18:00+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2021-05-18T08:45:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2021-04-29T00:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Theoretical and Applied Climatology","date":"2021-04-19T08:05:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"theoretical-and-applied-climatology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"taac","sideBox":"Learn more about [Theoretical and Applied Climatology](https://www.springer.com/journal/704)","snPcode":"704","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/704/3","title":"Theoretical and Applied Climatology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"058dfb11-71a6-42a4-b69a-91e51b708ad3","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 21st, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":4473742,"name":"Climatology"},{"id":4473743,"name":"Climate Analysis and Modeling"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-11-24T12:50:29+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-442136","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03872-x","journal":{"identity":"theoretical-and-applied-climatology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Theoretical and Applied Climatology"},"publishedOn":"2021-11-24 12:50:29","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 24th, 2021"},"versionCreatedAt":"2021-05-21 12:01:27","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00704-021-03872-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03872-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-442136","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-442136","identity":"rs-442136","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}