Eco-Friendly Magnetic Nanocatalysts: Optimized Pyrrole Synthesis via Ternary FexCuyMzOk(M = Zn, Mn) Nanocomposites

Eco-Friendly Magnetic Nanocatalysts: Optimized Pyrrole Synthesis via Ternary FexCuyMzOk(M = Zn, Mn) Nanocomposites | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Eco-Friendly Magnetic Nanocatalysts: Optimized Pyrrole Synthesis via Ternary Fe x Cu y M z O k (M = Zn, Mn) Nanocomposites Zahra Toozandehjani, Mostafa Gholizadeh, Ehsan Esmaeilnezhad This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8080529/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Ternary magnetic nanocomposites of composition Fe x Cu y Zn z O k and Fe x Cu y Mn z O k were synthesized via a cost-effective, linker-free approach and characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. These materials exhibited significant catalytic activity in the multicomponent synthesis of pyrrole derivatives from aromatic aldehydes, anilines, and ethyl pyruvate. Under mild conditions (room temperature, 2h), Fe x Cu y Zn z O k yielded N-heterocyclic products in 78–93% isolated yield. Crystallite sizes of 50.2 nm and saturation magnetization values of 50–60 emu/g were determined. The catalyst retained greater than 90% activity over five successive reaction cycles, demonstrating durability and facile magnetic recovery. Synergistic effects among the metal oxide components contribute to the enhanced catalytic performance and structural stability. This work presents a versatile heterogeneous catalytic system for organic synthesis with potential utility in related transformations . Magnetic nanocatalysts Sustainable heterocycle synthesis Ternary metal oxides Green chemistry Recyclable catalysts Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Introduction The development of biocompatible and sustainable chemical processes has attracted increasing attention from both academia and industry [ 1 ]. Advances in fundamental sciences and their applications have significantly improved quality of life, making efficiency in time and work a primary focus for researchers [ 2 , 3 ]. Catalysts play a key role in meeting these demands, offering various interpretations but ultimately serving the common goal of reducing work time and increasing productivity [ 4 – 7 ]. Recently, the development of biocompatible and sustainable chemical processes has attracted increasing attention from both academia and industry [ 8 , 9 ]. A critical factor in achieving green chemistry is the use of heterogeneous catalytic systems instead of conventional homogeneous catalysts[ 10 ]. While homogeneous catalysts exhibit excellent activity and selectivity [ 11 , 12 ], they pose challenges in terms of separation and reuse, often leading to issues such as ligand contamination or metal residues in final products [ 13 ]. In contrast, heterogeneous nanocatalysts have gained popularity due to their ease of synthesis and high catalytic performance in diverse organic transformations [ 14 ]. Among these, metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have become essential tools in organic synthesis, with Fe 3 O 4 NPs (commonly known as ferrofluids) drawing substantial interest [ 15 ]. Ferrofluids are smart magnetorheological materials comprising suspended magnetic particles (nano-to-micron scale) in a carrier liquid like oil or water [ 16 ]. In the absence of an external magnetic field, they behave like liquids, but upon exposure to a magnetic field, their viscosity increases dramatically, transitioning into a solid-like state due to the alignment of magnetic particles [ 17 ]. Fe 3 O 4 NPs possess several advantageous properties, including strong magnetic responsiveness, low toxicity, excellent stability, biocompatibility, and a high surface-to-volume ratio [ 18 ]. Researchers have investigated various applications of Fe 3 O 4 NPs, particularly in catalysis, highlighting their synthesis methods, magnetic properties, and catalytic potential in sustainable technologies [ 19 ]. The ability to fine-tune their magnetic behavior has led to increased interest in developing precise synthesis techniques to control nanoparticle size, composition, and crystallinity [ 20 – 22 ]. A well-established method for synthesizing structurally controlled NPs is thermal decomposition of metal precursors in solution [ 23 , 24 ]. At the nanoscale, achieving a uniform size distribution, defined morphology, and high-quality nanoparticles is crucial for optimizing their magnetic properties [ 25 ]. Thermal decomposition enables precise control of experimental parameters such as temperature, reaction time, and precursor concentration-factors that directly impact nanoparticle stability and magnetic behavior, including coercivity and saturation magnetization. This control makes them highly suitable for catalytic applications, as their magnetic properties facilitate easy recovery and reuse. Compared to alternative synthesis methods like co-precipitation or sol-gel processes, thermal decomposition offers superior uniformity and enhanced magnetic performance [ 26 ]. Based on LaMer's theory, nanoparticle formation occurs via rapid nucleation of monomer species followed by gradual growth [ 27 ]. Iron oxide NPs are extensively studied for biomedical applications due to their superparamagnetic properties, low toxicity, and cost-effectiveness [ 28 – 30 ]. Stability of the metal precursor under high temperatures is essential, influenced by factors such as metal-ligand coordination, stabilizing agents, and solvent boiling temperature [ 31 – 34 ]. The coordination state of the metal with ligands is critical and is influenced by factors such as the coordination state of the metal with ligands [ 35 , 36 ]. Recently, Schiff bases have emerged as effective ligands for stabilizing various metal-based nanostructures, particularly copper aggregates, which exhibit high corrosion resistance, excellent electrical conductivity, and catalytic activity [ 37 , 38 ]. Copper-based catalytic nanocomposites offer remarkable efficiency and easy recovery without significant activity loss, expanding the range of available synthetic methodologies [ 39 , 40 ]. Pyrrole derivatives, known for their diverse biological activities, are synthesized via multicomponent reactions involving C–N bond formation, making them important targets in organic chemistry [ 41 ]. In this study, we aim to enhance the catalytic performance of Fe x Cu y Zn z O k and Fe x Cu y Mn z O k (x, y, z, and k representing molar ratios) and optimize the synthesis of pyrrole derivatives via a multicomponent reaction. Our findings contribute valuable insights into efficient and sustainable catalytic systems. Improved catalytic activity can lead to refined synthesis routes for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, while optimized pyrrole synthesis opens pathways for novel organic compounds in electronics and drug discovery. Furthermore, the use of recyclable catalysts aligns with green chemistry principles, reducing waste and minimizing environmental impact. Ultimately, this research aims to advance innovative catalytic solutions that address the increasing demands of sustainable chemistry across various industrial applications. 2. Experiment 2.1. Characterization Various techniques were employed to characterize the synthesized NPs. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern was obtained using a Dron-7 instrument. XRD analysis was utilized to assess the crystalline structure and phase composition of the synthesized NPs. Vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM) was employed to evaluate the magnetic characteristics of the material, focusing on its saturation magnetization and coercivity. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images were obtained using a LEO 1430VP microscope, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was also utilized to analyze the morphology and size distribution of the NPs. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopy using an AVATAR 370 spectrometer at room temperature within the wavenumber range of 4000 to 400 cm − 1 and FT-IR was performed to examine the surface functional groups of the nanocomposites and evaluate their chemical bonding. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Elemental Analysis Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) was utilized with the ICPE-9000 Shimizu spectrometer was employed to accurately determine the metal content in the synthesized nanocomposites, offering crucial insights into their composition. 2.2. Material All reagents, including C 6 H 5 Na 3 O 7 ·2H 2 O, NaOH, NaNO 3 , FeSO 4 ·4H 2 O, CuCl 2 ·2H 2 O, ZnCl 2 ·2H 2 O, MnCl 2 ·2H 2 O, aryl halides, aniline, and phenol derivatives, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and Merck in ACS reagent grade (or the appropriate grade) and used without further purification. All chemicals were stored in a dry atmosphere at room temperature to maintain their stability and prevent moisture absorption prior to use. 2.3. Synthesis of magnetic fluid The method of synthsis of catalytic from ferrofluids as a type of magnetic fluid: In a round balloon, 1 mmol sodium citrate dihydrate (C 6 H 5 Na 3 O 7 .2H 2 O), and 4 mmol of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and with 2 mmol nitrite sodium (NaNO 3 ) were dissolved in 19 ml of deionized water.Set the reaction temperature of 100°C then after 10 minutes, add 1 mmol of iron sulfate 2M (FeSO 4 .4H 2 O) ultrasonicated to the reaction mixture. Ultrasonication was employed to promote uniform mixing and ensure the effective dispersion of the NPs within the solution. After an hour, rinse the reaction mixture with deionized water 5 times. Finally, dried in the vacuum (40°C) for 24 hours. This process is selected for drying at 40 ° C to prevent overheating of the NPs and avoid potential aggregation [ 13 , 42 ]. 2.4. Transition metal NPs Transition metal NPs have emerged as a superior alternative to traditional colloids, boasting several key advantages. These NPs are typically smaller in size (1–10 nm) with a more uniform size distribution, and can be synthesized reproducibly with precise composition and clean surfaces. They can be easily isolated and redissolved in both aqueous and organic solvents [ 43 ]. Transition metal NPs also exhibit enhanced catalytic properties, often displaying higher activity, reproducible performance, and increased selectivity. These benefits, especially their uniformity and large surface area, render transition metal NPs excellent candidates for catalysis, where high activity and consistency are essential. The field of nanocatalysis holds promise for catalyst recovery and reuse, making it a topic of significant interest. In study, we will validate the catalyst recovery and reuse potential of transition metal NPs (NPs) through a series of recyclability tests. Initially, we will conduct catalytic reactions using the NPs under optimized conditions to establish their baseline activity. After the reaction, the NPs will be separated from the reaction mixture using methods such as centrifugation or filtration. 2.4.1. Synthesis of Fe 3 O 4 – MM'O NPs An active and powerful Fe x Cu y Zn z O k nanocatalyst was synthesized using a simple impregnation method with inexpensive precursors. The findings show that this catalyst effectively promotes the synthesis of oxydibenzene, diphenyl, diphenylethene, 2-benzylidene-malononitrile, xanthene derivatives, and phenoxybenzonitrile with high efficiency. Due to its inherently stable properties, copper oxide exhibits greater strength and durability compared to organic antibacterials. The advanced oxidation process enables the heterogeneous photocatalyst to effectively destroy bacterial cells, thereby improving living conditions for humans [ 4 ]. The magnetic flexibility of Fe x Cu y Zn z O k was confirmed by vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) analysis. The catalytic activity of these NPs changed very little after being recycled five to six times. Features such as mild reaction conditions, cost-effectiveness, and high efficiency in synthesizing the desired products are among the attractive characteristics of the synthesized NPs. For the preparation of the Fe x Cu y Zn z O k nanocomposite, Fe 3 O 4 and copper and zinc chlorides were stirred in an aqueous solution (50 ml) at room temperature for 1 hour. An impregnation method was employed to incorporate the metal precursors (Fe 3+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ ) into the support matrix, which was subsequently followed by a reduction process to generate the corresponding metal NPs. After saturation, the suspension was adjusted to a pH of 12–13 by adding sodium hydroxide (1.0 M) and stirred for an additional 20 hours. This pH is crucial for synthesis as it effectively facilitates the formation of the desired metal oxide phase. The solid material was washed several times with distilled water. Subsequently, the resulting Fe x Cu y Zn z O k NPs were ultrasonicated for 10 minutes, followed by additional washes with distilled water and ethanol. The washing step was carried out to eliminate any unreacted reagents or by-products, while ultrasonication was employed to disperse any agglomerates and achieve a uniform distribution of the NPs. Finally, the NPs were dried at 60 ° C (for 24 hours) to eliminate any remaining solvents while maintaining their structural integrity [ 3 ]. The modification of magnetic NPs surfaces by copper and manganese was also carried out using the same method (Scheme 1 ). 3. Results and discssion 3.1. X-ray analysis XRD analysis is performed in a three-dimensional space. Each group of elements has a series of peaks, and these positions are confirmed by data sources. The XRD pattern of NPs was determined in the angular range of 10°-80° (Fig. 1 ). As shown in Fig. 1 , the XRD pattern of Fe x Cu y Zn z O k and Fe x Cu y Mn z O k NPs, with the observed peaks confirming the presence of the Fe 3 O 4 , CuO, ZnO, and MnO phases. The XRD pattern of Fe 3 O 4 NPs revealed characteristic diffraction peaks at the following angles 29.4° (220), 35.8° (311), 44.7° (400), 54.8° (422), 58.8° (511), and 65.7° (440), These diffraction peaks correspond to the characteristic crystallographic planes of Fe 3 O 4 (JCPDS: 79–0419), confirming the establishment of a spinel structure for the Fe 3 O 4 NPs. The average crystallite size of Fe 3 O 4 NPs was determined to be 13 nanometers using the Debye-Scherrer equation (D = Kλ/βcosθ). One of the key assumptions of the Debye-Scherrer equation is that the particles are spherical in shape. While this may not always be true for all NPs, it provides a reasonable approximation for many materials, including Fe 3 O 4 . In addition to the characteristic peaks of Fe 3 O 4 , observed four new peaks at angles 2θ equal to 31.8°, 39.4°, 51.5°, and 61.1° in the XRD pattern of Fe x Cu y Zn z O k NPs. These peaks were assigned to the crystal planes of monoclinic CuO phase (JCPDS: 048-1548). The average crystallite size of Fe x Cu y Zn z O k NPs was calculated to be 50.2 nanometers. These peaks were assigned to the crystal planes of monoclinic Fe x Cu y Zn z O k phase (ZnO = JCPDS: 36-1451). The emergence of these new peaks indicates the formation of CuO and ZnO phases, which could enhance catalytic activity owing to the well-established catalytic properties of copper and zinc oxides. These peaks were assigned to the crystal planes of monoclinic Fe x Cu y Mn z O k phase (JCPDS: 24–0735) and the average crystallite size of Fe x Cu y Mn z O k NPs was calculated to be 32.1 nanometers. The reduction in peak intensity, slight peak shifting, and broadening of certain peaks in the spinel structure of Fe 3 O 4 may indicate interactions among particles, with peak broadening often associated with reduced particle sizes and increased strain within the crystal lattice, which are typical characteristics of NPs. 3.2. VSM analysis The magnetic properties of (Fe 3 O 4 ) NPs and Fe x Cu y Zn z O k NPs were characterized using a VSM. The magnetic curves at room temperature for raw Fe 3 O 4 and Fe x Cu y Zn z O k NPs are shown in (Fig. 2 ). The hysteresis loop for these citrate-capped NPs, demonstrates expected magnetic behavior. Notably, superparamagnetism means that the NPs do not show magnetic remanence when there is no external magnetic field. This property makes them ideal for catalytic applications, as they can be easily separated using an external magnet. The VSM hysteresis loops for Fe 3 O 4 and Fe x Cu y Zn z O k and Fe x Cu y Mn z O k NPs, indicating the superparamagnetic nature of these materials at room temperature. The hysteresis curve allows the determination of the coercivity (Hc), remanent magnetization (Mr), and saturation magnetization (Ms). The samples' magnetization can be fully saturated in fields up to 80,000 gausses. The Ms of the samples varies from 50 emu/g to 60 emu/g due to the presence of Cu, Zn, and Mn atoms on the surface of the Fe 3 O 4 NPs lattice. The differences in Ms between Fe 3 O 4 and Fe x Cu y Zn z O k NPs can be attributed to the incorporation of Cu, Zn, and Mn, which likely modify the magnetic properties of the Fe 3 O 4 lattice, leading to variations in their magnetic behavior. The coercivity values observed were approximately 10 Oe for Fe 3 O 4 NPs and 5 Oe for Fe x Cu y Zn z O k NPs. These lower values suggest a reduction in magnetic stability due to the presence of non-magnetic elements, which may facilitate easier manipulation in catalytic processes. The remanent magnetization was measured to be around 5 emu/g for Fe 3 O 4 NPs and 3 emu/g for Fe x Cu y Zn z O k NPs. The decrease in Mr indicates that the addition of Cu, Zn, and Mn diminishes the magnetic retention of the NPs when the external field is removed. Variations may arise from factors such as dipolar interactions between NPs, differences in particle sizes, spacing, and surfactant properties [ 13 ]. In summary, the integration of XRD and VSM results enhances our understanding of how NPs size, stability, and magnetic properties contribute to their catalytic performance. By tailoring these characteristics-such as achieving a crystallite size of (13–50) nm and a saturation magnetization of (50–60) emu/g-we can optimize NPs for specific catalytic applications, leading to more efficient and sustainable processes. 3.3. FT-IR spectroscopy FT-IR spectroscopy is a powerful technique used to obtain absorption or emission spectra of materials. In this study, FT-IR spectroscopy was used to investigate the surface condition of Fe 3 O 4 and Fe x Cu y Zn z O k . The analyzed spectral range was 400–4000 cm − 1 . This simultaneous analysis provides high-resolution spectral data to identify functional groups. The (Fig. 3 ) is related to iron oxide by the method of other articles, and curve B is related to the synthesized iron of this work, and curve C is related to the synthesized Fe x Cu y Zn z O k , the peak area between 1400 cm − 1 and 1600 cm − 1 is associated with the C = O functional group, this peak is associated with the presence of citric acid, which acts as a surfactant to stabilize the NPs during synthesis. The FT-IR spectrum of Fe x Cu y Zn z O k and Fe x Cu y Mn z O k NPs reveals the characteristic absorption bands for the metal-oxide bonds and surfactant presence [ 44 , 45 ]. To investigate the changes in chemical bonds after the reaction, FT-IR spectroscopy was performed. The spectrum of Fe 3 O 4 NPs related to Fe-O bending vibration has an absorption at approximately 573 cm − 1 , which is attributed to tetrahedral and octahedral lattice positions. Additionally, the strong O-H absorption bands at 3433 cm − 1 and 1627 cm − 1 likely arise from the stretching and bending vibrations of Fe-OH groups on the surface, and physically adsorbed water. Previous studies have shown that the FTIR spectra of M-O are influenced by particle size and morphology [ 44 ]. As a metal oxide, M-O exhibits absorption features below 1000 cm − 1 , corresponding to inter-atomic vibrations. Specifically, the peaks at 1040 cm − 1 and around 563 cm − 1 are characteristic of M-O bonds, confirming the presence of M-O [ 46 ]. The peak at 462 cm − 1 corresponds to M-O stretching, indicative of a wurtzite structure [ 47 ]. The absence of the Fe-O stretching peak typically seen at 540 cm − 1 suggests that the NPs may not adopt the wurtzite structure, which may influence their catalytic behavior. Interestingly, suggesting that this material may be beneath the M-O shell [ 48 ]. Finally, the prominent bands in the Fe x Cu y Zn z O k spectrum align with those reported for the same material synthesized via a different route [ 49 ]. Furthermore, the surface characteristics of the Fe x Cu y Zn z O k NPs were verified using FTIR spectroscopy. The absorption peak at 566 cm − 1 corresponds to Fe–O stretching vibrations [ 50 ], exhibiting increased sharpness and broadness due to the enhanced strength of the M-O peak. Additionally, the sharp peaks observed at 421 and 498 cm − 1 are attributed to the M-O stretching vibrations in M-O [ 51 ]. 3.4. FESEM, EDX and ICP analysis The morphology of the synthesized nanoparticles was analyzed by FE-SEM (Fig. 4 ). The FE-SEM images of Fe x Cu y Zn z O k (a) and Fe x Cu y Mn z O k (b), highlight their spherical morphology and the well-dispersed NPs. This sphericity causes easy transfer and high mobility and better separation of particles. The spherical morphology observed in the FE-SEM images indicates that the NPs have a high surface area, which may improve their catalytic efficiency. FE-SEM images show spherical NPs with an average size of the Fe x Cu y Zn z O k 50.6 nm and Fe x Cu y Mn z O k 32.5 nm, exhibiting a narrow size distribution and low levels of agglomeration. The high magnetism of these spherical particles is an important and effective parameter for these NPs. A more detailed connection between the particle morphology and its impact on catalytic efficiency or recyclability would strengthen this part. For example: 'The spherical shape of the NPs aids in their dispersion in the reaction medium and enhances their ability to be separated from the reaction mixture using an external magnet, which is crucial for recyclability. In this study, EDX analysis verified the presence of Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn elements on the NPs' surface, confirming the successful integration of these metals into the composite structure. The uniform distribution of Zn, Cu, and Mn within the NPs, as confirmed by elemental mapping, indicates good incorporation of these metals into the catalyst structure, which is expected to enhance its catalytic properties (Table S- 3 ). Furthermore, the loading of Cu, Zn and Mn in the synthesized product was determined through ICPE-9000 analysis. ICP analysis confirmed the expected metal content in the synthesized nanocomposites, with the Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn content matching the target stoichiometry, suggesting the successful synthesis of the Fe x Cu y Zn z O k and Fe x Cu y Mn z O k catalysts. Furthermore, the elemental composition and stoichiometry of the samples (calculated by adjusting the molar ratio) were determined through ICP analysis, suggesting the successful synthesis of the Fe x Cu y Zn z O k and Fe x Cu y Mn z O k catalysts and the results are presented in (Table 1 ). 3.5. TEM analysis As shown in (Fig. 5 ), TEM images of Fe x Cu y Zn z O k and Fe x Cu y Mn z O k NPs reveal spherical particles with a well-defined size distribution, supporting their use in catalytic applications.This sphericity causes easy transfer and high mobility and better separation of particles. The relatively uniform particle size and spherical morphology of the NPs are advantageous for catalytic reactions, as they allow for consistent exposure of active sites and efficient separation after the reaction. The high magnetism of these spherical particles is an important and effective parameter for these NPs. TEM images revealed that the NPs were uniformly spherical with an average diameter of 50 nm, which is consistent with the FE-SEM results (Fig. (5a, 5b)). The histogram charts for Fe x Cu y Zn z O k and Fe x Cu y Mn z O k show mean values of 50.2 and 32.5, respectively. These values are confirmed by the corresponding chart and image (Fig. (5c, 5d)). 3.6. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. XPS was used to examine the elemental composition and chemical bonding of the synthesized Fe x Cu y Zn z O k . The survey scan in (Fig. 6 ) indicates that pure Fe 3 O 4 and CuZnO are mainly composed of Fe, O, Zn and Cu, respectively [ 52 , 53 ]. According to the charge state of elements present in the literature, this illustrates the phase purity of the synthesized nanocomposite. However, in the Fe x Cu y Zn z O k heterojunction, the presence of three dominant elements Fe, Cu, Zn, and O was noticed. Additionally, the intensity of the oxygen peak increased, further confirming the synthesis of Fe x Cu y Zn z O k [ 54 ]. Figure 6 shows the XPS survey scan of Fe x Cu y Zn z O k (a), along with high-resolution spectra of Fe 2p (b), O 1s (c), and Cu 2p (d), revealing the elemental composition and chemical states of the metals present in the catalyst. The Cu 2p peaks at 932.98 eV and 953.00 eV correspond to Cu 2p 3/2 and Cu 2p 1/2 , confirming the presence of Cu 2+ in the catalyst, likely in the form of CuO, The Zn 2p peaks at 1023/01 eV, and 1044/80 eV corresponding to Zn 2p 3/2 , and Zn 2p 1/2 , and two other satellite peaks at 942.35 eV and 962.93 eV confirming the presence of CuO [ 55 , 56 ]. In the high-resolution XPS spectrum of Fe 2p, the two peaks located at 709.80 eV and 723.82 eV correspond to Fe 2p 3/2 and Fe 2p 1/2 , indicating that Fe is dominantly present as Fe 3 O 4 [ 57 , 58 ]. The O 1s peaks at 530.96 eV and 535.73 eV confirm the presence of Fe-O and O-H bonds on the surface of the NPs, which are important for the interaction with reactants during catalytic processes [ 59 ], which may be assigned to the Fe-O bond and O-H of water molecules present on the catalyst surface [ 60 , 61 ]. 4. Catalytic activity Dispersity and stability in water are crucial for the application of magnetic NPs. The ability of the NPs to remain dispersed and stable in water is crucial for their use in catalytic processes, where uniform dispersion can enhance reaction efficiency and product yield. The citrate ions used as surfactants play a significant role due to their three carboxyl groups, which create repulsive forces that enhance NP dispersion in water. The citrate ions serve as a surfactant, creating electrostatic repulsion between the NPs, which prevents aggregation and enhances their stability in aqueous solutions. When NaNO 3 is added to the solution, the increased ionic strength leads to a more uniform distribution of charges around the NPs. Additionally, higher salt concentrations can alter the solubility of organic molecules, as described by the Hofmeister Series. Anions with larger hydrated radii stabilize the water-oil interface, enhancing the solubility of surfactants in water. This results in better dispersity and stability of the NPs, allowing them to remain soluble and stable for several months [ 13 ]. The average diameter of citrate-capped magnetite NPs is significantly influenced by the Ostwald Ripening process, which involves balancing nucleation and growth. If the growth rate of seeds exceeds the nucleation rate, the NPs will increase in size; otherwise, they will remain smaller. Refait and Olowe described the alkalization reaction of ferrous ions leading to the formation of iron hydroxide and iron oxide, proposing the following reactions for Fe 3 O 4 formation [ 60 , 61 ]: 1. Fe²⁺ + 2OH⁻ → Fe (OH)₂ 2. 3Fe (OH)₂ + ½O₂ → Fe (OH)₃ + 2FeOOH + H₂O 3. Fe (OH)₂ + 2FeOOH → Fe 3 O 4 + 2H₂O In this synthesis, Fe 3 O 4 forms through the dehydration of ferrous and ferric hydroxides. The transition temperature from Fe(OH) 2 to Fe 3 O 4 is around 60°C, at which point reactions (2) and (3) occur rapidly. By modifying the parameters in reaction (1), we can effectively control the size of Fe 3 O 4 NPs. To further comprehend the nucleation and growth processes in solution, we examined how various experimental conditions influence the size and shape of Fe 3 O 4 NPs. We identified three key parameters: (1) reaction time, (2) concentration of Fe 2+ ions, and (3) amount of NaNO 3 [ 62 , 63 ]. In this study, we focused on catalytic transformations using Fe x Cu y Zn z O k as a model catalyst, particularly examining pyrrole synthesis. We systematically investigated key reaction parameters including solvent, base, reaction time, and temperature to optimize process efficiency. The nanocatalyst demonstrated excellent performance, achieving an 84% yield for pyrrole derivatives under standardized conditions (Tables 2 , 3 and 4 ). Following comprehensive characterization of Fe x Cu y Zn z O k nanoparticles, we evaluated their catalytic activity for heterocyclic compound synthesis. Reaction optimization studies examined solvent effects, duration, and thermal parameters using model substrates. The catalytic potential of transition metal nanoparticles in organic transformations has been extensively documented [ 64 ]. Our investigation of Fe 3 O 4 , Fe x Cu y Zn z O k , and Fe x Cu y Mn z O k NPs revealed distinct catalytic behaviors depending on their metal composition, with all systems showing significant activity in target transformations [ 65 ]. 4.1. Scope of the reaction 4.1.1. Synthesis of the pyrrole We initially investigated the optimal conditions for two types of catalysts, Fe x Cu y Zn z O k and Fe x Cu y Mn z O k , focusing on the optimization of catalyst quantity through evaluations involving Fe x Cu y Zn z O k . The model reaction was first assessed under solvent-free and catalyst-free conditions (entries 1 and 2). Following this, we explored various amounts of the catalyst (entries 3–8). Subsequently, we examined a range of solvents, including methanol, ethanol, water, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, and chloroform, as well as combinations of these solvents (entries 9–16). As shown in (Table 2 ), the reaction carried out in a water/acetonitrile mixture using Fe x Cu y Zn z O k achieved the highest efficiency of 84%, demonstrating that this solvent combination is ideal for pyrrole synthesis. The model reaction demonstrated the highest efficiency when conducted with Fe x Cu y Zn z O k in water and acetonitrile at room temperature (entry 16). The use of a water-acetonitrile solvent mixture provides an optimal balance of polarity and solubility, enabling effective interaction between the catalyst and reactants. This solvent system likely improves catalyst dispersion and enhances the solubility of organic substrates, resulting in higher reaction yields. The optimized reaction conditions for Fe x Cu y Zn z O k NPs included the use of a 1:1 water/acetonitrile mixture as the solvent, and a reaction time of 1.5h at room temperature, resulting in a high yield of pyrrole. To explore the advantages and limitations of the proposed catalytic system, a variety of aromatic aldehydes, heteroaromatic compounds, and amines were reacted with ethyl pyruvate under optimized conditions, with the results summarized in (Table 3 ). The findings indicated that benzaldehydes and anilines, whether possessing electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents, reacted slowly with ethyl ester 3, ultimately yielding high amounts of pyrroles. Aldehydes containing both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups showed differing reactivity, with electron-donating groups typically resulting in higher product yields owing to their enhanced nucleophilicity. Heterocyclic aldehydes also yielded pyrrole derivatives in high yields when combined with ethyl ester 3 and aromatic amines. The physical properties, along with the 1 H and 13 C-NMR spectra of all synthesized compounds, were compared to literature data, confirming their structures. As shown in (Table 4 ), the Fe x Cu y Zn z O k catalyst demonstrated superior performance in pyrrole synthesis, achieving higher yields and shorter reaction times (entry 4, 90 minutes, 78–93%) under mild conditions compared to other catalytic systems, such as thiourea and N-sulfonic acid-modified poly(styrene-diethylenetriamine). While these alternative catalysts also facilitated pyrrole formation, they required considerably longer reaction times and produced lower yields. The enhanced efficiency of Fe x Cu y Zn z O k can be attributed to its high surface area, which promotes better interaction with the substrates, as well as the synergistic interplay among its copper, zinc, and manganese components. This synergy not only boosts the catalyst’s reactivity but also enhances its stability, enabling faster reactions and higher yields. Additionally, the efficient electron transfer properties of Fe x Cu y Zn z O k further contribute to its superior catalytic activity, making it a more effective choice for pyrrole synthesis. 4.2. The Catalytic activity of the Fe x Cu y Zn z O k compared with reported catalysts 4.3. The proposed mechanism for pyrrole synthesis The proposed mechanism for pyrrole synthesis begins with the condensation of aniline (I) with either an aldehyde (II) or pyruvate (III), forming the corresponding imines (IV and VI). Intermediate VI, which has been isolated and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques, plays a key role in the process [ 73 ]. Following this, tautomerized enamine V undergoes a nucleophilic attack on imine VI, leading to the formation of intermediate 1. This step is succeeded by intramolecular cyclization, which produces gamma-lactam 2. This detailed mechanism highlights the sequence of reactions involved in the formation of gamma-lactam [ 70 ] emphasizing the role of intermediates and the influence of hydrogen bonding catalysts. As shown in (Scheme 3 ) illustrates the proposed mechanism for pyrrole formation, starting with the condensation of aniline with aldehyde and pyruvate, followed by nucleophilic attack and cyclization to yield the final pyrrole derivative. The copper component of the Fe x Cu y Zn z O k catalyst is likely responsible for facilitating the condensation of aniline with the aldehyde, while the zinc and manganese components help stabilize the transition states during the nucleophilic attack and intramolecular cyclization. This synergistic effect among the metal components promotes the efficient formation of the pyrrole ring, contributing to the catalyst’s overall effectiveness in the reaction. By combining these steps, the mechanism provides a clear understanding of how the reaction progresses, from the initial condensation to the final cyclization, and underscores the critical role of the catalyst in stabilizing intermediates and driving the reaction forward. 4.4. Recycling and reuse of Fe x Cu y Zn z O k In the final evaluation, investigated the recyclability and catalytic activity of the studied catalyst. As shown in (Fig. 7 ) displays the XRD and FT-IR spectra of both the fresh and recycled Fe x Cu y Zn z O k catalyst, The spectra indicate that the catalyst's structure remains largely intact after multiple cycles, further confirming its high stability and robustness. It is important to note how the catalytic performance was evaluated after recovery. After five cycles, the catalyst maintained over 90% of its initial activity, showcasing its exceptional stability and durability under the reaction conditions without significant degradation. As shown in the two analyses below, the efficiency remains consistent across cycles, underscoring the remarkable stability of the synthesized catalyst. As seen in the two analyses below, the efficiency does not decrease with each cycle. These observations highlight the significant stability of the synthesized catalyst [ 74 ]. Furthermore, the stability of the Fe x Cu y Zn z O k catalyst was validated by conducting a leaching test. 4.5. Leaching test of Fe x Cu y Zn z O k The leaching study of the Fe x Cu y Zn z O k catalyst was conducted using phenol and 3-bromobenzene as model reactants. Two parallel reactions were established under identical conditions: one reaction proceeded for 2 hours, while the other continued for an additional 3 hours after the solid catalyst was recovered. The products from both reactions were analyzed accordingly. The results indicated that the reaction lasting 5 hours yielded 43%, whereas the reaction utilizing the recycled photocatalyst produced 55% of the desired product. The leaching test confirms that Fe x Cu y Zn z O k maintains its heterogeneous nature under reaction conditions, as no significant leaching of the catalyst was detected. This is further supported by the higher product yield 55% obtained using the recycled catalyst, compared to the 43% yield observed when the catalyst was removed after 2 hours. Our results align with earlier studies, which have similarly shown that heterogeneous catalysts, such as Fe x Cu y Zn z O k , exhibit high stability and minimal leaching, making them ideal for recyclable catalytic processes [ 75 ]. 5. Conclusions The synthesis and application of Fe x Cu y Zn z O k and Fe x Cu y Mn z O k nanocomposites as efficient nanocatalysts under mild conditions have been successfully demonstrated in cross-coupling reactions for pyrrole synthesis. A three-component reaction strategy was established, utilizing a mixture of acetonitrile and water, enabling the preparation of biologically significant nitrogen-containing compounds. This approach highlights the promising role of these nanocomposites in green chemistry and sustainable catalysis. Comprehensive structural characterization confirmed the monoclinic crystalline phases of the synthesized nanocomposites, verified through XRD, FE-SEM, and TEM analyses. Elemental composition analyses via EDX and ICP further confirmed the purity of the samples and the beneficial role of copper, zinc, and manganese in enhancing catalytic efficiency. Notably, Fe x Cu y Zn z O k nanocomposites exhibited superior catalytic performance due to their optimized metal composition, positioning them as a viable alternative for pyrrole synthesis. The rational design of these nanocomposites, coupled with their easy magnetic recovery, significantly enhances both chemical efficiency and economic viability. This work not only contributes to the advancement of nanocatalysis but also lays a strong foundation for the development of sustainable catalytic processes in organic synthesis, aligning with green chemistry principles and industrial applications. Supporting Information Summary : The authors have cited additional references within the Supporting Information. [98–109] The supporting information includes detailed explanations of the synthetic methods, materials, and experimental procedures utilized in this study. It also covers the characterization techniques employed, such as 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, EDX, and mapping. Additionally, it features tables outlining the condition optimization for the the pyrrole derivatives. Declarations Supporting Information Summary: The authors have cited additional references within the Supporting Information. 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Schemes Schemes 1 and 3 are available in the Supplementary Files section Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupportingInformation.docx GA.png Graphical Abstract Schemes.docx Tables.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8080529","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":559615178,"identity":"e99aea3a-a538-47ad-9fb4-f5a91dee68fc","order_by":0,"name":"Zahra Toozandehjani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zahra","middleName":"","lastName":"Toozandehjani","suffix":""},{"id":559615180,"identity":"a9458b14-a0fc-4c5d-ac1e-b6e50366f85d","order_by":1,"name":"Mostafa 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16:50:10","extension":"docx","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":271960,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Tables.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8080529/v1/fb6db697fa92e129087d3bc9.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eEco-Friendly Magnetic Nanocatalysts: Optimized Pyrrole Synthesis via Ternary Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eM\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e(M = Zn, Mn) Nanocomposites\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe development of biocompatible and sustainable chemical processes has attracted increasing attention from both academia and industry [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Advances in fundamental sciences and their applications have significantly improved quality of life, making efficiency in time and work a primary focus for researchers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Catalysts play a key role in meeting these demands, offering various interpretations but ultimately serving the common goal of reducing work time and increasing productivity [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5 CR6\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecently, the development of biocompatible and sustainable chemical processes has attracted increasing attention from both academia and industry [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. A critical factor in achieving green chemistry is the use of heterogeneous catalytic systems instead of conventional homogeneous catalysts[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. While homogeneous catalysts exhibit excellent activity and selectivity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], they pose challenges in terms of separation and reuse, often leading to issues such as ligand contamination or metal residues in final products [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, heterogeneous nanocatalysts have gained popularity due to their ease of synthesis and high catalytic performance in diverse organic transformations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong these, metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have become essential tools in organic synthesis, with Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e NPs (commonly known as ferrofluids) drawing substantial interest [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Ferrofluids are smart magnetorheological materials comprising suspended magnetic particles (nano-to-micron scale) in a carrier liquid like oil or water [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. In the absence of an external magnetic field, they behave like liquids, but upon exposure to a magnetic field, their viscosity increases dramatically, transitioning into a solid-like state due to the alignment of magnetic particles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e NPs possess several advantageous properties, including strong magnetic responsiveness, low toxicity, excellent stability, biocompatibility, and a high surface-to-volume ratio [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearchers have investigated various applications of Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e NPs, particularly in catalysis, highlighting their synthesis methods, magnetic properties, and catalytic potential in sustainable technologies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. The ability to fine-tune their magnetic behavior has led to increased interest in developing precise synthesis techniques to control nanoparticle size, composition, and crystallinity [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR21\" citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA well-established method for synthesizing structurally controlled NPs is thermal decomposition of metal precursors in solution [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. At the nanoscale, achieving a uniform size distribution, defined morphology, and high-quality nanoparticles is crucial for optimizing their magnetic properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Thermal decomposition enables precise control of experimental parameters such as temperature, reaction time, and precursor concentration-factors that directly impact nanoparticle stability and magnetic behavior, including coercivity and saturation magnetization. This control makes them highly suitable for catalytic applications, as their magnetic properties facilitate easy recovery and reuse. Compared to alternative synthesis methods like co-precipitation or sol-gel processes, thermal decomposition offers superior uniformity and enhanced magnetic performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on LaMer's theory, nanoparticle formation occurs via rapid nucleation of monomer species followed by gradual growth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Iron oxide NPs are extensively studied for biomedical applications due to their superparamagnetic properties, low toxicity, and cost-effectiveness [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR29\" citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Stability of the metal precursor under high temperatures is essential, influenced by factors such as metal-ligand coordination, stabilizing agents, and solvent boiling temperature [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR32 CR33\" citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. The coordination state of the metal with ligands is critical and is influenced by factors such as the coordination state of the metal with ligands [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecently, Schiff bases have emerged as effective ligands for stabilizing various metal-based nanostructures, particularly copper aggregates, which exhibit high corrosion resistance, excellent electrical conductivity, and catalytic activity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. Copper-based catalytic nanocomposites offer remarkable efficiency and easy recovery without significant activity loss, expanding the range of available synthetic methodologies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. Pyrrole derivatives, known for their diverse biological activities, are synthesized via multicomponent reactions involving C\u0026ndash;N bond formation, making them important targets in organic chemistry [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we aim to enhance the catalytic performance of Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e and Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eMn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e (x, y, z, and k representing molar ratios) and optimize the synthesis of pyrrole derivatives via a multicomponent reaction. Our findings contribute valuable insights into efficient and sustainable catalytic systems. Improved catalytic activity can lead to refined synthesis routes for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, while optimized pyrrole synthesis opens pathways for novel organic compounds in electronics and drug discovery. Furthermore, the use of recyclable catalysts aligns with green chemistry principles, reducing waste and minimizing environmental impact. Ultimately, this research aims to advance innovative catalytic solutions that address the increasing demands of sustainable chemistry across various industrial applications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experiment","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1. Characterization\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eVarious techniques were employed to characterize the synthesized NPs. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern was obtained using a Dron-7 instrument. XRD analysis was utilized to assess the crystalline structure and phase composition of the synthesized NPs. Vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM) was employed to evaluate the magnetic characteristics of the material, focusing on its saturation magnetization and coercivity. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images were obtained using a LEO 1430VP microscope, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was also utilized to analyze the morphology and size distribution of the NPs. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopy using an AVATAR 370 spectrometer at room temperature within the wavenumber range of 4000 to 400 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and FT-IR was performed to examine the surface functional groups of the nanocomposites and evaluate their chemical bonding. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Elemental Analysis Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) was utilized with the ICPE-9000 Shimizu spectrometer was employed to accurately determine the metal content in the synthesized nanocomposites, offering crucial insights into their composition.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2. Material\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll reagents, including C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, NaOH, NaNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, FeSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;4H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, CuCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, ZnCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, MnCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, aryl halides, aniline, and phenol derivatives, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and Merck in ACS reagent grade (or the appropriate grade) and used without further purification. All chemicals were stored in a dry atmosphere at room temperature to maintain their stability and prevent moisture absorption prior to use.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3. Synthesis of magnetic fluid\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe method of synthsis of catalytic from ferrofluids as a type of magnetic fluid:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn a round balloon, 1 mmol sodium citrate dihydrate (C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e.2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO), and 4 mmol of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and with 2 mmol nitrite sodium (NaNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) were dissolved in 19 ml of deionized water.Set the reaction temperature of 100\u0026deg;C then after 10 minutes, add 1 mmol of iron sulfate 2M (FeSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e.4H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO) ultrasonicated to the reaction mixture. Ultrasonication was employed to promote uniform mixing and ensure the effective dispersion of the NPs within the solution. After an hour, rinse the reaction mixture with deionized water 5 times. Finally, dried in the vacuum (40\u0026deg;C) for 24 hours. This process is selected for drying at 40\u003csup\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/sup\u003eC to prevent overheating of the NPs and avoid potential aggregation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4. Transition metal NPs\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransition metal NPs have emerged as a superior alternative to traditional colloids, boasting several key advantages. These NPs are typically smaller in size (1\u0026ndash;10 nm) with a more uniform size distribution, and can be synthesized reproducibly with precise composition and clean surfaces. They can be easily isolated and redissolved in both aqueous and organic solvents [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. Transition metal NPs also exhibit enhanced catalytic properties, often displaying higher activity, reproducible performance, and increased selectivity. These benefits, especially their uniformity and large surface area, render transition metal NPs excellent candidates for catalysis, where high activity and consistency are essential. The field of nanocatalysis holds promise for catalyst recovery and reuse, making it a topic of significant interest. In study, we will validate the catalyst recovery and reuse potential of transition metal NPs (NPs) through a series of recyclability tests. Initially, we will conduct catalytic reactions using the NPs under optimized conditions to establish their baseline activity. After the reaction, the NPs will be separated from the reaction mixture using methods such as centrifugation or filtration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4.1. Synthesis of Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; MM'O NPs\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn active and powerful Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e nanocatalyst was synthesized using a simple impregnation method with inexpensive precursors. The findings show that this catalyst effectively promotes the synthesis of oxydibenzene, diphenyl, diphenylethene, 2-benzylidene-malononitrile, xanthene derivatives, and phenoxybenzonitrile with high efficiency. Due to its inherently stable properties, copper oxide exhibits greater strength and durability compared to organic antibacterials. The advanced oxidation process enables the heterogeneous photocatalyst to effectively destroy bacterial cells, thereby improving living conditions for humans [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The magnetic flexibility of Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e was confirmed by vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) analysis. The catalytic activity of these NPs changed very little after being recycled five to six times. Features such as mild reaction conditions, cost-effectiveness, and high efficiency in synthesizing the desired products are among the attractive characteristics of the synthesized NPs. For the preparation of the Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposite, Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and copper and zinc chlorides were stirred in an aqueous solution (50 ml) at room temperature for 1 hour. An impregnation method was employed to incorporate the metal precursors (Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e, Cu\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Zn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e) into the support matrix, which was subsequently followed by a reduction process to generate the corresponding metal NPs. After saturation, the suspension was adjusted to a pH of 12\u0026ndash;13 by adding sodium hydroxide (1.0 M) and stirred for an additional 20 hours. This pH is crucial for synthesis as it effectively facilitates the formation of the desired metal oxide phase. The solid material was washed several times with distilled water. Subsequently, the resulting Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e NPs were ultrasonicated for 10 minutes, followed by additional washes with distilled water and ethanol. The washing step was carried out to eliminate any unreacted reagents or by-products, while ultrasonication was employed to disperse any agglomerates and achieve a uniform distribution of the NPs. Finally, the NPs were dried at 60\u003csup\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/sup\u003eC (for 24 hours) to eliminate any remaining solvents while maintaining their structural integrity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. The modification of magnetic NPs surfaces by copper and manganese was also carried out using the same method (Scheme \u003cspan refid=\"Sch1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and discssion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1. X-ray analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eXRD analysis is performed in a three-dimensional space. Each group of elements has a series of peaks, and these positions are confirmed by data sources. The XRD pattern of NPs was determined in the angular range of 10\u0026deg;-80\u0026deg; (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). As shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, the XRD pattern of Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e and Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eMn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e NPs, with the observed peaks confirming the presence of the Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, CuO, ZnO, and MnO phases. The XRD pattern of Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e NPs revealed characteristic diffraction peaks at the following angles 29.4\u0026deg; (220), 35.8\u0026deg; (311), 44.7\u0026deg; (400), 54.8\u0026deg; (422), 58.8\u0026deg; (511), and 65.7\u0026deg; (440), These diffraction peaks correspond to the characteristic crystallographic planes of Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (JCPDS: 79\u0026ndash;0419), confirming the establishment of a spinel structure for the Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e NPs. The average crystallite size of Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e NPs was determined to be 13 nanometers using the Debye-Scherrer equation (D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;K\u0026lambda;/\u0026beta;cos\u0026theta;). One of the key assumptions of the Debye-Scherrer equation is that the particles are spherical in shape. While this may not always be true for all NPs, it provides a reasonable approximation for many materials, including Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. In addition to the characteristic peaks of Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, observed four new peaks at angles 2\u0026theta; equal to 31.8\u0026deg;, 39.4\u0026deg;, 51.5\u0026deg;, and 61.1\u0026deg; in the XRD pattern of Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e NPs. These peaks were assigned to the crystal planes of monoclinic CuO phase (JCPDS: 048-1548). The average crystallite size of Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e NPs was calculated to be 50.2 nanometers. These peaks were assigned to the crystal planes of monoclinic Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e phase (ZnO\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;JCPDS: 36-1451). The emergence of these new peaks indicates the formation of CuO and ZnO phases, which could enhance catalytic activity owing to the well-established catalytic properties of copper and zinc oxides. These peaks were assigned to the crystal planes of monoclinic Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eMn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e phase (JCPDS: 24\u0026ndash;0735) and the average crystallite size of Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eMn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e NPs was calculated to be 32.1 nanometers. The reduction in peak intensity, slight peak shifting, and broadening of certain peaks in the spinel structure of Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e may indicate interactions among particles, with peak broadening often associated with reduced particle sizes and increased strain within the crystal lattice, which are typical characteristics of NPs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2. VSM analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe magnetic properties of (Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) NPs and Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e NPs were characterized using a VSM. The magnetic curves at room temperature for raw Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e NPs are shown in (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The hysteresis loop for these citrate-capped NPs, demonstrates expected magnetic behavior. Notably, superparamagnetism means that the NPs do not show magnetic remanence when there is no external magnetic field. This property makes them ideal for catalytic applications, as they can be easily separated using an external magnet. The VSM hysteresis loops for Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e and Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eMn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e NPs, indicating the superparamagnetic nature of these materials at room temperature. The hysteresis curve allows the determination of the coercivity (Hc), remanent magnetization (Mr), and saturation magnetization (Ms). The samples\u0026apos; magnetization can be fully saturated in fields up to 80,000 gausses. The Ms of the samples varies from 50 emu/g to 60 emu/g due to the presence of Cu, Zn, and Mn atoms on the surface of the Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e NPs lattice. The differences in Ms between Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e NPs can be attributed to the incorporation of Cu, Zn, and Mn, which likely modify the magnetic properties of the Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e lattice, leading to variations in their magnetic behavior. The coercivity values observed were approximately 10 Oe for Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e NPs and 5 Oe for Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e NPs. These lower values suggest a reduction in magnetic stability due to the presence of non-magnetic elements, which may facilitate easier manipulation in catalytic processes. The remanent magnetization was measured to be around 5 emu/g for Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e NPs and 3 emu/g for Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e NPs. The decrease in Mr indicates that the addition of Cu, Zn, and Mn diminishes the magnetic retention of the NPs when the external field is removed. Variations may arise from factors such as dipolar interactions between NPs, differences in particle sizes, spacing, and surfactant properties [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn summary, the integration of XRD and VSM results enhances our understanding of how NPs size, stability, and magnetic properties contribute to their catalytic performance. By tailoring these characteristics-such as achieving a crystallite size of (13\u0026ndash;50) nm and a saturation magnetization of (50\u0026ndash;60) emu/g-we can optimize NPs for specific catalytic applications, leading to more efficient and sustainable processes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3. FT-IR spectroscopy\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFT-IR spectroscopy is a powerful technique used to obtain absorption or emission spectra of materials. In this study, FT-IR spectroscopy was used to investigate the surface condition of Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e. The analyzed spectral range was 400\u0026ndash;4000 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. This simultaneous analysis provides high-resolution spectral data to identify functional groups. The (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) is related to iron oxide by the method of other articles, and curve B is related to the synthesized iron of this work, and curve C is related to the synthesized Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e, the peak area between 1400 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1600 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e is associated with the C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O functional group, this peak is associated with the presence of citric acid, which acts as a surfactant to stabilize the NPs during synthesis. The FT-IR spectrum of Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e and Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eMn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e NPs reveals the characteristic absorption bands for the metal-oxide bonds and surfactant presence [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. To investigate the changes in chemical bonds after the reaction, FT-IR spectroscopy was performed. The spectrum of Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e NPs related to Fe-O bending vibration has an absorption at approximately 573 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, which is attributed to tetrahedral and octahedral lattice positions. Additionally, the strong O-H absorption bands at 3433 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1627 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e likely arise from the stretching and bending vibrations of Fe-OH groups on the surface, and physically adsorbed water. Previous studies have shown that the FTIR spectra of M-O are influenced by particle size and morphology [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. As a metal oxide, M-O exhibits absorption features below 1000 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, corresponding to inter-atomic vibrations. Specifically, the peaks at 1040 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and around 563 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e are characteristic of M-O bonds, confirming the presence of M-O [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]. The peak at 462 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e corresponds to M-O stretching, indicative of a wurtzite structure [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. The absence of the Fe-O stretching peak typically seen at 540 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e suggests that the NPs may not adopt the wurtzite structure, which may influence their catalytic behavior. Interestingly, suggesting that this material may be beneath the M-O shell [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e]. Finally, the prominent bands in the Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e spectrum align with those reported for the same material synthesized via a different route [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the surface characteristics of the Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e NPs were verified using FTIR spectroscopy. The absorption peak at 566 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e corresponds to Fe\u0026ndash;O stretching vibrations [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e], exhibiting increased sharpness and broadness due to the enhanced strength of the M-O peak. Additionally, the sharp peaks observed at 421 and 498 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e are attributed to the M-O stretching vibrations in M-O [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4. FESEM, EDX and ICP analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe morphology of the synthesized nanoparticles was analyzed by FE-SEM (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The FE-SEM images of Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e (a) and Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eMn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e (b), highlight their spherical morphology and the well-dispersed NPs. This sphericity causes easy transfer and high mobility and better separation of particles. The spherical morphology observed in the FE-SEM images indicates that the NPs have a high surface area, which may improve their catalytic efficiency. FE-SEM images show spherical NPs with an average size of the Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e 50.6 nm and Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eMn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e 32.5 nm, exhibiting a narrow size distribution and low levels of agglomeration. The high magnetism of these spherical particles is an important and effective parameter for these NPs. A more detailed connection between the particle morphology and its impact on catalytic efficiency or recyclability would strengthen this part. For example: \u0026apos;The spherical shape of the NPs aids in their dispersion in the reaction medium and enhances their ability to be separated from the reaction mixture using an external magnet, which is crucial for recyclability. In this study, EDX analysis verified the presence of Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn elements on the NPs\u0026apos; surface, confirming the successful integration of these metals into the composite structure. The uniform distribution of Zn, Cu, and Mn within the NPs, as confirmed by elemental mapping, indicates good incorporation of these metals into the catalyst structure, which is expected to enhance its catalytic properties (Table S-\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the loading of Cu, Zn and Mn in the synthesized product was determined through ICPE-9000 analysis. ICP analysis confirmed the expected metal content in the synthesized nanocomposites, with the Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn content matching the target stoichiometry, suggesting the successful synthesis of the Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e and Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eMn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e catalysts.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the elemental composition and stoichiometry of the samples (calculated by adjusting the molar ratio) were determined through ICP analysis, suggesting the successful synthesis of the Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e and Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eMn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e catalysts and the results are presented in (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.5. TEM analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs shown in (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e), TEM images of Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e and Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eMn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e NPs reveal spherical particles with a well-defined size distribution, supporting their use in catalytic applications.This sphericity causes easy transfer and high mobility and better separation of particles. The relatively uniform particle size and spherical morphology of the NPs are advantageous for catalytic reactions, as they allow for consistent exposure of active sites and efficient separation after the reaction. The high magnetism of these spherical particles is an important and effective parameter for these NPs. TEM images revealed that the NPs were uniformly spherical with an average diameter of 50 nm, which is consistent with the FE-SEM results (Fig. (5a, 5b)). The histogram charts for Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e and Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eMn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e show mean values of 50.2 and 32.5, respectively. These values are confirmed by the corresponding chart and image (Fig. (5c, 5d)).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.6. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eXPS was used to examine the elemental composition and chemical bonding of the synthesized Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e. The survey scan in (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) indicates that pure Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and CuZnO are mainly composed of Fe, O, Zn and Cu, respectively [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e]. According to the charge state of elements present in the literature, this illustrates the phase purity of the synthesized nanocomposite. However, in the Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e heterojunction, the presence of three dominant elements Fe, Cu, Zn, and O was noticed. Additionally, the intensity of the oxygen peak increased, further confirming the synthesis of Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e]. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows the XPS survey scan of Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e (a), along with high-resolution spectra of Fe 2p (b), O 1s (c), and Cu 2p (d), revealing the elemental composition and chemical states of the metals present in the catalyst. The Cu 2p peaks at 932.98 eV and 953.00 eV correspond to Cu 2p\u003csub\u003e3/2\u003c/sub\u003e and Cu 2p\u003csub\u003e1/2\u003c/sub\u003e, confirming the presence of Cu\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e in the catalyst, likely in the form of CuO, The Zn 2p peaks at 1023/01 eV, and 1044/80 eV corresponding to Zn 2p\u003csub\u003e3/2\u003c/sub\u003e, and Zn 2p\u003csub\u003e1/2\u003c/sub\u003e, and two other satellite peaks at 942.35 eV and 962.93 eV confirming the presence of CuO [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e]. In the high-resolution XPS spectrum of Fe 2p, the two peaks located at 709.80 eV and 723.82 eV correspond to Fe 2p\u003csub\u003e3/2\u003c/sub\u003e and Fe 2p\u003csub\u003e1/2\u003c/sub\u003e, indicating that Fe is dominantly present as Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e]. The O 1s peaks at 530.96 eV and 535.73 eV confirm the presence of Fe-O and O-H bonds on the surface of the NPs, which are important for the interaction with reactants during catalytic processes [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e], which may be assigned to the Fe-O bond and O-H of water molecules present on the catalyst surface [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Catalytic activity","content":"\u003cp\u003eDispersity and stability in water are crucial for the application of magnetic NPs. The ability of the NPs to remain dispersed and stable in water is crucial for their use in catalytic processes, where uniform dispersion can enhance reaction efficiency and product yield. The citrate ions used as surfactants play a significant role due to their three carboxyl groups, which create repulsive forces that enhance NP dispersion in water. The citrate ions serve as a surfactant, creating electrostatic repulsion between the NPs, which prevents aggregation and enhances their stability in aqueous solutions. When NaNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is added to the solution, the increased ionic strength leads to a more uniform distribution of charges around the NPs. Additionally, higher salt concentrations can alter the solubility of organic molecules, as described by the Hofmeister Series. Anions with larger hydrated radii stabilize the water-oil interface, enhancing the solubility of surfactants in water. This results in better dispersity and stability of the NPs, allowing them to remain soluble and stable for several months [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. The average diameter of citrate-capped magnetite NPs is significantly influenced by the Ostwald Ripening process, which involves balancing nucleation and growth. If the growth rate of seeds exceeds the nucleation rate, the NPs will increase in size; otherwise, they will remain smaller. Refait and Olowe described the alkalization reaction of ferrous ions leading to the formation of iron hydroxide and iron oxide, proposing the following reactions for Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e formation [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e1. Fe\u0026sup2;⁺ + 2OH⁻ \u0026rarr; Fe (OH)₂\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e2. 3Fe (OH)₂ + \u0026frac12;O₂ \u0026rarr; Fe (OH)₃ + 2FeOOH\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;H₂O\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e3. Fe (OH)₂ + 2FeOOH \u0026rarr; Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2H₂O\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this synthesis, Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e forms through the dehydration of ferrous and ferric hydroxides. The transition temperature from Fe(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e to Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e is around 60\u0026deg;C, at which point reactions (2) and (3) occur rapidly. By modifying the parameters in reaction (1), we can effectively control the size of Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e NPs. To further comprehend the nucleation and growth processes in solution, we examined how various experimental conditions influence the size and shape of Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e NPs. We identified three key parameters: (1) reaction time, (2) concentration of Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e ions, and (3) amount of NaNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we focused on catalytic transformations using Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e as a model catalyst, particularly examining pyrrole synthesis. We systematically investigated key reaction parameters including solvent, base, reaction time, and temperature to optimize process efficiency. The nanocatalyst demonstrated excellent performance, achieving an 84% yield for pyrrole derivatives under standardized conditions (Tables \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFollowing comprehensive characterization of Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles, we evaluated their catalytic activity for heterocyclic compound synthesis. Reaction optimization studies examined solvent effects, duration, and thermal parameters using model substrates.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe catalytic potential of transition metal nanoparticles in organic transformations has been extensively documented [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e]. Our investigation of Fe\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e, and Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eMn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e NPs revealed distinct catalytic behaviors depending on their metal composition, with all systems showing significant activity in target transformations [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.1. Scope of the reaction\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.1.1. Synthesis of the pyrrole\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWe initially investigated the optimal conditions for two types of catalysts, Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e and Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eMn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e, focusing on the optimization of catalyst quantity through evaluations involving Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e. The model reaction was first assessed under solvent-free and catalyst-free conditions (entries 1 and 2). Following this, we explored various amounts of the catalyst (entries 3\u0026ndash;8). Subsequently, we examined a range of solvents, including methanol, ethanol, water, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, and chloroform, as well as combinations of these solvents (entries 9\u0026ndash;16). As shown in (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), the reaction carried out in a water/acetonitrile mixture using Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e achieved the highest efficiency of 84%, demonstrating that this solvent combination is ideal for pyrrole synthesis. The model reaction demonstrated the highest efficiency when conducted with Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e in water and acetonitrile at room temperature (entry 16). The use of a water-acetonitrile solvent mixture provides an optimal balance of polarity and solubility, enabling effective interaction between the catalyst and reactants. This solvent system likely improves catalyst dispersion and enhances the solubility of organic substrates, resulting in higher reaction yields. The optimized reaction conditions for Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e NPs included the use of a 1:1 water/acetonitrile mixture as the solvent, and a reaction time of 1.5h at room temperature, resulting in a high yield of pyrrole.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo explore the advantages and limitations of the proposed catalytic system, a variety of aromatic aldehydes, heteroaromatic compounds, and amines were reacted with ethyl pyruvate under optimized conditions, with the results summarized in (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The findings indicated that benzaldehydes and anilines, whether possessing electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents, reacted slowly with ethyl ester 3, ultimately yielding high amounts of pyrroles. Aldehydes containing both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups showed differing reactivity, with electron-donating groups typically resulting in higher product yields owing to their enhanced nucleophilicity. Heterocyclic aldehydes also yielded pyrrole derivatives in high yields when combined with ethyl ester 3 and aromatic amines. The physical properties, along with the \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eH and \u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC-NMR spectra of all synthesized compounds, were compared to literature data, confirming their structures.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs shown in (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), the Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e catalyst demonstrated superior performance in pyrrole synthesis, achieving higher yields and shorter reaction times (entry 4, 90 minutes, 78\u0026ndash;93%) under mild conditions compared to other catalytic systems, such as thiourea and N-sulfonic acid-modified poly(styrene-diethylenetriamine). While these alternative catalysts also facilitated pyrrole formation, they required considerably longer reaction times and produced lower yields. The enhanced efficiency of Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e can be attributed to its high surface area, which promotes better interaction with the substrates, as well as the synergistic interplay among its copper, zinc, and manganese components. This synergy not only boosts the catalyst\u0026rsquo;s reactivity but also enhances its stability, enabling faster reactions and higher yields. Additionally, the efficient electron transfer properties of Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e further contribute to its superior catalytic activity, making it a more effective choice for pyrrole synthesis.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.2. The Catalytic activity of the Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e compared with reported catalysts\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.3. The proposed mechanism for pyrrole synthesis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe proposed mechanism for pyrrole synthesis begins with the condensation of aniline (I) with either an aldehyde (II) or pyruvate (III), forming the corresponding imines (IV and VI). Intermediate VI, which has been isolated and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques, plays a key role in the process [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e]. Following this, tautomerized enamine V undergoes a nucleophilic attack on imine VI, leading to the formation of intermediate 1. This step is succeeded by intramolecular cyclization, which produces gamma-lactam 2. This detailed mechanism highlights the sequence of reactions involved in the formation of gamma-lactam [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e] emphasizing the role of intermediates and the influence of hydrogen bonding catalysts. As shown in (Scheme \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) illustrates the proposed mechanism for pyrrole formation, starting with the condensation of aniline with aldehyde and pyruvate, followed by nucleophilic attack and cyclization to yield the final pyrrole derivative. The copper component of the Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e catalyst is likely responsible for facilitating the condensation of aniline with the aldehyde, while the zinc and manganese components help stabilize the transition states during the nucleophilic attack and intramolecular cyclization. This synergistic effect among the metal components promotes the efficient formation of the pyrrole ring, contributing to the catalyst\u0026rsquo;s overall effectiveness in the reaction. By combining these steps, the mechanism provides a clear understanding of how the reaction progresses, from the initial condensation to the final cyclization, and underscores the critical role of the catalyst in stabilizing intermediates and driving the reaction forward.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.4. Recycling and reuse of Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn the final evaluation, investigated the recyclability and catalytic activity of the studied catalyst. As shown in (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e) displays the XRD and FT-IR spectra of both the fresh and recycled Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e catalyst, The spectra indicate that the catalyst\u0026apos;s structure remains largely intact after multiple cycles, further confirming its high stability and robustness. It is important to note how the catalytic performance was evaluated after recovery. After five cycles, the catalyst maintained over 90% of its initial activity, showcasing its exceptional stability and durability under the reaction conditions without significant degradation. As shown in the two analyses below, the efficiency remains consistent across cycles, underscoring the remarkable stability of the synthesized catalyst. As seen in the two analyses below, the efficiency does not decrease with each cycle. These observations highlight the significant stability of the synthesized catalyst [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e74\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the stability of the Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e catalyst was validated by conducting a leaching test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.5. Leaching test of Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe leaching study of the Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e catalyst was conducted using phenol and 3-bromobenzene as model reactants. Two parallel reactions were established under identical conditions: one reaction proceeded for 2 hours, while the other continued for an additional 3 hours after the solid catalyst was recovered. The products from both reactions were analyzed accordingly. The results indicated that the reaction lasting 5 hours yielded 43%, whereas the reaction utilizing the recycled photocatalyst produced 55% of the desired product. The leaching test confirms that Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e maintains its heterogeneous nature under reaction conditions, as no significant leaching of the catalyst was detected. This is further supported by the higher product yield 55% obtained using the recycled catalyst, compared to the 43% yield observed when the catalyst was removed after 2 hours. Our results align with earlier studies, which have similarly shown that heterogeneous catalysts, such as Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e, exhibit high stability and minimal leaching, making them ideal for recyclable catalytic processes [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe synthesis and application of Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e and Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eMn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposites as efficient nanocatalysts under mild conditions have been successfully demonstrated in cross-coupling reactions for pyrrole synthesis. A three-component reaction strategy was established, utilizing a mixture of acetonitrile and water, enabling the preparation of biologically significant nitrogen-containing compounds. This approach highlights the promising role of these nanocomposites in green chemistry and sustainable catalysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eComprehensive structural characterization confirmed the monoclinic crystalline phases of the synthesized nanocomposites, verified through XRD, FE-SEM, and TEM analyses. Elemental composition analyses via EDX and ICP further confirmed the purity of the samples and the beneficial role of copper, zinc, and manganese in enhancing catalytic efficiency. Notably, Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e nanocomposites exhibited superior catalytic performance due to their optimized metal composition, positioning them as a viable alternative for pyrrole synthesis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe rational design of these nanocomposites, coupled with their easy magnetic recovery, significantly enhances both chemical efficiency and economic viability. This work not only contributes to the advancement of nanocatalysis but also lays a strong foundation for the development of sustainable catalytic processes in organic synthesis, aligning with green chemistry principles and industrial applications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSupporting Information Summary\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors have cited additional references within the Supporting Information. \u003csup\u003e[98\u0026ndash;109]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe supporting information includes detailed explanations of the synthetic methods, materials, and experimental procedures utilized in this study. It also covers the characterization techniques employed, such as \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eH-NMR, \u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC-NMR, EDX, and mapping. Additionally, it features tables outlining the condition optimization for the the pyrrole derivatives.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupporting Information Summary:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have cited additional references within the Supporting Information. \u003csup\u003e[98-109]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe supporting information includes detailed explanations of the synthetic methods, materials, and experimental procedures utilized in this study. It also covers the characterization techniques employed, such as \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eH-NMR, \u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC-NMR, EDX, and mapping. Additionally, it features tables outlining the condition optimization for the the pyrrole derivatives.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAknowledgements:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are grateful of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and Hakim Sabzevari Research Councils for supporting of this work. We would also like to extend our gratitude to everyone who contributed to this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclosure statement\u003c/strong\u003e: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe work was supported by the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Grant Number [3/55401].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data supporting the findings of this study can be found in the supplementary materials of this article.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA. S. H. King and L. J. Twyman, J Chem Soc Perkin 1 2209 (2002).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eD. Forge, A. Roch, S. Laurent, H. Tellez, Y. Gossuin, F. Renaux, L. Vander Elst, and R. N. 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Garcia-Ochoa, Appl Catal B 61, 323 (2005).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTables 1 to 4 are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Schemes","content":"\u003cp\u003eSchemes 1 and 3 are available in the Supplementary Files section\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Magnetic nanocatalysts, Sustainable heterocycle synthesis, Ternary metal oxides, Green chemistry, Recyclable catalysts","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8080529/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8080529/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTernary magnetic nanocomposites of composition Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e and Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eMn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e were synthesized via a cost-effective, linker-free approach and characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. These materials exhibited significant catalytic activity in the multicomponent synthesis of pyrrole derivatives from aromatic aldehydes, anilines, and ethyl pyruvate. Under mild conditions (room temperature, 2h), Fe\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eCu\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003eZn\u003csub\u003ez\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003e yielded N-heterocyclic products in 78–93% isolated yield. Crystallite sizes of 50.2 nm and saturation magnetization values of 50–60 emu/g were determined. The catalyst retained greater than 90% activity over five successive reaction cycles, demonstrating durability and facile magnetic recovery. Synergistic effects among the metal oxide components contribute to the enhanced catalytic performance and structural stability. This work presents a versatile heterogeneous catalytic system for organic synthesis with potential utility in related transformations\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Eco-Friendly Magnetic Nanocatalysts: Optimized Pyrrole Synthesis via Ternary FexCuyMzOk(M = Zn, Mn) Nanocomposites","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-15 16:27:59","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8080529/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0adabeb8-2ac5-4511-944f-db07e796da4c","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 15th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-26T02:53:54+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-15 16:27:59","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8080529","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8080529","identity":"rs-8080529","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}