Ethnic inequalities in the use of contraceptive methods among Peruvian women: a propensity score matching study

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Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study using 2019–2023 data from Peru's Demographic and Family Health Survey. Women aged 18–49 were evaluated on contraceptive use and sociodemographic factors. Statistical analysis in R Studio described variables and used propensity score matching to compare ethnic groups' contraceptive use, employing quasibinomial regression for prevalence ratios. Results Among 57277 women aged 18–49, 67.23% used contraception, mainly injections and condoms. Ethnic disparities were noted, with Quechua, Aymara, and Afro-Peruvian women using contraceptives, especially hormonal methods, less than Mestizo women. These inequalities were influenced by first intercourse age, number of children, and decreased use over time. Conclusion Ethnic inequalities in contraceptive use were found, with Quechua, Aymara, and Afro-Peruvian women facing greater disparities than Mestizo or White women, especially if they had first intercourse before 18. Sociodemographic Factors Health Inequities Ethnicity Contraception Contraceptive Agents Contraceptive Prevalence Surveys Peru Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 BACKGROUND Over the past 50 years, approximately 163 million women worldwide have faced challenges in accessing contraception methods, despite significant global efforts. While the global contraceptive prevalence rate has risen by 20%, significant disparities in contraceptive access and prevalence rates still exist, especially evident in regions like Latin America and the Caribbean ( 1 ). In Peru, although 53% of the population is covered by contraceptives, there is still a 6% unmet demand for contraception services, highlighting the urgent need for better access and support ( 1 , 2 ). In this context, factors such as geographical location, socioeconomic status, and personal preferences can influence contraceptive method choices. Strategies such as providing information, education, and talking to healthcare providers can assist women in choosing between contraception methods such as pills, condoms, or sterilization and deciding how long to use them ( 3 ). In Peru, 3% of women have never used contraceptive methods, attributing this to reasons such as lack of awareness (due to past side effects or pregnancies), cultural beliefs (related to health empowerment or stigma surrounding contraception), or access barriers (like distance to healthcare facilities or resource scarcity) ( 4 – 6 ). Adolescents face challenges such as confidentiality issues, transportation difficulties, and limited awareness when trying to access contraceptive methods. Furthermore, Peruvian family planning norms worsen the current challenges by not adequately addressing the disparities in access to or use of contraceptive methods ( 7 , 8 ). Variations in economic status impact the utilization of contraceptive methods, resulting in a decrease in usage from 64–52% among individuals in the lowest or highest income quintiles, respectively ( 9 , 10 ). Varied perspectives on the importance of parenthood impact individuals' preferences for contraceptive methods ( 2 , 11 ). According to studies, this influence is especially noticeable in certain communities, particularly among less educated women and specific ethnic groups ( 12 – 14 ). According to studies, misusing contraceptive methods significantly increases the risks of death from abortions, contracting sexually transmitted infections, experiencing unintended pregnancies, and incurring higher financial expenses ( 15 – 17 ). The aim of this study was to assess how ethnicity contributes to inequalities in the use of contraceptive methods among Peruvian women. METHODS Study Design We conducted a cross-sectional study with an analysis of data from the Demographic and Family Health Survey (or ENDES, in Spanish acronym) in Peru from 2019 to 2023. Since 2004, the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (or INEI, in Spanish acronym) has been conducting the ENDES, a yearly survey that covers the entire country of Peru, a Latin American nation with a diverse geographic population of about 32 million people ( 18 ). Those Peruvian women aged 18–49 selected for the individual interview were evaluated and answered questions about their history of sexual relations and use of contraceptive methods (Appendix 1). Variables Evaluated The survey asked women whether they used any contraceptive method (yes or no) and the specific type of contraceptive method used (hormonal, barrier, permanent, or other). Sociodemographic characteristics evaluated included age group (18–29, 30–39, and 40–49 years), education level (no education, primary, secondary, or higher), wealth quintile (first, second, third, fourth, and last quintile), area of residence (rural or urban), place of residence (capital or another region), health insurance affiliation (yes or no), and ethnic identification (Afro-Peruvian, Aymara, Mestizo, Quechua, White, and Others). Also addressed were background information such as the number of children at the time of the survey (no children or at least one) and the age at first sexual intercourse (under 17 or 18 or older). Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was performed in the R Studio software version 4.2.2, including the complex sample design of the ENDES. The categorical variables were described using frequencies and percentages, with their respective 95% confidence intervals weighted by the design effect. The study aimed to examine how sociodemographic factors, including ethnicity, are related to the use of contraceptive methods. Propensity Score Matching The “MatchIt” package was used to compare participants based on their characteristics ( 19 ). In this way, ethnicity was looked at as an intervention (mestizo vs. other ethnic group) for the use of some contraceptive method. Matching participants based on characteristics reduced bias and enhanced the study's validity. Thus, one-to-one matching based on proximity of scores was performed using an “ATT” approach, excluding unmatched units or missing data. We used quasibinomial regression models to find the prevalence ratio (aPR) and the propensity score matching method to find out how race affected the difference in the number of people who used birth control (amPR). Also, other analyses were based on contraceptive method type, age at first intercourse, number of children, and year of evaluation. Ethical aspects The study analyzed data from the ENDES ( http://iinei.inei.gov.pe/microdatos/ ), a survey developed with participants' informed consent. Participant confidentiality and anonymity were strictly upheld to prevent the identification of individuals in the research. Thus, the study adhered to key bioethical principles, including respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice, ensuring ethical conduct throughout the research process. RESULTS Among the 57277 women evaluated between 18 and 49 years of age, the mean age was 33.41 years (95%CI: 33.28 to 33.54), and almost a third had higher education (34.50%) or were in the two highest wealth quintiles (37.98%). In addition, eight out of ten women lived in urban areas (82.34%), while only four out of ten women lived in the capital region of Peru (38.77%). It was also found that the majority had health insurance (83.68%). On the other hand, 74.42% had at least one child, and half of the women surveyed reported being 18 years of age or older at first intercourse (50.71%). In the analysis it was found that age group, level of education, area of residence, health insurance, number of children, and age at first intercourse mediated a statistically significant difference in the proportion of adult women using a contraceptive method (Table 1 ). Table 1 Characteristics of Peruvian women aged 18–49 according to the use of contraceptive methods Variables Total Women evaluated (N = 57277) Does not use any CM (n = 17868) Use any CM (n = 39409) P-value** n %* (95%CI) %* (95%CI) %* (95%CI) Age Group 18 to 29 years 22025 36.65 (36.00 to 37.31) 31.36 (30.36 to 32.38) 68.64 (67.62 to 69.64) < 0.001 30 to 39 years 23316 34.85 (34.25 to 35.45) 27.08 (26.22 to 27.95) 72.92 (72.05 to 73.78) 40 to 49 years 11936 28.5 (27.83 to 29.18) 41.54 (40.12 to 42.97) 58.46 (57.03 to 59.88) Educational Level Without Education 890 1.21 (1.09 to 1.34) 38.3 (33.85 to 42.96) 61.7 (57.04 to 66.15) < 0.001 Elementary 10745 14.78 (14.31 to 15.27) 32.54 (31.21 to 33.91) 67.46 (66.09 to 68.79) High School 26143 44.82 (44.09 to 45.55) 31.21 (30.28 to 32.16) 68.79 (67.84 to 69.72) University 19499 39.19 (38.41 to 39.97) 34.46 (33.41 to 35.52) 65.54 (64.48 to 66.59) Wealth Index Q5 (poorest) 17114 17.68 (17.12 to 18.26) 32.05 (31.07 to 33.05) 67.95 (66.95 to 68.93) 0.179 Q4 15786 22.73 (22.07 to 23.40) 32.04 (30.94 to 33.15) 67.96 (66.85 to 69.06) Q3 11128 21.6 (21.02 to 22.21) 32.32 (31.00 to 33.67) 67.68 (66.33 to 69.00) Q2 7955 20.19 (19.54 to 20.86) 33.87 (32.28 to 35.51) 66.13 (64.49 to 67.72) Q1 (richest) 5294 17.79 (17.04 to 18.56) 33.7 (31.85 to 35.61) 66.3 (64.39 to 68.15) Area of Residence Rural 18479 17.66 (17.02 to 18.32) 31.07 (30.18 to 31.98) 68.93 (68.02 to 69.82) < 0.001 Urban 38798 82.34 (81.68 to 82.98) 33.13 (32.39 to 33.88) 66.87 (66.12 to 67.61) Place of Residence Other Regions 49291 61.23 (60.13 to 62.33) 32.37 (31.80 to 32.94) 67.63 (67.06 to 68.20) 0.169 Capital 7986 38.77 (37.67 to 39.87) 33.4 (32.05 to 34.78) 66.6 (65.22 to 67.95) Health Insurance No 7651 16.32 (15.77 to 16.88) 38.73 (37.03 to 40.45) 61.27 (59.55 to 62.97) < 0.001 Yes 49626 83.68 (83.12 to 84.23) 31.61 (30.94 to 32.28) 68.39 (67.72 to 69.06) Ethnic Group Mestizo 24816 51.56 (50.82 to 52.30) 32.37 (31.45 to 33.30) 67.63 (66.70 to 68.55) 0.004 Quechua 18385 24.88 (24.23 to 25.54) 34.66 (33.51 to 35.84) 65.34 (64.16 to 66.49) Afro-Peruvian 6059 11.50 (11.07 to 11.94) 31.09 (29.42 to 32.81) 68.91 (67.19 to 70.58) White 3763 7.72 (7.35 to 8.10) 31.37 (29.11 to 33.73) 68.63 (66.27 to 70.89) Aymara 2214 1.86 (1.68 to 2.05) 34.45 (31.07 to 37.99) 65.55 (62.01 to 68.93) Others 2040 2.49 (2.28 to 2.72) 32.77 (32.14 to 33.41) 67.11 (63.56 to 70.47) Do you have children? No 13395 25.58 (24.99 to 26.19) 48.01 (46.60 to 49.43) 51.99 (50.57 to 53.40) < 0.001 Yes 43882 74.42 (73.81 to 75.01) 27.53 (26.85 to 28.21) 72.47 (71.79 to 73.15) Age at FSI? Under 17 years old 30481 49.29 (48.61 to 49.97) 30.40 (29.56 to 31.25) 69.60 (68.75 to 70.44) < 0.001 18 or more years old 26796 50.71 (50.03 to 51.39) 35.07 (34.16 to 36.00) 64.93 (64.00 to 65.84) CM : Contraceptive Method, 95%CI : 95% Confidence Interval, FSI : First Sexual Intercourse. *Weighted percentage for complex sample **P-value estimated by Rao-Scott test In terms of ethnic identification, Mestizos made up half of the respondents (51.56%), then Quechuas (24.88%), Afro-Peruvians (11.50%), Whites (7.72%), Aymaras (1.86%), and Others (2.49%). Thus, it was found that characteristics such as age group, level of education, wealth index, area and place of residence, health insurance, and age at first sexual intercourse mediated a statistically significant difference between the ethnic groups (Table 2 ). Also, 67.23% (95%CI: 66.59 to 67.86) of Peruvian women between 18 and 49 years of age reported having used some contraceptive method. Some 17.87% used injections, followed by condoms (12.36%), sterilization (9.64%), pills (5.41%), subdermal implants (5.99%), and intrauterine devices (1.42%). In addition, some reported practices such as abstinence (7.69%) and withdrawal before ejaculation (6.25%) as a contraceptive method. The difference in the use of these contraceptive methods according to ethnic identification remained homogeneous (Fig. 1 ). Table 2 Sociodemographic characteristics of Peruvian women aged 18–49 by ethnic identification Variables Mestizo Quechua Afro-Peruvian White Aymara Others P-value** %* (95%CI) %* (95%CI) %* (95%CI) %* (95%CI) %* (95%CI) %* (95%CI) Age Group 18 to 29 years 52.02 (50.89 to 53.14) 23.59 (22.68 to 24.54) 12.02 (11.35 to 12.72) 7.92 (7.34 to 8.53) 1.6 (1.40 to 1.82) 2.85 (2.54 to 3.21) < 0.001 30 to 39 years 52.87 (51.81 to 53.93) 24.78 (23.92 to 25.65) 10.75 (10.17 to 11.36) 7.24 (6.75 to 7.77) 2.04 (1.80 to 2.30) 2.32 (2.05 to 2.63) 40 to 49 years 49.38 (47.96 to 50.79) 26.65 (25.44 to 27.90) 11.74 (10.89 to 12.64) 8.04 (7.30 to 8.84) 1.97 (1.67 to 2.32) 2.23 (1.88 to 2.64) Educational Level Without Education 11.92 (8.92 to 15.74) 48.01 (42.97 to 53.10) 20.11 (16.32 to 24.52) 10.54 (7.77 to 14.16) 0.73 (0.37 to 1.41) 8.69 (5.94 to 12.54) < 0.001 Elementary 27.5 (26.15 to 28.88) 32.94 (31.40 to 34.53) 21.29 (20.08 to 22.56) 11.59 (10.68 to 12.56) 2.07 (1.70 to 2.51) 4.61 (4.03 to 5.27) High School 49.35 (48.29 to 50.41) 25.52 (24.63 to 26.43) 12.56 (11.91 to 13.24) 7.78 (7.23 to 8.36) 2.29 (2.02 to 2.59) 2.51 (2.24 to 2.80) University 64.4 (63.29 to 65.49) 20.39 (19.50 to 21.31) 6.32 (5.81 to 6.87) 6.1 (5.56 to 6.69) 1.31 (1.14 to 1.51) 1.48 (1.23 to 1.78) Wealth Index Q5 (poorest) 27.06 (25.92 to 28.24) 37.43 (35.95 to 38.93) 17.74 (16.70 to 18.83) 9.51 (8.76 to 10.31) 2.34 (1.86 to 2.94) 5.92 (5.20 to 6.74) < 0.001 Q4 44.09 (42.75 to 45.43) 30.39 (29.11 to 31.69) 13.41 (12.61 to 14.26) 7.31 (6.69 to 8.00) 2.43 (2.09 to 2.82) 2.37 (2.04 to 2.75) Q3 53.24 (51.83 to 54.64) 23.74 (22.54 to 24.98) 11.37 (10.51 to 12.30) 7.59 (6.83 to 8.43) 2.26 (1.94 to 2.64) 1.79 (1.47 to 2.17) Q2 62.75 (61.11 to 64.36) 19.65 (18.30 to 21.06) 8.5 (7.65 to 9.44) 6.24 (5.51 to 7.07) 1.43 (1.16 to 1.76) 1.44 (1.08 to 1.91) Q1 (richest) 70.73 (68.89 to 72.51) 12.69 (11.45 to 14.05) 6.4 (5.52 to 7.42) 8.26 (7.22 to 9.44) 0.63 (0.45 to 0.89) 1.28 (0.90 to 1.82) Area of Residence Rural 27.26 (26.03 to 28.52) 38.09 (36.48 to 39.72) 17.06 (16.01 to 18.15) 9.46 (8.75 to 10.22) 2.71 (2.14 to 3.43) 5.43 (4.71 to 6.26) < 0.001 Urban 56.78 (55.95 to 57.59) 22.04 (21.33 to 22.78) 10.31 (9.84 to 10.79) 7.34 (6.93 to 7.77) 1.67 (1.50 to 1.87) 1.86 (1.67 to 2.07) Place of Residence Other Regions 43.49 (42.74 to 44.23) 28.09 (27.31 to 28.89) 14.29 (13.78 to 14.81) 8.26 (7.87 to 8.65) 2.69 (2.43 to 2.98) 3.19 (2.91 to 3.49) < 0.001 Capital 64.32 (62.91 to 65.71) 19.8 (18.66 to 20.99) 7.09 (6.39 to 7.86) 6.86 (6.16 to 7.63) 0.53 (0.37 to 0.77) 1.39 (1.12 to 1.74) Health Insurance No 54.49 (52.69 to 56.28) 23.96 (22.46 to 25.53) 9.24 (8.32 to 10.25) 7.51 (6.59 to 8.55) 2.55 (2.12 to 3.06) 2.26 (1.84 to 2.77) < 0.001 Yes 50.99 (50.21 to 51.77) 25.06 (24.36 to 25.77) 11.94 (11.47 to 12.43) 7.76 (7.37 to 8.16) 1.72 (1.54 to 1.92) 2.54 (2.31 to 2.78) Do you have children? No 51.18 (49.73 to 52.63) 25.02 (23.87 to 26.22) 11.42 (10.58 to 12.31) 7.99 (7.22 to 8.82) 2.14 (1.83 to 2.49) 2.25 (1.92 to 2.64) 0.242 Yes 51.69 (50.88 to 52.50) 24.83 (24.12 to 25.55) 11.53 (11.07 to 12.00) 7.62 (7.22 to 8.05) 1.76 (1.58 to 1.96) 2.57 (2.34 to 2.83) Age at FSI? Under 17 years old 48.79 (47.79 to 49.78) 24.25 (23.44 to 25.08) 13.39 (12.77 to 14.05) 8.75 (8.21 to 9.33) 1.5 (1.31 to 1.71) 3.32 (2.99 to 3.68) < 0.001 18 or more years old 54.26 (53.26 to 55.26) 25.48 (24.61 to 26.38) 9.65 (9.11 to 10.22) 6.71 (6.25 to 7.20) 2.2 (1.97 to 2.47) 1.69 (1.47 to 1.94) Do you use any CM? No 50.94 (49.70 to 52.18) 26.32 (25.24 to 27.42) 10.91 (10.21 to 11.65) 7.39 (6.76 to 8.06) 1.95 (1.69 to 2.25) 2.5 (2.17 to 2.88) 0.004 Yes 51.87 (51.02 to 52.71) 24.18 (23.46 to 24.91) 11.78 (11.28 to 12.31) 7.88 (7.45 to 8.33) 1.81 (1.61 to 2.03) 2.49 (2.26 to 2.74) *Weighted percentage for complex sample **P-value estimated by Rao-Scott test In the simple assessment of the prevalence of the use of any contraceptive method, it was identified that women aged 18 to 29 years and 30 to 39 years with higher education, residing in rural areas, and affiliated with a health insurance company had a higher prevalence of the use of any contraceptive method. In contrast, those women in a lower wealth quintile and identified as Quechua or Aymara had a lower prevalence of the use of any contraceptive method (Table 3 ). Table 3 Association between sociodemographic variables of Peruvian women aged 18–49 and the use of any contraceptive method Variables Crude Model Adjusted Model cPR 95%CI P-value* aPR 95%CI Valor p* Age Group 40 to 49 years REF REF 30 to 39 years 1.236 1.215 to 1.257 < 0.001 1.244 1.223 to 1.266 < 0.001 18 to 29 years 1.179 1.159 to 1.200 < 0.001 1.191 1.170 to 1.212 < 0.001 Educational Level University REF REF High School 1.060 1.047 to 1.074 < 0.001 1.081 1.066 to 1.096 < 0.001 Elementary 1.042 1.025 to 1.059 < 0.001 1.099 1.078 to 1.120 < 0.001 Without Education 0.922 0.874 to 0.972 0.003 1.028 0.974 to 1.085 0.318 Wealth Index Q1 (richest) REF REF Q2 0.998 0.975 to 1.022 0.859 0.978 0.955 to 1.001 0.059 Q3 0.997 0.975 to 1.019 0.778 0.958 0.936 to 0.980 < 0.001 Q4 1.006 0.985 to 1.027 0.778 0.941 0.919 to 0.964 < 0.001 Q5 (poorest) 0.999 0.979 to 1.021 0.980 0.910 0.886 to 0.936 < 0.001 Area of Residence Rural REF REF Urban 0.970 0.954 to 0.987 0.001 1.033 1.017 to 1.050 < 0.001 Place of Residence Other Regions REF REF Capital 1.015 1.003 to 1.027 0.015 1.011 0.994 to 1.028 0.207 Health Insurance No REF REF Yes 1.116 1.096 to 1.136 < 0.001 1.111 1.091 to 1.132 < 0.001 Ethnic Group Mestizo REF REF Quechua 1.024 1.001 to 1.046 0.040 1.012 0.990 to 1.035 0.283 Afro-Peruvian 0.976 0.963 to 0.988 < 0.001 0.971 0.959 to 0.985 < 0.001 White 0.959 0.929 to 0.989 0.007 0.954 0.925 to 0.984 0.003 Aymara 1.017 0.999 to 1.036 0.064 1.004 0.985 to 1.022 0.705 Others 0.989 0.959 to 1.020 0.474 0.978 0.948 to 1.009 0.164 cPR : crude Prevalence Ratio, aPR : adjusted Prevalence Ratio, 95%CI : 95% Confidence Interval, REF : Category used as a reference for estimating the measure of effect. *P-value estimated using a weighted quasibinomial regression model for complex sample. Using adjusted regression models to look at how the rates of using different types of contraceptive methods varied by ethnicity, we found that there were differences in the rates of using any kind of contraceptive method between Aymara and mestizo women. Moreover, the study looked at the type of birth control used and found that, compared to mestizo women, Quechua and Aymara women were less likely to use hormonal methods (aPR: 0.85 and aPR: 0.66, respectively). However, Quechua and Aymara women were found to have a higher prevalence (aPR: 1.28 and aPR: 1.45, respectively) for using barrier contraceptive methods compared to mestizo women. In contrast, Afro-Peruvian women had a lower prevalence of 12.2% (aPR: 0.88, 95%CI: 0.80 to 0.97, p = 0.008) of using barrier contraceptive methods compared to mestizo women. On the other hand, Quechua and Aymara women had a lower prevalence (aPR: 0.63 and aPR: 0.56, respectively) of using barrier contraceptive methods compared to mestizo women (Fig. 2 A). Researchers used the propensity score matching method to look at the differences in the rates of using birth control based on ethnicity. They found that white women were 6% more likely than mestizo women to use birth control (amPR: 1.06; 95%CI: 1.02 to 1.11; p = 0.007). The percentage of Quechua women who used barrier methods of birth control was 20.6% (amPR: 0.79, 95%CI: 0.77 to 0.82, p < 0.001), and the percentage of Afro-Peruvian women who used barrier methods was 21.6% (amPR: 0.78, 95%CI: 0.64 to 0.89, p < 0.001). Also, compared to mestizo women, 11.0% (amPR: 0.89, 95%CI: 0.86 to 0.92, p < 0.001) of Quechua women, 18.8% (amPR: 0.81, 95%CI: 0.71 to 0.93, p = 0.002) of Aymara women, and 19.0% (amPR: 0.89, 95%CI: 0.86 to 0.92, p < 0.001) of mestizo women used barrier methods of birth control (Fig. 2 B). Based on the age at first sexual encounter and the use of any form of birth control with the propensity score matching method, it was discovered that Quechua, Aymara, and Afro-Peruvian women younger than 18 years old at first sexual encounter were less likely to use birth control than mestizo women (Fig. 3 A). Similarly, all women in the ethnic groups evaluated who were less than 18 years of age at first intercourse had a lower prevalence of using hormonal contraceptive methods compared to mestizo women (Fig. 3 B). On the other hand, Aymara and Afro-Peruvian women less than 18 years of age at first intercourse had a higher prevalence of using barrier contraceptive methods compared to mestizo women (Fig. 3 C). While only Aymara women under 18 years of age at first intercourse had a higher prevalence of using permanent contraceptive methods compared to mestizo women (Fig. 3 D). In the same way, the stratified analysis showed that Quechua and Aymara women with children were less likely to use any form of birth control than mestizo women, based on the number of children they had. This was done using the propensity score matching method. While white women with children had a higher prevalence of using any contraceptive method compared to mestizo women (Fig. 3 A), on the other hand, Quechua and Aymara women with children had a lower prevalence of using hormonal contraceptive methods compared to mestizo women (Fig. 3 B). However, Aymara women with children showed a higher prevalence of using barrier contraceptive methods compared to mestizo women (Fig. 3 C). Similarly, Afro-Peruvian women without children had a higher prevalence of using permanent contraceptive methods compared to mestizo women (Fig. 3 D). The propensity score matching method was used to look at the annual change in the use of contraceptive methods based on ethnic identification. It was found that Quechua and Aymara women used fewer types of contraceptives over time than mestizo women. It was identified that Quechua and Aymara women had a lower progressive use of any contraceptive method compared to mestizo women. While white and Afro-Peruvian women had a slight increase in their use of the contraceptive methods evaluated compared to mestizo women (Fig. 3 A), this was similar in the evaluation with respect to the use of hormonal contraceptive methods (Fig. 3 B). Although Aymara women had a slight increase in their use of barrier contraceptive methods compared to mestizo women (Fig. 3 C), on the other hand, these same Aymara women showed a change in the use of permanent contraceptive methods between 2020 and 2023 compared to mestizo women (Fig. 3 D). DISCUSSION The inequalities in the use of contraceptive methods between Quechua, Aymara, and Afro-Peruvian women show a worried context. In 2017, 52.8% of Quechua and Aymara women used contraceptive methods, with 31.6% opting for modern contraceptives in 2019 ( 5 , 20 ). Social and economic inequalities, along with discrimination against Indigenous women by healthcare providers, worsen these differences ( 5 ). Cultural and linguistic barriers, as well as historical instances of forced sterilizations between 1996 and 2000 ( 12 ), contributed to the lower contraceptive methods usage among Indigenous populations during that period. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic further disrupted access to contraceptive methods, particularly among young, low-income women in rural areas. To tackle these issues, Peru needs comprehensive sexual education, better healthcare infrastructure, and culturally sensitive reproductive health services to provide fair access to contraception for all communities ( 21 , 22 ). Quechua and Aymara women exhibit lower use of hormonal contraceptive methods. Qualitative research has found that Indigenous women in Latin America, including those who speak Quechua and Aymara, often show greater acceptability toward hormonal contraceptive methods due to their ease of use and perceived effectiveness in preventing pregnancy. These methods, such as birth control pills or patches, are seen as convenient and culturally acceptable, making them preferred in communities where access to other contraceptive methods may be limited ( 23 ). In Peru, the utilization of hormonal contraceptive methods has experienced a decline in recent years, particularly during the period spanning from 2019 to 2021. This decrease can be attributed to various factors, notably the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which presented significant challenges to accessing contraceptive methods ( 24 ). Furthermore, the pandemic exacerbated existing socioeconomic inequalities, particularly among the young population with low income and educational levels residing in rural areas ( 25 ). On the other hand, it was observed that inequalities in access to reproductive health services and socioeconomic differences limit the availability and use of contraceptive methods, especially among Afro-Peruvians ( 26 ). These inequalities are evident in the increased rates of teenage pregnancy among Afro-Peruvian women ( 27 , 28 ). The outcomes of early permanent contraceptive methods can have serious effects, such as higher rates of sexually transmitted infections, unintended pregnancies, and mental health issues ( 29 ). Therefore, effective interventions can be implemented, such as comprehensive sexual education programs, access to sexual and reproductive health services, and strengthening communication skills between parents and children ( 30 ). In Peru, differences in contraceptive method utilization are apparent across various age groups. Among women who began sexual activity before 18, modern contraceptives were more common ( 5 ), as reported by adolescents. Condoms were a popular choice among sexually active adolescents ( 31 ). Additionally, in 2021, statistics show that 87% of women aged 12–19 do not use contraceptives. Women aged 20–34 prefer injectables, while those aged 35–49 opt for sterilization ( 32 ). Various factors contribute to the divergence in contraceptive preferences, such as cultural beliefs, perceptions of future fertility, access to sexual education, and healthcare infrastructure challenges, especially in rural or Indigenous communities. Quechua or Aymara women, especially adolescents, encounter extra obstacles due to cultural norms and restricted healthcare access ( 33 ). Furthermore, using hormonal contraceptive methods without barriers poses significant risks, increasing the vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases. This issue has been observed not only in jungle communities, where the prevalence of HIV and syphilis is rising, but also in certain Quechua regions where sexually transmitted diseases rates have shown an increase ( 34 ). The understanding of a child's purpose varies among non-white and mestizo ethnic groups ( 35 ). Thus, in these groups, the low education and early onset of sexual relations trigger a higher birth rate compared to communities with more educated women ( 36 ); a lack of family planning negatively impacts socioeconomic status and predisposes to the use of permanent contraceptive methods in women of late reproductive age. In addition, there have been reports of a pattern of contraceptive use based on the number and composition of children among married women in some parts of Africa ( 37 ). This study highlights critical inequalities in contraceptive method usage among different ethnic groups in Peru, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions in reproductive health services. A major strength of this research is its focus on the intersection of ethnicity and socioeconomic factors, which is crucial for understanding the barriers faced by Quechua, Aymara, and Afro-Peruvian women in contraceptive use. However, the study also has limitations. The reliance on data from 2019 to 2023 may not fully capture current trends and developments, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, which significantly affected healthcare access during that period. Moreover, while the study's focus on quantitative data is valuable, integrating qualitative aspects of individual experiences and perceptions is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the issue. Additionally, the study's reliance on self-reported data may introduce bias into the results, despite attempts to mitigate it through propensity score matching. CONCLUSION In conclusion, ethnic inequalities were identified in the use of contraceptive methods in general and hormonal methods. These inequalities were greater in those women identified as Quechua, Aymara and Afro-Peruvian, compared to those who were Mestizo or White. In addition, inequalities in the use of contraceptive methods were greater in women who had their first sexual intercourse before the age of 18. Enhancing this cultural and linguistic sensitivity in healthcare provision, addressing historical injustices, and improving access to comprehensive sexual education and healthcare services are essential steps. By tackling these challenges, Peru can move towards achieving equitable reproductive health outcomes for all women, ensuring that no group is left behind in use of vital health services. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate A request for ethical committee evaluation was not necessary as the data collection process for Demographic Health Survey in Peru was carried out with the informed consent of participants. Furthermore, the data obtained from the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics platform does not contain personally identifiable information and is secure to be used (http://iinei.inei.gob.pe/microdatos/). Consent for publication Not applicable Available of data and materials The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is available in the INEI repository: https://proyectos.inei.gob.pe/microdatos/ Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding The study was self-funded. Authors' contributions: CIE participated in the conception and design of the study, the data management, and analysis. Also, all the authors participated in the interpretation of the results, the writing and review of manuscript, and approbation of the final version of the manuscript. Acknowledgements: Grateful to the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics for the generation of information in the Demographic and Family Health Survey in Peru. References Haakenstad A, Angelino O, Irvine CMS, et al. Measuring contraceptive method mix, prevalence, and demand satisfied by age and marital status in 204 countries and territories, 1970–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2019;400(10348):295–327. 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00936-9 . de Leon RGP, Ewerling F, Serruya SJ, et al. Contraceptive use in Latin America and the Caribbean with a focus on long-acting reversible contraceptives: prevalence and inequalities in 23 countries. Lancet Global Health. 2019;7(2):e227–35. 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30481-9 . Cohen R, Sheeder J, Kane M, Teal SB. Factors Associated With Contraceptive Method Choice and Initiation in Adolescents and Young Women. J Adolesc Health. 2017;61(4):454–60. 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.04.008 . Meléndez-Asipali JA, Espinoza R, Rivadeneyra-Romero R, et al. Associated factors within the use of contraceptive methods in women of childbearing age between 15 to 49 years old according to a demographic survey in Peru. Rev Cuerpo Med HNAAA. 2022;15(2):180–4. 10.35434/rcmhnaaa.2022.152.1174 . Díaz-Alvites AL, Yrala-Castillo G, Al-kassab-Córdova A, Munayco CV. Associated factors, inequalities, and spatial distribution of the use of modern contraceptive methods among women of reproductive age in Peru: a population-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):2267. 10.1186/s12889-022-14629-0 . Gutiérrez-Crespo H, Carhuas LH, Alvarez EAC, Kasano JPM, Ochoa DV. Adherence and barriers to contraceptive use in young adult women attending first level health care facilities. Peru Med Clínica y Social. 2023;7(2):84–94. 10.52379/mcs.v7i2.283 . Ministry of Health. Technical Norm: Family Planning Technical Health Standard.2017. https://bit.ly/3Vyvf8x . Aramburú CE. Coming and Going: Family Planning Programs in Peru. 2014;8(14):81–103. https://bit.ly/3XdoWIt . Becker GS. A Theory of the Allocation of Time. Econ J. 1965;75(299):493–517. 10.2307/2228949 . Francke P, Quispe-Ortogorin D. Women Empowerment and Demand for Sexual and Reproductive Health Services. Economia. 2022;45(90):111–27. 10.18800/economia.202202.005 . Goldscheider C, Uhlenberg PR. Min ority Group Status and Fertility. Am J Sociol. 1969;74(4):361–72. 10.1086/224662 . Irons R. Qualitative analysis of the care in the family planning services offered quechua-speaking patients in Ayacucho, Peru. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Pública. 2019;188 – 95. 10.17843/rpmesp.2019.362.4356 . Coronado-Quispe J, Arias-Aroni G, Maguiña-Mendoza M, et al. Perception of adolescent mothers regarding the use of contraceptive methods in communities annexed in jungle region, 2018. Rev Cuerpo Med HNAAA. 2021;14(1):18–22. 10.35434/rcmhnaaa.2021.141.863 . Mejia JR, Quincho-Estares ÁJ, Flores-Rondon AJ, et al. Determinants of adolescent pregnancy in indigenous communities from the Peruvian central jungle: a case–control study. Reproductive Health. 2021;18(1):203. 10.1186/s12978-021-01247-z . Collumbien M, Gerressu M, Cleland J. Chapter 15 Non-use and use of ineffective methods of contraception. 2010. https://bit.ly/4c9Pw9L . Sherif K. Benefits and risks of oral contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol junio de. 1999;180(6 Pt 2):S343–348. 10.1016/s0002-9378(99)70694-0 . Teal S, Edelman A. Contraception Selection, Effectiveness, and Adverse Effects: A Review. JAMA. 2021;326(24):2507–18. 10.1001/jama.2021.21392 . National Institute of Statistics and Informatics, Peru. Population Estimates and Projections by Department, Sex and Five-Year Age Groups 1995–2025. Demographic Analysis Bulletin N°37. 2009. https://bit.ly/4cbFqW6 . Ho D, Imai K, King G, Stuart E, MatchIt. Nonparametric Preprocessing for Parametric Causal Inference. J Stat Softw. 2011;42(8):1–28. 10.18637/jss.v042.i08 . Hermoza-Moquillaza RV. Factors associated with non-use of contraceptive methods in women of childbearing age in Peru in 2017, multiple logistic regression. 2019. https://bit.ly/3yMWQK5 . Guzmán A. Voluntary surgical contraception as an alternative to LARC-long acting reversible contraception. Rev Peru Ginecol Obste. 2017;63(1):81 – 2. https://bit.ly/3Xb9Y5O . Congress of the Republic of Peru. FINAL REPORT OF THE SUBCOMMISSION OF INQUIRY. 2003. https://bit.ly/3x8hELK . Dehlendorf C, Rodriguez MI, Levy K, Borrero S, Steinauer J. Disparities in Family Planning. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202(3):214–20. 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.08.022 . Mercado SIS, Oliva JEQ, Izquierdo RPL. Prevalence of the use of contraceptive methods during the period 2015–2021, Cajamarca district, 2022. 2023;22(1–2):21 – 9. https://bit.ly/3VeHsxD . Woodson LL, Saldivar AG, Brown HE, et al. The downstream effects of COVID-19 on adolescent girls in the Peruvian Amazon: qualitative findings on how the pandemic affected education and reproductive health. BMJ Global Health. 2024;9(4):e012391. 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012391 . Benavides M, León J, Espezúa L, Wangeman A. Specialized Study on Afro-Peruvian Population (EEPA). Lima: GRADE Group for the Analysis of Development. 2016. 118 p. https://bit.ly/3VbPM16 . Caira-Chuquineyra B, Fernandez-Guzman D, Meza-Gómez A et al. Prevalence and factors associated with adolescent pregnancy among sexually active adolescent girls in Peru: Evidence from Demographic and Family Health Survey, 2015–2019. F1000Research; 2023. 10.12688/f1000research.108837.2 . Castillo Rojas AE. Ethnicity and Race as factors associated with teenage pregnancy: results from a national demographic survey (ENDES 2019–2021). URP 2024. https://bit.ly/4c6GGtq . Madkour AS, Farhat T, Halpern CT, Godeau E, Nic Gabhainn S. Early adolescent sexual initiation and physical/psychological symptoms: a comparative analysis of five nations. J Youth Adolesc. 2010;39(10):1211–25. 10.1007/s10964-010-9521-x . Santelli JS, Kantor LM, Grilo SA, et al. Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage: An Updated Review of U.S. Policies and Programs and Their Impact. J Adolesc Health. 2017;61(3):273–80. 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.05.031 . Amao J, Lopez Y. Use of contraceptive methods in adolescents of the Educational Institution N° 156 El Porvenir, San Juan de Lurigancho, 2020. 2023 https://bit.ly/3x4EYdl . Garcia AE, Huasasquiche CL, Silva JA. Associated factors with the use of contraceptives in women at reproductive age in Peru: evidence of a national survey ENDES 2021. 2023. https://bit.ly/3Vuf63P . Bartlett EC, Zavaleta C, Fernández C, et al. Expansion of HIV and syphilis into the Peruvian Amazon: a survey of four communities of an indigenous Amazonian ethnic group. Int J Infect Dis. 2008;12(6):e89–94. 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.03.036 . General Directorate of Epidemiology - Ministry of Health. Epidemiological situation of HIV-AIDS in Peru. 2024. https://bit.ly/3KSr5SR . Terborgh A, Rosen JE, Galvez RS, et al. Family Planning Among Indigenous Populations In Latin America. Int Fam Plan Perspect. 1995;21(4):143–66. 10.2307/2133321 . Robles Y, Naula N, Cornejo-Reyes J et al. Planning Methods in Ecuador’s Indigenous People. 2020. https://bit.ly/3XijuEx . Teshale AB, Wang VQ, Biney GK, et al. Contraceptive use pattern based on the number and composition of children among married women in sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis. Contracept Reprod Med. 2023;8(1):39. 10.1186/s40834-023-00240-0 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4584053","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":319274435,"identity":"e23f5b44-8b24-4522-8379-95e804c326c2","order_by":0,"name":"Claudio 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contraceptive methods according to ethnic identification of Peruvian women aged 18-49\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4584053/v1/82b566c490af801f019d13ce.png"},{"id":59285118,"identity":"433ab4fa-8a1d-458b-8508-cea68c9790b0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-28 16:19:34","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":122137,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEthnic inequalities in the use of different types of contraceptive methods among Peruvian women aged 18-49\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4584053/v1/5f3c3838ad81a31b1957b319.png"},{"id":59286344,"identity":"abea19f6-5879-48df-aac1-79a933103fb4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-28 16:35:34","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":344839,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEthnic inequalities in the use of different types of contraceptive methods among Peruvian women aged 18-49 in different contexts\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4584053/v1/84f638bdffc225670d22c062.png"},{"id":59286600,"identity":"4108c5b8-210e-44ef-b939-907353e359e8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-28 16:43:35","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1727408,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4584053/v1/7e6367ed-b2c7-4aab-8f98-491b56c46204.pdf"},{"id":59285119,"identity":"79eb4543-aea9-4b00-8e02-5475bb715585","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-28 16:19:34","extension":"docx","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":30397,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendices.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4584053/v1/07b8274023d3d6257842bd10.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Ethnic inequalities in the use of contraceptive methods among Peruvian women: a propensity score matching study","fulltext":[{"header":"BACKGROUND","content":"\u003cp\u003eOver the past 50 years, approximately 163\u0026nbsp;million women worldwide have faced challenges in accessing contraception methods, despite significant global efforts. While the global contraceptive prevalence rate has risen by 20%, significant disparities in contraceptive access and prevalence rates still exist, especially evident in regions like Latin America and the Caribbean (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In Peru, although 53% of the population is covered by contraceptives, there is still a 6% unmet demand for contraception services, highlighting the urgent need for better access and support (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, factors such as geographical location, socioeconomic status, and personal preferences can influence contraceptive method choices. Strategies such as providing information, education, and talking to healthcare providers can assist women in choosing between contraception methods such as pills, condoms, or sterilization and deciding how long to use them (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Peru, 3% of women have never used contraceptive methods, attributing this to reasons such as lack of awareness (due to past side effects or pregnancies), cultural beliefs (related to health empowerment or stigma surrounding contraception), or access barriers (like distance to healthcare facilities or resource scarcity) (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Adolescents face challenges such as confidentiality issues, transportation difficulties, and limited awareness when trying to access contraceptive methods. Furthermore, Peruvian family planning norms worsen the current challenges by not adequately addressing the disparities in access to or use of contraceptive methods (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariations in economic status impact the utilization of contraceptive methods, resulting in a decrease in usage from 64\u0026ndash;52% among individuals in the lowest or highest income quintiles, respectively (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Varied perspectives on the importance of parenthood impact individuals' preferences for contraceptive methods (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). According to studies, this influence is especially noticeable in certain communities, particularly among less educated women and specific ethnic groups (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). According to studies, misusing contraceptive methods significantly increases the risks of death from abortions, contracting sexually transmitted infections, experiencing unintended pregnancies, and incurring higher financial expenses (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). The aim of this study was to assess how ethnicity contributes to inequalities in the use of contraceptive methods among Peruvian women.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe conducted a cross-sectional study with an analysis of data from the Demographic and Family Health Survey (or ENDES, in Spanish acronym) in Peru from 2019 to 2023. Since 2004, the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (or INEI, in Spanish acronym) has been conducting the ENDES, a yearly survey that covers the entire country of Peru, a Latin American nation with a diverse geographic population of about 32\u0026nbsp;million people (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). Those Peruvian women aged 18\u0026ndash;49 selected for the individual interview were evaluated and answered questions about their history of sexual relations and use of contraceptive methods (Appendix 1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eVariables Evaluated\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe survey asked women whether they used any contraceptive method (yes or no) and the specific type of contraceptive method used (hormonal, barrier, permanent, or other). Sociodemographic characteristics evaluated included age group (18\u0026ndash;29, 30\u0026ndash;39, and 40\u0026ndash;49 years), education level (no education, primary, secondary, or higher), wealth quintile (first, second, third, fourth, and last quintile), area of residence (rural or urban), place of residence (capital or another region), health insurance affiliation (yes or no), and ethnic identification (Afro-Peruvian, Aymara, Mestizo, Quechua, White, and Others). Also addressed were background information such as the number of children at the time of the survey (no children or at least one) and the age at first sexual intercourse (under 17 or 18 or older).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis was performed in the R Studio software version 4.2.2, including the complex sample design of the ENDES. The categorical variables were described using frequencies and percentages, with their respective 95% confidence intervals weighted by the design effect. The study aimed to examine how sociodemographic factors, including ethnicity, are related to the use of contraceptive methods.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePropensity Score Matching\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u0026ldquo;MatchIt\u0026rdquo; package was used to compare participants based on their characteristics (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). In this way, ethnicity was looked at as an intervention (mestizo vs. other ethnic group) for the use of some contraceptive method. Matching participants based on characteristics reduced bias and enhanced the study's validity. Thus, one-to-one matching based on proximity of scores was performed using an \u0026ldquo;ATT\u0026rdquo; approach, excluding unmatched units or missing data. We used quasibinomial regression models to find the prevalence ratio (aPR) and the propensity score matching method to find out how race affected the difference in the number of people who used birth control (amPR). Also, other analyses were based on contraceptive method type, age at first intercourse, number of children, and year of evaluation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthical aspects\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study analyzed data from the ENDES (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://iinei.inei.gov.pe/microdatos/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://iinei.inei.gov.pe/microdatos/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), a survey developed with participants' informed consent. Participant confidentiality and anonymity were strictly upheld to prevent the identification of individuals in the research. Thus, the study adhered to key bioethical principles, including respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice, ensuring ethical conduct throughout the research process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eAmong the 57277 women evaluated between 18 and 49 years of age, the mean age was 33.41 years (95%CI: 33.28 to 33.54), and almost a third had higher education (34.50%) or were in the two highest wealth quintiles (37.98%). In addition, eight out of ten women lived in urban areas (82.34%), while only four out of ten women lived in the capital region of Peru (38.77%). It was also found that the majority had health insurance (83.68%). On the other hand, 74.42% had at least one child, and half of the women surveyed reported being 18 years of age or older at first intercourse (50.71%). In the analysis it was found that age group, level of education, area of residence, health insurance, number of children, and age at first intercourse mediated a statistically significant difference in the proportion of adult women using a contraceptive method (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e Characteristics of Peruvian women aged 18\u0026ndash;49 according to the use of contraceptive methods\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Women \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eevaluated (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;57277)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoes not use any \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCM (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17868)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse any CM (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39409)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%* (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%* (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%* (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge Group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 to 29 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.65 (36.00 to 37.31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.36 (30.36 to 32.38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.64 (67.62 to 69.64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 to 39 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23316\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.85 (34.25 to 35.45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.08 (26.22 to 27.95)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.92 (72.05 to 73.78)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 to 49 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11936\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5 (27.83 to 29.18)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.54 (40.12 to 42.97)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.46 (57.03 to 59.88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducational Level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithout Education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e890\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21 (1.09 to 1.34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.3 (33.85 to 42.96)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.7 (57.04 to 66.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElementary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10745\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.78 (14.31 to 15.27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.54 (31.21 to 33.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.46 (66.09 to 68.79)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.82 (44.09 to 45.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.21 (30.28 to 32.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.79 (67.84 to 69.72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19499\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.19 (38.41 to 39.97)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.46 (33.41 to 35.52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.54 (64.48 to 66.59)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWealth Index\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ5 (poorest)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.68 (17.12 to 18.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.05 (31.07 to 33.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.95 (66.95 to 68.93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15786\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.73 (22.07 to 23.40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.04 (30.94 to 33.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.96 (66.85 to 69.06)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6 (21.02 to 22.21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.32 (31.00 to 33.67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.68 (66.33 to 69.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7955\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.19 (19.54 to 20.86)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.87 (32.28 to 35.51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.13 (64.49 to 67.72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ1 (richest)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5294\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.79 (17.04 to 18.56)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.7 (31.85 to 35.61)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.3 (64.39 to 68.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eArea of Residence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18479\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.66 (17.02 to 18.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.07 (30.18 to 31.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.93 (68.02 to 69.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38798\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.34 (81.68 to 82.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.13 (32.39 to 33.88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.87 (66.12 to 67.61)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlace of Residence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Regions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49291\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.23 (60.13 to 62.33)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.37 (31.80 to 32.94)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.63 (67.06 to 68.20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7986\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.77 (37.67 to 39.87)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.4 (32.05 to 34.78)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.6 (65.22 to 67.95)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHealth Insurance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7651\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.32 (15.77 to 16.88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.73 (37.03 to 40.45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.27 (59.55 to 62.97)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49626\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.68 (83.12 to 84.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.61 (30.94 to 32.28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.39 (67.72 to 69.06)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthnic Group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMestizo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24816\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.56 (50.82 to 52.30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.37 (31.45 to 33.30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.63 (66.70 to 68.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuechua\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.88 (24.23 to 25.54)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.66 (33.51 to 35.84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.34 (64.16 to 66.49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfro-Peruvian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.50 (11.07 to 11.94)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.09 (29.42 to 32.81)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.91 (67.19 to 70.58)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3763\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.72 (7.35 to 8.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.37 (29.11 to 33.73)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.63 (66.27 to 70.89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAymara\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2214\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.86 (1.68 to 2.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.45 (31.07 to 37.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.55 (62.01 to 68.93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.49 (2.28 to 2.72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.77 (32.14 to 33.41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.11 (63.56 to 70.47)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDo you have children?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13395\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.58 (24.99 to 26.19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.01 (46.60 to 49.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.99 (50.57 to 53.40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43882\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.42 (73.81 to 75.01)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.53 (26.85 to 28.21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.47 (71.79 to 73.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge at FSI?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder 17 years old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30481\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.29 (48.61 to 49.97)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.40 (29.56 to 31.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.60 (68.75 to 70.44)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 or more years old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26796\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.71 (50.03 to 51.39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.07 (34.16 to 36.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.93 (64.00 to 65.84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCM\u003c/b\u003e: Contraceptive Method, \u003cb\u003e95%CI\u003c/b\u003e: 95% Confidence Interval, \u003cb\u003eFSI\u003c/b\u003e: First Sexual Intercourse.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*Weighted percentage for complex sample\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e**P-value estimated by Rao-Scott test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn terms of ethnic identification, Mestizos made up half of the respondents (51.56%), then Quechuas (24.88%), Afro-Peruvians (11.50%), Whites (7.72%), Aymaras (1.86%), and Others (2.49%). Thus, it was found that characteristics such as age group, level of education, wealth index, area and place of residence, health insurance, and age at first sexual intercourse mediated a statistically significant difference between the ethnic groups (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Also, 67.23% (95%CI: 66.59 to 67.86) of Peruvian women between 18 and 49 years of age reported having used some contraceptive method. Some 17.87% used injections, followed by condoms (12.36%), sterilization (9.64%), pills (5.41%), subdermal implants (5.99%), and intrauterine devices (1.42%). In addition, some reported practices such as abstinence (7.69%) and withdrawal before ejaculation (6.25%) as a contraceptive method. The difference in the use of these contraceptive methods according to ethnic identification remained homogeneous (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSociodemographic characteristics of Peruvian women aged 18\u0026ndash;49 by ethnic identification\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMestizo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuechua\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfro-Peruvian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAymara\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%* (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%* (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%* (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%* (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%* (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%* (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge Group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 to 29 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.02 (50.89 to 53.14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.59 (22.68 to 24.54)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.02 (11.35 to 12.72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.92 (7.34 to 8.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 (1.40 to 1.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.85 (2.54 to 3.21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 to 39 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.87 (51.81 to 53.93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.78 (23.92 to 25.65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.75 (10.17 to 11.36)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.24 (6.75 to 7.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.04 (1.80 to 2.30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.32 (2.05 to 2.63)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 to 49 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.38 (47.96 to 50.79)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.65 (25.44 to 27.90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.74 (10.89 to 12.64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.04 (7.30 to 8.84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97 (1.67 to 2.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.23 (1.88 to 2.64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducational Level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithout Education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.92 (8.92 to 15.74)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.01 (42.97 to 53.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.11 (16.32 to 24.52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.54 (7.77 to 14.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73 (0.37 to 1.41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.69 (5.94 to 12.54)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElementary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5 (26.15 to 28.88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.94 (31.40 to 34.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.29 (20.08 to 22.56)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.59 (10.68 to 12.56)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07 (1.70 to 2.51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.61 (4.03 to 5.27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.35 (48.29 to 50.41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.52 (24.63 to 26.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.56 (11.91 to 13.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.78 (7.23 to 8.36)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29 (2.02 to 2.59)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.51 (2.24 to 2.80)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.4 (63.29 to 65.49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.39 (19.50 to 21.31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.32 (5.81 to 6.87)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 (5.56 to 6.69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31 (1.14 to 1.51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48 (1.23 to 1.78)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWealth Index\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ5 (poorest)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.06 (25.92 to 28.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.43 (35.95 to 38.93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.74 (16.70 to 18.83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.51 (8.76 to 10.31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.34 (1.86 to 2.94)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.92 (5.20 to 6.74)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.09 (42.75 to 45.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.39 (29.11 to 31.69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.41 (12.61 to 14.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.31 (6.69 to 8.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.43 (2.09 to 2.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.37 (2.04 to 2.75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.24 (51.83 to 54.64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.74 (22.54 to 24.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.37 (10.51 to 12.30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.59 (6.83 to 8.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26 (1.94 to 2.64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79 (1.47 to 2.17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.75 (61.11 to 64.36)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.65 (18.30 to 21.06)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 (7.65 to 9.44)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.24 (5.51 to 7.07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43 (1.16 to 1.76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.44 (1.08 to 1.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ1 (richest)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.73 (68.89 to 72.51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.69 (11.45 to 14.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 (5.52 to 7.42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.26 (7.22 to 9.44)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63 (0.45 to 0.89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28 (0.90 to 1.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eArea of Residence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.26 (26.03 to 28.52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.09 (36.48 to 39.72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.06 (16.01 to 18.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.46 (8.75 to 10.22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.71 (2.14 to 3.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.43 (4.71 to 6.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.78 (55.95 to 57.59)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.04 (21.33 to 22.78)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.31 (9.84 to 10.79)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.34 (6.93 to 7.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67 (1.50 to 1.87)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.86 (1.67 to 2.07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlace of Residence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Regions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.49 (42.74 to 44.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.09 (27.31 to 28.89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.29 (13.78 to 14.81)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.26 (7.87 to 8.65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.69 (2.43 to 2.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.19 (2.91 to 3.49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.32 (62.91 to 65.71)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 (18.66 to 20.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.09 (6.39 to 7.86)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.86 (6.16 to 7.63)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53 (0.37 to 0.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.39 (1.12 to 1.74)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHealth Insurance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.49 (52.69 to 56.28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.96 (22.46 to 25.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.24 (8.32 to 10.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.51 (6.59 to 8.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55 (2.12 to 3.06)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26 (1.84 to 2.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.99 (50.21 to 51.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.06 (24.36 to 25.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.94 (11.47 to 12.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.76 (7.37 to 8.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72 (1.54 to 1.92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.54 (2.31 to 2.78)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDo you have children?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.18 (49.73 to 52.63)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.02 (23.87 to 26.22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.42 (10.58 to 12.31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.99 (7.22 to 8.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14 (1.83 to 2.49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.25 (1.92 to 2.64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.242\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.69 (50.88 to 52.50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.83 (24.12 to 25.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.53 (11.07 to 12.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.62 (7.22 to 8.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76 (1.58 to 1.96)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.57 (2.34 to 2.83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge at FSI?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder 17 years old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.79 (47.79 to 49.78)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.25 (23.44 to 25.08)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.39 (12.77 to 14.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.75 (8.21 to 9.33)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 (1.31 to 1.71)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.32 (2.99 to 3.68)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 or more years old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.26 (53.26 to 55.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.48 (24.61 to 26.38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.65 (9.11 to 10.22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.71 (6.25 to 7.20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 (1.97 to 2.47)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69 (1.47 to 1.94)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDo you use any CM?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.94 (49.70 to 52.18)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.32 (25.24 to 27.42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.91 (10.21 to 11.65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.39 (6.76 to 8.06)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95 (1.69 to 2.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 (2.17 to 2.88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.87 (51.02 to 52.71)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.18 (23.46 to 24.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.78 (11.28 to 12.31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.88 (7.45 to 8.33)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81 (1.61 to 2.03)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.49 (2.26 to 2.74)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*Weighted percentage for complex sample\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e**P-value estimated by Rao-Scott test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the simple assessment of the prevalence of the use of any contraceptive method, it was identified that women aged 18 to 29 years and 30 to 39 years with higher education, residing in rural areas, and affiliated with a health insurance company had a higher prevalence of the use of any contraceptive method. In contrast, those women in a lower wealth quintile and identified as Quechua or Aymara had a lower prevalence of the use of any contraceptive method (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e Association between sociodemographic variables of Peruvian women aged 18\u0026ndash;49 and the use of any contraceptive method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude Model\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted Model\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecPR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaPR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValor p*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge Group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 to 49 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eREF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eREF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 to 39 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.215 to 1.257\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.244\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.223 to 1.266\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 to 29 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.159 to 1.200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.170 to 1.212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducational Level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eREF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eREF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.047 to 1.074\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.081\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.066 to 1.096\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElementary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.025 to 1.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.099\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.078 to 1.120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithout Education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.922\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.874 to 0.972\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.974 to 1.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.318\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWealth Index\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ1 (richest)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eREF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eREF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.998\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.975 to 1.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.859\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.978\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.955 to 1.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.975 to 1.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.778\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.958\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.936 to 0.980\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.985 to 1.027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.778\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.941\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.919 to 0.964\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ5 (poorest)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.979 to 1.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.980\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.910\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.886 to 0.936\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eArea of Residence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eREF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eREF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.970\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.954 to 0.987\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.017 to 1.050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlace of Residence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Regions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eREF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eREF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.003 to 1.027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.994 to 1.028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHealth Insurance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eREF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eREF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.096 to 1.136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.091 to 1.132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthnic Group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMestizo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eREF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eREF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuechua\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.001 to 1.046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.990 to 1.035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.283\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfro-Peruvian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.976\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.963 to 0.988\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.971\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.959 to 0.985\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.929 to 0.989\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.954\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.925 to 0.984\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAymara\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.999 to 1.036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.064\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.985 to 1.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.705\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.989\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.959 to 1.020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.474\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.978\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.948 to 1.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecPR\u003c/b\u003e: crude Prevalence Ratio, \u003cb\u003eaPR\u003c/b\u003e: adjusted Prevalence Ratio, \u003cb\u003e95%CI\u003c/b\u003e: 95% Confidence Interval, \u003cb\u003eREF\u003c/b\u003e: Category used as a reference for estimating the measure of effect.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*P-value estimated using a weighted quasibinomial regression model for complex sample.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing adjusted regression models to look at how the rates of using different types of contraceptive methods varied by ethnicity, we found that there were differences in the rates of using any kind of contraceptive method between Aymara and mestizo women. Moreover, the study looked at the type of birth control used and found that, compared to mestizo women, Quechua and Aymara women were less likely to use hormonal methods (aPR: 0.85 and aPR: 0.66, respectively). However, Quechua and Aymara women were found to have a higher prevalence (aPR: 1.28 and aPR: 1.45, respectively) for using barrier contraceptive methods compared to mestizo women. In contrast, Afro-Peruvian women had a lower prevalence of 12.2% (aPR: 0.88, 95%CI: 0.80 to 0.97, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008) of using barrier contraceptive methods compared to mestizo women. On the other hand, Quechua and Aymara women had a lower prevalence (aPR: 0.63 and aPR: 0.56, respectively) of using barrier contraceptive methods compared to mestizo women (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearchers used the propensity score matching method to look at the differences in the rates of using birth control based on ethnicity. They found that white women were 6% more likely than mestizo women to use birth control (amPR: 1.06; 95%CI: 1.02 to 1.11; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007). The percentage of Quechua women who used barrier methods of birth control was 20.6% (amPR: 0.79, 95%CI: 0.77 to 0.82, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and the percentage of Afro-Peruvian women who used barrier methods was 21.6% (amPR: 0.78, 95%CI: 0.64 to 0.89, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Also, compared to mestizo women, 11.0% (amPR: 0.89, 95%CI: 0.86 to 0.92, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) of Quechua women, 18.8% (amPR: 0.81, 95%CI: 0.71 to 0.93, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002) of Aymara women, and 19.0% (amPR: 0.89, 95%CI: 0.86 to 0.92, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) of mestizo women used barrier methods of birth control (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eB).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the age at first sexual encounter and the use of any form of birth control with the propensity score matching method, it was discovered that Quechua, Aymara, and Afro-Peruvian women younger than 18 years old at first sexual encounter were less likely to use birth control than mestizo women (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eA). Similarly, all women in the ethnic groups evaluated who were less than 18 years of age at first intercourse had a lower prevalence of using hormonal contraceptive methods compared to mestizo women (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eB). On the other hand, Aymara and Afro-Peruvian women less than 18 years of age at first intercourse had a higher prevalence of using barrier contraceptive methods compared to mestizo women (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eC). While only Aymara women under 18 years of age at first intercourse had a higher prevalence of using permanent contraceptive methods compared to mestizo women (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eD).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the same way, the stratified analysis showed that Quechua and Aymara women with children were less likely to use any form of birth control than mestizo women, based on the number of children they had. This was done using the propensity score matching method. While white women with children had a higher prevalence of using any contraceptive method compared to mestizo women (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eA), on the other hand, Quechua and Aymara women with children had a lower prevalence of using hormonal contraceptive methods compared to mestizo women (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eB). However, Aymara women with children showed a higher prevalence of using barrier contraceptive methods compared to mestizo women (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eC). Similarly, Afro-Peruvian women without children had a higher prevalence of using permanent contraceptive methods compared to mestizo women (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eD).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe propensity score matching method was used to look at the annual change in the use of contraceptive methods based on ethnic identification. It was found that Quechua and Aymara women used fewer types of contraceptives over time than mestizo women. It was identified that Quechua and Aymara women had a lower progressive use of any contraceptive method compared to mestizo women. While white and Afro-Peruvian women had a slight increase in their use of the contraceptive methods evaluated compared to mestizo women (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eA), this was similar in the evaluation with respect to the use of hormonal contraceptive methods (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eB). Although Aymara women had a slight increase in their use of barrier contraceptive methods compared to mestizo women (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eC), on the other hand, these same Aymara women showed a change in the use of permanent contraceptive methods between 2020 and 2023 compared to mestizo women (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eD).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe inequalities in the use of contraceptive methods between Quechua, Aymara, and Afro-Peruvian women show a worried context. In 2017, 52.8% of Quechua and Aymara women used contraceptive methods, with 31.6% opting for modern contraceptives in 2019 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). Social and economic inequalities, along with discrimination against Indigenous women by healthcare providers, worsen these differences (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Cultural and linguistic barriers, as well as historical instances of forced sterilizations between 1996 and 2000 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e), contributed to the lower contraceptive methods usage among Indigenous populations during that period. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic further disrupted access to contraceptive methods, particularly among young, low-income women in rural areas. To tackle these issues, Peru needs comprehensive sexual education, better healthcare infrastructure, and culturally sensitive reproductive health services to provide fair access to contraception for all communities (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuechua and Aymara women exhibit lower use of hormonal contraceptive methods. Qualitative research has found that Indigenous women in Latin America, including those who speak Quechua and Aymara, often show greater acceptability toward hormonal contraceptive methods due to their ease of use and perceived effectiveness in preventing pregnancy. These methods, such as birth control pills or patches, are seen as convenient and culturally acceptable, making them preferred in communities where access to other contraceptive methods may be limited (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). In Peru, the utilization of hormonal contraceptive methods has experienced a decline in recent years, particularly during the period spanning from 2019 to 2021. This decrease can be attributed to various factors, notably the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which presented significant challenges to accessing contraceptive methods (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the pandemic exacerbated existing socioeconomic inequalities, particularly among the young population with low income and educational levels residing in rural areas (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, it was observed that inequalities in access to reproductive health services and socioeconomic differences limit the availability and use of contraceptive methods, especially among Afro-Peruvians (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). These inequalities are evident in the increased rates of teenage pregnancy among Afro-Peruvian women (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). The outcomes of early permanent contraceptive methods can have serious effects, such as higher rates of sexually transmitted infections, unintended pregnancies, and mental health issues (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, effective interventions can be implemented, such as comprehensive sexual education programs, access to sexual and reproductive health services, and strengthening communication skills between parents and children (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Peru, differences in contraceptive method utilization are apparent across various age groups. Among women who began sexual activity before 18, modern contraceptives were more common (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e), as reported by adolescents. Condoms were a popular choice among sexually active adolescents (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, in 2021, statistics show that 87% of women aged 12\u0026ndash;19 do not use contraceptives. Women aged 20\u0026ndash;34 prefer injectables, while those aged 35\u0026ndash;49 opt for sterilization (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). Various factors contribute to the divergence in contraceptive preferences, such as cultural beliefs, perceptions of future fertility, access to sexual education, and healthcare infrastructure challenges, especially in rural or Indigenous communities. Quechua or Aymara women, especially adolescents, encounter extra obstacles due to cultural norms and restricted healthcare access (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, using hormonal contraceptive methods without barriers poses significant risks, increasing the vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases. This issue has been observed not only in jungle communities, where the prevalence of HIV and syphilis is rising, but also in certain Quechua regions where sexually transmitted diseases rates have shown an increase (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe understanding of a child's purpose varies among non-white and mestizo ethnic groups (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, in these groups, the low education and early onset of sexual relations trigger a higher birth rate compared to communities with more educated women (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e); a lack of family planning negatively impacts socioeconomic status and predisposes to the use of permanent contraceptive methods in women of late reproductive age. In addition, there have been reports of a pattern of contraceptive use based on the number and composition of children among married women in some parts of Africa (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study highlights critical inequalities in contraceptive method usage among different ethnic groups in Peru, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions in reproductive health services. A major strength of this research is its focus on the intersection of ethnicity and socioeconomic factors, which is crucial for understanding the barriers faced by Quechua, Aymara, and Afro-Peruvian women in contraceptive use. However, the study also has limitations. The reliance on data from 2019 to 2023 may not fully capture current trends and developments, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, which significantly affected healthcare access during that period. Moreover, while the study's focus on quantitative data is valuable, integrating qualitative aspects of individual experiences and perceptions is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the issue. Additionally, the study's reliance on self-reported data may introduce bias into the results, despite attempts to mitigate it through propensity score matching.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, ethnic inequalities were identified in the use of contraceptive methods in general and hormonal methods. These inequalities were greater in those women identified as Quechua, Aymara and Afro-Peruvian, compared to those who were Mestizo or White. In addition, inequalities in the use of contraceptive methods were greater in women who had their first sexual intercourse before the age of 18. Enhancing this cultural and linguistic sensitivity in healthcare provision, addressing historical injustices, and improving access to comprehensive sexual education and healthcare services are essential steps. By tackling these challenges, Peru can move towards achieving equitable reproductive health outcomes for all women, ensuring that no group is left behind in use of vital health services.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA request for ethical committee evaluation was not necessary as the data collection process for Demographic Health Survey in Peru was carried out with the informed consent of participants. Furthermore, the data obtained from the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics platform does not contain personally identifiable information and is secure to be used (http://iinei.inei.gob.pe/microdatos/).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailable of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is available in the INEI repository: https://proyectos.inei.gob.pe/microdatos/\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was self-funded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCIE participated in the conception and design of the study, the data management, and analysis. Also, all the authors participated in the interpretation of the results, the writing and review of manuscript, and approbation of the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrateful to the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics for the generation of information in the Demographic and Family Health Survey in Peru.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHaakenstad A, Angelino O, Irvine CMS, et al. Measuring contraceptive method mix, prevalence, and demand satisfied by age and marital status in 204 countries and territories, 1970\u0026ndash;2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. 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Contracept Reprod Med. 2023;8(1):39. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s40834-023-00240-0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s40834-023-00240-0\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Sociodemographic Factors, Health Inequities, Ethnicity, Contraception, Contraceptive Agents, Contraceptive Prevalence Surveys, Peru","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4584053/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4584053/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to evaluate how ethnicity generated inequalities in contraceptive method use among Peruvian women.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe conducted a cross-sectional study using 2019\u0026ndash;2023 data from Peru's Demographic and Family Health Survey. Women aged 18\u0026ndash;49 were evaluated on contraceptive use and sociodemographic factors. Statistical analysis in R Studio described variables and used propensity score matching to compare ethnic groups' contraceptive use, employing quasibinomial regression for prevalence ratios.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong 57277 women aged 18\u0026ndash;49, 67.23% used contraception, mainly injections and condoms. Ethnic disparities were noted, with Quechua, Aymara, and Afro-Peruvian women using contraceptives, especially hormonal methods, less than Mestizo women. These inequalities were influenced by first intercourse age, number of children, and decreased use over time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnic inequalities in contraceptive use were found, with Quechua, Aymara, and Afro-Peruvian women facing greater disparities than Mestizo or White women, especially if they had first intercourse before 18.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Ethnic inequalities in the use of contraceptive methods among Peruvian women: a propensity score matching study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-28 16:19:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4584053/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a85b85d9-dc1d-45c7-8012-63882fd5b15f","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 28th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-28T16:19:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-28 16:19:29","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4584053","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4584053","identity":"rs-4584053","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}