Ternary vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite film with high surface area for high-performance flexible supercapacitor

Ternary vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite film with high surface area for high-performance flexible supercapacitor | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Ternary vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite film with high surface area for high-performance flexible supercapacitor Hamid Daryani, Biuck Habibi, Masoud Faraji This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7094564/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A ternary flexible vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite cauliflower-like electrode was simply fabricated via sonochemical dispersing of PANI, MWCNT, PVC, and aluminum micropowder in NMP solvent, drying to obtain flexible electrode, selective dissolving of aluminum and finally electrodeposition of MoO 3 on the surface of the flexible electrode. SEM and BET studies confirmed the creation of a vesicular morphology with nanoparticles in dimensions of 40–70 nm and nmnumerous surface area. The supercapacitive efficiency of the flexible electrode was carefully evaluated with the galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The electrochemical measurement results of vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite electrode showed remarkable specific capacitance of 143.7 Fg − 1 (932.6 mFcm − 2 ) at current density of 0.6 mAg − 1 in 1.0 M sulfuric acid aqueous electrolyte. A hybrid supercapacitor device based on the vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite electrode as well as PVA/H 2 SO 4 gel electrolyte represents 93% specific capacitance stability at 5000 uninterrupted charge-discharge cycles. These results show economic potential of MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC electrodes for next-generation wearable energy storage devices. Flexible supercapacitor Emeraldine salt Carbon nanotube Poly aniline MoO3 Nanocomposite Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 1. Introduction A requirement for the sustainable development of countries is a stable and reliable energy supply by the growing demand for energy consumption [ 1 , 2 ]. In addition to supplying energy using fossil fuels, supplying the energy deficit using other complementary sources and diversifying the portfolio of energy supply sources is considered. Supplying energy from reproducible energy sources such as the sun, wind, geothermal, biomass, and water energy, etc., is inevitable due to its advantages such as being cheap, safe, and environmentally friendly [ 3 ]. The demand for energy consumption is unquenchable and the importance of providing energy with renewable methods has been proven [ 4 ]. The next important issue is the importance of continuous access, stable supply of energy, and uniform distribution of energy at the required time according to natural geography (energy supply in the entire geographical area) and time (energy supply at the peak of electricity consumption) limitations And the use of energy reserve equipment looking like capacitors, supercapacitors batteries and, fuel cells, is inevitable [ 5 ]. Among energy storage devices, supercapacitors have attracted the most attention from researchers. The concurrent supply of high power and energy density in supercapacitors is desirable, and filling the gap between capacitors and batteries, based on the Ragone plot, has been regarded in supercapacitors compared to other energy storage devices [ 6 ]. Supercapacitors have been noticed for their features, such as fast charge-discharge ability, long cycle life, and great power density. Given these characteristics, researchers are still seeking to increase the capacity, power, and energy density of these energy storage devices [ 7 ]. Supercapacitors are divided into three types: electrochemical double-layer supercapacitors (EDLCs), Pseudocapacitors (PC), and hybrid supercapacitors. The main criterion for classifying them is based on the materials used in their structure. The hybrid supercapacitor is based on using EDLCs and PC materials in the presence of each of them. EDLC materials include MWCNT, Graphite, GO, etc, while the PC materials involve the metal oxides, conductive polymers and etc. [ 8 ]. Among the PC materials, the conductive polymers and metal oxides have a pseudocapacitive nature that can increase the specific capacitance (Csp) of the supercapacitor. However, one of the biggest disadvantages of PC materials is their low cyclic stability [ 9 ]. Among the EDLC materials, MWCNT compounds are suitable for capacitor usage due to having attributes such as high surface area, chemical stability, excellent mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, etc. The disadvantage of these materials is their low Csp. Accordingly, researchers use both types of EDLC and PC materials in the fabrication of supercapacitors, which combine their advantages and compensate for each other's disadvantages [ 10 ]. Polyaniline (PANI) is known as a conductive polymer with high internal conductivity and a lot of available active positions, which was used in fabricating supercapacitor electrodes.[ 11 ] Metal oxides have been more considered for the fabrication of supercapacitors materials due to their properties, such as excellent strength, environmental friendliness, low cost, and having ionic forms with high reduction states and abundant redox active sites [ 12 ]. Molybdenum oxide has a great potential to be used in supercapacitors due to its special layered structure, excellent electrochemical activity, and high capacitance [ 13 - 14 ]. The electrical and ionic conductivity of molybdenum oxide is weak singly [ 15 - 16 ], which this shortage can be solved by composite it with conductive polymers such as PANI, as well as materials such as MWCNT. Although MWCNT has a low capacitance, when composited with metal oxide and conductive polymers such as MoO 3 and PANI, it can increase the cyclic stability of the fabricated nanocomposite. So far, many studies have been reported on the synthesis and use of materials such as PANI, metal oxides, and EDLC materials, which a few of these synthesized nanocomposites has been used in the fabrication of flexible supercapacitor electrodes and their have a shortage such as low capacitance, stability, low power density, etc. Xia et al. have prepared a composite supercapacitor with a three-component combination of PANI-RGO-MoO 3 by sonochemical method with a supreme specific capacity of 553 Fg -1 in 1 M H 2 SO 4 solution [ 17 ]. Das et al. have designed a composite of PANI/MoO 3 /GNP (PMG) by in-situ polymerization method that has a Csp of 593 Fg -1 at 1 Ag -1 [ 18 ]. Graphene is relatively expensive to be used as a supercapacitor electrode and it is difficult to produce, and it also has a smaller surface area than carbon nanotubes [ 19 ]. Kamble et al. have manufactured a MoO 3 /PANI hybrid composite by chemical polymerization method and a specific capacity of 680 Fg -1 [2]. Deng et al. have produced MoO 3 /MWCNT-COOH/P5ICA hybrid nanocomposite by electrochemical and electrothermal polymerization methods with a specific capacity of 165.6 mFcm -2 [ 20 ]. Sun et al. have designed MoS 2 /MWCNT/PPy Nanocomposite with the hydrothermal method as an asymmetric supercapacitor with a high specific capacity [ 21 ]. In this work, for the first time, a flexible vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC film electrode is constructed using a chemical method and substitution reactions. This electrode is fabricated by first mixing PANI, MWCNT, PVC, and Al powder in NMP solvent, then extracting Al from these fabricated film using a substitution reaction, and finally electrodeposing MoO 3 onto the constructed porous film. The electrochemical behavior of the fabricated vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC flexible film as a supercapacitor electrode was evaluated by different techniques such as Cyclic voltametry (CV), Galvanostatic charge-Discharge (GCD), and Electrochemica Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in three-electrod configuration in 1 M H 2 SO 4 electrolyte solution. Also, in order to demonstrate the practical application of the fabricated electrode, a flexible solid-state supercapacitor device was fabricated, and its capacitive behavior was investigated. 2. Experimental 2.1 Materials&Apparatuse The superficial morphology and microstructures characteristics of the nanocomposite electrodes were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Philips, XL30 model. FT-IR spectrometry was conducted using a fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (Nexus-670, Thermo Nicolet USA). Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and pore size distribution Barrett Joyner Halenda (BJH) analysis were carried out using BEL SORP MINi II. Electrochemical studies and capacitive behavior of vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC electrode and other fabricated electrodes were conducted by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests. An Autolab PGSTAT302N potentiostat device was used to acquire electrochemical data. All reagents were pure for analytical research works, from Merck Chemical Reagent Company. 2.2 Preparation of flexible non-vesicular PANI-MWCNT-PVC electrode In the first step, Specific values of polyaniline (PANI), multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with a diameter of (10-20) nanometers, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and aluminum micropowder (Al) were solved in 12 ml N-methyl-2 pyrrolidinone (NMP) solvent and then stirred about 1 h, after than the samples were ultrasonicated for 2h, and then transfer on smooth glass and after drying in Owen, flexible composites film were prepared. 2.3 Preparation of flexible vesicular PANI-MWCNT-PVC electrode In this step, aluminum micropowder was eliminated by dissolving in sulfuric acid to create porosity. The prepared nanocomposite sheet in the previous step was immersed in 1 M sulfuric acid, and According to the following reaction, aluminum particles were dissolved: 2Al (S) + 3 H 2 SO 4 (aq) → Al 2 (SO4) 3 (aq) + 3H 2 (g) (2) Hydrogen gas was released in bubbles form from the surface of the composite film confirms this mechanism. Also, the SEM images confirming the presence of vesicular morphology. 2.3 fabrication of flexible vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC electrode MoO 3 with specific concentrations were electrodepositioned on the surface of a vesicular PANI-MWCNT-PVC electrode. This sheet with a geometric dimension (1.0 × 1.0 cm) centimeter and thickness of 0.8 millimeters was prepared and used as a main substrate for the electrodeposition of MoO 3 . Then fabricated sheets were put in 0.07M Ammonium molybdate solution. Electrodeposition was performed by cyclic voltammetry method in the potential range of 0.0 -0.7V in 0.02V scan rate of with 6 scans. Tree-electrode setup was used: vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposites electrodes for the working electrode, Pt foil for the counter electrode, and 4M Ag/AgCl electrode for the reference electrode was established. Also, MWCNT-PVC, PANI-PVC, MoO 3 -PVC, non-vesicular PANI-MWCNT-PVC, and non-vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC composites electrodes were distinctly manufactured in similar conditions to compare their supercapacitive behavior with the vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite. A vesicular nanocomposite with favorable supercapacitive properties was created. Scheme 1 shows the steps of nanocomposite manufacturing. 2.4 Fabrication of solid-state symmetric supercapacitor device by flexible vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC electrode A sandwich configuration to assemble a symmetric supercapacitor device was designed. Vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite film as an electrode and polyvinyl alcohol/sulfuric acid gel as electrolyte and separator were employed. Polyvinyl alcohol/sulfuric acid gel electrolyte was obtained via mixing 3.0g of polyvinyl alcohol in 1.0ml sulfuric acid and 10 ml distilled water at 80 0 C under intense magnetic stirring to form a homogeny clear fluid, Then cooling down of jelly fluid to form a viscous polyvinyl alcohol/sulfuric acid gel electrolyte. The two slices of vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite electrode were pressed together like a sandwich to obtain a flexible solid-state supercapacitor set. Eventually, the collecting device was kept at room temperature for 24 h to dry. 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Investigating the Morphology Characterization of fabricated electrodes To investigate the superficial morphology according to the chemical composition of the samples studied by a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and infrared spectra (IR) methods. For measuring the surface tension of prepared nanocomposite samples by contact angle method, o.3 ml of water was dropped on the nanocomposite surface, then take a picture of it with a camera, and then the contact angle between the water dropped and manufactured surface was measured in Image by software that mentioned in Ref. [ 22 ]. Autolab potentiostat was used to measure electrochemical parameters. 3.1.1 FTIR Study Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR–ATR) is a widely employed analytical technique for identifying functional groups and elucidating the chemical composition of polymeric materials. Variations in absorption band frequencies and changes in the relative intensities of spectral bands can indicate alterations in chemical structure as well as modifications in the chemical environment of constituent species. This technique is particularly useful for probing surface chemistry and assessing the effects of chemical or physical changes on material composition [ 23 ]. Figure 1 presents the FTIR–ATR spectra of the PVC, PANI, MWCNTs, MoO 3 powder, a vesicular PANI–MWCNT–PVC composite, and a vesicular MoO 3 /PANI–MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite. Figure 1a illustrates the FTIR–ATR spectrum of PVC. In this spectra five distinct absorption peaks are observed: CH 2 group deformation at 1330 cm -1 , C–H rocking at 1250 cm⁻¹, trans out-of-plane deformation at 960 cm -1 , C–Cl stretching at 830 cm -1 , and cis C–H wagging at 640 cm -1 [ 24 - 25 ]. Figure 1b shows the FTIR–ATR spectrum of PANI, which features prominent peaks at 3440, 1560, 1480, 1300, 1123, and 800 cm -1 [21]. The broad absorption at 3440 cm -1 corresponds to N–H and –NH 2 stretching vibrations. The peak at 1560 cm -1 is attributed to the stretching vibrations of the C=N group as well as the C=C bonds within the benzenoid rings. The peak at 1300 cm -1 arises from the C–N stretching of the polymer backbone, while the absorption at 800 cm -1 is indicative of para-substituted aromatic out-of-plane bending vibrations. Figure 1c displays the FTIR–ATR spectrum of MWCNTs. In this spectra absorption bands at 2930, 2855, and 1458 cm -1 are assigned to C–H stretching and bending modes, while the peak at 1635 cm -1 corresponds to the stretching of C=C bonds [18,19]. Figure 1d presents the FTIR–ATR spectrum of MoO 3 . According to this spectra a sharp absorption peak at 993 cm⁻¹ is attributed to the terminal Mo=O stretching vibration. Also a peak at 866 cm -1 corresponds to the Mo–O–Mo stretching mode, and a broader band near 1572 cm -1 is associated with the bending vibrations involving molybdenum and oxygen atoms [ 26 - 27 - 28 ]. Figure 1e illustrates the spectrum of the vesicular PANI–MWCNT–PVC composite. In the ATR spectra of this sample, a peak at 1331 cm -1 confirms the presence of C–N stretching vibrations, while a band at 1571 cm -1 corresponds to C–C stretching vibrations in the benzenoid ring. A sharp peak at approximately 2680 cm -1 is indicative of the G′ band, characteristic of carbon nanotubes, thus confirming the incorporation of both PANI and CNTs into the composite matrix [ 29 - 30 ]. Following the electrodeposition of MoO 3 onto the vesicular PANI–MWCNT–PVC composite, additional features emerge in the FTIR spectrum. Figure 1f shows the spectrum of the resulting vesicular MoO 3 /PANI–MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite. A new peak at 989 cm -1 corresponds to the Mo=O terminal stretching vibration, while a broad absorption centered around 605 cm -1 is associated with Mo–O bending vibrations, indicating successful electrodeposition of MoO 3 in the structure of flexible nanocomposite film [ 31 ]. 3.1.2 FE-SEM and BET Study Figure 2 shows the surface morphology of the synthesized nanocomposite electrodes investigated using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). FE-SEM images of the non-vesicular MoO3/PANI–MWCNT–PVC composites electrode and vesicular MoO 3 /PANI–MWCNT–PVC nanocomposites electrode are presented in Figures 2a and 2b, respectively. According to this figure, Following the porosity induction process, surface defects and numerous cracks are clearly observed. These structural changes are attributed to the removal of aluminum nanoparticles, which generates porosity within the nanocomposite matrix. Figure 2 (c,d,e) show the FE-SEM images of vesicular MoO 3 /PANI–MWCNT–PVC nanocomposites at different magnifications that reveal the formation of a nanospherical mesoporous architecture with nanoparticles in dimensions of 40-70 nm. The increased porosity significantly enhances the interfacial contact area between the electrode and the electrolyte, which facilitates proton (H + ) diffusion toward the electrode surface. This enhancement in ion transport properties contributes to a higher electrochemical reaction rate at the electrode–electrolyte interface. Consequently, the elevated porosity of the vesicular nanocomposite electrodes leads to an increase in the ion diffusion coefficient, thereby improving charge/discharge kinetics and overall electrochemical performance [ 32 ]. The unique nanospherical morphology, characterized by a hierarchical vesicular structure with branches and microbranches, provides rapid ion transport pathways and reduces diffusion resistance at the electrode–electrolyte interface. As depicted in Figure 2, molybdenum oxide particles are visibly deposited on both the surface and within the pores of the nanocomposite, contributing to enhanced supercapacitor efficiency. The vesicular structure exhibits smaller nanoparticle dimensions relative to its non-vesicular counterpart, particularly after the porosity induction and subsequent MoO 3 deposition. This reduction in particle size is favorable for increasing the surface area and enhancing electrochemical activity. The porosity, pore size distribution, and specific surface area of the nanocomposites—along with the changes in these parameters following the pore-forming process were evaluated using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) pore size distribution plots for both the non-vesicular and vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC electrode are presented in Figure 3a. As evident from the data, the vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite exhibits a marked increase in porosity, with a broad pore size distribution predominantly within the 10–70 nm range. According to Table 1, the specific surface area of the vesicular composite is significantly enhanced, reaching 31.659 m²g - ¹, compared to 13.842 m²g - ¹ for the non-vesicular counterpart. Furthermore, the pore volume increases from 0.2537 cm³g - ¹ in the non-vesicular sample to 0.4934 cm³g - ¹ in the vesicular nanocomposite. This well-developed vesicular architecture, coupled with the enlarged surface area and distinct nanostructure, provides abundant active sites for electrochemical redox reactions and enhances ion diffusion [ 33 ]. Consequently, these features collectively contribute to the improved capacitive performance of the supercapacitor. Table 1. BET isotherm and BJH pore size distribution analysis of non-vesicular MoO3/PANI-MWCNT-PVC composite and vesicular MoO3/PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite. Electrode BET Surface Area ( m 2 /g) Mean Pore diameter (nm) BJH Pore Volume ) Cm 3 /g) non-vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC 13.842 31.659 73.31 49.71 0.2537 0.4934 3.1.3 Contact angle test for the fabricated electrodes To further investigate the surface morphology and wettability of the electrode materials, contact angle measurements were conducted by placing a droplet of deionized water onto the electrode surface [ 34 ]. The contact angle formed between the droplet and the electrode provides insight into the surface’s hydrophilicity. A contact angle below 90° typically indicates a hydrophilic surface, which is beneficial for ion-electrode interactions-an important factor for efficient electrochemical performance, especially when the electrode surface is unpolished . [ 35 ] . Figures 4a and 4b show the contact angle images for the non-vesicular and vesicular MoO 3 /PANI–MWCNT-PVC electrodes, respectively, using deionized water as the probe liquid. Analysis of these images reveals a contact angle of around 90° for the non-vesicular composite, suggesting limited hydrophilicity. In contrast, the vesicular nanocomposite exhibits a much lower contact angle of approximately 37°, indicating a highly hydrophilic surface . This enhanced wettability in the vesicular sample can be attributed to its porous, vesicular structure, which allows water to spread more readily across the surface. Improved hydrophilicity strengthens the interaction between the electrolyte and electroactive sites, promoting better ion transport and accessibility. As a result, the electrode's charge storage capacity is significantly improved, leading to enhanced overall supercapacitive performance [16]. 3.2 Investigation of the electrochemical behavior of fabricated flexible electrode The electrochemical performance of the fabricated flexible electrodes were evaluated using an Autolab PGSTAT30 electrochemical workstation. To characterize the capacitive behavior, cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed. A conventional three-electrode configuration was used, comprising a saturated Ag/AgCl reference electrode, a platinum sheet counter electrode, and flexible nanocomposite electrodes as the working electrode. All electrochemical tests were conducted in a 1.0 M H 2 SO 4 aqueous electrolyte. CV measurements were carried out for the flexible nanocomposite electrodes over a potential window of –0.6 to 1 V at different scan rate. Besides, GCD tests were conducted at various current densities. Also, EIS analysis was performed across a frequency range from 100 kHz to 0.01 Hz in the same electrolyte. In Fig. 5a CV plots at 20 mVs -1 of vesicular MWCNT-PVC, vesicular PANI-MWCNT-PVC, non-vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT, and vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT nanocomposite are shown. As well as Figure 5b demonstrates CV curves of the flexible vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT nanocomposite electrode at different scan rates from (10-50) mVs -1 . Also, Figure 6 and Table 1 show the capacitance of the studied nanocomposites in terms of the amount of active material (Fg -1 ) and surface area (mFcm -2 ) using Equation 1: Which, C sp denotes the specific capacitance, S represents the surface area of the electrode (in cm²), V is the scan rate (V/s), Va and Vc correspond to the anodic (1 V) and cathodic (–0.6 V) potentials, respectively, and I is the instantaneous current (A). In contrast, the CV curves of the vesicular MWCNT–PVC and vesicular PANI–MWCNT–PVC composites exhibit distinct redox peaks, which can be attributed to the presence of MWCNTs. These nanotubes enhance the overall conductivity and increase the effective surface area of the nanocomposite, leading to improved electrochemical responsiveness. The redox features observed in the CV curve of the vesicular PANI–MWCNT–PVC composite are characteristic of the redox transitions associated with the protonation and deprotonation of PANI across its various oxidation states. For the vesicular MoO 3 /PANI–MWCNT nanocomposite electrode, an impressive areal capacitance of 221.5 mFcm - ² and a specific capacitance of 68.1 Fg - ¹ were recorded at a scan rate of 20 mVs - ¹. In comparison, the non-vesicular version showed much lower performance, with an areal capacitance of just 33.6 mFcm - ² and a specific capacitance of 9.8 Fg - ¹. The significant enhancement in the vesicular structure is largely due to its increased interfacial area, enabled by the porous architecture, as well as the synergistic effects of PANI, MWCNT, and MoO 3 within the PVC matrix. This combination facilitates extensive electrostatic interactions and efficient ion exchange at the electrode–electrolyte interface. Figure 5b shows the CV curves of the flexible vesicular MoO 3 /PANI–MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite electrode measured at different scan rates of 10 to 50 mVs - ¹. The curves maintain a quasi-rectangular shape with minimal distortion, indicating excellent rate capability and ideal capacitive behavior key features for dependable performance in flexible energy storage devices [33]. As the scan rate increases, a slight reduction in specific capacitance is observed, which is expected due to the limited diffusion of H⁺ ions into the deeper porous regions of the electrode at higher scan rates. This behavior is consistent with diffusion-controlled charge storage mechanisms [31]. While the introduction of porosity into the non-vesicular MoO 3 /PANI–MWCNT-PVC electrode results in an increased area under the CV curve indicating improved capacitive behavior the most significant enhancement arises from the subsequent deposition of molybdenum oxide (MoO 3 ) on the porous electrode surface. The synergistic effect of porosity and MoO 3 deposition is clearly reflected in the CV response of the resulting nanocomposite electrode. The CV curve of the vesicular MoO 3 /PANI–MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite electrode exhibits a substantially larger enclosed area compared to other electrode configurations, signifying enhanced charge storage capability. This observation is further supported by quantitative capacitance calculations based on the integrated area under the CV curves. Table 2 summarizes the specific capacitance and areal capacitance values derived from CV measurements conducted at a scan rate of 20 mVs -1 for each synthesized electrode. As evident from the data, the vesicular MoO 3 /PANI–MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite electrode demonstrates the highest capacitance (68.15 Fg -1 ), confirming the beneficial combined effect of structural porosity and MoO 3 surface functionalization. Table 2. Areal capacitance and specific capacitance values of fabricated electrodes at 20 mVs -1 . Electrodes Areal capacitance (mFCm -2 ) specific capacitance (Fg -1 ) Vesicular MWCNT-PVC 17.9 5.52 non-vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC 33.6 10.35 Vesicular PANI-MWCNT-PVC 32.1 9.86 Vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC 221.5 68.15 Figure 7a shows the galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) curves of various electrodes, including flexible vesicular MWCNT–PVC, vesicular PANI–MWCNT–PVC, non-vesicular MoO 3 /PANI–MWCNT–PVC, and vesicular MoO 3 /PANI–MWCNT–PVC electrodes, recorded at a current density of 0.6 mAg - ¹ in a 1.0 M H 2 SO 4 electrolyte. Among these, the flexible vesicular MoO 3 /PANI–MWCNT–PVC nanocomposite electrode demonstrates the lowest IR drop. This enhanced performance can be attributed to its high specific surface area, hollow vesicular architecture, and reduced internal resistance, all of which contribute to efficient charge transport and ion diffusion. The nearly symmetrical charge–discharge profiles further suggest excellent electrochemical reversibility and predominantly capacitive behavior, driven by reversible faradaic redox reactions.The specific capacitance of the electrodes can be calculated from the GCD curves using the following equation (Eq.2) [30]: where I is the discharge current (A), Δt is the discharge time (s), m is the mass of the active material (g), and ΔV is the potential window (V). Figure 7b displays the GCD curves of the vesicular MoO 3 /PANI–MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite electrode at various current densities ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 mAg - ¹. The curves exhibit nearly symmetrical and triangular shapes, characteristic of reversible faradaic processes, which reflect good electrochemical stability and efficient charge storage reversibility. Moreover, the minimal IR drop observed across all current densities indicates low internal resistance, emphasizing the electrode's potential as a high-performance material for advanced supercapacitor applications. Figure 8 also illustrates the calculated specific capacitance for the vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite electrode at different current densities by the GCD technique.The calculated specific capacitance values are summarized within the figure. As the current density increases, a gradual decrease in specific capacitance is observed. This decline is primarily attributed to polarization effects that intensify at higher current densities, which impede the kinetics and efficiency of faradaic redox reactions and limit ion diffusion and charge transfer within the electrode matrix. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to evaluate the ohmic resistance and intrinsic internal resistance of the synthesized nanocomposite electrodes. The Nyquist plots of the fabricated electrodes are presented in Figure 9. The vesicular MoO 3 /PANI–MWCNT-PVC electrode exhibits lower charge transfer resistance compared to its non-vesicular counterpart. This improvement is attributed to its highly porous architecture and three-dimensional structure, which provide a larger surface area and facilitate more efficient electron transport. Additionally, the MoO 3 coating on the porous surface forms a continuous conductive network, further enhancing electron mobility and reducing the interfacial resistance between the electrode and the electrolyte. 3.3 Investigation of the electrochemical behaviour of the fabricated symmetrical supercapacitor by vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC electrode The fabrication methodology of the symmetric flexible solid-state supercapacitor device is detailed in the Experimental Section. Figure 10a presents CV curves of the MoO 3 /PANI–MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite device recorded at various scan rates (10 to 50 mVs -1 ). The presence of redox peaks within the CV plots confirms the pseudocapacitive behavior of the fabricated device, which is attributed to the inclusion of PANI as an electroactive material. When comparing the CV response of the solid-state device to that of a single electrode tested in aqueous electrolyte, a noticeable reduction in peak current is observed. This decrease is ascribed to the restricted ion mobility and limited diffusion within the gel electrolyte matrix, which contrasts with the higher ionic conductivity in liquid-phase systems. Figure 10b shows the GCD curves of the fabricated device at different current densities of 0.1 to 0.6 mA g -1 , measured over a voltage window of 0.5 V. The nearly triangular shape of the GCD curves and the minimal IR drop across all current densities further confirm the excellent capacitive behavior and low internal resistance of the flexible solid-state supercapacitor. According to the obtained results from the calculated specific capacitance for different current densities in figure 11, with increasing current density, the specific capacitance of the device decreases from 106 to 13.35 Fg -1 , a trend commonly observed due to limited ion diffusion and reduced utilization of electroactive sites at higher charge/discharge rates. Another critical performance metric for supercapacitor electrodes is long-term cycling stability. The cycling performance of the vesicular MoO 3 /PANI–MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite electrode was evaluated over 5000 continuous charge–discharge cycles in 1.0 M H 2 SO 4 at a current density of 2.0 m Ag -1 . As shown in Figure 12, the electrode retained 93% of its initial specific capacitance after 5000 cycles, demonstrating excellent electrochemical durability and long-term stability, key attributes for practical energy storage applications. To evaluate the mechanical flexibility and electrochemical stability of the supercapacitor device under deformation, CV measurements were conducted at various bending angles (0°, 90°, 180°, and 360°). As shown in Figure 13, the CV curves remain largely consistent across the different bending conditions, indicating that bending has a minimal effect on the capacitive performance of the device. These results demonstrate the device’s robust flexibility and mechanical durability, highlighting its potential applicability in next-generation flexible and wearable energy storage systems, particularly within the renewable energy sector. Finally, in order to demonstrate the practical operation of the constructed supercapacitor device, a device was constructed on a larger scale (1.5×2.8 cm 2 ) and then charged, and its discharge state was shown in Figure 14 by turning on an 1.5V LED lamp and an armature (fan motor). 4. Conclusion In this study, flexible vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite electrode was prepared via chemical dealloying of Al particles from the surface of primitive PANI-MWCNT-PVC composite followed by the electrochemical deposition of MoO 3 on the surface of vesicular nanocomposite. The composition of PANI, MWCNT, and MoO 3 in ternary nanocomposite electrodes increases the efficiency of the hybrid supercapacitor due to the synergistic effect of employed materials where PANI with high flexibility and processability; MWCNT with remarkable surface area, chemical stability and conductivity; MoO 3 with appropriate pseudocapacitive behaviors and electroactivity were utilized. The prepared flexible vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVA supercapacitor device had a great specific capacitance of 66.7 F.g -1 (432.9 mF.cm -2 ) in current density of 2.0 mA.g -1 and retaining 93% of its capacitance after 5000 charge/discharge cycles. The purpose of this research is to acquire a unique strategy to design flexible hybrid supercapacitors with high specific capacity using the mechanisms of increasing the surface area of the nanocomposite for use in lightweight and wearable electronic equipment and other fields. Also, the prepared supercapacitor has the potential of many practical and commercial applications for energy storage devices in the next generation. Declarations Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the Research Council of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University for its financial support. Also, the authors sincerely thank the Central Laboratory of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University for conducting the SEM and EDX experiments as part of this study. Author contributions B.H: Supervision, Monitoring, Editing, Discussing and Revising. H. D: All practical works in lab, Visualization, Investigation, Writing- Reviewing and Editing and Data curation. M.F: Supervision, Monitoring, Editing, Discussing and Revising. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to B.H. Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints. Data availability statement All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files]. Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third-party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. © The Author(s) 2024 References M. Inagaki, H. Konno, O. Tanaike, Carbon materials for electrochemical capacitors. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7094564","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":501328658,"identity":"1344b11b-918e-4e83-a87d-27a2e2e2954c","order_by":0,"name":"Hamid Daryani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hamid","middleName":"","lastName":"Daryani","suffix":""},{"id":501328659,"identity":"be7c6da7-cba9-433e-b4a3-524526fcb337","order_by":1,"name":"Biuck Habibi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Azarbaijan Shahid Madani 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Specific capacitance values of synthetic nanocomposite electrodes at a current density of 0.6 mAg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e in 1.0 M H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e electrolyte.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7094564/v1/27f79e5fbad18816b2eee5af.png"},{"id":89380480,"identity":"1fe31e54-5847-44ad-8181-2a792d5953b0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-19 11:47:44","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":187066,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGCD curves of the flexible vesicular MWCNT-PVC, vesicular PANI-MWCNT-PVC, non-vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC and vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC electrodes at 0.6 mAg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e (a); GCD curves of vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite 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10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":210149,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCV curves at different scan rates (a) and GCD curves at various current densities (b) for the fabricated flexible symmetric supercapacitor by MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite electrode.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7094564/v1/77ad399ca3bd037ebae37ab4.png"},{"id":89381990,"identity":"f309a03b-f4f2-4f94-aaba-dccee862bd82","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-19 12:03:44","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21295,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCalculated specific capacitance for the fabricated supercapacitor device by vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite electrode at different current densities by GCD technique.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7094564/v1/d36a20b9ee8d639a31bea25f.png"},{"id":89380488,"identity":"f453efe2-2daf-4eb5-9332-a89c596b38dd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-19 11:47:44","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":68142,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCyclic stability of vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite electrode for 5000 GCD cycles at 2.0 mA.g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e in 1.0 M H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7094564/v1/72a7f161bd7fa5ddbeb9e279.png"},{"id":89380489,"identity":"dbf88eb8-5611-488c-b847-19cc5a6f8fd4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-19 11:47:44","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":76355,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCyclic voltammograms for the fabricated vesicular supercapacitor device in different bending situations.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7094564/v1/e6c40309422294888b905e7b.png"},{"id":89381992,"identity":"aa3d4378-c7f3-445a-9dba-1a8507f6943b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-19 12:03:44","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":345655,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe image of turning on the LED lamp and starting the armature fan using the charged fabricated device.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7094564/v1/3245d177e67244914076600f.png"},{"id":96248602,"identity":"1392428c-cac4-44ba-a8f0-a70ff97b54c9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:28:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4546820,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7094564/v1/c2f73e5e-8e54-4e20-91d1-6f92b377595a.pdf"},{"id":89381517,"identity":"b0dd9a15-32e0-4630-860f-3faf04c2d3e0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-19 11:55:44","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":384505,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScheme 1.\u003c/strong\u003e The fabrication process of flexible vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC electrode.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Scheme1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7094564/v1/9382dd8a473e3c7663348038.png"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Ternary vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite film with high surface area for high-performance flexible supercapacitor","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eA requirement for the sustainable development of countries is a stable and reliable energy supply by the growing demand for energy consumption [\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e,\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e]. In addition to supplying energy using fossil fuels, supplying the energy deficit using other complementary sources and diversifying the portfolio of energy supply sources is considered. Supplying energy from reproducible energy sources such as the sun, wind, geothermal, biomass, and water energy, etc., is inevitable due to its advantages such as being cheap, safe, and environmentally friendly [\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e]. The demand for energy consumption is unquenchable and the importance of providing energy with renewable methods has been proven [\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e]. The next important issue is the importance of continuous access, stable supply of energy, and uniform distribution of energy at the required time according to natural geography (energy supply in the entire geographical area) and time (energy supply at the peak of electricity consumption) limitations And the use of energy reserve equipment looking like capacitors, supercapacitors batteries and, fuel cells, is inevitable [\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e]. Among energy storage devices, supercapacitors have attracted the most attention from researchers.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eThe concurrent supply of high power and energy density in supercapacitors is desirable, and filling the gap between capacitors and batteries, based on the Ragone plot, has been regarded in supercapacitors compared to other energy storage devices [\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e]. Supercapacitors have been noticed for their features, such as fast charge-discharge ability, long cycle life, and great power density. Given these characteristics, researchers are still seeking to increase the capacity, power, and energy density of these energy storage devices\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e[\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e]. Supercapacitors are divided into three types: electrochemical double-layer supercapacitors (EDLCs), Pseudocapacitors (PC), and hybrid supercapacitors. The main criterion for classifying them is based on the materials used in their structure. The hybrid supercapacitor is based on using EDLCs and PC materials in the presence of each of them. EDLC materials include MWCNT, Graphite, GO, etc, while the PC materials involve the metal oxides, conductive polymers and etc. [\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e]. Among the PC materials, the conductive polymers and metal oxides have a pseudocapacitive nature that can increase the specific capacitance (Csp) of the supercapacitor. However, one of the biggest disadvantages of PC materials is their low cyclic stability [\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e]. Among the EDLC materials, MWCNT compounds are suitable for capacitor usage due to having attributes such as high surface area, chemical stability, excellent mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, etc. The disadvantage of these materials is their low Csp.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccordingly, researchers use both types of EDLC and PC materials in the fabrication of supercapacitors, which combine their advantages and compensate for each other\u0026apos;s disadvantages [\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e]. Polyaniline (PANI) is known as a conductive polymer with high internal conductivity and a lot of available active positions, which was used in fabricating supercapacitor electrodes.[\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e] Metal oxides have been more considered for the fabrication of supercapacitors materials due to their properties, such as excellent strength, environmental friendliness, low cost, and having ionic forms with high reduction states and abundant redox active sites [\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e]. Molybdenum oxide has a great potential to be used in supercapacitors due to its special layered structure, excellent electrochemical activity, and high capacitance [\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e-\u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e]. The electrical and ionic conductivity of molybdenum oxide is weak singly [\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e-\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e],\u0026nbsp;which this shortage can be solved by composite it with conductive polymers such as PANI, as well as materials such as MWCNT.\u0026nbsp;Although MWCNT has a low capacitance, when composited with metal oxide and conductive polymers such as MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and PANI, it can increase the cyclic stability of the fabricated nanocomposite.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSo far, many studies have been reported on the synthesis and use of materials such as PANI, metal oxides, and EDLC materials, which a few of these synthesized nanocomposites has been used in the fabrication of flexible supercapacitor electrodes and their have a shortage such as low capacitance, stability, low power density, etc. Xia et al. have prepared a composite supercapacitor with a three-component combination of PANI-RGO-MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e by sonochemical method with a supreme specific capacity of 553 Fg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e in 1 M H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e solution [\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e]. Das et al. have designed a composite of PANI/MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/GNP (PMG) by in-situ polymerization method that has a Csp of 593 Fg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e at 1 Ag\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e [\u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003e]. Graphene is relatively expensive to be used as a supercapacitor electrode and it is difficult to produce, and it also has a smaller surface area than carbon nanotubes [\u003csup\u003e19\u003c/sup\u003e].\u0026nbsp;Kamble\u0026nbsp;et al. have manufactured a MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI hybrid composite by chemical polymerization method and a specific capacity of 680 Fg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e [2]. Deng et al. have produced MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/MWCNT-COOH/P5ICA hybrid nanocomposite by electrochemical and electrothermal polymerization methods with a specific capacity of 165.6 mFcm\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e [\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e]. Sun et al. have designed MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/MWCNT/PPy Nanocomposite with the hydrothermal method as an asymmetric supercapacitor with a high specific capacity [\u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this work, for the first time, a flexible vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC film electrode is constructed using a chemical method and substitution reactions. This electrode is fabricated by first mixing PANI, MWCNT, PVC, and Al powder in NMP solvent, then extracting Al from these fabricated film using a substitution reaction, and finally electrodeposing MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e onto the constructed porous film.\u0026nbsp;The electrochemical behavior of the fabricated vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC flexible film as a supercapacitor electrode was evaluated by different techniques such as Cyclic voltametry (CV), Galvanostatic charge-Discharge (GCD), and Electrochemica Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in three-electrod configuration in 1 M H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e electrolyte solution. Also, in order to demonstrate the practical application of the fabricated electrode, a flexible solid-state supercapacitor device was fabricated, and its capacitive behavior was investigated.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Materials\u0026amp;Apparatuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe superficial morphology and microstructures characteristics of the nanocomposite electrodes were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Philips, XL30 model. FT-IR spectrometry was conducted using a fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (Nexus-670, Thermo Nicolet USA). Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and pore size distribution Barrett Joyner Halenda (BJH) analysis were carried out using BEL SORP MINi II. Electrochemical studies and capacitive behavior of vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC electrode and other fabricated electrodes were conducted by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests. An Autolab PGSTAT302N potentiostat device was used to acquire electrochemical data.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll reagents were pure for analytical research works, from Merck Chemical Reagent Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Preparation of flexible non-vesicular PANI-MWCNT-PVC electrode\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the first step, Specific values of polyaniline (PANI), multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with a diameter of (10-20) nanometers, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and aluminum micropowder (Al) were solved in 12 ml N-methyl-2 pyrrolidinone (NMP) solvent and then stirred about 1 h, after than the samples were ultrasonicated for 2h, and then transfer on smooth glass and after drying in Owen, flexible composites film were prepared.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreparation of flexible vesicular PANI-MWCNT-PVC electrode\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this step, aluminum micropowder was eliminated by dissolving in sulfuric acid to create porosity. The prepared nanocomposite sheet in the previous step was immersed in 1 M sulfuric acid, and According to the following reaction, aluminum particles were dissolved:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2Al (S) + 3 H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(aq) \u0026rarr; Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e(SO4)\u003csub\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(aq) + 3H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (g) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHydrogen gas was released in bubbles form from the surface of the composite film confirms this mechanism. Also, the SEM images confirming the presence of vesicular morphology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3 fabrication of flexible vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC electrode\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e with specific concentrations were electrodepositioned on the surface of a vesicular PANI-MWCNT-PVC electrode. This sheet with a geometric dimension (1.0 \u0026times; 1.0 cm) centimeter and thickness of 0.8 millimeters was prepared and used as a main substrate for the electrodeposition of MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. Then fabricated sheets were put in 0.07M Ammonium molybdate solution. Electrodeposition was performed by cyclic voltammetry method in the potential range of 0.0 -0.7V in 0.02V scan rate of with 6 scans. Tree-electrode setup was used: vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposites electrodes for the working electrode, Pt foil for the counter electrode, and 4M Ag/AgCl electrode for the reference electrode was established. Also, MWCNT-PVC, PANI-PVC, MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e-PVC, non-vesicular PANI-MWCNT-PVC, and non-vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC composites electrodes were distinctly manufactured in similar conditions to compare their supercapacitive behavior with the vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite. A vesicular nanocomposite with favorable supercapacitive properties was created. Scheme 1 shows the steps of nanocomposite manufacturing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4 Fabrication of solid-state symmetric supercapacitor device by flexible vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC electrode\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA sandwich configuration to assemble a symmetric supercapacitor device was designed. Vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003enanocomposite film as an electrode and polyvinyl alcohol/sulfuric acid gel as electrolyte and separator were employed. Polyvinyl\u0026nbsp;alcohol/sulfuric acid gel electrolyte was obtained via mixing 3.0g of polyvinyl\u0026nbsp;alcohol in 1.0ml sulfuric acid and 10 ml distilled water at 80 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC under intense magnetic stirring to form a homogeny clear fluid, Then cooling down of jelly fluid to form a viscous polyvinyl alcohol/sulfuric acid gel electrolyte. The two slices of vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003enanocomposite electrode were pressed together like a sandwich to obtain a flexible solid-state supercapacitor set. Eventually, the collecting device was kept at room temperature for 24 h to dry.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1 Investigating the Morphology Characterization of fabricated electrodes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo investigate the superficial morphology according to the chemical composition of the samples studied by a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and infrared spectra (IR) methods. For measuring the surface tension of prepared nanocomposite samples by contact angle method, o.3 ml of water was dropped on the nanocomposite surface, then take a picture of it with a camera, and then the contact angle between the water dropped and manufactured surface was measured in Image by software that mentioned in Ref. [\u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e]. Autolab potentiostat was used to measure electrochemical parameters.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1.1 FTIR Study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFourier-transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR\u0026ndash;ATR) is a widely employed analytical technique for identifying functional groups and elucidating the chemical composition of polymeric materials. Variations in absorption band frequencies and changes in the relative intensities of spectral bands can indicate alterations in chemical structure as well as modifications in the chemical environment of constituent species. This technique is particularly useful for probing surface chemistry and assessing the effects of chemical or physical changes on material composition [\u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e]. Figure 1 presents the FTIR\u0026ndash;ATR spectra of the PVC, PANI, MWCNTs, MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e powder, a vesicular PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT\u0026ndash;PVC composite, and a vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite. Figure 1a illustrates the FTIR\u0026ndash;ATR spectrum of PVC. In this spectra five distinct absorption peaks are observed: CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e group deformation at 1330 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, C\u0026ndash;H rocking at 1250 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, trans out-of-plane deformation at 960 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, C\u0026ndash;Cl stretching at 830 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, and cis C\u0026ndash;H wagging at 640 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e [\u003csup\u003e24\u003c/sup\u003e-\u003csup\u003e25\u003c/sup\u003e]. Figure 1b shows the FTIR\u0026ndash;ATR spectrum of PANI, which features prominent peaks at 3440, 1560, 1480, 1300, 1123, and 800 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e [21]. The broad absorption at 3440 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e corresponds to N\u0026ndash;H and \u0026ndash;NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e stretching vibrations. The peak at 1560 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e is attributed to the stretching vibrations of the C=N group as well as the C=C bonds within the benzenoid rings. The peak at 1300 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e arises from the C\u0026ndash;N stretching of the polymer backbone, while the absorption at 800 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e is indicative of para-substituted aromatic out-of-plane bending vibrations. Figure 1c displays the FTIR\u0026ndash;ATR spectrum of MWCNTs. In this spectra absorption bands at 2930, 2855, and 1458 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e are assigned to C\u0026ndash;H stretching and bending modes, while the peak at 1635 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e corresponds to the stretching of C=C bonds [18,19]. Figure 1d presents the FTIR\u0026ndash;ATR spectrum of MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. According to this spectra a sharp absorption peak at 993 cm⁻\u0026sup1; is attributed to the terminal Mo=O stretching vibration. Also a peak at 866 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e corresponds to the Mo\u0026ndash;O\u0026ndash;Mo stretching mode, and a broader band near 1572 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e is associated with the bending vibrations involving molybdenum and oxygen atoms [\u003csup\u003e26\u003c/sup\u003e-\u003csup\u003e27\u003c/sup\u003e-\u003csup\u003e28\u003c/sup\u003e]. Figure 1e illustrates the spectrum of the vesicular PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT\u0026ndash;PVC composite. In the ATR spectra of this sample, a peak at 1331 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e confirms the presence of C\u0026ndash;N stretching vibrations, while a band at 1571 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e corresponds to C\u0026ndash;C stretching vibrations in the benzenoid ring. A sharp peak at approximately 2680 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e is indicative of the G\u0026prime; band, characteristic of carbon nanotubes, thus confirming the incorporation of both PANI and CNTs into the composite matrix [\u003csup\u003e29\u003c/sup\u003e-\u003csup\u003e30\u003c/sup\u003e]. Following the electrodeposition of MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e onto the vesicular PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT\u0026ndash;PVC composite, additional features emerge in the FTIR spectrum. Figure 1f shows the spectrum of the resulting vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite. A new peak at 989 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e corresponds to the Mo=O terminal stretching vibration, while a broad absorption centered around 605 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e is associated with Mo\u0026ndash;O bending vibrations, indicating successful electrodeposition of MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e in the structure of flexible nanocomposite film [\u003csup\u003e31\u003c/sup\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1.2 FE-SEM and BET Study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 2 shows the surface morphology of the synthesized nanocomposite electrodes investigated using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). FE-SEM images of the non-vesicular MoO3/PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT\u0026ndash;PVC composites electrode and vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT\u0026ndash;PVC nanocomposites electrode are presented in Figures 2a and 2b, respectively. According to this figure, Following the porosity induction process, surface defects and numerous cracks are clearly observed. These structural changes are attributed to the removal of aluminum nanoparticles, which generates porosity within the nanocomposite matrix. Figure 2 (c,d,e) show the FE-SEM images of vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT\u0026ndash;PVC nanocomposites at different magnifications that reveal the formation of a nanospherical mesoporous architecture with nanoparticles in dimensions of 40-70 nm. The increased porosity significantly enhances the interfacial contact area between the electrode and the electrolyte, which facilitates proton (H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e) diffusion toward the electrode surface. This enhancement in ion transport properties contributes to a higher electrochemical reaction rate at the electrode\u0026ndash;electrolyte interface. Consequently, the elevated porosity of the vesicular nanocomposite electrodes leads to an increase in the ion diffusion coefficient, thereby improving charge/discharge kinetics and overall electrochemical performance [\u003csup\u003e32\u003c/sup\u003e]. The unique nanospherical morphology, characterized by a hierarchical vesicular structure with branches and microbranches, provides rapid ion transport pathways and reduces diffusion resistance at the electrode\u0026ndash;electrolyte interface. As depicted in Figure 2, molybdenum oxide particles are visibly deposited on both the surface and within the pores of the nanocomposite, contributing to enhanced supercapacitor efficiency. The vesicular structure exhibits smaller nanoparticle dimensions relative to its non-vesicular counterpart, particularly after the porosity induction and subsequent MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e deposition. This reduction in particle size is favorable for increasing the surface area and enhancing electrochemical activity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe porosity, pore size distribution, and specific surface area of the nanocomposites\u0026mdash;along with the changes in these parameters following the pore-forming process were evaluated using the Brunauer\u0026ndash;Emmett\u0026ndash;Teller (BET) method. Nitrogen adsorption\u0026ndash;desorption isotherms and Barrett\u0026ndash;Joyner\u0026ndash;Halenda (BJH) pore size distribution plots for both the non-vesicular and vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC electrode are presented in Figure 3a. As evident from the data, the vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite exhibits a marked increase in porosity, with a broad pore size distribution predominantly within the 10\u0026ndash;70 nm range. According to Table 1, the specific surface area of the vesicular composite is significantly enhanced, reaching 31.659 m\u0026sup2;g\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026sup1;, compared to 13.842 m\u0026sup2;g\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026sup1; for the non-vesicular counterpart. Furthermore, the pore volume increases from 0.2537 cm\u0026sup3;g\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026sup1; in the non-vesicular sample to 0.4934 cm\u0026sup3;g\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026sup1; in the vesicular nanocomposite. This well-developed vesicular architecture, coupled with the enlarged surface area and distinct nanostructure, provides abundant active sites for electrochemical redox reactions and enhances ion diffusion [\u003csup\u003e33\u003c/sup\u003e]. Consequently, these features collectively contribute to the improved capacitive performance of the supercapacitor.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e BET isotherm and BJH pore size distribution analysis of non-vesicular MoO3/PANI-MWCNT-PVC composite and vesicular MoO3/PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3874%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eElectrode\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0146%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBET Surface Area\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/g)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26.094%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean Pore diameter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(nm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.5041%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBJH Pore Volume\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/g)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3874%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enon-vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0146%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.842\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.659\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26.094%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.5041%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2537\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4934\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1.3 Contact angle test for the fabricated electrodes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo further investigate the surface morphology and wettability of the electrode materials, contact angle measurements were conducted by placing a droplet of deionized water onto the electrode surface [\u003csup\u003e34\u003c/sup\u003e]. The contact angle formed between the droplet and the electrode provides insight into the surface\u0026rsquo;s hydrophilicity. A contact angle below 90\u0026deg; typically indicates a hydrophilic surface, which is beneficial for ion-electrode interactions-an important factor for efficient electrochemical performance, especially when the electrode surface is unpolished . [\u003csup\u003e35\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e.\u0026nbsp;Figures 4a and 4b show the contact angle images for the non-vesicular and vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT-PVC electrodes, respectively, using deionized water as the probe liquid. Analysis of these images reveals a contact angle of around 90\u0026deg; for the non-vesicular composite, suggesting limited hydrophilicity. In contrast, the vesicular nanocomposite exhibits a much lower contact angle of approximately 37\u0026deg;, indicating a highly hydrophilic surface\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e This enhanced wettability in the vesicular sample can be attributed to its porous, vesicular structure, which allows water to spread more readily across the surface. Improved hydrophilicity strengthens the interaction between the electrolyte and electroactive sites, promoting better ion transport and accessibility. As a result, the electrode\u0026apos;s charge storage capacity is significantly improved, leading to enhanced overall supercapacitive performance [16].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2 Investigation of the electrochemical behavior of fabricated flexible electrode\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe electrochemical performance of the fabricated flexible electrodes were evaluated using an Autolab PGSTAT30 electrochemical workstation. To characterize the capacitive behavior, cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed. A conventional three-electrode configuration was used, comprising a saturated Ag/AgCl reference electrode, a platinum sheet counter electrode, and flexible nanocomposite electrodes as the working electrode. All electrochemical tests were conducted in a 1.0 M H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e aqueous electrolyte. CV measurements were carried out for the flexible nanocomposite electrodes over a potential window of \u0026ndash;0.6 to 1 V at different scan rate. Besides, GCD tests were conducted at various current densities. Also, EIS analysis was performed across a frequency range from 100 kHz to 0.01 Hz in the same electrolyte.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Fig. 5a CV plots at 20 mVs\u003csup\u003e-1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eof vesicular MWCNT-PVC, vesicular PANI-MWCNT-PVC, non-vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT, and vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT nanocomposite are shown. As well as Figure 5b demonstrates CV curves of the flexible vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT nanocomposite electrode at different scan rates from (10-50) mVs\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. Also, Figure 6 and Table 1 show the capacitance of the studied nanocomposites in terms of the amount of active material (Fg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) and surface area (mFcm\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e) using Equation 1:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" style=\"width: 391px; height: 41.4789px;\" width=\"391\" height=\"41.4789\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhich, C\u003csub\u003esp\u003c/sub\u003e denotes the specific capacitance, S represents the surface area of the electrode (in cm\u0026sup2;), V is the scan rate (V/s), Va and Vc correspond to the anodic (1 V) and cathodic (\u0026ndash;0.6 V) potentials, respectively, and I is the instantaneous current (A).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, the CV curves of the vesicular MWCNT\u0026ndash;PVC and vesicular PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT\u0026ndash;PVC composites exhibit distinct redox peaks, which can be attributed to the presence of MWCNTs. These nanotubes enhance the overall conductivity and increase the effective surface area of the nanocomposite, leading to improved electrochemical responsiveness. The redox features observed in the CV curve of the vesicular PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT\u0026ndash;PVC composite are characteristic of the redox transitions associated with the protonation and deprotonation of PANI across its various oxidation states. For the vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT nanocomposite electrode, an impressive areal capacitance of 221.5 mFcm\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026sup2; and a specific capacitance of 68.1 Fg\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026sup1; were recorded at a scan rate of 20 mVs\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026sup1;. In comparison, the non-vesicular version showed much lower performance, with an areal capacitance of just 33.6 mFcm\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026sup2; and a specific capacitance of 9.8 Fg\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026sup1;. The significant enhancement in the vesicular structure is largely due to its increased interfacial area, enabled by the porous architecture, as well as the synergistic effects of PANI, MWCNT, and MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e within the PVC matrix. This combination facilitates extensive electrostatic interactions and efficient ion exchange at the electrode\u0026ndash;electrolyte interface.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 5b shows the CV curves of the flexible vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite electrode measured at different scan rates of 10 to 50 mVs\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026sup1;. The curves maintain a quasi-rectangular shape with minimal distortion, indicating excellent rate capability and ideal capacitive behavior key features for dependable performance in flexible energy storage devices [33]. As the scan rate increases, a slight reduction in specific capacitance is observed, which is expected due to the limited diffusion of H⁺ ions into the deeper porous regions of the electrode at higher scan rates. This behavior is consistent with diffusion-controlled charge storage mechanisms [31]. While the introduction of porosity into the non-vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT-PVC electrode results in an increased area under the CV curve indicating improved capacitive behavior the most significant enhancement arises from the subsequent deposition of molybdenum oxide (MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) on the porous electrode surface. The synergistic effect of porosity and MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e deposition is clearly reflected in the CV response of the resulting nanocomposite electrode. The CV curve of the vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite electrode exhibits a substantially larger enclosed area compared to other electrode configurations, signifying enhanced charge storage capability. This observation is further supported by quantitative capacitance calculations based on the integrated area under the CV curves. Table 2 summarizes the specific capacitance and areal capacitance values derived from CV measurements conducted at a scan rate of 20 mVs\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e for each synthesized electrode. As evident from the data, the vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite electrode demonstrates the highest capacitance (68.15 Fg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), confirming the beneficial combined effect of structural porosity and MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e surface functionalization.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u003c/strong\u003e Areal capacitance and specific capacitance values of fabricated electrodes at 20 mVs\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e .\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"720\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40.9722%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eElectrodes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.2222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAreal capacitance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(mFCm\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31.8056%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003especific capacitance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Fg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40.9722%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVesicular MWCNT-PVC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.2222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31.8056%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40.9722%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enon-vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.2222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31.8056%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40.9722%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVesicular PANI-MWCNT-PVC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.2222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31.8056%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40.9722%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.2222%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31.8056%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e68.15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 7a shows the galvanostatic charge\u0026ndash;discharge (GCD) curves of various electrodes, including flexible vesicular MWCNT\u0026ndash;PVC, vesicular PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT\u0026ndash;PVC, non-vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT\u0026ndash;PVC, and vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT\u0026ndash;PVC electrodes, recorded at a current density of 0.6 mAg\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026sup1; in a 1.0 M H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e electrolyte. Among these, the flexible vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT\u0026ndash;PVC nanocomposite electrode demonstrates the lowest IR drop. This enhanced performance can be attributed to its high specific surface area, hollow vesicular architecture, and reduced internal resistance, all of which contribute to efficient charge transport and ion diffusion. The nearly symmetrical charge\u0026ndash;discharge profiles further suggest excellent electrochemical reversibility and predominantly capacitive behavior, driven by reversible faradaic redox reactions.The specific capacitance of the electrodes can be calculated from the GCD curves using the following equation (Eq.2) [30]:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" style=\"width: 346px; height: 32.3869px;\" width=\"346\" height=\"32.3869\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere I is the discharge current (A), \u0026Delta;t is the discharge time (s), m is the mass of the active material (g), and \u0026Delta;V is the potential window (V). Figure 7b displays the GCD curves of the vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite electrode at various current densities ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 mAg\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026sup1;. The curves exhibit nearly symmetrical and triangular shapes, characteristic of reversible faradaic processes, which reflect good electrochemical stability and efficient charge storage reversibility. Moreover, the minimal IR drop observed across all current densities indicates low internal resistance, emphasizing the electrode\u0026apos;s potential as a high-performance material for advanced supercapacitor applications. Figure 8 also illustrates the calculated specific capacitance for the vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite electrode at different current densities by the GCD technique.The calculated specific capacitance values are summarized within the figure. As the current density increases, a gradual decrease in specific capacitance is observed. This decline is primarily attributed to polarization effects that intensify at higher current densities, which impede the kinetics and efficiency of faradaic redox reactions and limit ion diffusion and charge transfer within the electrode matrix.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eElectrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to evaluate the ohmic resistance and intrinsic internal resistance of the synthesized nanocomposite electrodes. The Nyquist plots of the fabricated electrodes are presented in Figure 9. The vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT-PVC electrode exhibits lower charge transfer resistance compared to its non-vesicular counterpart. This improvement is attributed to its highly porous architecture and three-dimensional structure, which provide a larger surface area and facilitate more efficient electron transport. Additionally, the MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e coating on the porous surface forms a continuous conductive network, further enhancing electron mobility and reducing the interfacial resistance between the electrode and the electrolyte.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3 Investigation of the electrochemical behaviour of the fabricated symmetrical supercapacitor by vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC electrode\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fabrication methodology of the symmetric flexible solid-state supercapacitor device is detailed in the Experimental Section. Figure 10a presents CV curves of the MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite device recorded at various scan rates (10 to 50 mVs\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e). The presence of redox peaks within the CV plots confirms the pseudocapacitive behavior of the fabricated device, which is attributed to the inclusion of PANI as an electroactive material. When comparing the CV response of the solid-state device to that of a single electrode tested in aqueous electrolyte, a noticeable reduction in peak current is observed. This decrease is ascribed to the restricted ion mobility and limited diffusion within the gel electrolyte matrix, which contrasts with the higher ionic conductivity in liquid-phase systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 10b shows the GCD curves of the fabricated device at different current densities of 0.1 to 0.6 mA g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, measured over a voltage window of 0.5 V. The nearly triangular shape of the GCD curves and the minimal IR drop across all current densities further confirm the excellent capacitive behavior and low internal resistance of the flexible solid-state supercapacitor.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the obtained results from the calculated specific capacitance for different current densities in figure 11, with increasing current density, the specific capacitance of the device decreases from 106 to 13.35 Fg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, a trend commonly observed due to limited ion diffusion and reduced utilization of electroactive sites at higher charge/discharge rates. Another critical performance metric for supercapacitor electrodes is long-term cycling stability. The cycling performance of the vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI\u0026ndash;MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite electrode was evaluated over 5000 continuous charge\u0026ndash;discharge cycles in 1.0 M\u0026nbsp;H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e at a current density of 2.0 m Ag\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. As shown in Figure 12, the electrode retained 93% of its initial specific capacitance after 5000 cycles, demonstrating excellent electrochemical durability and long-term stability, key attributes for practical energy storage applications.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the mechanical flexibility and electrochemical stability of the supercapacitor device under deformation, CV measurements were conducted at various bending angles (0\u0026deg;, 90\u0026deg;, 180\u0026deg;, and 360\u0026deg;). As shown in Figure 13, the CV curves remain largely consistent across the different bending conditions, indicating that bending has a minimal effect on the capacitive performance of the device. These results demonstrate the device\u0026rsquo;s robust flexibility and mechanical durability, highlighting its potential applicability in next-generation flexible and wearable energy storage systems, particularly within the renewable energy sector.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, in order to demonstrate the practical operation of the constructed supercapacitor device, a device was constructed on a larger scale (1.5\u0026times;2.8 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) and then charged, and its discharge state was shown in Figure 14 by turning on an 1.5V LED lamp and an armature (fan motor).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, flexible vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite electrode was prepared via chemical dealloying of Al particles from the surface of primitive PANI-MWCNT-PVC composite followed by the electrochemical deposition of MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e on the surface of vesicular nanocomposite. The composition of PANI, MWCNT, and MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e in ternary nanocomposite electrodes increases the efficiency of the hybrid supercapacitor due to the synergistic effect of employed materials where PANI with high flexibility and processability; MWCNT with remarkable surface area, chemical stability and conductivity; MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e with \u0026nbsp;appropriate pseudocapacitive behaviors and electroactivity were utilized. The prepared flexible vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVA supercapacitor device had a great specific capacitance of 66.7 F.g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e (432.9 mF.cm\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e) in current density of 2.0 mA.g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and retaining 93% of its capacitance after 5000 charge/discharge cycles. The purpose of this research is to acquire a unique strategy to design flexible hybrid supercapacitors with high specific capacity using the mechanisms of increasing the surface area of the nanocomposite for use in lightweight and wearable electronic equipment and other fields. Also, the prepared supercapacitor has the potential of many practical and commercial applications for energy storage devices in the next generation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors gratefully acknowledge the Research Council of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University for its financial support.\u0026nbsp; Also, the authors sincerely thank the Central Laboratory of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University for conducting the SEM and EDX experiments as part of this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB.H: Supervision, Monitoring, Editing, Discussing and Revising. H. D: All practical works in lab, Visualization, Investigation, Writing- Reviewing and Editing and Data curation. M.F: Supervision, Monitoring, Editing, Discussing and Revising.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdditional information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrespondence\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand requests for materials should be addressed to B.H.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReprints and permissions information\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eis available at www.nature.com/reprints.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublisher\u0026rsquo;s note\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOpen Access\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third-party material in this article are included in the article\u0026rsquo;s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article\u0026rsquo;s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit\u0026nbsp;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026copy; The Author(s) 2024\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. Inagaki, H. Konno, O. Tanaike, Carbon materials for electrochemical capacitors. J. power sources 195(24) (2010) 7880-7903.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eB.B. Kamble, S.K. Jha, K.K. Sharma, S.S. Mali, C.K. Hong, S.N. 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Li, Flexible highly specific capacitance aerogel electrodes based on cellulose nanofibers, carbon nanotubes and polyaniline. Electrochim. Acta 182 (2015) 264-271.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS.S. Kavyashree, Raut, S. Parveen, B.R. Sankapal, S.N. Pandey, Influence of Cu on the performance of tuberose architecture of strontium hydroxide thin film as a supercapacitor electrode. Chemelectrochem, 5(24) (2018) 4021-4028.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eN.R. Chodankar, D.P. Dubal, G.S. Gund, C.D. Lokhande, A symmetric MnO2/MnO2 flexible solid state supercapacitor operating at 1.6 V with aqueous gel electrolyte. J. Energy Chem. 25(3) (2016) 463-471.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZ. Hai, L. Gao, Q. Zhang, H. Xu, D. Cui, Z. Zhang, D. Tsoukalas, J. Tang, S. Yan, C. Xue, Facile synthesis of core-shell structured PANI-Co3O4 nanocomposites with superior electrochemical performance in supercapacitors. Appl. Sur. Sci. 361 (2016) 57-62. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Scheme 1","content":"\u003cp\u003eScheme 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Flexible supercapacitor, Emeraldine salt, Carbon nanotube, Poly aniline, MoO3, Nanocomposite","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7094564/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7094564/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eA ternary flexible vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite cauliflower-like electrode was simply fabricated via sonochemical dispersing of PANI, MWCNT, PVC, and aluminum micropowder in NMP solvent, drying to obtain flexible electrode, selective dissolving of aluminum and finally electrodeposition of MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e on the surface of the flexible electrode. SEM and BET studies confirmed the creation of a vesicular morphology with nanoparticles in dimensions of 40\u0026ndash;70 nm and nmnumerous surface area. The supercapacitive efficiency of the flexible electrode was carefully evaluated with the galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The electrochemical measurement results of vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite electrode showed remarkable specific capacitance of 143.7 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (932.6 mFcm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) at current density of 0.6 mAg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in 1.0 M sulfuric acid aqueous electrolyte. A hybrid supercapacitor device based on the vesicular MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite electrode as well as PVA/H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e gel electrolyte represents 93% specific capacitance stability at 5000 uninterrupted charge-discharge cycles. These results show economic potential of MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/PANI-MWCNT-PVC electrodes for next-generation wearable energy storage devices.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Ternary vesicular MoO 3 /PANI-MWCNT-PVC nanocomposite film with high surface area for high-performance flexible supercapacitor","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-19 11:47:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7094564/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b32649d5-541b-49e3-bd7a-ba548169b718","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-17T14:24:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-19 11:47:39","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7094564","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7094564","identity":"rs-7094564","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}