Understanding Dementia: Knowledge and Risk Factor Awareness Among University Psychology Students

Understanding Dementia: Knowledge and Risk Factor Awareness Among University Psychology Students | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Understanding Dementia: Knowledge and Risk Factor Awareness Among University Psychology Students Serena Sabatini, Claire V Burley, Rachel Ambagtsheer, Blossom CM Stephan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6523159/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Despite dementia being a global public health priority, young adults’ understanding of the condition and associated risk factors remains low. This study investigated knowledge of dementia and its risk factors and correlates (i.e., participants’ age, sex, and education, education of participants’ parents, knowing a person with dementia, and having received a lecture on dementia) of knowledge of dementia risk factors in the understudied group of Psychology university students. High knowledge of dementia risk factors among young adults is key to encourage behavior change and, consequently, their risk of dementia. Moreover, as part of multidisciplinary teams, Psychologists have a key role in the diagnosis and care of dementia. Methods An anonymized cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 400 Psychology students enrolled in a UK university (mean age=19.8 years; 81.6% females). The survey covered socio-demographic aspects, knowledge of dementia, dementia prevention, and dementia risk factors. Descriptive statistics and linear regression models were analysed. Results Only 14.2% of participants correctly defined dementia as involving both cognitive and functional difficulties. Most participants answered correctly on items about preventability of dementia. When asked to freely list dementia risk factors, half did not report any of the 14 factors listed in 2024 Lancet Commission on Dementia and 38% did not report any of the 12 factors included in the Lifestyle for BRAin Health (LIBRA) model. Among dementia risk factors listed in these two models, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol use, obesity, healthy diet, smoking, education, mental inactivity, were correctly reported by 13.0%-31.4% of participants, the remaining factors were reported by ≤ 5.0% of participants. However, when presented with risk factors included in LIBRA model, only 5.2% did not identify any of the 12 factors. Kidney disease, heart disease and being overweight had the highest knowledge scores (31.7%-40.1% correct answers), whereas lifestyle factors and the heritability component of dementia were less commonly identified as risk factors of dementia. Older age was the only significant correlate of greater knowledge of dementia risk factors. Conclusions While some knowledge of dementia risk factors exists in Psychology students, it is not sufficiently comprehensive to inform lifestyle choices or health behavior change. Alzheimer’s disease cognitive impairment public awareness protective factors prevention young adults behavior change Background There are estimated to be over 57 million people with dementia globally including about 994,000 cases living in the United Kingdom [UK] ( 1 – 3 ). By 2050, the global number of people with dementia is expected to reach 139 million ( 4 ). Dementia is currently the seventh leading cause of death globally ( 5 ) and the leading cause of death in the UK ( 6 ). It has also a huge impact on the economy. For instance, in the UK the estimated mean costs per patient with dementia is of 73,712 EUR ( 7 ). Although cognitive decline becomes more common with increasing age, dementia is not a natural part of aging ( 8 , 9 ). As there is currently no cure for dementia, efforts are being directed towards prevention strategies. The 2024 Lancet Commission on Dementia identified 14 modifiable risk factors across the life course accounting for 45% of dementia cases globally including, in decreasing order of risk, hearing loss, high cholesterol, low education, infrequent social contact, head injury, depression, air pollution, physical inactivity, diabetes, smoking, hypertension, vision loss, excessive alcohol consumption, and obesity ( 10 ). These modifiable risk factors have been incorporated into risk-assessment tools including for example the Lifestyle for BRAin Health (LIBRA) score ( 11 ) which includes 12 factors: mental activity, depression, healthy diet, obesity, hypertension, smoking, hypocholesteremia, diabetes mellitus, physical inactivity, chronic kidney disease, coronary heart disease, low to moderate alcohol intake (listed in decreasing order of risk). However, to develop targeted public health strategies that increase knowledge of dementia and associated risk factors, an essential step is understanding current levels of public knowledge regarding dementia and associated risk factors. Studies investigating knowledge of dementia have reported low knowledge ( 12 – 14 ), with the public, healthcare professionals and policy makers often being unaware that dementia is potentially preventable ( 15 , 16 ). Indeed, the World Alzheimer Report 2019 found that one in four people think that there is nothing that can be done to prevent dementia ( 12 , 17 ). Existing evidence reports low knowledge of risk factors of dementia even among descendants of people with dementia ( 18 ). Lack of knowledge on dementia and associated risk factors is a major barrier for engagement in behavior change that could reduce risk and prevent dementia. Healthcare professionals, and general practitioners in particular, are uniquely positioned to play a key role in conveying information of dementia risk factors to the general public, due to the trust commonly invested in them by patient. They therefore need to have adequate knowledge of preventative strategies for dementia. However, existing evidence suggests that general practitioners rarely provide advice on preventive strategies for dementia, which may be due to them lacking specific knowledge on the topic or due to existing guidelines not making clear enough what GPs should do in terms of actionable strategies ( 18 – 22 ). Students in health-related programs (e.g., Medicine, Psychology, Nursing) also represent a crucial subset of the population as their future roles will likely involve dementia prevention, risk reduction, detection, and treatment. However, knowledge on dementia may be limited due to curriculum structures that emphasize disease management over prevention, teaching resources being out of date, and insufficient practical training on preventative communication. Indeed, survey studies conducted in Malta, Malaysia, and the Netherlands found inadequate knowledge of dementia risk factors among pharmacy and medical students ( 23 , 24 ). For example, a study conducted in the Netherlands (n = 182) found that although the majority of healthcare students (75%) believed dementia risk can be reduced, among dementia risk factors, healthcare students have low awareness of cardiovascular risk factors of dementia, such as coronary heart disease and hypertension ( 25 ). Among students enrolled in healthcare disciplines, to the best of our knowledge, there is little evidence on knowledge of dementia and its risk factors among Psychology students. For example, Carnes-Vendrell, Barallat-Gimeno ( 26 ) focused on health students comprising university studies undertaking degrees in Nursing or Psychology. However, Carnes-Vendrell, Barallat-Gimeno ( 26 ) study focused solely on knowledge of dementia, but not on knowledge of dementia risk factors. Yet, health and clinical psychologist are involved in the prevention, diagnosis, cure, and support for people living with dementia. They are also key in supporting family members of people with dementia and in sharing information on healthy lifestyles that can help them decrease their risk of developing dementia, especially when they are children who are caregivers for people with a hereditary type of dementia. Future generations of healthcare professionals are also generally themselves in a phase of their lives (i.e., young adulthood) where starting to engage in preventative behaviors is crucial. Indeed, young adulthood represents a key period in which individuals establish long-term health behaviors and lifestyle patterns that may influence their cognitive health trajectory across the lifespan. Targeting young adults (i.e., those aged 18 to 39 years) has been identified as key to global dementia prevention efforts as many risk factors for dementia are already prevalent in young adults ( 27 ). Yet, with the exception of a few studies, previous research has primarily focused on dementia knowledge among middle-aged and older adults, leaving significant gaps in our understanding of young adult’s perspectives and awareness. The limited existing evidence suggests knowledge of dementia and its risk factors may be low among young adults. Among available evidence, a recent study conducted in Turkey compared knowledge of dementia between young adults (20–39 years) and older adults (65 + years), and found no statistical difference between age groups ( 28 ), suggesting dementia knowledge is equally low among both groups. Another study conducted in Japan compared knowledge of dementia among young adults (20–39 years); middle-aged adults (40–64 years), and older adults (65 + years) ( 29 ). Although they found on average low knowledge of dementia and its contributing factors, they found that middle-aged women were more knowledgeable than younger and older respondents, again suggesting low levels of dementia knowledge among both young and old individuals. Finally, a study conducted in Australia with individuals (n = 604) aged 18–44 years, found that 70% had a limited understanding of dementia and 20% thought there were no modifiable risk factors for dementia ( 30 ). The aim of this study is to explore, for the first time, knowledge of dementia and associated risk factors among young adults enrolled in a Psychology degree in a UK university. Identifying potential gaps in the knowledge of this population is essential to equip the future workforce of psychologists with appropriate knowledge to participate in dementia assessments and treatment, and to developing evidence-based educational interventions and public health campaigns aiming at reducing dementia risk factors from young adulthood. Methods Data Collection and Procedure A cross-sectional quantitative survey was conducted between March and December 2024. Undergraduate and postgraduate students enrolled in Psychology (Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences) at a UK university were eligible to participate. Participants had to have an internet connection and be proficient in English to take part in the study. Participants were recruited via the students’ participatory system, advertisements in communal areas of the School of Psychology, and word of mouth. Interested participants were provided a link to the study information sheet, consent form, and online questionnaire through the study advert. The ethics committee of the School of Psychology of the University of Surrey deemed this study not in need of an ethical approval due to the anonymized nature of the cross-sectional survey we conducted. Measures Survey items with answer options are reported in supplementary text. Socio-Demographics questions comprised participants’ age, sex (male; female; other), ethnicity (Asian or Asian British; Black, Black British, Caribbean or African; mixed or multiple ethic groups; White; any other ethnic group), education level (i.e., whether they were undergraduate or postgraduate student), and their parent’s highest formal education (no formal qualifications; GCSEs/O-levels/NVQ/equivalent; A-levels/equivalent; undergraduate degree; postgraduate degree). Dementia Knowledge was assessed with five items. First, an open-ended question was asked where participants described their understanding of dementia without receiving any prompts ( 30 ). This question made it possible to assess retained knowledge on dementia. A score of two was assigned when participants mentioned both significant decline in one or more cognitive abilities and functional difficulties. A score of one was assigned when participants mentioned only one of these two. A score of zero was assigned when participants did not mention nor cognitive impairment nor functional impairment. The remaining items asked participants to self-rate how much they know about dementia; whether they had ever attended a lecture on dementia; whether they had ever personally known anyone with dementia; and to report what sources have influenced their knowledge of dementia ( 31 ) . Knowledge of Dementia Prevention was assessed with six questions taken from an existing survey on knowledge of dementia prevention conducted among Australian young adults ( 30 ). Participants were asked to report how much they agree or disagree on a 6-point Likert scale (strongly disagree, disagree, somewhat disagree, somewhat agree, agree, strongly agree) with five statements ( 1 ) “dementia is a normal part of aging”; ( 2 ) “dementia is curable”; ( 3 ) “dementia is preventable”; ( 4 ) “it is possible to reduce the risk of developing dementia”; and ( 5 ) “it is possible to delay the onset of dementia”. The sixth item asked participants whether they think people their age have a good understanding of dementia. Knowledge of Dementia Risk Factors. A one item question taken from an existing survey on knowledge of dementia prevention conducted among Australian young adults ( 30 ) asked participants to report whether they think there are any modifiable risk factors for dementia (yes; no). A second open-ended question taken from the same previous Australian survey ( 30 ) was used to ask participants to list what they think are modifiable risk factors for dementia. To code participants’ answers we referred to two commonly used models of dementia risk factors. First, we referred to the 14 risk factors associated with dementia identified by Livingston and colleague’s ( 10 ) and gave participants a score based on the number of correct risk factors they provided with scores ranging from zero to a maximum score of 14. Second, we referred to the 12 risk factors associated with dementia reported in the LIBRA (Lifestyle for BRAin Health) score ( 11 , 32 , 33 ) and gave participants a score based on the number of correct risk factors they provided with scores ranging from zero to a maximum score of 12. Participants were then asked 16 questions taken from an existing survey on dementia awareness ( 13 ). Among these 16 questions, 12 focused on knowledge of the 12 modifiable dementia risk and protective factors included in the LIBRA score ( 11 , 32 , 33 ). In addition, four sham questions were included (i.e., use of painkillers, exposure to ambient noise, personal hygiene and having children) to check for monotone/casual answering tendency. For each item participants reported their level of agreement using a Likert scale (1 = agree strongly; 2 = agree; 3 = neither agree nor disagree; 4 = disagree; 6 = disagree strongly). Data Analyses Descriptive statistics for all study variables were calculated. Univariable and multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate the cross-sectional associations of age, sex, education of participants, education of participants’ father and mother, acquaintance of a person with dementia, and having or not received a lecture on dementia as correlates of knowledge of dementia risk factors according to the Livingston and colleagues’ 2024 model and the LIBRA model. Unstandardized (B) and standardized (β) regression coefficients were reported and used to determine effect size. Coefficients less than or equal to 0.09 were considered negligible; between 0.10 and 0.29 small, 0.30 and 0.49 moderate, and greater than or equal to 0.50 were considered large ( 34 ). Analyses were conducted using STATA version 17 ( 35 ). Results Descriptive Statistics Participants were 400 students enrolled in the School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences of a UK university including 87.7% undergraduate and 12.3% postgraduate students. Participants mean age was 19.82 years (standard deviation (SD) = 2.82 years; range: 18–47 years) and 329 (81.6%) were female. Dementia Knowledge Out of 352 participants who provided a definition of dementia only 46 (14.2%) correctly defined dementia as involving both cognitive and functional difficulties. The remaining 269 (82.7%) participants provided a partial definition of dementia. Ten (3.1%) participants provided an incorrect definition (e.g., age-related cognitive decline that happens to everyone). Out of 400 participants, only 94 (23.4%) reported having attended a lecture on dementia. Among participants, 137 (34.1%) reported not knowing anyone who has, or had, dementia; 2 (0.5%) reported having at least one of their parents with dementia; 126 (31.3%) reported having at least one grandparent with dementia; 50 (12.4%) reported having another family member with dementia; 21 (5.5) reported having a friend or acquaintance with dementia who they know less well; 24 (6.0%) reported knowing someone else with dementia and the remaining were either not sure or did not want to answer the question. Knowledge of Dementia Prevention Most participants (65.0%) correctly disagreed that dementia is a normal part of aging, and that dementia is curable (89.9%). In contrast, less than half (43.7%) agreed that dementia is preventable; 80.3% agreed that it is possible to reduce the risk of developing dementia and that it is possible to delay the onset of dementia. Most participants (74.7%) believed that people of their age do not have a good understanding of dementia. See Table 1 for more details. Table 1 Knowledge of Dementia Prevention Questions Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree N (%) Dementia is a normal part of ageing 35 (8.7) 143 (35.6) 83 (20.7) 123 (30.6) 18 (4.5) 0 (0) Dementia is curable 90 (22.4) 191 (47.5) 79 (19.7) 34 (8.5) 8 (2.0) 0 (0) Dementia is preventable (able to be avoided) 21 (5.2) 80 (20.0) 125 (31.2) 130 (32.4) 38 (9.5) 7 (1.8) It is possible to reduce the risk of developing dementia 2 (0.5) 29 (7.3) 48 (12.9) 166 (41.5) 120 (30.0) 35 (8.8) It is possible to delay the onset of dementia 3 (0.8) 29 (7.2) 47 (11.7) 197 (49.0) 105 (26.1) 21 (5.2) People my age have a good understanding of dementia 31 (7.7) 158 (39.3) 113 (28.1) 83 (20.7) 16 (4.0) 1 (0.3) Knowledge of Dementia Risk Factors Based on Livingston et al., 2024. Model – Free Recall When asked to freely list dementia risk factors, half of participants (50.8%) were not able to report any of the 14 factors listed in 2024 Lancet Commission on Dementia ( 10 ) (see Table 2 ). About one fifth (22.5%) correctly reported one risk factor; 13.5% correctly reported two risk factors; 8.3% correctly reported three risk factors, and 5% correctly reported four or more risk factors. Regarding individual risk factors, awareness ranged for 0.3% correctly identifying hearing loss and vision loss to higher levels for lifestyle risk factors such as 19% for excessive alcohol use and 22.3% for physical inactivity (see Table 2 ). Participants also had low knowledge of key risk factors for dementia beyond the 2024 Lancet Commission ranging from 18.8% for lack or little mental stimulation and use of cognitive training games and 0.3% for poor general health, hormone imbalances, poor sense of smell, injuries, having had a stroke, negative thinking, abuse at a young age, and traumatic events (see Table 3 ). Table 2 Risk Factors for Dementia According to Livingston et al., 2024. N (%) of participants who correctly reported the given risk factor Hearing loss 1 (0.3) High cholesterol 2 (0.5) Education 12 (13.0) Infrequent social contacts 21 (5.3) Head injury 25 (0.3) Depression 3 (0.8) Air pollution 3 (0.8) Physical inactivity 89 (22.3) Diabetes 5 (1.3) Smoking 59 (15.8) Hypertension 11 (2.8) Vision loss 1 (0.3) Excessive alcohol use 76 (19.0) Obesity 76 (19.0) Notes: Risk factors of dementia according to the Livingston et al 2024 model have been reported in order of severity from top to bottom. Table 3. Factors Not Included in Livingston et al., 2024. List of Dementia Risk Factors But Reported by Participants N (%) of participants who correctly reported the given risk factor Unhealthy lifestyle 9 (2.3) Lack or little mental stimulation and use of cognitive training games 75 (18.8) Poor sleep 11 (2.8) Poor diet 64 (16%) Poor general health 1 (0.3) Stress 12 (3) Bad hormone levels 1 (0.3) Poor sense of smell 1 (0.3) Drugs and medications 34 (8.5) Injuries (anywhere) 1 (0.3) Not taking/lacking vitamins 3 (0.7) Having had a stroke 1 (0.3) Not being enough outside 2 (0.5) Exposure to dangerous chemicals 3 (0.7) Negative thinking 1 (0.3) Poor dental hygiene 2 (0.5) Too much screen time 1 (0.3) Abuse at young age 1 (0.3) Overworking 2 (0.5) Mental health disorders 3 (0.7) Pregnancy 2 (0.5) Kidney disease 1 (0.3) Traumatic events 1 (0.3) Table 4. Risk Factors for Dementia According to the LIBRA model N (%) of participants who correctly reported the given risk factor Mental activity 103 (25.8) Depression 3 (0.8) Healthy diet 69 (17.3) Obesity 125 (31.4) Hypertension 11 (2.8) Smoking 59 (14.8) Hypocholesteremia 2 (0.5) Diabetes mellitus 5 (1.3) Physical inactivity 89 (22.3) Chronic kidney disease 1 (0.3) Coronary heart disease 1 (0.3) Low to moderate alcohol intake 76 (19.0) Notes: Risk factors of dementia according to the LIBRA model have been reported in order of severity from top to bottom. Knowledge of Dementia Risk Factors Based on the LIBRA Model – Free Recall When asked to freely list dementia risk factors, no one correctly reported all 12 risk factors listed in the LIBRA model, with 38% reporting zero risk factors, 24% reporting one factors, 16.5% reporting two factors and the remaining 21.5% reporting between three and seven factors. Of the individual risk factors from LIBRA, kidney disease (0.3%), coronary heart disease (0.3%), hypocholesteremia (0.8%), depression (0.8%), and diabetes mellitus (1.3%) had the lowest knowledge scores. In contrast, lifestyle factors were more commonly reported as risk factors with 25.8% reporting mental activity, 22.3% reporting physical inactivity, 19% reporting low to moderate alcohol intake, 17.3% reporting healthy diet, and 14.8% reporting smoking. About one third of participants (31.4%) also correctly reported obesity as a risk factor of dementia. Complete results are in Table 4. Knowledge of Dementia Risk Factors Based on the LIBRA Model – Recognition When asked to report whether a given factor was associated with dementia risk 3.6% correctly reported all 12 risk factors listed in the LIBRA model, with 5.2% reporting zero. Most participants (65.7%) identified between 3–7 factors. Of the individual risk factors from LIBRA, kidney disease (40.1%), heart disease (32.7%), and being overweight (31.7%) had the highest knowledge scores. In contrast, lifestyle factors were less commonly identified as risk factors, including following a mentally active lifestyle (6.1%) and healthy diet (11.3%). Only 5.3% of participants acknowledged the hereditary component of dementia. Complete results are in Table 5 . Table 5 Knowledge of Dementia Risk Factors Questions Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree not disagree Agree Strongly agree Missing N (%) High blood pressure increases your chances of getting dementia 15 (3.8) 120 (30.1) 163 (40.9) 94 (23.6) 7 (1.8) 5 The use of painkillers increases your chances of getting dementia 2 (0.5) 42 (10.5) 166 (41.6) 159 (39.9) 30 (7.5) 5 Smoking increases your chances of getting dementia 39 (9.8) 180 (45.1) 120 (30.1) 50 (12.5) 10 (2.5) 5 No or moderate alcohol use lowers your chances of getting dementia 28 (7.0) 191 (47.8) 114 (28.5) 60 (15.0) 7 (1.8) 4 Regular physical activity lowers your chances of getting dementia 63 (15.8) 225 (56.5) 77 (19.4) 30 (7.5) 3 (0.8) 6 Working in a noisy environment increases your chances of getting dementia 5 (1.3) 41 (10.3) 163 (40.8) 163 (40.8) 28 (7.0) 4 Depression increases the chances of getting dementia 29 (7.3) 194 (48.6) 129 (32.3) 40 (10.0) 7 (1.8) 5 Diabetes increases the chances of getting dementia 12 (3.0) 117 (29.3) 164 (41.0) 91 (22.8) 16 (4.0) 4 Being overweight increases the chances of getting dementia 11 (2.8) 114 (28.6) 147 (36.9) 105 (26.4) 21 (5.3) 6 Poor personal hygiene increases the chances of getting dementia 4 (1.0) 45 (11.3) 141 (35.3) 159 (39.9) 50 (12.5) 5 A mentally active lifestyle lowers the chances of getting dementia 125 (31.4) 202 (50.8) 47 (11.8) 17 (4.3) 7 (1.8) 6 Heart disease increases the chances of getting dementia 14 (3.5) 93 (23.4) 161 (40.5) 113 (28.4) 17 (4.3) 6 Kidney disease increases the chances of getting dementia 4 (1.0) 53 (13.3) 182 (45.6) 143 (35.8) 17 (4.3) 5 Having children increases the chances of getting dementia 5 (1.3) 33 (8.3) 108 (27.1) 203 (50.9) 50 (12.5) 5 High cholesterol increases the chances of getting dementia 11 (2.8) 138 (34.7) 143 (35.9) 89 (22.4) 17 (4.3) 6 Healthy diet lowers the chances of getting dementia 45 (11.3) 225 (56.3) 85 (21.3) 40 (10.0) 5 (1.3) 4 Sham factors (i.e., factors that are not established risk factors for dementia) were use of painkillers, exposure to ambient noise, personal hygiene, having children. In the table they are highlighted in grey. The remaining items covered the risk factors included in the LIBRA model. Table 5 Correlates of Knowledge of Dementia Risk Factors Regression models with correlates of number of correctly reported dementia risk factors according to the Livingston et al. model – free recall Univariable model Multivariable model B (95% CI) p-value β R 2 B (95% CI) p-value β R 2 Age 0.08 (0.04; 0.13) .001 0.19 0.03 0.11 (0.06; 0.16) .001 0.25 0.05 Sex 0.08 (-0.18; 0.34) .548 0.03 0.001 0.05 (-0.26; 0.36) .737 0.02 0.0003 Education of participant (Undergraduate as reference) 0.10 (-0.29; 0.49) .631 0.02 0.001 -0.11 (-0.56; 0.33) .600 -0.03 0.001 Education of the mother (Postgraduate degree as reference) GCSEs/O-levels/NVQ/equivalent -0.08 (-0.58; 0.43) .767 -0.02 0.0002 -0.26 (-0.94; 0.41) .439 -0.05 0.002 A-levels/equivalent -0.19 (-0.52; 0.15) .278 -0.06 0.003 -0.29 (-0.67; 0.10) .142 -0.10 0.01 Undergraduate degree -0.02 (-0.35; 0.32) .914 -0.01 0.00 -0.15 (-0.52; 0.23) .434 -0.05 0.002 Doctorate 0.03 (-0.37; 0.43) .883 0.01 0.0001 -0.04 (-0.49; 0.40) .847 -0.01 0.0001 Education of the father (Postgraduate degree as reference) GCSEs/O-levels/NVQ/equivalent -0.02 (-0.46; 0.41) .922 -0.01 0.00 0.06 (-0.52; 0.64) .840 0.01 0.0001 A-levels/equivalent -0.06 (-0.43; 0.30) .731 -0.02 0.0003 0.15 (-0.28; 0.58) .484 0.05 0.01 Undergraduate degree -0.12 (-0.46; 0.22) .487 -0.04 0.001 -0.18 (-0.55; 0.20) .358 -0.06 0.01 Doctorate 0.03 (-0.35; 0.41) .878 0.01 0.0001 -0.01 (-0.44; 0.42) .961 -0.003 0.0004 Knowing a person with dementia (I don't know anyone who has, or had, dementia as reference) Yes, my parents -0.14 (-0.45; 0.16) .357 -0.05 0.002 -0.29 (-0.61; 0.03) .072 -0.11 0.01 Yes, my grandparents -0.29 (-0.70; 0.13) .174 -0.08 0.01 -0.38 (-0.80; 0.04) .076 -0.10 0.01 Yes, other people 0.10 (-0.34; 0.53) .662 0.02 0.001 -0.09 (-0.54; 0.36) .695 -0.02 0.0004 Having attended a lecture on dementia (no as reference) 0.35 (0.06; 0.64) .017 0.12 0.01 0.20 (-0.12; 0.52) .223 0.07 0.004 Regression models with correlates of number of correctly reported dementia risk factors according to the LIBRA model – free recall Univariable model Multivariable model B (95% CI) p-value β R 2 B (95% CI) p-value β R 2 Age 0.10 (0.05; 0.15) .001 0.19 0.03 0.11 (0.06; 0.17) .001 0.22 0.04 Sex 0.03 (-0.28; 0.33) .869 0.01 0.0001 0.01 (-0.35; 0.37) .940 0.003 0.00 Education of participant (Undergraduate as reference) 0.22 (-0.23; 0.68) .340 0.05 0.002 -0.02 (-0.53; 0.50) .954 -0.003 0.00 Education of the mother (Postgraduate degree as reference) GCSEs/O-levels/NVQ/equivalent 0.17 (-0.42; 0.76) .577 0.03 0.001 0.23 (-0.55; 1.01) .561 0.04 0.001 A-levels/equivalent -0.11 (-0.50; 0.29) .594 -0.03 0.001 -0.03 (-0.47; 0.42) .910 -0.01 0.00 Undergraduate degree -0.02 (-0.42; 0.37) .903 -0.01 0.00 -0.11 (-0.55; 0.32) .619 -0.03 0.001 Doctorate -0.05 (-0.51; 0.41) .830 -0.01 0.0001 -0.16 (-0.68; 0.37) .558 -0.04 0.001 Education of the father (Postgraduate degree as reference) GCSEs/O-levels/NVQ/equivalent -0.14 (-0.65; 0.36) .578 -0.03 0.001 -0.32 (-0.99; 0.35) .353 -0.07 0.002 A-levels/equivalent -0.32 (-0.75; 0.10) .135 -0.09 0.01 -0.24 (-0.74; 0.26) .351 -0.06 0.002 Undergraduate degree -0.26 (-0.66; 0.14) .203 -0.08 0.004 -0.35 (-0.79; 0.09) .118 -0.10 0.01 Doctorate 0.08 (-0.37; 0.52) .737 0.02 0.0003 0.05 (-0.45; 0.55) .854 0.01 0.0001 Knowing a person with dementia (I don't know anyone who has, or had, dementia as reference) Yes, my parents -0.06 (-0.41; 0.30) .762 -0.02 0.0003 -0.20 (-0.57; 0.17) .284 -0.07 0.003 Yes, my grandparents -0.32 (-0.80; 0.16) .194 -0.07 0.01 -0.40 (-0.89; 0.09) .109 -0.09 0.01 Yes, other people 0.10 (-0.41; 0.61) .708 0.02 0.0004 -0.12 (-0.64; 0.40) .640 -0.03 0.001 Having attended a lecture on dementia (no as reference) 0.42 (0.08; 0.76) .014 0.12 0.02 0.25 (-0.12; 0.63) .186 0.07 0.01 Regression models with correlates of number of correctly reported dementia risk factors according to the LIBRA model – recognition Univariable model Multivariable model B (95% CI) p-value β R 2 B (95% CI) p-value β R 2 Age 0.13 (0.01; 0.24) .028 0.11 0.01 0.20 (0.07; 0.33) .002 0.18 0.03 Sex -0.37 (-1.07; 0.33) .295 -0.05 0.003 -0.54 (-1.35; 0.27) .192 -0.07 0.01 Education of participant (Undergraduate as reference) 0.01 (-1.03; 1.04) .990 0.001 0.00 -0.74 (-1.90; 0.43) .214 -0.07 0.004 Education of the mother (Postgraduate degree as reference) GCSEs/O-levels/NVQ/equivalent 0.86 (-0.47; 2.19) .206 0.07 0.004 0.14 (-1.60; 1.88) .871 0.01 0.0001 A-levels/equivalent -0.27 (-1.15; 0.61) .547 -0.03 0.001 -0.14 (-1.13; 0.85) .777 -0.02 0.0002 Undergraduate degree -0.02 (-0.90; 0.87) .967 -0.002 0.00 -0.15 (-1.12; 0.82) .759 -0.02 0.0003 Doctorate -0.18 (-1.23; 0.86) .734 -0.02 0.0003 -0.68 (-1.84; 0.48) .247 -0.07 0.004 Education of the father (Postgraduate degree as reference) GCSEs/O-levels/NVQ/equivalent 0.83 (-0.32; 1.97) .158 0.08 0.01 0.81 (-0.70; 2.32) .294 0.08 0.003 A-levels/equivalent -0.26 (-1.23; 0.71) .596 -0.03 0.001 0.18 (-0.93; 1.29) .752 0.02 0.0003 Undergraduate degree 0.02 (-0.88; 0.92) .962 0.003 0.00 0.23 (0.75; 1.21) .642 0.03 0.001 Doctorate 0.70 (-0.30; 1.71) .169 0.08 0.01 1.03 (-0.08; 2.14) .069 0.12 0.01 Knowing a person with dementia (I don't know anyone who has, or had, dementia as reference) Yes, my parents -0.53 (-1.32; 0.26) .187 -0.08 0.01 -0.87 (-1.69; -0.05) .037 -0.13 0.01 Yes, my grandparents -0.61 (-1.70; 0.47) .269 -0.06 0.004 -0.77 (-1.88; 0.33) .169 -0.08 0.01 Yes, other people 0.82 (-0.31; 1.94) .154 0.08 0.01 0.41 (-0.73; 1.56) .480 0.04 0.001 Having attended a lecture on dementia (no as reference) 0.63 (-0.14; 1.40) .111 0.08 0.01 0.54 (-0.29; 1.38) .202 0.07 0.01 Predictors of Knowledge of Dementia Risk Factors In the univariable linear regression model, older age (Unstandardized beta, B = 0.08; 95% CI: 0.04; 0.13; p-value < .001; standardized beta, β = 0.19; R 2 = 0.03) and having had a lecture on dementia (B = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.06; 0.64; p-value = 0.17; β = 0.12; R 2 = 0.01) were cross-sectionally associated with knowledge of more risk factors of dementia according to the Lancet 2024 model – free recall (Table 5 ). Sex, education of the participant and education level of the participants’ parents were not cross-sectionally associated with knowledge of dementia risk factors according to the Lancet 2024 model. In the multivariable linear regression model including all investigated correlates, only older age (B = 0.11; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.16; p-value < .001; β = 0.25; R 2 = 0.05) was associated with knowledge of a higher number of risk factors of dementia according to the Lancet 2024 model – free recall (Table 5 ). In the univariable linear regression models, older age (B = 0.10; 95% CI: 0.05; 0.15; p-value: .001; β = 0.19) and having attended a lecture on dementia (B = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.08; 0.76; p-value = .014; β = 0.12) were associated with greater knowledge of dementia risk factors according to the LIBRA model - free recall (Table 5 ). Sex, education of the participant, education of participants’ parents, and knowing a person with dementia were not significantly associated with number of correctly reported dementia risk factors according to the LIBRA model – free recall. In the multivariable linear regression model, only older age remained a significant correlate of greater knowledge of dementia risk factors according to the LIBRA model – free recall (B = 0.11; 95% CI: 0.06; 0.17; p-value = .001; β = 0.22). In the multivariable model, sex, education of the participant, education of participants’ parents, knowing a person with dementia, and having attended a lecture on dementia were not significantly associated with number of correctly reported dementia risk factors according to the LIBRA model – free recall. In the univariable linear regression model, older age was associated with greater knowledge of dementia risk factors according to the LIBRA model – recognition (B = 0.13; 95% CI: 0.01; 0.24; p-value = .028; β = 0.11; R 2 = 0.01). Sex, education of the participants, participants’ mother and father, knowing a person with dementia and having attended a lecture on dementia were not associated with knowledge of dementia risk factors according to the LIBRA model – recognition. In the multivariable linear regression model including all investigated correlates in one model, only older age was associated with knowledge of a higher number of risk factors of dementia according to the LIBRA model – recognition (B = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.07; 0.33; p-value = .002; β = 0.18; R 2 = 0.03; Table 5 ). Discussion This study provides evidence of significant knowledge gaps regarding dementia and associated risk factors among young adults who were undergraduate and postgraduate Psychology students in a UK university. Although in this study about 80% of participants were aware of the possibility to prevent dementia, there were substantial gaps in their knowledge regarding individual risk factors of dementia. Hence, UK young adults lack knowledge regarding behavior change strategies they could implement to decrease their risk of developing dementia. Indeed, even when presented with key risk factors of dementia, awareness rates of risk factors were low, suggesting insufficient public health messaging and training targeting younger populations. In line with previous evidence from Australia ( 30 , 36 ), in our study sample most participants (82.7%) provided a partial definition of dementia. That is, in most cases young adults were aware that dementia involves significant cognitive decline, but not that cognitive decline leads to progressive functional impairment, making people with dementia unable to conduct daily activities such as cooking meals and bathing. This is despite that the majority of the sample had interacted with people with dementia who must have shown some level of functional difficulties. Although further research is needed, this may be due to young individuals attributing functional impairment to other causes (e.g., older age; other conditions) rather than dementia itself. Also, many individuals equate dementia to memory loss without being aware of the other symptoms of dementia, and this may lead to dysfunctional care ( 37 , 38 ). In this study 35% of participants erroneously thought that dementia is a normal part of aging. This proportion is similar to that reported by existing studies including young adults (e.g., see 17). The erroneous belief that all older people will develop dementia could be considered a form of ageism, that could lead to some sort of discrimination towards older people ( 39 – 41 ). Moreover, thinking that dementia is a normal (i.e., inevitable) part of aging means that the young adults participating in the study do not believe there is something they can do to prevent dementia. However, in the current study a slightly lower proportion - one person over five - stated that it is not possible to reduce the risk of developing dementia. The same proportion was reported in an Australian sample of young adults ( 30 ), whereas the 2019 World Alzheimer Report and a study conducted in Norway among people aged 40–70 years found that about one in four people did not know that dementia is preventable ( 42 ). There are also some studies reporting even lower rates of participants believing in the possibility to prevent dementia. For example, in a study conducted in Ireland with people aged 16 and over less than half of participants believed there were things they could do to reduce their risk of developing dementia ( 43 ). Moreover, previous UK evidence has found that although laypeople are often aware of the importance of engaging in preventative behaviors they still tend to attribute the development of dementia to “bad luck” ( 44 ). Even though in the current study most participants reported believing in the preventability of dementia, as in other studies ( 36 ), knowledge of specific dementia risk factors was overall low. In this study participants were both asked to freely list/recall dementia risk factors (that were coded based on Livingston et al 2024 model ( 10 ) and on the LIBRA model ( 11 )) and to recall dementia risk factors among a list including the 12 dementia risk factors based on the LIBRA model. These two different modalities of assessing knowledge of dementia risk factors showed that participants have greater knowledge of dementia risk factors during the recognition task compared to the recall task. Indeed, while during the recall task half of participants did not report any of the 14 factors listed in the 2024 Lancet Commission on Dementia ( 10 ) and 38% did not report any of the 12 factors listed in the LIBRA model ( 11 ), during the recognition task, most participants (65.7%) identified between three and seven factors. Disparity in these results suggest that while some awareness exists, this knowledge is not sufficient to inform lifestyle choices or health behavior change. This pattern of results is aligned with findings of previous studies conducted in other countries such as Australia, Turkey, and Japan and focusing on young adults, who also reported low knowledge of specific dementia risk factors ( 28 – 30 ). When asked to recall and freely list dementia risk factors, inactivity, excessive alcohol use, obesity, and smoking were the most correctly identified risk factors of dementia that aligned with the Livingston et al., model (2024). Still the proportion of individuals reporting them was low, ranging between 13.0% and 22.3%. Also, when asked to recall and freely list dementia risk factors obesity, mental inactivity, physical inactivity, low to moderate alcohol intake, unhealthy diet, and smoking were the most frequently dementia factors correctly reported by participants ranging between 14.8% and 31.4%. Instead, when asked to recognize dementia risk factors according to the LIBRA model, kidney disease, heart disease, and obesity had the highest knowledge scores but they were still reported by less than half of participants (31.7% − 40.1% correct answers). Among the investigated possible correlates of knowledge of dementia risk factors, only older age was associated with knowledge of a greater number of dementia risk factors. Taken together, this pattern of results suggests that young adults enrolled in a Psychology degree have low recall and recognition of almost all of the dementia risk factors, even those associated with greatest risk among young and middle-aged adults such as physical inactivity, depression, and social isolation. Nonetheless, a sizeable proportion of the young adults included in this study had some knowledge regarding the link between cardiovascular risk factors and brain health. Some types of dementia, such as cardiovascular dementia, mixed Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia, have a cardiovascular cause and this may explain why cardiovascular factors are more commonly known as risk factors of dementia ( 45 ). In contrast, a very small proportion of young adults in this study acknowledged that hearing and vision loss, having a mentally inactive lifestyle, not following a balanced diet, and genetic are all risk factors of dementia. Other studies also reported low knowledge of hearing loss as risk factor of dementia among young ( 30 ), middle-aged, and older adults ( 42 ). Because hearing loss is a bigger risk factor for dementia in older age, compared to young adulthood and middle-age, this may explain why almost all young adults in this study were not aware of the association with dementia risk. With regard to lifestyle factors (e.g., diet), whereas some studies have reported low knowledge of the link between lifestyle factors and dementia risk ( 20 ) other studies have reported greater knowledge of lifestyle risk factors of dementia compared to medical factors ( 46 ). Future educational efforts aiming to increase knowledge of dementia risk factors and to promote preventative behaviors should therefore emphasise the importance of preventing hearing and vision loss, maintaining a mentally stimulating lifestyle, and having a healthy balanced diet. It is important that educational interventions include in-depth information explaining the causal links between risk factors and dementia, as this knowledge is often missing in laypeople and may help with retention of knowledge of dementia risk factors ( 44 ). Overall, our study extends existing evidence reporting low knowledge of dementia risk factors to undergraduate and postgraduate Psychology students living in the UK. In the university where data were collected there were no specific lectures or modules on dementia being delivered; this may explain the low levels of knowledge of dementia and its risk factors in the study population. Among participants, 23.4% reported having had a lecture on dementia, meaning they may have received this lecture as part of previous non-university education (e.g., A levels) or other university degrees (e.g., undergraduate degree in another UK university). Because some other UK universities have modules covering the clinical and neuropsychological aspects of dementia, future research comparing knowledge of dementia and associated risk factors across different universities is needed to provide a more heterogeneous overview of dementia knowledge among future psychologists. The low levels of knowledge of dementia and its risk factors reported in the current study may be due to a general lack of health literacy among young adults ( 47 ). There is therefore a need to increase public awareness of brain health through education in schools and tailored public health campaigns that empower young adults to make healthier choices ( 27 , 47 ). Future research should investigate how knowledge can be effectively communicated to young adults and evaluate new interventions aimed at improving knowledge of dementia risk factors in young adults. This is highly important given that approximately 45% of cases of dementia are preventable in high income countries and that dementia risk factors have cumulative effects over time ( 10 ). So, investing in healthcare communication that can lead to healthier lifestyle choices among young adults is the most effective way of preventing future cases of dementia. For example, Alzheimer’s Research UK has launched a Big Brain Health campaign which comprises an app called “Think Brain Health Check-in” where individuals can explore their brain health habits ( 48 ). More effort should be placed towards similar initiatives to reach young adults as well as targeting middle-aged and older adults, who, due to their age, may perceive themselves as more in need of adhering to dementia prevention guidelines. Engaging resources/tool that use the language of young adults could also be useful to effectively increase knowledge of dementia and its risk factors. For example, researchers in the UK have showed that a boardgame can be effective to increase knowledge of dementia among university students ( 49 ). This study has several strengths. First, the sample size is large. Second, this study assessed both free recall and recognition of dementia risk factors, making it possible to highlight how knowledge of dementia risk factors changes based on how risk factors are assessed. Third, to the best of our knowledge this is the first study on knowledge of dementia and associated risk factors in UK university students enrolled in Psychology, especially given the key role of Psychologist in dementia risk reduction and care. Nonetheless, this study has several limitations. First, as mentioned above the sample is drawn from a single UK university, and this limits generalizability of study results to other UK and global universities. Second, the magnitude of each risk factor was not assessed nor the impact of knowing dementia risk factors on participants’ behaviors or intention to modify their behaviors. Third, although this study purposefully focused on young adults, a key target population in dementia prevention efforts, it did not comprise other age groups and hence it was not possible to compare levels of knowledge of dementia risk factors between young adults and other age groups, as has been done in other countries ( 28 , 29 ). Fourth, participants were university students, so their level of knowledge on dementia and its risk factors cannot be generalised to other groups of young adults with a lower educational background. Conclusions A survey based on 400 university students enrolled in Psychology at undergraduate and postgraduate (Master) level provided evidence of significant knowledge gaps regarding dementia and its empirically supported risk factors among UK Psychology students. Although in this study about 80% were aware of the possibility to prevent dementia, there were substantial gaps in their knowledge regarding individual risk factors. Overall, the results of this study highlight the need for greater access to educational resources and public health campaigns targeting knowledge about dementia and its risk factors in the young population. Enhancing knowledge about dementia risk factors among the younger age groups is essential if dementia is to be prevented in later life Abbreviations LIBRA LIfestyle for BRAin Health Declarations The authors have no declarations to make. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate The Ethics Committee of the University of Surrey deemed the study not in need of ethical application due to the sample size being lower than 1000 participants and the anonymised nature of the survey. Prior to accessing the online survey interested participants read the study information sheet online and provided their informed consent online. Consent for Publication Study participants provided their consent for publication online by signing the study consent form. Availability of Data and Materials The anonymized data used for this study has been uploaded in Open Science Framework. Sabatini, S. (2025, February 14). Understanding Dementia: Knowledge and Risk factor Awarenss Among University Students. Retrieved from osf.io/kp84h. Competing Interests The study authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Funding Serena Sabatini and Blossom Stephan received an Academy of Medical Sciences Networking Grant (NGR1\1907). Serena Sabatini received a La Caixa Junior Leader Postdoctoral Fellowship [LCF/BQ/PI24/12040008]. This work was made possible through Dementia Australia’s support of their Chair of Dementia (Blossom Stephan) Authors’ Contributions SS formulated the research questions. SS collected study data and conducted data analysis. SS drafted the manuscript. CVB; RA; and BCMS co-edited the manuscript draft. Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge study participants for having completed the survey. References Alzheimer’s Disease International. #WhatsYourPlanCampaign Report 2021/2022. London: Alzheimer’s Disease International; 2023. Alzheimer's Association. 2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimer's & Dementia. 2023;19(4):1598 – 695. 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The impact of game play on dementia knowledge: A student evaluation of the Dementia Inequalities Game. Dementia. 2024:14713012241306489. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Knowledgeofdementiariskfactorsinstudents240425supplementarymaterial.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 14 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 04 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Jun, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 28 May, 2025 Editor invited by journal 07 May, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 29 Apr, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 29 Apr, 2025 First submitted to journal 24 Apr, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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By 2050, the global number of people with dementia is expected to reach 139\u0026nbsp;million (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Dementia is currently the seventh leading cause of death globally (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) and the leading cause of death in the UK (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). It has also a huge impact on the economy. For instance, in the UK the estimated mean costs per patient with dementia is of 73,712 EUR (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Although cognitive decline becomes more common with increasing age, dementia is not a natural part of aging (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). As there is currently no cure for dementia, efforts are being directed towards prevention strategies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 2024 Lancet Commission on Dementia identified 14 modifiable risk factors across the life course accounting for 45% of dementia cases globally including, in decreasing order of risk, hearing loss, high cholesterol, low education, infrequent social contact, head injury, depression, air pollution, physical inactivity, diabetes, smoking, hypertension, vision loss, excessive alcohol consumption, and obesity (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). These modifiable risk factors have been incorporated into risk-assessment tools including for example the Lifestyle for BRAin Health (LIBRA) score (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e) which includes 12 factors: mental activity, depression, healthy diet, obesity, hypertension, smoking, hypocholesteremia, diabetes mellitus, physical inactivity, chronic kidney disease, coronary heart disease, low to moderate alcohol intake (listed in decreasing order of risk). However, to develop targeted public health strategies that increase knowledge of dementia and associated risk factors, an essential step is understanding current levels of public knowledge regarding dementia and associated risk factors. Studies investigating knowledge of dementia have reported low knowledge (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e), with the public, healthcare professionals and policy makers often being unaware that dementia is potentially preventable (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). Indeed, the World Alzheimer Report 2019 found that one in four people think that there is nothing that can be done to prevent dementia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). Existing evidence reports low knowledge of risk factors of dementia even among descendants of people with dementia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLack of knowledge on dementia and associated risk factors is a major barrier for engagement in behavior change that could reduce risk and prevent dementia. Healthcare professionals, and general practitioners in particular, are uniquely positioned to play a key role in conveying information of dementia risk factors to the general public, due to the trust commonly invested in them by patient. They therefore need to have adequate knowledge of preventative strategies for dementia. However, existing evidence suggests that general practitioners rarely provide advice on preventive strategies for dementia, which may be due to them lacking specific knowledge on the topic or due to existing guidelines not making clear enough what GPs should do in terms of actionable strategies (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19 CR20 CR21\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). Students in health-related programs (e.g., Medicine, Psychology, Nursing) also represent a crucial subset of the population as their future roles will likely involve dementia prevention, risk reduction, detection, and treatment. However, knowledge on dementia may be limited due to curriculum structures that emphasize disease management over prevention, teaching resources being out of date, and insufficient practical training on preventative communication. Indeed, survey studies conducted in Malta, Malaysia, and the Netherlands found inadequate knowledge of dementia risk factors among pharmacy and medical students (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). For example, a study conducted in the Netherlands (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;182) found that although the majority of healthcare students (75%) believed dementia risk can be reduced, among dementia risk factors, healthcare students have low awareness of cardiovascular risk factors of dementia, such as coronary heart disease and hypertension (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong students enrolled in healthcare disciplines, to the best of our knowledge, there is little evidence on knowledge of dementia and its risk factors among Psychology students. For example, Carnes-Vendrell, Barallat-Gimeno (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e) focused on health students comprising university studies undertaking degrees in Nursing or Psychology. However, Carnes-Vendrell, Barallat-Gimeno (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e) study focused solely on knowledge of dementia, but not on knowledge of dementia risk factors. Yet, health and clinical psychologist are involved in the prevention, diagnosis, cure, and support for people living with dementia. They are also key in supporting family members of people with dementia and in sharing information on healthy lifestyles that can help them decrease their risk of developing dementia, especially when they are children who are caregivers for people with a hereditary type of dementia. Future generations of healthcare professionals are also generally themselves in a phase of their lives (i.e., young adulthood) where starting to engage in preventative behaviors is crucial. Indeed, young adulthood represents a key period in which individuals establish long-term health behaviors and lifestyle patterns that may influence their cognitive health trajectory across the lifespan. Targeting young adults (i.e., those aged 18 to 39 years) has been identified as key to global dementia prevention efforts as many risk factors for dementia are already prevalent in young adults (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). Yet, with the exception of a few studies, previous research has primarily focused on dementia knowledge among middle-aged and older adults, leaving significant gaps in our understanding of young adult\u0026rsquo;s perspectives and awareness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe limited existing evidence suggests knowledge of dementia and its risk factors may be low among young adults. Among available evidence, a recent study conducted in Turkey compared knowledge of dementia between young adults (20\u0026ndash;39 years) and older adults (65\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;years), and found no statistical difference between age groups (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e), suggesting dementia knowledge is equally low among both groups. Another study conducted in Japan compared knowledge of dementia among young adults (20\u0026ndash;39 years); middle-aged adults (40\u0026ndash;64 years), and older adults (65\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;years) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). Although they found on average low knowledge of dementia and its contributing factors, they found that middle-aged women were more knowledgeable than younger and older respondents, again suggesting low levels of dementia knowledge among both young and old individuals. Finally, a study conducted in Australia with individuals (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;604) aged 18\u0026ndash;44 years, found that 70% had a limited understanding of dementia and 20% thought there were no modifiable risk factors for dementia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study is to explore, for the first time, knowledge of dementia and associated risk factors among young adults enrolled in a Psychology degree in a UK university.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentifying potential gaps in the knowledge of this population is essential to equip the future workforce of psychologists with appropriate knowledge to participate in dementia assessments and treatment, and to developing evidence-based educational interventions and public health campaigns aiming at reducing dementia risk factors from young adulthood.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Collection and Procedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional quantitative survey was conducted between March and December 2024. Undergraduate and postgraduate students enrolled in Psychology (Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences) at a UK university were eligible to participate. Participants had to have an internet connection and be proficient in English to take part in the study. Participants were recruited via the students\u0026rsquo; participatory system, advertisements in communal areas of the School of Psychology, and word of mouth. Interested participants were provided a link to the study information sheet, consent form, and online questionnaire through the study advert. The ethics committee of the School of Psychology of the University of Surrey deemed this study not in need of an ethical approval due to the anonymized nature of the cross-sectional survey we conducted.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMeasures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSurvey items with answer options are reported in supplementary text.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSocio-Demographics\u003c/b\u003e questions comprised participants\u0026rsquo; age, sex (male; female; other), ethnicity (Asian or Asian British; Black, Black British, Caribbean or African; mixed or multiple ethic groups; White; any other ethnic group), education level (i.e., whether they were undergraduate or postgraduate student), and their parent\u0026rsquo;s highest formal education (no formal qualifications; GCSEs/O-levels/NVQ/equivalent; A-levels/equivalent; undergraduate degree; postgraduate degree).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDementia Knowledge\u003c/b\u003e was assessed with five items. First, an open-ended question was asked where participants described their understanding of dementia without receiving any prompts (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). This question made it possible to assess retained knowledge on dementia. A score of two was assigned when participants mentioned both significant decline in one or more cognitive abilities and functional difficulties. A score of one was assigned when participants mentioned only one of these two. A score of zero was assigned when participants did not mention nor cognitive impairment nor functional impairment. The remaining items asked participants to self-rate how much they know about dementia; whether they had ever attended a lecture on dementia; whether they had ever personally known anyone with dementia; and to report what sources have influenced their knowledge of dementia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e) .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eKnowledge of Dementia Prevention\u003c/b\u003e was assessed with six questions taken from an existing survey on knowledge of dementia prevention conducted among Australian young adults (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). Participants were asked to report how much they agree or disagree on a 6-point Likert scale (strongly disagree, disagree, somewhat disagree, somewhat agree, agree, strongly agree) with five statements (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) \u0026ldquo;dementia is a normal part of aging\u0026rdquo;; (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) \u0026ldquo;dementia is curable\u0026rdquo;; (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) \u0026ldquo;dementia is preventable\u0026rdquo;; (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) \u0026ldquo;it is possible to reduce the risk of developing dementia\u0026rdquo;; and (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) \u0026ldquo;it is possible to delay the onset of dementia\u0026rdquo;. The sixth item asked participants whether they think people their age have a good understanding of dementia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKnowledge of Dementia Risk Factors.\u003c/b\u003e A one item question taken from an existing survey on knowledge of dementia prevention conducted among Australian young adults (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e) asked participants to report whether they think there are any modifiable risk factors for dementia (yes; no). A second open-ended question taken from the same previous Australian survey (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e) was used to ask participants to list what they think are modifiable risk factors for dementia. To code participants\u0026rsquo; answers we referred to two commonly used models of dementia risk factors. First, we referred to the 14 risk factors associated with dementia identified by Livingston and colleague\u0026rsquo;s (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) and gave participants a score based on the number of correct risk factors they provided with scores ranging from zero to a maximum score of 14. Second, we referred to the 12 risk factors associated with dementia reported in the LIBRA (Lifestyle for BRAin Health) score (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e) and gave participants a score based on the number of correct risk factors they provided with scores ranging from zero to a maximum score of 12. Participants were then asked 16 questions taken from an existing survey on dementia awareness (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). Among these 16 questions, 12 focused on knowledge of the 12 modifiable dementia risk and protective factors included in the LIBRA score (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, four sham questions were included (i.e., use of painkillers, exposure to ambient noise, personal hygiene and having children) to check for monotone/casual answering tendency. For each item participants reported their level of agreement using a Likert scale (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;agree strongly; 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;agree; 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;neither agree nor disagree; 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;disagree; 6\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;disagree strongly).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Analyses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics for all study variables were calculated. Univariable and multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate the cross-sectional associations of age, sex, education of participants, education of participants\u0026rsquo; father and mother, acquaintance of a person with dementia, and having or not received a lecture on dementia as correlates of knowledge of dementia risk factors according to the Livingston and colleagues\u0026rsquo; 2024 model and the LIBRA model. Unstandardized (B) and standardized (β) regression coefficients were reported and used to determine effect size. Coefficients less than or equal to 0.09 were considered negligible; between 0.10 and 0.29 small, 0.30 and 0.49 moderate, and greater than or equal to 0.50 were considered large (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e). Analyses were conducted using STATA version 17 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eDescriptive Statistics\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParticipants were 400 students enrolled in the School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences of a UK university including 87.7% undergraduate and 12.3% postgraduate students. Participants mean age was 19.82 years (standard deviation (SD)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.82 years; range: 18\u0026ndash;47 years) and 329 (81.6%) were female.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eDementia Knowledge\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOut of 352 participants who provided a definition of dementia only 46 (14.2%) correctly defined dementia as involving both cognitive and functional difficulties. The remaining 269 (82.7%) participants provided a partial definition of dementia. Ten (3.1%) participants provided an incorrect definition (e.g., age-related cognitive decline that happens to everyone). Out of 400 participants, only 94 (23.4%) reported having attended a lecture on dementia. Among participants, 137 (34.1%) reported not knowing anyone who has, or had, dementia; 2 (0.5%) reported having at least one of their parents with dementia; 126 (31.3%) reported having at least one grandparent with dementia; 50 (12.4%) reported having another family member with dementia; 21 (5.5) reported having a friend or acquaintance with dementia who they know less well; 24 (6.0%) reported knowing someone else with dementia and the remaining were either not sure or did not want to answer the question.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eKnowledge of Dementia Prevention\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost participants (65.0%) correctly disagreed that dementia is a normal part of aging, and that dementia is curable (89.9%). In contrast, less than half (43.7%) agreed that dementia is preventable; 80.3% agreed that it is possible to reduce the risk of developing dementia and that it is possible to delay the onset of dementia. Most participants (74.7%) believed that people of their age do not have a good understanding of dementia. See Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e for more details.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge of Dementia Prevention\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuestions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly disagree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSomewhat disagree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSomewhat agree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly agree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDementia is a normal part of ageing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (8.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143 (35.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83 (20.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123 (30.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (4.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDementia is curable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90 (22.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191 (47.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79 (19.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (8.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDementia is preventable (able to be avoided)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (20.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125 (31.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130 (32.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (9.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt is possible to reduce the risk of developing dementia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (7.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (12.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166 (41.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120 (30.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (8.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt is possible to delay the onset of dementia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (7.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (11.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197 (49.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105 (26.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeople my age have a good understanding of dementia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158 (39.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113 (28.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83 (20.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eKnowledge of Dementia Risk Factors Based on Livingston et al., 2024. Model \u0026ndash; Free Recall\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen asked to freely list dementia risk factors, half of participants (50.8%) were not able to report any of the 14 factors listed in 2024 Lancet Commission on Dementia (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). About one fifth (22.5%) correctly reported one risk factor; 13.5% correctly reported two risk factors; 8.3% correctly reported three risk factors, and 5% correctly reported four or more risk factors. Regarding individual risk factors, awareness ranged for 0.3% correctly identifying hearing loss and vision loss to higher levels for lifestyle risk factors such as 19% for excessive alcohol use and 22.3% for physical inactivity (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Participants also had low knowledge of key risk factors for dementia beyond the 2024 Lancet Commission ranging from 18.8% for lack or little mental stimulation and use of cognitive training games and 0.3% for poor general health, hormone imbalances, poor sense of smell, injuries, having had a stroke, negative thinking, abuse at a young age, and traumatic events (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRisk Factors for Dementia According to Livingston et al., 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%) of participants who correctly reported the given risk factor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHearing loss\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh cholesterol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (13.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfrequent social contacts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHead injury\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepression\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAir pollution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical inactivity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89 (22.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (15.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVision loss\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExcessive alcohol use\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76 (19.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObesity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76 (19.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNotes: Risk factors of dementia according to the Livingston et al 2024 model have been reported in order of severity from top to bottom.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;Table 3. Factors Not Included in Livingston et al., 2024. List of Dementia Risk Factors But Reported by Participants\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"633\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%) of participants who correctly reported the given risk factor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnhealthy lifestyle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLack or little mental stimulation and use of cognitive training games\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 (18.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor sleep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor diet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64 (16%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor general health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStress\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBad hormone levels\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor sense of smell\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrugs and medications\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (8.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInjuries (anywhere)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot taking/lacking vitamins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHaving had a stroke\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot being enough outside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExposure to dangerous chemicals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative thinking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor dental hygiene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eToo much screen time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbuse at young age\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverworking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMental health disorders\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKidney disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTraumatic events\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4. Risk Factors for Dementia According to the LIBRA model\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"633\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%) of participants who correctly reported the given risk factor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMental activity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103 (25.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepression\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealthy diet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69 (17.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObesity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125 (31.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (14.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypocholesteremia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes mellitus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical inactivity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89 (22.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChronic kidney disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoronary heart disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow to moderate alcohol intake\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 406px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76 (19.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNotes: Risk factors of dementia according to the LIBRA model have been reported in order of severity from top to bottom.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eKnowledge of Dementia Risk Factors Based on the LIBRA Model \u0026ndash; Free Recall\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhen asked to freely list dementia risk factors, no one correctly reported all 12 risk factors listed in the LIBRA model, with 38% reporting zero risk factors, 24% reporting one factors, 16.5% reporting two factors and the remaining 21.5% reporting between three and seven factors. Of the individual risk factors from LIBRA, kidney disease (0.3%), coronary heart disease (0.3%), hypocholesteremia (0.8%), depression (0.8%), and diabetes mellitus (1.3%) had the lowest knowledge scores. In contrast, lifestyle factors were more commonly reported as risk factors with 25.8% reporting mental activity, 22.3% reporting physical inactivity, 19% reporting low to moderate alcohol intake, 17.3% reporting healthy diet, and 14.8% reporting smoking. About one third of participants (31.4%) also correctly reported obesity as a risk factor of dementia. Complete results are in Table\u0026nbsp;4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eKnowledge of Dementia Risk Factors Based on the LIBRA Model \u0026ndash; Recognition\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhen asked to report whether a given factor was associated with dementia risk 3.6% correctly reported all 12 risk factors listed in the LIBRA model, with 5.2% reporting zero. Most participants (65.7%) identified between 3\u0026ndash;7 factors. Of the individual risk factors from LIBRA, kidney disease (40.1%), heart disease (32.7%), and being overweight (31.7%) had the highest knowledge scores. In contrast, lifestyle factors were less commonly identified as risk factors, including following a mentally active lifestyle (6.1%) and healthy diet (11.3%). Only 5.3% of participants acknowledged the hereditary component of dementia. Complete results are in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge of Dementia Risk Factors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuestions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly disagree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeither agree not disagree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly agree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh blood pressure increases your chances of getting dementia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120 (30.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163 (40.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 (23.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe use of painkillers increases your chances of getting dementia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (10.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166 (41.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159 (39.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (7.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking increases your chances of getting dementia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (9.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180 (45.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120 (30.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo or moderate alcohol use lowers your chances of getting dementia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (7.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191 (47.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114 (28.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 (15.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegular physical activity lowers your chances of getting dementia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (15.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e225 (56.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77 (19.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (7.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWorking in a noisy environment increases your chances of getting dementia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (10.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163 (40.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163 (40.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (7.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepression increases the chances of getting dementia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (7.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194 (48.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129 (32.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes increases the chances of getting dementia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117 (29.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164 (41.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91 (22.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBeing overweight increases the chances of getting dementia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114 (28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147 (36.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105 (26.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor personal hygiene increases the chances of getting dementia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (11.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141 (35.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159 (39.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA mentally active lifestyle lowers the chances of getting dementia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125 (31.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202 (50.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (11.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeart disease increases the chances of getting dementia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (3.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93 (23.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161 (40.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113 (28.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKidney disease increases the chances of getting dementia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53 (13.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182 (45.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143 (35.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHaving children increases the chances of getting dementia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (8.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108 (27.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e203 (50.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh cholesterol increases the chances of getting dementia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138 (34.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143 (35.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89 (22.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealthy diet lowers the chances of getting dementia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (11.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e225 (56.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85 (21.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSham factors (i.e., factors that are not established risk factors for dementia) were use of painkillers, exposure to ambient noise, personal hygiene, having children. In the table they are highlighted in grey. The remaining items covered the risk factors included in the LIBRA model.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrelates of Knowledge of Dementia Risk Factors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"9\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegression models with correlates of number of correctly reported dementia risk factors according to the Livingston et al. model \u0026ndash; free recall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnivariable model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultivariable model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08 (0.04; 0.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11 (0.06; 0.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08 (-0.18; 0.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.548\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05 (-0.26; 0.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.737\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation of participant (Undergraduate as reference)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10 (-0.29; 0.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.631\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.11 (-0.56; 0.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation of the mother (Postgraduate degree as reference)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGCSEs/O-levels/NVQ/equivalent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.08 (-0.58; 0.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.767\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.26 (-0.94; 0.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.439\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA-levels/equivalent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.19 (-0.52; 0.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.278\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.29 (-0.67; 0.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02 (-0.35; 0.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.914\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.15 (-0.52; 0.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.434\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoctorate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03 (-0.37; 0.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.883\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04 (-0.49; 0.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.847\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation of the father (Postgraduate degree as reference)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGCSEs/O-levels/NVQ/equivalent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02 (-0.46; 0.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.922\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06 (-0.52; 0.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.840\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA-levels/equivalent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06 (-0.43; 0.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.731\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15 (-0.28; 0.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.484\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.12 (-0.46; 0.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.487\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.18 (-0.55; 0.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.358\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoctorate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03 (-0.35; 0.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.878\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01 (-0.44; 0.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.961\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowing a person with dementia (I don\u0026apos;t know anyone who has, or had, dementia as reference)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes, my parents\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14 (-0.45; 0.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.357\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.29 (-0.61; 0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes, my grandparents\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.29 (-0.70; 0.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.38 (-0.80; 0.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes, other people\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10 (-0.34; 0.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.662\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.09 (-0.54; 0.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.695\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHaving attended a lecture on dementia (no as reference)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35 (0.06; 0.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20 (-0.12; 0.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.223\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegression models with correlates of number of correctly reported dementia risk factors according to the LIBRA model \u0026ndash; free recall\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnivariable model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultivariable model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10 (0.05; 0.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11 (0.06; 0.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03 (-0.28; 0.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.869\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01 (-0.35; 0.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.940\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation of participant (Undergraduate as reference)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22 (-0.23; 0.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02 (-0.53; 0.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.954\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation of the mother (Postgraduate degree as reference)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGCSEs/O-levels/NVQ/equivalent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17 (-0.42; 0.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.577\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23 (-0.55; 1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.561\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA-levels/equivalent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.11 (-0.50; 0.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.594\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03 (-0.47; 0.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.910\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02 (-0.42; 0.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.903\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.11 (-0.55; 0.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.619\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoctorate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05 (-0.51; 0.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.830\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.16 (-0.68; 0.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.558\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation of the father (Postgraduate degree as reference)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGCSEs/O-levels/NVQ/equivalent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14 (-0.65; 0.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.578\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.32 (-0.99; 0.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA-levels/equivalent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.32 (-0.75; 0.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.24 (-0.74; 0.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.351\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.26 (-0.66; 0.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.203\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.35 (-0.79; 0.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoctorate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08 (-0.37; 0.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.737\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05 (-0.45; 0.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.854\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowing a person with dementia (I don\u0026apos;t know anyone who has, or had, dementia as reference)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes, my parents\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06 (-0.41; 0.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.762\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.20 (-0.57; 0.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.284\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes, my grandparents\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.32 (-0.80; 0.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.194\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.40 (-0.89; 0.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes, other people\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10 (-0.41; 0.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.708\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.12 (-0.64; 0.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.640\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHaving attended a lecture on dementia (no as reference)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42 (0.08; 0.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25 (-0.12; 0.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegression models with correlates of number of correctly reported dementia risk factors according to the LIBRA model \u0026ndash; recognition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnivariable model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultivariable model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13 (0.01; 0.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20 (0.07; 0.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.37 (-1.07; 0.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.295\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.54 (-1.35; 0.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation of participant (Undergraduate as reference)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01 (-1.03; 1.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.990\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.74 (-1.90; 0.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation of the mother (Postgraduate degree as reference)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGCSEs/O-levels/NVQ/equivalent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86 (-0.47; 2.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.206\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14 (-1.60; 1.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.871\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA-levels/equivalent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.27 (-1.15; 0.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.547\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14 (-1.13; 0.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.777\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02 (-0.90; 0.87)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.967\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.15 (-1.12; 0.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.759\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoctorate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.18 (-1.23; 0.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.734\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.68 (-1.84; 0.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.247\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation of the father (Postgraduate degree as reference)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGCSEs/O-levels/NVQ/equivalent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83 (-0.32; 1.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81 (-0.70; 2.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.294\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA-levels/equivalent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.26 (-1.23; 0.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.596\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18 (-0.93; 1.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.752\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02 (-0.88; 0.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.962\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23 (0.75; 1.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.642\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoctorate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70 (-0.30; 1.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03 (-0.08; 2.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowing a person with dementia (I don\u0026apos;t know anyone who has, or had, dementia as reference)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes, my parents\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.53 (-1.32; 0.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.87 (-1.69; -0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes, my grandparents\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.61 (-1.70; 0.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.269\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.77 (-1.88; 0.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes, other people\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82 (-0.31; 1.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41 (-0.73; 1.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.480\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHaving attended a lecture on dementia (no as reference)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63 (-0.14; 1.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54 (-0.29; 1.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003ePredictors of Knowledge of Dementia Risk Factors\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn the univariable linear regression model, older age (Unstandardized beta, B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.08; 95% CI: 0.04; 0.13; p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001; standardized beta, \u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.19; R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03) and having had a lecture on dementia (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.35; 95% CI: 0.06; 0.64; p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.17; \u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.12; R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01) were cross-sectionally associated with knowledge of more risk factors of dementia according to the Lancet 2024 model \u0026ndash; free recall (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Sex, education of the participant and education level of the participants\u0026rsquo; parents were not cross-sectionally associated with knowledge of dementia risk factors according to the Lancet 2024 model. In the multivariable linear regression model including all investigated correlates, only older age (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.11; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.16; p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001; \u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.25; R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05) was associated with knowledge of a higher number of risk factors of dementia according to the Lancet 2024 model \u0026ndash; free recall (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn the univariable linear regression models, older age (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.10; 95% CI: 0.05; 0.15; p-value: .001; \u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.19) and having attended a lecture on dementia (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.42; 95% CI: 0.08; 0.76; p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.014; \u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.12) were associated with greater knowledge of dementia risk factors according to the LIBRA model - free recall (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Sex, education of the participant, education of participants\u0026rsquo; parents, and knowing a person with dementia were not significantly associated with number of correctly reported dementia risk factors according to the LIBRA model \u0026ndash; free recall. In the multivariable linear regression model, only older age remained a significant correlate of greater knowledge of dementia risk factors according to the LIBRA model \u0026ndash; free recall (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.11; 95% CI: 0.06; 0.17; p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.001; \u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.22). In the multivariable model, sex, education of the participant, education of participants\u0026rsquo; parents, knowing a person with dementia, and having attended a lecture on dementia were not significantly associated with number of correctly reported dementia risk factors according to the LIBRA model \u0026ndash; free recall.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn the univariable linear regression model, older age was associated with greater knowledge of dementia risk factors according to the LIBRA model \u0026ndash; recognition (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.13; 95% CI: 0.01; 0.24; p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.028; \u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.11; R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01). Sex, education of the participants, participants\u0026rsquo; mother and father, knowing a person with dementia and having attended a lecture on dementia were not associated with knowledge of dementia risk factors according to the LIBRA model \u0026ndash; recognition. In the multivariable linear regression model including all investigated correlates in one model, only older age was associated with knowledge of a higher number of risk factors of dementia according to the LIBRA model \u0026ndash; recognition (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.20; 95% CI: 0.07; 0.33; p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.002; \u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.18; R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study provides evidence of significant knowledge gaps regarding dementia and associated risk factors among young adults who were undergraduate and postgraduate Psychology students in a UK university. Although in this study about 80% of participants were aware of the possibility to prevent dementia, there were substantial gaps in their knowledge regarding individual risk factors of dementia. Hence, UK young adults lack knowledge regarding behavior change strategies they could implement to decrease their risk of developing dementia. Indeed, even when presented with key risk factors of dementia, awareness rates of risk factors were low, suggesting insufficient public health messaging and training targeting younger populations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn line with previous evidence from Australia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e), in our study sample most participants (82.7%) provided a partial definition of dementia. That is, in most cases young adults were aware that dementia involves significant cognitive decline, but not that cognitive decline leads to progressive functional impairment, making people with dementia unable to conduct daily activities such as cooking meals and bathing. This is despite that the majority of the sample had interacted with people with dementia who must have shown some level of functional difficulties. Although further research is needed, this may be due to young individuals attributing functional impairment to other causes (e.g., older age; other conditions) rather than dementia itself. Also, many individuals equate dementia to memory loss without being aware of the other symptoms of dementia, and this may lead to dysfunctional care (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study 35% of participants erroneously thought that dementia is a normal part of aging. This proportion is similar to that reported by existing studies including young adults (e.g., see 17). The erroneous belief that all older people will develop dementia could be considered a form of ageism, that could lead to some sort of discrimination towards older people (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR40\" citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, thinking that dementia is a normal (i.e., inevitable) part of aging means that the young adults participating in the study do not believe there is something they can do to prevent dementia. However, in the current study a slightly lower proportion - one person over five - stated that it is not possible to reduce the risk of developing dementia. The same proportion was reported in an Australian sample of young adults (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e), whereas the 2019 World Alzheimer Report and a study conducted in Norway among people aged 40\u0026ndash;70 years found that about one in four people did not know that dementia is preventable (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e). There are also some studies reporting even lower rates of participants believing in the possibility to prevent dementia. For example, in a study conducted in Ireland with people aged 16 and over less than half of participants believed there were things they could do to reduce their risk of developing dementia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, previous UK evidence has found that although laypeople are often aware of the importance of engaging in preventative behaviors they still tend to attribute the development of dementia to \u0026ldquo;bad luck\u0026rdquo; (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEven though in the current study most participants reported believing in the preventability of dementia, as in other studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e), knowledge of specific dementia risk factors was overall low. In this study participants were both asked to freely list/recall dementia risk factors (that were coded based on Livingston et al 2024 model (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) and on the LIBRA model (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e)) and to recall dementia risk factors among a list including the 12 dementia risk factors based on the LIBRA model. These two different modalities of assessing knowledge of dementia risk factors showed that participants have greater knowledge of dementia risk factors during the recognition task compared to the recall task. Indeed, while during the recall task half of participants did not report any of the 14 factors listed in the 2024 Lancet Commission on Dementia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) and 38% did not report any of the 12 factors listed in the LIBRA model (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e), during the recognition task, most participants (65.7%) identified between three and seven factors. Disparity in these results suggest that while some awareness exists, this knowledge is not sufficient to inform lifestyle choices or health behavior change. This pattern of results is aligned with findings of previous studies conducted in other countries such as Australia, Turkey, and Japan and focusing on young adults, who also reported low knowledge of specific dementia risk factors (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR29\" citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen asked to recall and freely list dementia risk factors, inactivity, excessive alcohol use, obesity, and smoking were the most correctly identified risk factors of dementia that aligned with the Livingston et al., model (2024). Still the proportion of individuals reporting them was low, ranging between 13.0% and 22.3%. Also, when asked to recall and freely list dementia risk factors obesity, mental inactivity, physical inactivity, low to moderate alcohol intake, unhealthy diet, and smoking were the most frequently dementia factors correctly reported by participants ranging between 14.8% and 31.4%. Instead, when asked to recognize dementia risk factors according to the LIBRA model, kidney disease, heart disease, and obesity had the highest knowledge scores but they were still reported by less than half of participants (31.7% \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;40.1% correct answers).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the investigated possible correlates of knowledge of dementia risk factors, only older age was associated with knowledge of a greater number of dementia risk factors. Taken together, this pattern of results suggests that young adults enrolled in a Psychology degree have low recall and recognition of almost all of the dementia risk factors, even those associated with greatest risk among young and middle-aged adults such as physical inactivity, depression, and social isolation. Nonetheless, a sizeable proportion of the young adults included in this study had some knowledge regarding the link between cardiovascular risk factors and brain health. Some types of dementia, such as cardiovascular dementia, mixed Alzheimer\u0026rsquo;s disease and vascular dementia, have a cardiovascular cause and this may explain why cardiovascular factors are more commonly known as risk factors of dementia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast, a very small proportion of young adults in this study acknowledged that hearing and vision loss, having a mentally inactive lifestyle, not following a balanced diet, and genetic are all risk factors of dementia. Other studies also reported low knowledge of hearing loss as risk factor of dementia among young (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e), middle-aged, and older adults (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e). Because hearing loss is a bigger risk factor for dementia in older age, compared to young adulthood and middle-age, this may explain why almost all young adults in this study were not aware of the association with dementia risk. With regard to lifestyle factors (e.g., diet), whereas some studies have reported low knowledge of the link between lifestyle factors and dementia risk (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e) other studies have reported greater knowledge of lifestyle risk factors of dementia compared to medical factors (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e). Future educational efforts aiming to increase knowledge of dementia risk factors and to promote preventative behaviors should therefore emphasise the importance of preventing hearing and vision loss, maintaining a mentally stimulating lifestyle, and having a healthy balanced diet. It is important that educational interventions include in-depth information explaining the causal links between risk factors and dementia, as this knowledge is often missing in laypeople and may help with retention of knowledge of dementia risk factors (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, our study extends existing evidence reporting low knowledge of dementia risk factors to undergraduate and postgraduate Psychology students living in the UK. In the university where data were collected there were no specific lectures or modules on dementia being delivered; this may explain the low levels of knowledge of dementia and its risk factors in the study population. Among participants, 23.4% reported having had a lecture on dementia, meaning they may have received this lecture as part of previous non-university education (e.g., A levels) or other university degrees (e.g., undergraduate degree in another UK university). Because some other UK universities have modules covering the clinical and neuropsychological aspects of dementia, future research comparing knowledge of dementia and associated risk factors across different universities is needed to provide a more heterogeneous overview of dementia knowledge among future psychologists.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe low levels of knowledge of dementia and its risk factors reported in the current study may be due to a general lack of health literacy among young adults (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e). There is therefore a need to increase public awareness of brain health through education in schools and tailored public health campaigns that empower young adults to make healthier choices (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e). Future research should investigate how knowledge can be effectively communicated to young adults and evaluate new interventions aimed at improving knowledge of dementia risk factors in young adults. This is highly important given that approximately 45% of cases of dementia are preventable in high income countries and that dementia risk factors have cumulative effects over time (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). So, investing in healthcare communication that can lead to healthier lifestyle choices among young adults is the most effective way of preventing future cases of dementia. For example, Alzheimer\u0026rsquo;s Research UK has launched a Big Brain Health campaign which comprises an app called \u0026ldquo;Think Brain Health Check-in\u0026rdquo; where individuals can explore their brain health habits (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e). More effort should be placed towards similar initiatives to reach young adults as well as targeting middle-aged and older adults, who, due to their age, may perceive themselves as more in need of adhering to dementia prevention guidelines. Engaging resources/tool that use the language of young adults could also be useful to effectively increase knowledge of dementia and its risk factors. For example, researchers in the UK have showed that a boardgame can be effective to increase knowledge of dementia among university students (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study has several strengths. First, the sample size is large. Second, this study assessed both free recall and recognition of dementia risk factors, making it possible to highlight how knowledge of dementia risk factors changes based on how risk factors are assessed. Third, to the best of our knowledge this is the first study on knowledge of dementia and associated risk factors in UK university students enrolled in Psychology, especially given the key role of Psychologist in dementia risk reduction and care. Nonetheless, this study has several limitations. First, as mentioned above the sample is drawn from a single UK university, and this limits generalizability of study results to other UK and global universities. Second, the magnitude of each risk factor was not assessed nor the impact of knowing dementia risk factors on participants\u0026rsquo; behaviors or intention to modify their behaviors. Third, although this study purposefully focused on young adults, a key target population in dementia prevention efforts, it did not comprise other age groups and hence it was not possible to compare levels of knowledge of dementia risk factors between young adults and other age groups, as has been done in other countries (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). Fourth, participants were university students, so their level of knowledge on dementia and its risk factors cannot be generalised to other groups of young adults with a lower educational background.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eA survey based on 400 university students enrolled in Psychology at undergraduate and postgraduate (Master) level provided evidence of significant knowledge gaps regarding dementia and its empirically supported risk factors among UK Psychology students. Although in this study about 80% were aware of the possibility to prevent dementia, there were substantial gaps in their knowledge regarding individual risk factors. Overall, the results of this study highlight the need for greater access to educational resources and public health campaigns targeting knowledge about dementia and its risk factors in the young population. Enhancing knowledge about dementia risk factors among the younger age groups is essential if dementia is to be prevented in later life\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eLIBRA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLIfestyle for BRAin Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no declarations to make.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval and Consent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Ethics Committee of the University of Surrey deemed the study not in need of ethical application due to the sample size being lower than 1000 participants and the anonymised nature of the survey. Prior to accessing the online survey interested participants read the study information sheet online and provided their informed consent online.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy participants provided their consent for publication online by signing the study consent form. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of Data and Materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe anonymized data used for this study has been uploaded in Open Science Framework.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSabatini, S. (2025, February 14). Understanding Dementia: Knowledge and Risk factor Awarenss Among University Students. Retrieved from osf.io/kp84h.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSerena Sabatini and Blossom Stephan received an Academy of Medical Sciences Networking Grant (NGR1\\1907).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSerena Sabatini received a La Caixa Junior Leader Postdoctoral Fellowship\u0026nbsp;[LCF/BQ/PI24/12040008].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was made possible through Dementia Australia’s support of their Chair of Dementia (Blossom Stephan)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors’ Contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSS formulated the research questions. SS collected study data and conducted data analysis. SS drafted the manuscript. CVB; RA; and BCMS co-edited the manuscript\u0026nbsp;draft. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to acknowledge study participants for having completed the survey.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlzheimer\u0026rsquo;s Disease International. #WhatsYourPlanCampaign Report 2021/2022. London: Alzheimer\u0026rsquo;s Disease International; 2023.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlzheimer's Association. 2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimer's \u0026amp; Dementia. 2023;19(4):1598\u0026thinsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026thinsp;695.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlzheimer\u0026rsquo;s A. 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. John Wiley \u0026amp; Sons, Ltd; 2024. 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The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Disability: Springer; 2024. pp. 1\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLock M. The Alzheimer conundrum: Entanglements of dementia and aging. 2013.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKjelvik G, Rokstad AMM, Stuebs J, Thingstad P, Deckers K, K\u0026ouml;hler S, et al. Public knowledge about dementia risk reduction in Norway. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):2046.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGlynn RW, Shelley E, Lawlor BA. Public knowledge and understanding of dementia\u0026mdash;evidence from a national survey in Ireland. Age Ageing. 2017;46(5):865\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSwindells J, Gomersall T. Public perception of dementia risk in the UK: A mental models approach. J Risk Res. 2020;23(4):461\u0026ndash;74.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKumari U, Heese K. Cardiovascular dementia-a different perspective. Open Biochem J. 2010;4:29.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZheng Y-B, Shi L, Gong Y-M, Wang X-X, Lu Q-D, Que J-Y, et al. Public awareness and knowledge of factors associated with dementia in China. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1567.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eK\u0026uuml;hn L, Bachert P, Hildebrand C, Kunkel J, Reitermayer J, W\u0026auml;sche H, et al. Health literacy among university students: A systematic review of cross-sectional studies. Front Public Health. 2022;9:680999.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUK AsR. [Available from: (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/brain-health/think-brain-health/)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/brain-health/think-brain-health/)\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGiebel C, Marshall H, Cannon J, Donnellan W, Bullen H, Lomas E et al. The impact of game play on dementia knowledge: A student evaluation of the Dementia Inequalities Game. Dementia. 2024:14713012241306489.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Alzheimer’s disease, cognitive impairment, public awareness, protective factors, prevention, young adults, behavior change","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6523159/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6523159/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e Despite dementia being a global public health priority, young adults’ understanding of the condition and associated risk factors remains low. This study investigated knowledge of dementia and its risk factors and correlates (i.e., participants’ age, sex, and education, education of participants’ parents, knowing a person with dementia, and having received a lecture on dementia) of knowledge of dementia risk factors in the understudied group of Psychology university students. High knowledge of dementia risk factors among young adults is key to encourage behavior change and, consequently, their risk of dementia. Moreover, as part of multidisciplinary teams, Psychologists have a key role in the diagnosis and care of dementia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods \u003c/strong\u003eAn anonymized cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 400 Psychology students enrolled in a UK university (mean age=19.8 years; 81.6% females). The survey covered socio-demographic aspects, knowledge of dementia, dementia prevention, and dementia risk factors. Descriptive statistics and linear regression models were analysed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults \u003c/strong\u003eOnly 14.2% of participants correctly defined dementia as involving both cognitive and functional difficulties. Most participants answered correctly on items about preventability of dementia. When asked to freely list dementia risk factors, half did not report any of the 14 factors listed in 2024 Lancet Commission on Dementia and 38% did not report any of the 12 factors included in the Lifestyle for BRAin Health (LIBRA) model. Among dementia risk factors listed in these two models, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol use, obesity, healthy diet, smoking, education, mental inactivity, were correctly reported by 13.0%-31.4% of participants, the remaining factors were reported by ≤ 5.0% of participants. However, when presented with risk factors included in LIBRA model, only 5.2% did not identify any of the 12 factors. Kidney disease, heart disease and being overweight had the highest knowledge scores (31.7%-40.1% correct answers), whereas lifestyle factors and the heritability component of dementia were less commonly identified as risk factors of dementia. Older age was the only significant correlate of greater knowledge of dementia risk factors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions \u003c/strong\u003eWhile some knowledge of dementia risk factors exists in Psychology students, it is not sufficiently comprehensive to inform lifestyle choices or health behavior change.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Understanding Dementia: Knowledge and Risk Factor Awareness Among University Psychology Students","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-30 13:58:51","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6523159/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-14T10:54:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"239498716448838225734198416140874534720","date":"2026-05-05T18:15:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-04T19:09:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"117722344980660421364733102934000378442","date":"2025-06-04T06:31:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-28T13:05:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-07T16:08:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-04-30T03:45:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-04-30T03:44:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2025-04-24T18:24:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0d71cf93-5e5d-4750-bb1f-3d1dfc3d1115","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 30th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-14T10:54:17+00:00","index":100,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"239498716448838225734198416140874534720","date":"2026-05-05T18:15:02+00:00","index":88,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-30T13:58:51+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-30 13:58:51","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6523159","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6523159","identity":"rs-6523159","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}