Stage-1 Cationic C60 Intercalated Graphene Oxide Films

A “stage-1” intercalated film has been made by the ion exchange of “cationic C 60 ” (pyrrolidinium-functionalised C 60 , C 60 (Py) n+ ) into centimetre-wide, micrometre-thick air-dried graphene oxide (G-O) films composed of tens of thousands of layers of stacked/overlapping G-O platelets, denoted [C 60 (Py) n+ ]G-O films. Spontaneous intercalation by ion exchange of one layer of cationic C60 between adjacent G-O layers expands the interlayer spacing of the films from 0.74 nm to 1.46 nm. The films remain intact in water and various organic solvents, which is likely due to a strong affinity between C 60 (Py) n+ and G-O. Membranes made of the films showed a 6.8 times faster water vapour permeation rate (allowing the vapour to transport through the membrane almost freely) and a 10.5 times faster liquid water permeation rate than G-O membranes. Heating the films at 2000 °C under applied pressure or at 2700 °C without physical confinement converted them into highly graphitised structures.