Temporal activity and co-occurrence patterns of sympatric wild ungulates in Baotianman, China

Temporal activity and co-occurrence patterns of sympatric wild ungulates in Baotianman, China | Authorea try { document.documentElement.classList.add('js'); } catch (e) { } var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'G-8VDV14Y67G']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); Skip to main content Preprints Collections Wiley Open Research IET Open Research Ecological Society of Japan All Collections About About Authorea FAQs Contact Us Quick Search anywhere Search for preprint articles, keywords, etc. Search Search ADVANCED SEARCH SCROLL This is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 4 March 2026 V1 Latest version Share on Temporal activity and co-occurrence patterns of sympatric wild ungulates in Baotianman, China Authors : Zhaohui Xie 0000-0001-7878-1079 [email protected] , Song Yao , Chen Liangfu , Tongzhou Wang , Liu Tong , Yang Zheng , Lu GuangYi , and Liwen Zhu Authors Info & Affiliations https://doi.org/10.22541/au.177261130.01929127/v1 139 views 77 downloads Contents Abstract Supplementary Material Information & Authors Metrics & Citations View Options References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract Species’ habitat utilization reflects their habitat preferences and activity patterns. Understanding the coexistence mechanism of wild ungulates is critical for deciphering intra- and inter- species survival strategies. The interactions between species including predation, competition, symbiosis, and reproduction, are dynamic processes influenced by seasonal shifts, diel cycles, and weather variations. The Baotianman National Nature Reserve in northern China hosts diverse wild ungulate populations, yet their daily activity rhythms remain inadequately investigated. Leveraging camera-trap data, we investigated the seasonal daily activity patterns of five sympatric wild ungulates (i.e. forest musk deer Moschus berezovskii, Siberian roe deer Capreolus pygargus, Reeve’s muntjac Muntiacus reevesi, wild boar Sus scrofa, Chinese goral Naemorhedus griseus), to assess temporal niche differentiation as a key coexistence mechanism. Comparative analyses revealed significant seasonal differentiation in daily rhythms among these species. By Watson’s U2 test, the daily activity patterns differed significantly across forest musk deer, Reeve’s muntjac, wild boar, and Chinese goral (p0.05). Notably, we found that forest musk deer, Siberian roe deer, and Reeve’s muntjac were crepuscular, whereas wild boar and Chinese goral were diurnal. The highest degree of overlap coefficients was observed between the forest musk deer and the Siberian roe deer (Δ = 0.90), with no significant difference in their diel activity rhythms (U2=0.12 p>0.01). This study offers novel new insights for developing conservation strategies for wild ungulates, and is crucial for maintaining ecological balance and biodiversity. Supplementary Material File (figure 5.tif) Download 9.04 MB File (table 3.docx) Download 14.01 KB File (table1.docx) Download 12.69 KB File (table2.docx) Download 13.31 KB File (temporal_activity_and_co-occurrence_patterns_of_sympatric_wild_ungulates_in_baotianman,_china.doc) Download 246.00 KB Information & Authors Information Version history V1 Version 1 04 March 2026 Copyright This work is licensed under a Non Exclusive No Reuse License. Keywords behavioral ecology ecological experiment terrestrial vertebrate Authors Affiliations Zhaohui Xie 0000-0001-7878-1079 [email protected] Henan University of Urban Construction View all articles by this author Song Yao Neixiang Management Bureau of Baotianman National Nature Reserve View all articles by this author Chen Liangfu Neixiang Management Bureau of Baotianman National Nature Reserve View all articles by this author Tongzhou Wang Neixiang Management Bureau of Baotianman National Nature Reserve View all articles by this author Liu Tong Neixiang Management Bureau of Baotianman National Nature Reserve View all articles by this author Yang Zheng Henan University of Urban Construction View all articles by this author Lu GuangYi Henan University of Urban Construction View all articles by this author Liwen Zhu Henan University of Urban Construction View all articles by this author Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 139 views 77 downloads .FvxKWukQNSOunydq8rnd { width: 100px; } Citations Download citation Zhaohui Xie, Song Yao, Chen Liangfu, et al. Temporal activity and co-occurrence patterns of sympatric wild ungulates in Baotianman, China. Authorea . 04 March 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.177261130.01929127/v1 If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download. For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu . 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