Regeneration of Polluted Urban Landscape Through Post-Industrial Site Museum Design

Regeneration of Polluted Urban Landscape Through Post-Industrial Site Museum Design | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Regeneration of Polluted Urban Landscape Through Post-Industrial Site Museum Design Behrang Bahrami, Firoozeh Agha Ebrahimi Samani, Sedigheh Nasirzadeh This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9390086/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Post-industrial landscapes are complex and integrated structures representing history, technical knowledge, and identity of human societies. These landscapes are often abandoned and create numerous environmental, social, and economic challenges within urban areas. Despite their industrial heritage values and significant ecological potential, they are classified as brownfield sites with high levels of contamination and hazards for human health. The regeneration of post-industrial landscapes through a comprehensive environmental conservation approach not only protects and presents their heritage values but also contributes to the sustainability of their ecosystemic structure. This study examines the Varamin Sugar Factory, located in the city of Varamin, Iran. This factory symbolizes the region's past industrial heritage and constitutes a significant element of authenticity and identity for its residing community. Despite the abandonment and partial demolition of sections of the factory, along with numerous chemical and environmental contaminations, the post-industrial landscape structure of the factory remains fully integrated with the city's ecosystem. The necessity for site decontamination, environmental remediation, conservation, and restoration of the existing valuable industrial structures propelled this study toward the goal of regenerating the factory's landscape as a post-industrial site museum. Extensive environmental studies and identification and structural analysis of the factory's historic industrial landscape were performed using a qualitative landscape analysis method and a layering system based on the conceptual model developed. Based on the structural characteristics of each zone, a strategic site plan was developed, and the master plan was designed in the form of a post-industrial site museum. Post-industrial landscapes Industrial heritage Brownfields Environmental contamination Varamin Sugar Factory Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Introduction In the mid-19th century, the decline of traditional industries led to extensive transformations in the industrial society of that time. The abandonment of large-scale industrial sites and their massive structures in both central and peripheral urban areas has affected human destiny almost as profoundly as the Industrial Revolution (Li and Prof. Heath 2022 ; Cossons 2012 ). What remains today from these extensive transformations is a valuable body of industrial heritage—referred to as the post-industrial landscape—which constitutes part of the architectural and urban planning memory of human civilization. The complex nature of abandoned industrial areas reflects landscape transformations in both tangible and intangible forms over time, thereby embodying a normative coexistence of constraints and opportunities (Song 2020 ; Nikolic et al. 2020 ). This type of heritage is a key to historical evidence that testifies to the development of human civilization, technology, and industrial systems. Its tangible and intangible values reflect a rich historical interaction through the transfer of skills, technologies, and processes across national borders (Han and Zhang 2022 ; Zhike 2019 ). It encompasses a set of customs, practices, and artifacts that connect a place’s industrial past to its urban future (Konior and Pokojska 2020 ). It also embraces an intangible domain of technological knowledge, methods of production management, organization, quality control, entrepreneurship, and creativity (Subin et al. 2022 ; Radziszewska-Zielina et al. 2022 ; Pulatkan 2021 ). This heritage, at worst, threatens the health and bio-social security of citizens as urban brownfields, and, at best, serves as an outstanding historical resource for adaptive reuse, regenerating communities, providing enrichment, strengthening cultural identity, and creating new and profitable landscapes (Gallagher et al. 2018 ). The complexity and integrity of post-industrial landscapes are not limited to single buildings or isolated industrial heritage sites as they are related to the surrounding environment. Technological and scientific values, historical aesthetics, architectural quality, site design (especially the originality of spatial organization), structure of buildings and their stylistic elements, the materials used, implementation method and details, filled and empty spaces, and old structures within or around an area are among the tangible values ​​of the post-industrial landscape. However, an important issue about these landscapes is intangible values ​​such as tradition, customs, and sense of place that are added to them (Ahmad et al. 2019; Nikolic et al. 2020 ; Handszuh 2016 ; Rong 2013 ). Cossons ( 2012 ) considered industrial heritage as a unique cultural discourse that poses totally new challenges not raised by other forms of heritage and requires new responses concerning the understanding of material remains as a tangible aspect of industrial heritage. Therefore, to run broad-scale regeneration processes in brownfields and reuse projects in post-industrial sites, first it is necessary to understand the whole aspects of their heritage (Ifko and Stokin 2017 ; Cossons 2012 ). Abandoned industrial lands in developed cities can pose many environmental and socio-economic challenges. Given that today more than half of the world's population lives in urban environments, urbanization is considered a complex and multidimensional concept that incorporates spatial, ecological, economic, social, and cultural aspects (Bahrami and Jafari 2020 ). Since urbanization has been widely accepted as foundation of modernization (Merwin et al. 2022 ), planning and designing of the urban areas containing these lands face numerous challenges regarding ecological and socio-cultural sustainability (Adams and Sierra 2009 ). These challenges appeared in the mid-19th century with the collapse of old industries, and made radical changes to the industrial society of that era. The abandonment of vast industrial sites and their large structures in the centers and outskirts of cities had as much impact on the fate of humanity as the Industrial Revolution (Li and Prof. Heath 2022 ; Cossons 2012 ). After these extensive changes, great strides were made in conservation and regeneration of post-industrial landscapes. The Nizhny Tagil Charter (2003), the Dublin Principles (2011), the Taipei Recommendation for the Industrial Heritage of Asia (2012), and the ICOMOS Memorandum of Understanding on Industrial Heritage (2014) can be mentioned as the most important documents prepared for the conservation of post-industrial landscape (Piperno et al. 2023 ). The common point emphasized in these documents was preservation of the functional integrity of industrial heritage. These documents also asserted that any interventions in a post-industrial site should follow the way to preserve it as much as possible. In most countries, confrontation of urbanization growth with abandoned industrial lands has led to loss of resources and destruction of environmental structure in cities. Landscape management and embellishment in these cities and stakeholders’ desire for construction in abandoned lands on the one hand, and public awareness about the need to protect industrial heritage, existing pollution, and potential biological structures in these lands on the other hand, have posed numerous challenges to landscape designers. They believe that the sustainable development of urban landscapes in future through reconnection of post-industrial landscapes to urban landscape can be achieved using the potentials in these lands. The facts that post-industrial landscapes cause environmental degradation through industrial pollution and development of cities is associated with many challenges, have persuaded landscape specialists to run post-industrial landscape regeneration projects and to solve environmental problems in urban brownfields by redefining these landscapes. In the new approach to comprehensive environmental conservation, this can be done through the interdisciplinary practices fitting the society’s demand in order to provide multi-purpose and long-term solutions based on culture and social, economic, and ecological goals. This approach is of high importance because post-industrial landscapes, when regenerated and placed in urban context, will be a valuable resource for society (Yijie and Xiaoxia 2014 ; Loures and Panagopoulos 2007 ; Shackel et al. 2006). To achieve this goal, a proper interaction between ecological systems of cities and post-industrial landscapes is essential. This interaction, formed based on a broad strategy of ecological regeneration and brownfields removal, provides a foundation for the qualitative improvement of urban landscapes (Qu et al. 2020). Landscape designers believe in theoretical structure of conservation, regeneration, and restoration of post-industrial landscapes, and consider the "three-pillar approach" or the triad of economic, social, and environmental sustainability as the main approach to conservation design of post-industrial landscapes. However, researchers also consider cultural-heritage sustainability as an important aspect, because it can be a way to preserve cultural diversity, form inclusive societies, and strengthen heritage and tourism economy (Sadowy & Lisiecki 2019 ). Therefore, to encounter with complex challenges–such as brownfields and post-industrial landscapes–that modern society faces, redevelopment of urban landscapes can play a key role in their ecosystem sustainability and in future planning by experts (Han & Zhang 2022 ; Loures et al. 2016 ; Faga 2006 ; Giddings et al. 2005 ; Christensen et al. 1996 ). Inevitably, the environmental problems associated with these landscapes may lead experts to find a comprehensive solution to recover useless spaces buried in past memories, relationships, and abandoned industrial sites and to create a new sense of identity of the past industrial era through preserving industrial heritage (Konior and Pokojska 2020 ; Cossons 2012 ). Abandoned industrial sites are traditionally a significant source of environmental problems. Their remediation, redesign, and regeneration play an effective role in conservation of industrial heritage (Krawczyk 2020 ; Xie 2015 ). These landscapes have a rich spatial potential for the development of modern urban practices. They are also invaluable in restoring urban environment and landscape, and act as a catalyst that contribute to public participation, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability (Merwin et al. 2022 ; Balsas 2018 ; Ifko and Stokin, 2017 ; Oglethorpe 2014 ). Meanwhile, commitment of the population is a crucial element for the development of a sustainable city, and the redevelopment of brownfields–such as post-industrial landscapes–can play an important role in future planning activities (Loures et al. 2016 ; Faga 2006 ; Giddings et al. 2005 ; Christensen et al. 1996 ). To regenerate these landscapes, restoration of ecological structures is used as an initial catalyst. This approach, in a change process, transforms those values ​​of natural environment that have been ecologically damaged and affected by existing pollutants into productive ones and reintegrates them into the surrounding community (Wójcik et al. 2018; Xie, 2015 ). The majority of post-industrial landscapes contain hazardous, polluting materials or suffer from potential pollution due to previous industrial activities, and any planning for their development requires a prior environmental remediation. It should be noted that past industrial pollutants usually remain in soil, water, architectural structures, and industrial components. The soil in these industrial sites mostly contains various types of heavy metals such as lead, chromium, cadmium, nickel, petroleum hydrocarbons, and organic materials from fuel leaks in tanks, worn-out machinery, repair areas in the site, production process, etc. These organic materials are either non-biodegradable or require a substantial time to be decomposed in nature, and they pose many risks when they exist in the form of compounds on the site. Particularly, when the site is abandoned and the factory is closed, the organic materials persistently remain and pose many risks to both local people and biological structure (Dixon et al. 2008 ). Furthermore, these materials, which are often nitrates, ammonia, organic substances, and metals dissolved in water, penetrate to lower levels and cause groundwater pollution. Studies confirm that despite the inactivity of factories in post-industrial sites, air-pollutant sources remain active. Asbestos materials, insulation fibers, sublimated gases from tanks and machinery, toxic particles released from contaminated surface soils, dust from soil drying, loss of vegetation, and toxic particles in construction debris and ruins, in addition to posing health hazards, adversely affect neighboring sites (Song et al. 2019 ). The regeneration of post-industrial landscapes should be in line with the ideas of future generations rather than the needs of past generation. Such belief is not too far-fetched as regeneration and restoration of post-industrial landscapes have now become a necessity in urban landscape design. Today, more people are aware of valuable and authentic history of industrial heritage and insist on conservation of post-industrial sites as places that play an effective role in maintaining urban identity. For this reason, the regeneration projects for abandoned industrial areas should provide a new definition of landscape regeneration through interdisciplinary actions based on the needs of local community–a definition that can integrate multifunctional industrial heritage and public participation in providing long-term solutions based on cultural, social, economic, environmental and aesthetic goals. Materials and methods Philosophy of designing post-industrial landscape based on ecological structure Creative design of post-industrial landscape can significantly change the appearance of city. Although the methods of such designing are constantly evolving, environmental development of these landscapes through ecological and localization methods, nationalism, and modern arts should be considered and focused on regeneration and renewability of ecological structure of the environment. This renewability allows for re-establishing the connection between landscape and history of industry and enables ecological rebirth of the abandoned site within the natural–urban context. Integrity is one of the key factors in regeneration of post-industrial landscape. Landscape designers analyze the environmental factors and ecological relationships between species and regional landscape, and minimize the damage inflicted on natural environment through restorative design of ecological systems. The designed eco–post-industrial landscape must be consistent with the local environment and regional culture. It is also required to be in harmony with the geomorphological structure of land, the regional ecosystem, and the industrial remnants on the site, and to provide suitable conditions for regeneration and sustainable development of the site by utilizing biodiversity, minimizing human interventions, and employing locally sourced building materials and native vegetation. In this design process, spatial–temporal characteristics are integrated using scientifically grounded ecological systems and advanced technologies. Consequently, the new post-industrial landscape system is composed of healthy non-toxic materials, energy circulation mechanism, and restoration technologies, promoting a balanced relationship between humans and nature to conservative development of post-industrial landscape. At present, the ecological technologies that are frequently used in this principled design framework are: 1) landscape regeneration by phytoremediation, and 2) regeneration and purification of water and soil. The physical, chemical, and microbial remediation in an ecological restoration and regeneration approach can be employed to recover and treat the contaminated water and to store and recycle the industrial materials and equipment left on the site. In this process, the degraded bio-systems and resources can be repurposed and utilized with the help of ecologists, landscape specialists, artists, and engineering experts. In essence, post-industrial landscape design—through the regeneration of ecological structures—provides landscape specialists with a continuously evolving experience filled with theoretical ideas and new technologies (Yijie & Xiaoxia 2014 ). Furthermore, ecological design of post-industrial landscape can lead to landscape coherence and legibility by regenerating and creating coherent places, and giving character and meaning to a post-industrial site. Therefore, ecological values ​​should be applied as fundamental principles in the design of urban post-industrial landscape and in creating meaningful places that people enjoy experiencing them. In this study, the final process for the conservation design of post-industrial landscapes was proposed based on the conceptual model presented in Fig. 1 . This conceptual model—which was derived from theoretical studies and international experiences concerning the conservation of post-industrial landscapes and their sustainable development and was in line with qualitative improvement of post-industrial landscapes—requires environmental, socio-cultural, and economic sustainability to achieve dynamic conservation and over-time site sustainability. It should be noted that the reuse of a post-industrial landscape involves preserving its values while eliminating contaminants. Utilizing heritage resources in regeneration and sustainable development of post-industrial landscapes The preservation of buildings, machinery, and equipment in abandoned lands refers to integrity of tangible industrial heritage. Such integrity does not need to be intact; rather, it emerges as a combination of conservation status and conditions of utilizing landscape elements under analysis of heritage value attributes (Han and Zhang 2022 ; Nikolic et al. 2020 ). Oyabu Yoko ( 2021 ) demonstrated that when industrial factors other than machinery and buildings are considered in reconstruction and reuse, the attractiveness of heritage sites is significantly enhanced. Similarly, Wang et al. ( 2023 ) emphasized that specialists should also consider the style and characteristics of industrial environments in regeneration and reuse of industrial heritage (Subin et al. 2022 ; Yoko.2021). Cultural heritage resources have multiple roles in sustainable development strategies. In most post-industrial areas, resuming or maintaining industrial activity in its historical form is not feasible, even on a limited scale. Therefore, a large number of buildings are awaiting reconstruction. These buildings are usually large-scale, offer a great adaptability, and have a unique attractiveness (Konior & Pokojska 2020 ; Krawczyk 2020 ). Some researchers have the limited view that regeneration and reuse of brownfields only apply to buildings and structures and have no connection with intangible industrial heritage. This viewpoint stems from a general tendency to overvalue historical monuments and devalue the role of industrial production processes, machinery, and equipment in conservation of industrial heritage. In contrast, many researchers have refuted this misconception, asserting that conservation of industrial heritage through regeneration and reuse cannot be confined solely to planning and design of tangible heritage, and industrial memory of both tangible and intangible heritage must be fully reflected (Han and Zhang 2022 ; Zhike 2019 ). Thus, the use of heritage for regeneration is related not only to material aspects (tangible heritage/spatial regeneration) but also to intangible aspects (intangible heritage/social regeneration). Intangible industrial heritage not only shapes the environment and highlights the significance of tangible industrial heritage, but also renders this heritage valuable in its own right (Nowogonska 2020 ; Rojas 2020 ). The adaptation of objects to new functions enables the preservation of place identity and character, while providing the conditions for the creation of new cultural events that strengthen a sense of community. Regeneration, by enhancing place attractiveness, creates new jobs based on local heritage. Adapting historic buildings to new functions (rather than demolishing them) reduces greenhouse gas emissions and problems associated with waste disposal (Konior and Pokojska 2020 ; Smith 2007 ). Social sustainability in post-industrial landscape regeneration Post-industrial sites, which are often contaminated with hazardous materials, cause social injustice in surrounding communities, whereas the redevelopment of brownfields contributes to sustainable community development and can foster socio-cultural cohesion. The design of these sites enhances a sense of belonging to the region and, by removing pollutants and improving the conditions of physical environment, promotes the well-being and health of local residents. According to experts, achieving social sustainability requires a development-oriented approach that minimizes the adverse impacts on social context and social capital existing in post-industrial landscapes (Chan et al. 2019 ; Ho et al. 2012 ). Conservation of post-industrial landscapes does not merely occur through identifying and conserving abandoned industrial remains; rather, to sustain the identity of the past, it is necessary to encourage communities to participate in future development plans. Sense of belonging to post-industrial landscapes serves as a significant driving force rooted in community sentiment. The role of society in regeneration and design of these landscapes is crucial, as the destruction of urban landscapes caused by brownfields entails not only spatial-locational implications but also involves social and economic consequences, including unemployment, crime, and physical and mental health problems (Han and Zhang 2022 ). In recent years, a group of specialists has proposed two approaches for the conservation of industrial heritage: 1) static conservation, and 2) dynamic or development-oriented conservation. The former focuses on authenticity, while the latter, building upon that authenticity, injects new vitality into industrial heritage and provides the foundation for social sustainability in the region. This is because industrial heritage, through regeneration and adaptive reuse, can also meet the current needs of communities. In dynamic conservation, industrial heritage is the goal and regeneration and reuse are the means. Regeneration, reconstruction, and reuse are sequential; with reconstruction coming first, followed by reuse (Humphris and Rauws 2021 ; Kolejka et al. 2013 ). The reuse of post-industrial landscapes should be accompanied by the preservation of original and historic buildings of the site. In the process of reconstruction and reuse of industrial heritage, the public should be able to make use of buildings and site area. In this case, the presence and interaction of people with the site will be a vital artery, which—together with functional transformations of the site and preservation of key buildings—brings back life to the site (Chatzi Rodopoulou 2020 ; Nan and Jianguo 2016 ). Varamin Sugar Factory: the genesis of industrialization in Iran The process of industrialization in Iran commenced in the late Qajar era. During the first and second Pahlavi eras, a huge number of large-scale industrial factories were established on the outskirts of cities, gradually becoming integrated into the urban context as cities expanded. Influenced by Europe and a distinct form of modern architecture, these developments led to significant transformations in most Iranian cities. The present research focuses on the abandoned site of the Varamin Sugar Factory complex—a pioneering industrial establishment and part of the nascent development of modern industry in Iran—which produced sugar from sugar beets for many decades (Fig. 2 ). Located in the southern part of the Alborz highlands with a plain-desert geomorphological structure, Varamin city has a history linked to ancient eras and civilizations dating back millennia before the Common Era (BCE). The availability of suitable lands for cultivating various agricultural products, especially sugar beets, on the outskirts of the city, as well as a water-rich stream branching from the Jajrood River for irrigating vast farmlands, provided the foundation for the establishment of this factory. The factory was designed in the Art Deco style by Nikolai Markov in 1933 and constructed on an area of 25 hectares, 3 kilometers from the Varamin city along the main Tehran–Varamin road. The architectural design of the existing structures was inspired by the architecture of the Jameh Mosque of Varamin and the ancient Ala al-Din towers. For successive decades, generations of local people and their families residing in Varamin and its suburbs worked at this factory and lived in its company housing. Facilities such as schools, football field, Zurkhaneh (traditional gymnasium), and wrestling club within the complex hold special memories and a sense of belonging for the local community. Moreover, recalling the sound of a whistle for shift change and the call to prayer from the factory’s mosque bears a unique sense of nostalgia. Following the factory’s closure, several historical architectural elements, such as garden houses and a bathhouse, were gradually demolished and replaced with residential apartment that bear no architectural affinity with the original complex. Despite the entire complex being listed in Iran’s National Heritage List in 2002, the gradual demolition of its historic structures still continues. The site is currently occupied by drug addicts and suffers from various forms of pollution, including construction debris, garbage, and scattered waste particles (Fig. 3 ). Due to the destruction of the garden houses, much of the factory’s green space has been lost. The aged green plane trees have been cut down, and the small green parrots that once inhabited the site have migrated. The sports club and Zurkhaneh (traditional gymnasium) have been shut down, and the football field’s grass has vanished. The factory yard has turned into a dumping site for waste and scrap, and stray animals now roam the premises. What remains of this factory today are valuable historical buildings, production lines, components, and industrial machinery in a vast area (Fig. 4 ). Still a small part of the factory is partially operational, although its activity periodically stops and resumes. There is special architecture and artistic design in the central office building, the old production building, the factory buildings with eight large sheds, the administrative and inspection buildings, the old scale buildings (bascule), the workers’ houses, the staff company houses, and the garden houses of the senior factory officials, the mosque, the public bathhouse, the three schools, the football field, the swimming pool, the sports club, the Zourkhaneh (traditional gymnasium), the supermarket for workers, the clinic, and the bank. The main entrance and remnants of the factory's gate, like other historical artifacts found on the site, feature brick facades, and are constructed using specific ornamentations, windows with pointed arches, and pitched roofs. Markov's design incorporates references to both ancient Iranian architecture and the Islamic period, particularly Safavid architecture. His "green factory" concept once transformed this complex into a national garden. However, in addition to the destruction of many architectural works, a significant portion of the green space and ancient trees has been lost, and the level of pollution on the site has dramatically increased over the past two decades. Although the factory’s industrial activity is now very limited and in compliance with the environmental regulations under the supervision of the Department of Environment, high level of pollution still exists in the soil, air, and groundwater of the site due to the accumulation of past contaminants (Fig. 5 ). Several studies have been conducted on the identification and removal of these contaminants at similar sites (Xiao et al. 2024 ). Analysis of the samples collected from the site confirmed the soil contamination by heavy metals, such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni). These substances had been mostly originated from paints, industrial coatings, metal equipment, and boiler ash. Petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH and PAHs), derived from fuel and oil leaks of old machinery, were also abundant in the surface soils. Lime waste from the chemical treatment of sugar syrup was found to be responsible for soil alkalization, particularly around the production hall. Study of the groundwater samples from the site indicated the penetration of contaminants from the soil into the groundwater through leaks from old wastewater ponds, contaminated surface soil layers, and fermented organic matter residues. These contaminants were mainly nitrates, ammonia, dissolved organic compounds, and heavy metals. Compared to water and soil, a lower level of air pollution was detected in areas where construction debris had accumulated. This pollution consisted mainly of asbestos fibers, particulate matter from insulation of old pipes and boilers, contaminated dust from dry soil, and residual ash from fires set by addicts and vagrants on the site. There was also the risk of collapse of dilapidated structures, vermin, feral dogs, etc. The distinctive location of the Varamin Sugar Factory complex, its spatial extent, and widespread environmental pollution within the site, together with the identity-forming landscape values, sense of place, and particularly the local residents’ sense of belonging, necessitate its regeneration and landscape development in the form of a post-industrial site museum. Given the deficiencies in the detailed development plan and the problems arising from subsequent decisions, this study highlights the importance of conservation and regeneration of the complex’s landscape, which is part of the public space of the Varamin city. Rehabilitation and physical remediation of the environment, preservation of historical and ecological values, enhancement of the quality of life in this area, along with the provision of social security, beautification of abandoned lands, and social participation of the local people are among the main objectives followed in this study. Results and discussion The concept of post-Industrial site museum focuses on preserving and introducing cultural and regional or national-industrial sectors that are under threat. Creating a sense of identity, preserving the heritage and natural values ​​of landscape, and the social and economic sustainability of communities are among the goals of this type of design. ( Ali and Zawawi 2010 ; Rychnová et al. 2020 ). Post-industrial site museums can provide visitors with the opportunity to experience and experience the industrial era and its continuity. The industrial buildings serve as a heritage, commemorating that such industry once existed in the region (Yagci et al. 2021; Rychnová et al. 2020 ). In site museums design, the transformation of post-industrial lands is crucial for overall management and urban landscape regeneration. These designs should also emphasize, as much as possible, the preservation and coherence of historical buildings within the industrial-historical context and their natural and socio-identity links with the regional landscape. The process of post-industrial site museum ecological design in the Varamin Sugar Factory For ecological design of the post-industrial site museum in the Varamin Sugar Factory, various environment- and landscape-constituent layers, including the site’s historical, architectural, physical, and natural structures, were initially studied by both collecting the updated documents and records and surveying the site and its surrounding area. Furthermore, landscape-shaping factors, including physical characteristics, topography, hydrology, hydrogeology, geology, distribution of environmental contaminants, vegetation, green structures, land uses, industrial historical artifacts, etc., were investigated. Considering the studies on contaminants, environmental hazards and their remediation strategies, phytoremediation using suitable plants for heavy metals removal, bioremediation through the decomposition of organic pollutants by microorganisms, and stabilization/solidification of contaminants in soil were proposed for the remediation and preparation of the site for design. Additionally, novel degrading agents were considered to enhance the decomposition and containment of pollutants. Subsequently, the landscape-forming layers were overlaid in a GIS system using an integrated design approach (Fig. 6 ). Based on the structural differences and similarities of the landscape derived from the overlay of its constituent layers, the site landscape was divided into 10 distinct zones, and the landscape characteristics of each zone were determined (Fig. 7 ). The principles of post-industrial landscape design and the studied theoretical frameworks were employed to define the design method and strategic plan. Ultimately, a strategic plan of the site was developed according to the structural characteristics of each landscape zone. According to the strategic plan, new spaces that have been appended to the buildings of the complex disregarding the architectural style and have damaged its authenticity will be removed. If necessary, these buildings will be restored based on the principles mentioned in international charters and regulations. The next steps involve removal of contaminants from the environment, revitalization, and establishment of ecological connection among the 10 landscape zones. According to Fig. 7 , the strategic plan solutions for the ten landscape zones in the factory site are proposed as follows: Zone No. 1 (Industrial zone) Remediation of chemical and environmental contaminants Removal of the appended new, low-value buildings and spaces from the main production building Preservation of the existing equipment in the factory and design of tourist routes Regeneration of the internal railway track as part of the tourist route Rehabilitation of the sugar warehouses on the northern side of the site for permanent and seasonal exhibitions and art galleries Rehabilitation of the southern warehouse and its conversion into a library Restoration of the old emblem of the Varamin Sugar Factory on the tower of the main production building • Zone No. 2 (Barren zone 1) Remediation of chemical and environmental contaminants Rehabilitation of the ecological structure through creating community gardens Rehabilitation of the technical warehouses and their conversion into floriculture and horticulture training classes Zone No. 3 (Sports zone) Restoration and conservation of the old Zoorkhaneh (traditional gymnasium) building Rehabilitation of the football field for holding sports matches Zone No. 4 (Swimming pool zone ) Restoration of the old restaurant building and its reactivation Restoration of the swimming pool for site beautification Rehabilitation of vegetation cover to establish ecological connectivity Zone No. 5 (Artistic zone) Restoration of the old atelier and museum buildings for holding educational and artistic classes Rehabilitation of vegetation cover Zone No. 6 (Barren zone 2) Design of appropriate spaces and places in the inner courtyard for markets and social gatherings and interactions Construction of a pavilion Construction of an underground parking lot Zone No. 7 (Green zone) Restoration of the old office building and its conversion into administrative unit of the site museum Rehabilitation of vegetation cover Design of spaces for pause and sightseeing and a children's playground Zone No. 8 (Barren zone 3) Design of open-air cultural spaces for theater and concerts Rehabilitation of vegetation cover Zone No. 9 (Barren zone 4) Design of a green (ecological) corridor and rest spaces (pause and movement) to access the weekly market and temporary stalls, the artistic zone, and the eastern side of the main building at the complex Zone No. 10 (Wastewater zone) Rehabilitation of vegetation cover to establish ecological connectivity Restoration of wastewater treatment ponds and their conversion into water features A combination of the geometry of Ilkhanid-era Iranian garden architecture in Varamin and the hierarchical composition of order and coherent disorder was used to present the artistic concept of the factory site museum design (Fig. 8 ). This combination, through shifts in orientations and rotations, is intended to provide the post-industrial site with dynamism and excitement. In this design, nodes formed by the intersection of pathways invite visitors to pause and then continue moving throughout the spaces. This design, by creating contrast in colors and materials, revitalization, establishing green landscapes within the complex, and adhering to the principle of coherence between the historical and natural values of the landscape, seeks to craft dynamic and exciting landscapes against the cold spirit of the abandoned industrial space. The design, aiming to bridge past and present, depicts the death and rebirth of a historical industrial space through its new function. The ecological regeneration of the site’s natural structures and the design of patch and linear planting with suitable species to cleanse the contaminated ground, ecologically connect the different spaces of the site (Fig. 9 ). In the planting design, in addition to the use of resistant and contaminant-removing plant species, windbreak plants and species with appropriate crown shapes have been employed as a barrier against noise pollution and polluted air currents. High resistance to pests and diseases, drought tolerance, shading capacity, and flowering characteristics were among the key criteria for selecting the species. The planting design of the post-industrial site museum integrates evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs in order to enable both linear planting and mass planting along green pathways. The shape and width of the tree crowns and their capacity for absorbing soil contaminants were also significant factors in the plant selection process. The proposed spaces for the regeneration of the factory landscape in the post-industrial site museum design (corresponding to the numbering in the site plan) and its three-dimensional site plan are presented in Table 1 and Fig. 10 , respectively. Table 1 Proposed spaces in the post-industrial site museum design of the Varamin Sugar Factory Space No. Proposed design 1 Historical industry exhibition hall 2 Permanent and temporary exhibition spaces, art gallery 3 Public library 4 Community gardens 5 Educational classrooms 6 Local market 7 Pavilion 8 Office-service building 9 Restaurant and café 10 Football field’s grass 11 Sports saloon and Zurkhaneh pit 12 Open-air cultural space Conclusion Post-industrial landscape design, acting as a catalyst for urban landscape regeneration and regional economic development, facilitates broader public access to art, cultural activities, and spatial amenities. Aligned with ecological and functional concepts, this design serves the spatial organization and formation of a coherent unity within the overall landscape structure. The conservation of industrial heritage and historical structures, as public and open urban spaces, provides the local people with an intimate and expansive environment suitable for a set of recreational and cultural activities. Guided by the revised concepts of land transformation, industrial heritage, and environmental quality, the main objective of numerous post-industrial site restoration projects has been the creation of a multi-functional landscape incorporating green spaces and parks with historical landmarks. This type of design is usually executed in the form of post-industrial site museums through a comprehensive environmental conservation approach. Reshaping the landscape leads to its complete harmony with the heritage of past industry. Experiences demonstrate that the rebirth of sites with industrial heritage is largely linked to the spatial integration—particularly the unification of the relationship between the heritage site, its surrounding environment, and its ecological structure—coupled with landscape restoration and redevelopment. Post-industrial site museums propose a pioneering approach to the presentation of development plans for brownfield landscapes. The outstanding feature of this approach is concurrent implementation of ecological restoration and regeneration of the biological structures of water, air, and soil biostructures in brownfields, combined with an art-infused design for preserving abandoned industrial structures. A holistic integration is formed within site museums, encompassing the continuity of history in the present, moments of pause and contemplation, enjoyment and identity formation, the cohesion of history and industry, and ultimately, an innovative display of landscape sustainability. Regeneration projects for abandoned industrial areas should provide a new definition of post-industrial landscape regeneration through interdisciplinary and community-based actions. This definition must be capable of integrating multifunctional industrial heritage with public participation in long-term solutions grounded in cultural, social, economic, environmental, and aesthetic objectives. In this regard, methods for brownfield land-use planning should identify an appropriate balance and timing between proactive policies and regeneration projects within the urban landscape redevelopment process. When properly integrated into such planning, post-industrial landscapes can become a driving force for urban growth and create a positive image of regenerated landscapes, thereby attracting both investors and tourists. 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Restor Ecol 1(8):1–5. 10.1111/rec.13643 Nan J, Jianguo W (2016) Comprehensive Evaluation of Conservation and Adaptive Reuse of Modern Architectural Heritage. Southeast University, Nanjing, China Nikolic M, Drobnjak B, Kuletin Culafic I (2020) The Possibilities of Preservation, Regeneration and Presentation of Industrial Heritage: The Case of Old Mint A.D. on Belgrade Riverfront. Sustainability 11(19):5234 Nowogonska B (2020) Technical Problems of Industrial Buildings Adaptation-Case Study: Artist’s Alley in Zielona Gore. Teh Glas Tech J 14:245–249 Oglethorpe M (2014) The Rolt Memorial Lecture 2013: The Public Benefit of Industrial Heritage - Taking a Positive View. Industrial Archaeol Rev 36:85–96 Pulatkan M (2021) Post-Industrial Landscape in Urban Spaces. Landsc Res 483–497 Piperno A, Iaione C, Kappler L (2023) Institutional Collective Actions for Culture and Heritage-Led Urban Regeneration: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Sustainability 15:8521. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118521 Qu J, Ge X (2020) Chang Ji Digital Forms of Post-Industrial Landscape in the Context of All-for-One Tourism, Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research 133: 72–76 Radziszewska-Zielina E, Adamkiewicz D, Azewczyk B, Kania O (2022) Decision-Making Support for Housing Projects in Post-Industrial Areas. MDPI 14:1–26. 10.3390/su14063573 Rojas L (2020) Les acteurs privés et la réutilisation du patrimoine industriel en France: entre intérêts, caractéristiques et sens des lieux. Ethnologies: 42(1–2) 251–265 Rong L (2013) The Spirit of the Site: The Core Value of China’s Urban Industrial Heritage Conservation. Southeast Cult 29:17–22 Rychnová L, Maturkanič P, Slobodová Nováková K, Pavlíková M (2020) Open-air Museums – the Future of the Presentation of Spiritual and Architectural Heritage. Muzeológia kultúrne dedičstvo 10(1):5–18 Sadowy K, Lisiecki A (2019) Post-industrial, post-socialist or new productive city? Case study of the spatial and functional change of the chosen Warsaw industrial sites after 1989. City, Territory and Architecture 6(4): 1–14 Sarri S (2017) Palimpsest industry: Industrial heritage and intangible cultural heritage in the creative city. A comparative analysis of the Old Truman Brewery in London and Technopolis in Athens. In Proceedings of the 11th Space Syntax Symposium. Portugal: Lisbon Shackel PA, Palus M (2006) Remembering an industrial landscape. Int J Hist Archaeol 10:49–71 Smith B (2007) Investing in heritage: A guide to successful urban regeneration. European Association of Historic Towns and Regions (EAHTR). Norwick, UK Song Z (2020) Urban Conservation Planning. Science, Beijing Song Y, Kirkwood N, Maksimović Č, Zheng X, O'Connor D, Jin Y, Hou D (2019) Rev Sci Total Environ 663:568–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.347 Subin X, Nobuo A, Song Z, Boying L, Jiang C, Lin W, Jianchang L, Yan Z, Yongkang G, Lan Z (2022) Turning the Rusty into Beauty-The New Ideas and New Development of the Preservation and Reuse Trend of Industrial Heritage. China Cult Herit 19:4–18 Wang S, Duan W, Zheng X (2023) Post-occupancy evaluation of brownfield reuse based on sustainable development: the case of Beijing Shougang Park. Buildings 13(9):227513. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092275 Xie PF (2015) A life cycle model of industrial heritage development. Annals Tourism Res 55:141–154 Xiao M, Li X, Zhang XH, Meng H, Dong J (2024) Environmental impact assessment and remediation decision-making of a contaminated megasite: Combining LCA and IO-LCA. J Clean Prod 462:142586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142586 Yagci E, Nunes da Silva F (2021) The Future of Post-Industrial Landscapes in East Lisbon: The Braço de Prata Neighbourhood. MDPI 1–25. 10.3390/su13084461 Yijie L, Xiaoxia P (2014) Ecotope-based Urban Post-industrial Landscape Design. IERI Procedia 9:185–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ieri.2014.09.060 Yoko O (2021) Adaptive Reuse of the Industrial Heritage. Master’s Thesis, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan Zhike A (2019) The issue of the protection of China’s industrial heritage and its reflections. China Cult Herit Sci Res 17:17–21 Supplementary Files Highlights.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 17 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 13 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 11 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9390086","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":625061087,"identity":"22ec5a04-90b1-460f-9aaf-cc2b5dc91f31","order_by":0,"name":"Behrang Bahrami","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAwUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwkGNhDNww8V4CFei2QDM4laGAwOMBPpMHPp5mePK2q2yRjfyD/A8KOGQca8gYAWyznHzA3PHLvNY3YjmYGx5xgDj8wBQg67kWAm2cAG0cLA28DAI0HIYQY30r9JNvy7zWM8A2jLX+K05JhJNrbd5jGQSGZgJsoWyzlnyiQb+27zSJx5bHBY5pgEYS3m0u3bJBu+3bbnb098+PBNjY09QS0o4AADA2kaRsEoGAWjYBTgAAAKgzeRuOVk4wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4856-3246","institution":"University of Tehran Faculty of Environment","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Behrang","middleName":"","lastName":"Bahrami","suffix":""},{"id":625061088,"identity":"f0d659ba-57d1-4d8b-baf0-91d7d01f1d41","order_by":1,"name":"Firoozeh Agha Ebrahimi Samani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tehran Faculty of Environment","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Firoozeh","middleName":"Agha 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landscapes\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9390086/v1/06874f2430cbbe369fc3ab21.png"},{"id":107765120,"identity":"114adb46-f21d-4562-bc56-4154fd47e0dc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-25 01:01:23","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":711277,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocation of the Varamin Sugar Factory in the Varamin city adjacent to the national railway\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9390086/v1/fb1c79babc4eee0041258438.png"},{"id":107869501,"identity":"6bc55159-b31f-4074-9174-3597b84fe74d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-27 07:37:12","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1389008,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAccumulated scrap, stray animals, and extensive pollution on the factory premises\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9390086/v1/0e50aa4d53885f7b71d0555f.png"},{"id":107765123,"identity":"60c652d0-9a2b-4ade-9df3-f03517fa7b95","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-25 01:01:23","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2138824,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocation and introduction of the historical values and ecological zones in the current status of the Varamin Sugar Factory\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9390086/v1/a3aecd795cee2ea7c4cca363.png"},{"id":107869117,"identity":"cc1883ea-09d6-43a7-bb01-e6847e66bb33","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-27 07:36:08","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1024305,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution map of the existing pollution\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9390086/v1/382c8b506c1f9b0008f95864.png"},{"id":107765125,"identity":"99220bf5-3994-4cdc-9478-cdb0f1a7f06f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-25 01:01:23","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":453258,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOverlay of the analytical layers in GIS system for landscape zoning\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9390086/v1/c2ca651f2890e594a2409346.png"},{"id":107869645,"identity":"c359787c-240a-4359-b47a-a0de9f29a05c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-27 07:37:45","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":548623,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLandscape zoning map (10 distinct zones)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9390086/v1/4ff4786d2c8b81fe7fc70731.png"},{"id":107869568,"identity":"d0a00f5c-c0d0-494c-8d30-d2155758644f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-27 07:37:26","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1446942,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFrom conceptualization to design of post-industrial site museum for the factory\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9390086/v1/ce62aee7ef0b401aa4ca6696.png"},{"id":107765128,"identity":"fbef8ddc-da9c-41bf-bd26-109ec5cdfc69","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-25 01:01:23","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2149150,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSite plan of the post-industrial site museum for the Varamin Sugar Factory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9390086/v1/03c6c216f3fe588f32dbf988.png"},{"id":107765129,"identity":"36ccc111-7557-441f-8506-f4650696907d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-25 01:01:23","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":895560,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProposed three-dimensional site plan of the post-industrial site museum for the Varamin Sugar Factory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9390086/v1/97030736817cbc684044f7cb.png"},{"id":107874145,"identity":"c4b08e5c-c899-4008-aeb2-7bad88439beb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-27 08:05:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":13732570,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9390086/v1/9e34affa-2c9f-440a-a41c-578e0e0ff995.pdf"},{"id":107869095,"identity":"e3d0ad71-f22c-4f97-8bbc-cb4e0ef7fb38","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-27 07:36:03","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":13638,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Highlights.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9390086/v1/a011015367548f608e4bc547.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Regeneration of Polluted Urban Landscape Through Post-Industrial Site Museum Design","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the mid-19th century, the decline of traditional industries led to extensive transformations in the industrial society of that time. The abandonment of large-scale industrial sites and their massive structures in both central and peripheral urban areas has affected human destiny almost as profoundly as the Industrial Revolution (Li and Prof. Heath \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Cossons \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). What remains today from these extensive transformations is a valuable body of industrial heritage\u0026mdash;referred to as the post-industrial landscape\u0026mdash;which constitutes part of the architectural and urban planning memory of human civilization. The complex nature of abandoned industrial areas reflects landscape transformations in both tangible and intangible forms over time, thereby embodying a normative coexistence of constraints and opportunities (Song \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Nikolic et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). This type of heritage is a key to historical evidence that testifies to the development of human civilization, technology, and industrial systems. Its tangible and intangible values reflect a rich historical interaction through the transfer of skills, technologies, and processes across national borders (Han and Zhang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Zhike \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). It encompasses a set of customs, practices, and artifacts that connect a place\u0026rsquo;s industrial past to its urban future (Konior and Pokojska \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). It also embraces an intangible domain of technological knowledge, methods of production management, organization, quality control, entrepreneurship, and creativity (Subin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Radziszewska-Zielina et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Pulatkan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This heritage, at worst, threatens the health and bio-social security of citizens as urban brownfields, and, at best, serves as an outstanding historical resource for adaptive reuse, regenerating communities, providing enrichment, strengthening cultural identity, and creating new and profitable landscapes (Gallagher et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The complexity and integrity of post-industrial landscapes are not limited to single buildings or isolated industrial heritage sites as they are related to the surrounding environment. Technological and scientific values, historical aesthetics, architectural quality, site design (especially the originality of spatial organization), structure of buildings and their stylistic elements, the materials used, implementation method and details, filled and empty spaces, and old structures within or around an area are among the tangible values ​​of the post-industrial landscape. However, an important issue about these landscapes is intangible values ​​such as tradition, customs, and sense of place that are added to them (Ahmad et al. 2019; Nikolic et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Handszuh \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Rong \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCossons (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) considered industrial heritage as a unique cultural discourse that poses totally new challenges not raised by other forms of heritage and requires new responses concerning the understanding of material remains as a tangible aspect of industrial heritage. Therefore, to run broad-scale regeneration processes in brownfields and reuse projects in post-industrial sites, first it is necessary to understand the whole aspects of their heritage (Ifko and Stokin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Cossons \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Abandoned industrial lands in developed cities can pose many environmental and socio-economic challenges. Given that today more than half of the world's population lives in urban environments, urbanization is considered a complex and multidimensional concept that incorporates spatial, ecological, economic, social, and cultural aspects (Bahrami and Jafari \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Since urbanization has been widely accepted as foundation of modernization (Merwin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), planning and designing of the urban areas containing these lands face numerous challenges regarding ecological and socio-cultural sustainability (Adams and Sierra \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). These challenges appeared in the mid-19th century with the collapse of old industries, and made radical changes to the industrial society of that era. The abandonment of vast industrial sites and their large structures in the centers and outskirts of cities had as much impact on the fate of humanity as the Industrial Revolution (Li and Prof. Heath \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Cossons \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). After these extensive changes, great strides were made in conservation and regeneration of post-industrial landscapes. The Nizhny Tagil Charter (2003), the Dublin Principles (2011), the Taipei Recommendation for the Industrial Heritage of Asia (2012), and the ICOMOS Memorandum of Understanding on Industrial Heritage (2014) can be mentioned as the most important documents prepared for the conservation of post-industrial landscape (Piperno et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The common point emphasized in these documents was preservation of the functional integrity of industrial heritage. These documents also asserted that any interventions in a post-industrial site should follow the way to preserve it as much as possible.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn most countries, confrontation of urbanization growth with abandoned industrial lands has led to loss of resources and destruction of environmental structure in cities. Landscape management and embellishment in these cities and stakeholders\u0026rsquo; desire for construction in abandoned lands on the one hand, and public awareness about the need to protect industrial heritage, existing pollution, and potential biological structures in these lands on the other hand, have posed numerous challenges to landscape designers. They believe that the sustainable development of urban landscapes in future through reconnection of post-industrial landscapes to urban landscape can be achieved using the potentials in these lands. The facts that post-industrial landscapes cause environmental degradation through industrial pollution and development of cities is associated with many challenges, have persuaded landscape specialists to run post-industrial landscape regeneration projects and to solve environmental problems in urban brownfields by redefining these landscapes. In the new approach to comprehensive environmental conservation, this can be done through the interdisciplinary practices fitting the society\u0026rsquo;s demand in order to provide multi-purpose and long-term solutions based on culture and social, economic, and ecological goals. This approach is of high importance because post-industrial landscapes, when regenerated and placed in urban context, will be a valuable resource for society (Yijie and Xiaoxia \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Loures and Panagopoulos \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Shackel et al. 2006). To achieve this goal, a proper interaction between ecological systems of cities and post-industrial landscapes is essential. This interaction, formed based on a broad strategy of ecological regeneration and brownfields removal, provides a foundation for the qualitative improvement of urban landscapes (Qu et al. 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLandscape designers believe in theoretical structure of conservation, regeneration, and restoration of post-industrial landscapes, and consider the \"three-pillar approach\" or the triad of economic, social, and environmental sustainability as the main approach to conservation design of post-industrial landscapes. However, researchers also consider cultural-heritage sustainability as an important aspect, because it can be a way to preserve cultural diversity, form inclusive societies, and strengthen heritage and tourism economy (Sadowy \u0026amp; Lisiecki \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, to encounter with complex challenges\u0026ndash;such as brownfields and post-industrial landscapes\u0026ndash;that modern society faces, redevelopment of urban landscapes can play a key role in their ecosystem sustainability and in future planning by experts (Han \u0026amp; Zhang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Loures et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Faga \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Giddings et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Christensen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e). Inevitably, the environmental problems associated with these landscapes may lead experts to find a comprehensive solution to recover useless spaces buried in past memories, relationships, and abandoned industrial sites and to create a new sense of identity of the past industrial era through preserving industrial heritage (Konior and Pokojska \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Cossons \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Abandoned industrial sites are traditionally a significant source of environmental problems. Their remediation, redesign, and regeneration play an effective role in conservation of industrial heritage (Krawczyk \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Xie \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). These landscapes have a rich spatial potential for the development of modern urban practices. They are also invaluable in restoring urban environment and landscape, and act as a catalyst that contribute to public participation, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability (Merwin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Balsas \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Ifko and Stokin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Oglethorpe \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Meanwhile, commitment of the population is a crucial element for the development of a sustainable city, and the redevelopment of brownfields\u0026ndash;such as post-industrial landscapes\u0026ndash;can play an important role in future planning activities (Loures et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Faga \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Giddings et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Christensen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e). To regenerate these landscapes, restoration of ecological structures is used as an initial catalyst. This approach, in a change process, transforms those values ​​of natural environment that have been ecologically damaged and affected by existing pollutants into productive ones and reintegrates them into the surrounding community (W\u0026oacute;jcik et al. 2018; Xie, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The majority of post-industrial landscapes contain hazardous, polluting materials or suffer from potential pollution due to previous industrial activities, and any planning for their development requires a prior environmental remediation. It should be noted that past industrial pollutants usually remain in soil, water, architectural structures, and industrial components. The soil in these industrial sites mostly contains various types of heavy metals such as lead, chromium, cadmium, nickel, petroleum hydrocarbons, and organic materials from fuel leaks in tanks, worn-out machinery, repair areas in the site, production process, etc. These organic materials are either non-biodegradable or require a substantial time to be decomposed in nature, and they pose many risks when they exist in the form of compounds on the site. Particularly, when the site is abandoned and the factory is closed, the organic materials persistently remain and pose many risks to both local people and biological structure (Dixon et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, these materials, which are often nitrates, ammonia, organic substances, and metals dissolved in water, penetrate to lower levels and cause groundwater pollution. Studies confirm that despite the inactivity of factories in post-industrial sites, air-pollutant sources remain active. Asbestos materials, insulation fibers, sublimated gases from tanks and machinery, toxic particles released from contaminated surface soils, dust from soil drying, loss of vegetation, and toxic particles in construction debris and ruins, in addition to posing health hazards, adversely affect neighboring sites (Song et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe regeneration of post-industrial landscapes should be in line with the ideas of future generations rather than the needs of past generation. Such belief is not too far-fetched as regeneration and restoration of post-industrial landscapes have now become a necessity in urban landscape design. Today, more people are aware of valuable and authentic history of industrial heritage and insist on conservation of post-industrial sites as places that play an effective role in maintaining urban identity. For this reason, the regeneration projects for abandoned industrial areas should provide a new definition of landscape regeneration through interdisciplinary actions based on the needs of local community\u0026ndash;a definition that can integrate multifunctional industrial heritage and public participation in providing long-term solutions based on cultural, social, economic, environmental and aesthetic goals.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePhilosophy of designing post-industrial landscape based on ecological structure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreative design of post-industrial landscape can significantly change the appearance of city. Although the methods of such designing are constantly evolving, environmental development of these landscapes through ecological and localization methods, nationalism, and modern arts should be considered and focused on regeneration and renewability of ecological structure of the environment. This renewability allows for re-establishing the connection between landscape and history of industry and enables ecological rebirth of the abandoned site within the natural\u0026ndash;urban context. Integrity is one of the key factors in regeneration of post-industrial landscape. Landscape designers analyze the environmental factors and ecological relationships between species and regional landscape, and minimize the damage inflicted on natural environment through restorative design of ecological systems. The designed eco\u0026ndash;post-industrial landscape must be consistent with the local environment and regional culture. It is also required to be in harmony with the geomorphological structure of land, the regional ecosystem, and the industrial remnants on the site, and to provide suitable conditions for regeneration and sustainable development of the site by utilizing biodiversity, minimizing human interventions, and employing locally sourced building materials and native vegetation. In this design process, spatial\u0026ndash;temporal characteristics are integrated using scientifically grounded ecological systems and advanced technologies. Consequently, the new post-industrial landscape system is composed of healthy non-toxic materials, energy circulation mechanism, and restoration technologies, promoting a balanced relationship between humans and nature to conservative development of post-industrial landscape. At present, the ecological technologies that are frequently used in this principled design framework are: 1) landscape regeneration by phytoremediation, and 2) regeneration and purification of water and soil. The physical, chemical, and microbial remediation in an ecological restoration and regeneration approach can be employed to recover and treat the contaminated water and to store and recycle the industrial materials and equipment left on the site. In this process, the degraded bio-systems and resources can be repurposed and utilized with the help of ecologists, landscape specialists, artists, and engineering experts. In essence, post-industrial landscape design\u0026mdash;through the regeneration of ecological structures\u0026mdash;provides landscape specialists with a continuously evolving experience filled with theoretical ideas and new technologies (Yijie \u0026amp; Xiaoxia \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, ecological design of post-industrial landscape can lead to landscape coherence and legibility by regenerating and creating coherent places, and giving character and meaning to a post-industrial site. Therefore, ecological values ​​should be applied as fundamental principles in the design of urban post-industrial landscape and in creating meaningful places that people enjoy experiencing them.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, the final process for the conservation design of post-industrial landscapes was proposed based on the conceptual model presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. This conceptual model\u0026mdash;which was derived from theoretical studies and international experiences concerning the conservation of post-industrial landscapes and their sustainable development and was in line with qualitative improvement of post-industrial landscapes\u0026mdash;requires environmental, socio-cultural, and economic sustainability to achieve dynamic conservation and over-time site sustainability. It should be noted that the reuse of a post-industrial landscape involves preserving its values while eliminating contaminants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eUtilizing heritage resources in regeneration and sustainable development of post-industrial landscapes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe preservation of buildings, machinery, and equipment in abandoned lands refers to integrity of tangible industrial heritage. Such integrity does not need to be intact; rather, it emerges as a combination of conservation status and conditions of utilizing landscape elements under analysis of heritage value attributes (Han and Zhang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Nikolic et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Oyabu Yoko (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrated that when industrial factors other than machinery and buildings are considered in reconstruction and reuse, the attractiveness of heritage sites is significantly enhanced. Similarly, Wang et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) emphasized that specialists should also consider the style and characteristics of industrial environments in regeneration and reuse of industrial heritage (Subin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Yoko.2021). Cultural heritage resources have multiple roles in sustainable development strategies. In most post-industrial areas, resuming or maintaining industrial activity in its historical form is not feasible, even on a limited scale. Therefore, a large number of buildings are awaiting reconstruction. These buildings are usually large-scale, offer a great adaptability, and have a unique attractiveness (Konior \u0026amp; Pokojska \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Krawczyk \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Some researchers have the limited view that regeneration and reuse of brownfields only apply to buildings and structures and have no connection with intangible industrial heritage. This viewpoint stems from a general tendency to overvalue historical monuments and devalue the role of industrial production processes, machinery, and equipment in conservation of industrial heritage. In contrast, many researchers have refuted this misconception, asserting that conservation of industrial heritage through regeneration and reuse cannot be confined solely to planning and design of tangible heritage, and industrial memory of both tangible and intangible heritage must be fully reflected (Han and Zhang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Zhike \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, the use of heritage for regeneration is related not only to material aspects (tangible heritage/spatial regeneration) but also to intangible aspects (intangible heritage/social regeneration). Intangible industrial heritage not only shapes the environment and highlights the significance of tangible industrial heritage, but also renders this heritage valuable in its own right (Nowogonska \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Rojas \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe adaptation of objects to new functions enables the preservation of place identity and character, while providing the conditions for the creation of new cultural events that strengthen a sense of community. Regeneration, by enhancing place attractiveness, creates new jobs based on local heritage. Adapting historic buildings to new functions (rather than demolishing them) reduces greenhouse gas emissions and problems associated with waste disposal (Konior and Pokojska \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Smith \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSocial sustainability in post-industrial landscape regeneration\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePost-industrial sites, which are often contaminated with hazardous materials, cause social injustice in surrounding communities, whereas the redevelopment of brownfields contributes to sustainable community development and can foster socio-cultural cohesion. The design of these sites enhances a sense of belonging to the region and, by removing pollutants and improving the conditions of physical environment, promotes the well-being and health of local residents. According to experts, achieving social sustainability requires a development-oriented approach that minimizes the adverse impacts on social context and social capital existing in post-industrial landscapes (Chan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Ho et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConservation of post-industrial landscapes does not merely occur through identifying and conserving abandoned industrial remains; rather, to sustain the identity of the past, it is necessary to encourage communities to participate in future development plans. Sense of belonging to post-industrial landscapes serves as a significant driving force rooted in community sentiment. The role of society in regeneration and design of these landscapes is crucial, as the destruction of urban landscapes caused by brownfields entails not only spatial-locational implications but also involves social and economic consequences, including unemployment, crime, and physical and mental health problems (Han and Zhang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In recent years, a group of specialists has proposed two approaches for the conservation of industrial heritage: 1) static conservation, and 2) dynamic or development-oriented conservation. The former focuses on authenticity, while the latter, building upon that authenticity, injects new vitality into industrial heritage and provides the foundation for social sustainability in the region. This is because industrial heritage, through regeneration and adaptive reuse, can also meet the current needs of communities. In dynamic conservation, industrial heritage is the goal and regeneration and reuse are the means. Regeneration, reconstruction, and reuse are sequential; with reconstruction coming first, followed by reuse (Humphris and Rauws \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Kolejka et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The reuse of post-industrial landscapes should be accompanied by the preservation of original and historic buildings of the site. In the process of reconstruction and reuse of industrial heritage, the public should be able to make use of buildings and site area. In this case, the presence and interaction of people with the site will be a vital artery, which\u0026mdash;together with functional transformations of the site and preservation of key buildings\u0026mdash;brings back life to the site (Chatzi Rodopoulou \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Nan and Jianguo \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eVaramin Sugar Factory: the genesis of industrialization in Iran\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe process of industrialization in Iran commenced in the late Qajar era. During the first and second Pahlavi eras, a huge number of large-scale industrial factories were established on the outskirts of cities, gradually becoming integrated into the urban context as cities expanded. Influenced by Europe and a distinct form of modern architecture, these developments led to significant transformations in most Iranian cities. The present research focuses on the abandoned site of the Varamin Sugar Factory complex\u0026mdash;a pioneering industrial establishment and part of the nascent development of modern industry in Iran\u0026mdash;which produced sugar from sugar beets for many decades (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Located in the southern part of the Alborz highlands with a plain-desert geomorphological structure, Varamin city has a history linked to ancient eras and civilizations dating back millennia before the Common Era (BCE). The availability of suitable lands for cultivating various agricultural products, especially sugar beets, on the outskirts of the city, as well as a water-rich stream branching from the Jajrood River for irrigating vast farmlands, provided the foundation for the establishment of this factory. The factory was designed in the Art Deco style by Nikolai Markov in 1933 and constructed on an area of 25 hectares, 3 kilometers from the Varamin city along the main Tehran\u0026ndash;Varamin road. The architectural design of the existing structures was inspired by the architecture of the Jameh Mosque of Varamin and the ancient Ala al-Din towers. For successive decades, generations of local people and their families residing in Varamin and its suburbs worked at this factory and lived in its company housing. Facilities such as schools, football field, Zurkhaneh (traditional gymnasium), and wrestling club within the complex hold special memories and a sense of belonging for the local community. Moreover, recalling the sound of a whistle for shift change and the call to prayer from the factory\u0026rsquo;s mosque bears a unique sense of nostalgia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing the factory\u0026rsquo;s closure, several historical architectural elements, such as garden houses and a bathhouse, were gradually demolished and replaced with residential apartment that bear no architectural affinity with the original complex. Despite the entire complex being listed in Iran\u0026rsquo;s National Heritage List in 2002, the gradual demolition of its historic structures still continues. The site is currently occupied by drug addicts and suffers from various forms of pollution, including construction debris, garbage, and scattered waste particles (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Due to the destruction of the garden houses, much of the factory\u0026rsquo;s green space has been lost. The aged green plane trees have been cut down, and the small green parrots that once inhabited the site have migrated. The sports club and Zurkhaneh (traditional gymnasium) have been shut down, and the football field\u0026rsquo;s grass has vanished. The factory yard has turned into a dumping site for waste and scrap, and stray animals now roam the premises.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat remains of this factory today are valuable historical buildings, production lines, components, and industrial machinery in a vast area (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Still a small part of the factory is partially operational, although its activity periodically stops and resumes. There is special architecture and artistic design in the central office building, the old production building, the factory buildings with eight large sheds, the administrative and inspection buildings, the old scale buildings (bascule), the workers\u0026rsquo; houses, the staff company houses, and the garden houses of the senior factory officials, the mosque, the public bathhouse, the three schools, the football field, the swimming pool, the sports club, the Zourkhaneh (traditional gymnasium), the supermarket for workers, the clinic, and the bank. The main entrance and remnants of the factory's gate, like other historical artifacts found on the site, feature brick facades, and are constructed using specific ornamentations, windows with pointed arches, and pitched roofs. Markov's design incorporates references to both ancient Iranian architecture and the Islamic period, particularly Safavid architecture. His \"green factory\" concept once transformed this complex into a national garden. However, in addition to the destruction of many architectural works, a significant portion of the green space and ancient trees has been lost, and the level of pollution on the site has dramatically increased over the past two decades.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough the factory\u0026rsquo;s industrial activity is now very limited and in compliance with the environmental regulations under the supervision of the Department of Environment, high level of pollution still exists in the soil, air, and groundwater of the site due to the accumulation of past contaminants (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Several studies have been conducted on the identification and removal of these contaminants at similar sites (Xiao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Analysis of the samples collected from the site confirmed the soil contamination by heavy metals, such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni). These substances had been mostly originated from paints, industrial coatings, metal equipment, and boiler ash. Petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH and PAHs), derived from fuel and oil leaks of old machinery, were also abundant in the surface soils. Lime waste from the chemical treatment of sugar syrup was found to be responsible for soil alkalization, particularly around the production hall. Study of the groundwater samples from the site indicated the penetration of contaminants from the soil into the groundwater through leaks from old wastewater ponds, contaminated surface soil layers, and fermented organic matter residues. These contaminants were mainly nitrates, ammonia, dissolved organic compounds, and heavy metals. Compared to water and soil, a lower level of air pollution was detected in areas where construction debris had accumulated. This pollution consisted mainly of asbestos fibers, particulate matter from insulation of old pipes and boilers, contaminated dust from dry soil, and residual ash from fires set by addicts and vagrants on the site. There was also the risk of collapse of dilapidated structures, vermin, feral dogs, etc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe distinctive location of the Varamin Sugar Factory complex, its spatial extent, and widespread environmental pollution within the site, together with the identity-forming landscape values, sense of place, and particularly the local residents\u0026rsquo; sense of belonging, necessitate its regeneration and landscape development in the form of a post-industrial site museum. Given the deficiencies in the detailed development plan and the problems arising from subsequent decisions, this study highlights the importance of conservation and regeneration of the complex\u0026rsquo;s landscape, which is part of the public space of the Varamin city. Rehabilitation and physical remediation of the environment, preservation of historical and ecological values, enhancement of the quality of life in this area, along with the provision of social security, beautification of abandoned lands, and social participation of the local people are among the main objectives followed in this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe concept of post-Industrial site museum focuses on preserving and introducing cultural and regional or national-industrial sectors that are under threat. Creating a sense of identity, preserving the heritage and natural values ​​of landscape, and the social and economic sustainability of communities are among the goals of this type of design. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eAli and Zawawi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Rychnov\u0026aacute; et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Post-industrial site museums can provide visitors with the opportunity to experience and experience the industrial era and its continuity. The industrial buildings serve as a heritage, commemorating that such industry once existed in the region (Yagci et al. 2021; Rychnov\u0026aacute; et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In site museums design, the transformation of post-industrial lands is crucial for overall management and urban landscape regeneration. These designs should also emphasize, as much as possible, the preservation and coherence of historical buildings within the industrial-historical context and their natural and socio-identity links with the regional landscape.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe process of post-industrial site museum ecological design in the Varamin Sugar Factory\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor ecological design of the post-industrial site museum in the Varamin Sugar Factory, various environment- and landscape-constituent layers, including the site\u0026rsquo;s historical, architectural, physical, and natural structures, were initially studied by both collecting the updated documents and records and surveying the site and its surrounding area. Furthermore, landscape-shaping factors, including physical characteristics, topography, hydrology, hydrogeology, geology, distribution of environmental contaminants, vegetation, green structures, land uses, industrial historical artifacts, etc., were investigated. Considering the studies on contaminants, environmental hazards and their remediation strategies, phytoremediation using suitable plants for heavy metals removal, bioremediation through the decomposition of organic pollutants by microorganisms, and stabilization/solidification of contaminants in soil were proposed for the remediation and preparation of the site for design. Additionally, novel degrading agents were considered to enhance the decomposition and containment of pollutants. Subsequently, the landscape-forming layers were overlaid in a GIS system using an integrated design approach (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the structural differences and similarities of the landscape derived from the overlay of its constituent layers, the site landscape was divided into 10 distinct zones, and the landscape characteristics of each zone were determined (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe principles of post-industrial landscape design and the studied theoretical frameworks were employed to define the design method and strategic plan. Ultimately, a strategic plan of the site was developed according to the structural characteristics of each landscape zone. According to the strategic plan, new spaces that have been appended to the buildings of the complex disregarding the architectural style and have damaged its authenticity will be removed. If necessary, these buildings will be restored based on the principles mentioned in international charters and regulations. The next steps involve removal of contaminants from the environment, revitalization, and establishment of ecological connection among the 10 landscape zones. According to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, the strategic plan solutions for the ten landscape zones in the factory site are proposed as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eZone No. 1 (Industrial zone)\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRemediation of chemical and environmental contaminants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRemoval of the appended new, low-value buildings and spaces from the main production building\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreservation of the existing equipment in the factory and design of tourist routes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegeneration of the internal railway track as part of the tourist route\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRehabilitation of the sugar warehouses on the northern side of the site for permanent and seasonal exhibitions and art galleries\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRehabilitation of the southern warehouse and its conversion into a library\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRestoration of the old emblem of the Varamin Sugar Factory on the tower of the main production building\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e• Zone No. 2 (Barren zone 1)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRemediation of chemical and environmental contaminants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRehabilitation of the ecological structure through creating community gardens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRehabilitation of the technical warehouses and their conversion into floriculture and horticulture training classes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eZone No. 3 (Sports zone)\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRestoration and conservation of the old Zoorkhaneh (traditional gymnasium) building\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRehabilitation of the football field for holding sports matches\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eZone No. 4 (Swimming pool zone\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRestoration of the old restaurant building and its reactivation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRestoration of the swimming pool for site beautification\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRehabilitation of vegetation cover to establish ecological connectivity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eZone No. 5 (Artistic zone)\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRestoration of the old atelier and museum buildings for holding educational and artistic classes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRehabilitation of vegetation cover\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eZone No. 6 (Barren zone 2)\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign of appropriate spaces and places in the inner courtyard for markets and social gatherings and interactions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstruction of a pavilion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstruction of an underground parking lot\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eZone No. 7 (Green zone)\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRestoration of the old office building and its conversion into administrative unit of the site museum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRehabilitation of vegetation cover\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign of spaces for pause and sightseeing and a children's playground\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eZone No. 8 (Barren zone 3)\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign of open-air cultural spaces for theater and concerts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRehabilitation of vegetation cover\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eZone No. 9 (Barren zone 4)\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesign of a green (ecological) corridor and rest spaces (pause and movement) to access the weekly market and temporary stalls, the artistic zone, and the eastern side of the main building at the complex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eZone No. 10 (Wastewater zone)\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRehabilitation of vegetation cover to establish ecological connectivity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRestoration of wastewater treatment ponds and their conversion into water features\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA combination of the geometry of Ilkhanid-era Iranian garden architecture in Varamin and the hierarchical composition of order and coherent disorder was used to present the artistic concept of the factory site museum design (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). This combination, through shifts in orientations and rotations, is intended to provide the post-industrial site with dynamism and excitement. In this design, nodes formed by the intersection of pathways invite visitors to pause and then continue moving throughout the spaces.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis design, by creating contrast in colors and materials, revitalization, establishing green landscapes within the complex, and adhering to the principle of coherence between the historical and natural values of the landscape, seeks to craft dynamic and exciting landscapes against the cold spirit of the abandoned industrial space. The design, aiming to bridge past and present, depicts the death and rebirth of a historical industrial space through its new function. The ecological regeneration of the site\u0026rsquo;s natural structures and the design of patch and linear planting with suitable species to cleanse the contaminated ground, ecologically connect the different spaces of the site (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). In the planting design, in addition to the use of resistant and contaminant-removing plant species, windbreak plants and species with appropriate crown shapes have been employed as a barrier against noise pollution and polluted air currents. High resistance to pests and diseases, drought tolerance, shading capacity, and flowering characteristics were among the key criteria for selecting the species. The planting design of the post-industrial site museum integrates evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs in order to enable both linear planting and mass planting along green pathways. The shape and width of the tree crowns and their capacity for absorbing soil contaminants were also significant factors in the plant selection process. The proposed spaces for the regeneration of the factory landscape in the post-industrial site museum design (corresponding to the numbering in the site plan) and its three-dimensional site plan are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProposed spaces in the post-industrial site museum design of the Varamin Sugar Factory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpace No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProposed design\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"1\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical industry exhibition hall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePermanent and temporary exhibition spaces, art gallery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic library\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity gardens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational classrooms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal market\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePavilion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOffice-service building\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRestaurant and caf\u0026eacute;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFootball field\u0026rsquo;s grass\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSports saloon and Zurkhaneh pit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpen-air cultural space\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePost-industrial landscape design, acting as a catalyst for urban landscape regeneration and regional economic development, facilitates broader public access to art, cultural activities, and spatial amenities. Aligned with ecological and functional concepts, this design serves the spatial organization and formation of a coherent unity within the overall landscape structure. The conservation of industrial heritage and historical structures, as public and open urban spaces, provides the local people with an intimate and expansive environment suitable for a set of recreational and cultural activities. Guided by the revised concepts of land transformation, industrial heritage, and environmental quality, the main objective of numerous post-industrial site restoration projects has been the creation of a multi-functional landscape incorporating green spaces and parks with historical landmarks. This type of design is usually executed in the form of post-industrial site museums through a comprehensive environmental conservation approach. Reshaping the landscape leads to its complete harmony with the heritage of past industry. Experiences demonstrate that the rebirth of sites with industrial heritage is largely linked to the spatial integration\u0026mdash;particularly the unification of the relationship between the heritage site, its surrounding environment, and its ecological structure\u0026mdash;coupled with landscape restoration and redevelopment. Post-industrial site museums propose a pioneering approach to the presentation of development plans for brownfield landscapes. The outstanding feature of this approach is concurrent implementation of ecological restoration and regeneration of the biological structures of water, air, and soil biostructures in brownfields, combined with an art-infused design for preserving abandoned industrial structures. A holistic integration is formed within site museums, encompassing the continuity of history in the present, moments of pause and contemplation, enjoyment and identity formation, the cohesion of history and industry, and ultimately, an innovative display of landscape sustainability. Regeneration projects for abandoned industrial areas should provide a new definition of post-industrial landscape regeneration through interdisciplinary and community-based actions. This definition must be capable of integrating multifunctional industrial heritage with public participation in long-term solutions grounded in cultural, social, economic, environmental, and aesthetic objectives. In this regard, methods for brownfield land-use planning should identify an appropriate balance and timing between proactive policies and regeneration projects within the urban landscape redevelopment process. When properly integrated into such planning, post-industrial landscapes can become a driving force for urban growth and create a positive image of regenerated landscapes, thereby attracting both investors and tourists.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdams JW, Sierra K (2009) Foreword, In Eco\u0026sup2; Cities: Ecological Cities as Economic Cities (Conference Edition), Hiroaki Suzuki, Arish Dastur, Sebastian Moffatt \u0026amp; Nanae Yabuki, pp. xiii- xiv. The World Bank: Washington DC\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAhmad Suriati N, Nadiyanti M, S, Jones D (2019) Reconsidering the World Heritage Potential of the Kinta Valley Post-Industrial Mining Landscape. 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China Cult Herit Sci Res 17:17\u0026ndash;21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-environmental-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"IJER","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Environmental Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/41742)","snPcode":"41742","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ijer/default2.asp...\n","title":"International Journal of Environmental Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Post-industrial landscapes, Industrial heritage, Brownfields, Environmental contamination, Varamin Sugar Factory","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9390086/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9390086/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePost-industrial landscapes are complex and integrated structures representing history, technical knowledge, and identity of human societies. These landscapes are often abandoned and create numerous environmental, social, and economic challenges within urban areas. Despite their industrial heritage values and significant ecological potential, they are classified as brownfield sites with high levels of contamination and hazards for human health. The regeneration of post-industrial landscapes through a comprehensive environmental conservation approach not only protects and presents their heritage values but also contributes to the sustainability of their ecosystemic structure. This study examines the Varamin Sugar Factory, located in the city of Varamin, Iran. This factory symbolizes the region's past industrial heritage and constitutes a significant element of authenticity and identity for its residing community. Despite the abandonment and partial demolition of sections of the factory, along with numerous chemical and environmental contaminations, the post-industrial landscape structure of the factory remains fully integrated with the city's ecosystem. The necessity for site decontamination, environmental remediation, conservation, and restoration of the existing valuable industrial structures propelled this study toward the goal of regenerating the factory's landscape as a post-industrial site museum. Extensive environmental studies and identification and structural analysis of the factory's historic industrial landscape were performed using a qualitative landscape analysis method and a layering system based on the conceptual model developed. Based on the structural characteristics of each zone, a strategic site plan was developed, and the master plan was designed in the form of a post-industrial site museum.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Regeneration of Polluted Urban Landscape Through Post-Industrial Site Museum Design","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-25 01:01:18","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9390086/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2026-04-21T20:05:30+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-17T14:48:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-13T15:28:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"International Journal of Environmental Research","date":"2026-04-11T14:46:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-environmental-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"IJER","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Environmental Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/41742)","snPcode":"41742","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ijer/default2.asp...\n","title":"International Journal of Environmental Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b06648e6-54c0-46f7-888d-1578db7318f8","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 25th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-25T01:01:18+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-25 01:01:18","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9390086","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9390086","identity":"rs-9390086","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}