Quality of Life and Well-being in Colombian Centenarians

Quality of Life and Well-being in Colombian Centenarians | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Quality of Life and Well-being in Colombian Centenarians Juan-Manuel Anaya, Stefano Vinaccia Alpi, Sandra Castelblanco-Toro, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6925680/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background The study of quality of life (QoL) and subjective well-being in relation to extreme longevity has important implications for developing public health policies that promote healthy aging. Data on QoL and well-being in Centenarians from middle-income countries living in inequalities conditions are scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the QoL and well-being among Colombian centenarians, and their relationship with age-related clinical variables. Methods This was a cross-sectional study in which 160 centenarians were included. QoL and well-being were assessed using the WHOQOL-AGE and the 5-item Satisfaction with Life Scale questionaries, respectively. Independent variables were sociodemographic, economic, functional, cognitive, and other clinical characteristics. Results This population of centenarians predominantly reports a favorable QoL, well-being and life satisfaction status, despite having significant economic, social and educational inequities, in addition to a high prevalence of frailty and cognitive impairment. QoL and life satisfaction status were correlated with physical performance, cognitive status and depression. Conclusions The findings indicate a high level of resilience among Colombian centenarians and provide primary data for healthcare professionals and public health policymakers to build evidence-based strategies to promote healthy aging and the determinants of active aging in the region. Health sciences/Medical research/Outcomes research Health sciences/Health care/Geriatrics Centenarians Quality of Life Well-Being Health Inequities Resilience INTRODUCTION The study of quality of life (QoL) and subjective well-being and their relationship to extreme longevity has substantial implications for designing public health policies that support healthy aging ( 1 , 2 ). Studying centenarians can shed light on age-related diseases, resilience, and biological mechanisms of aging. Research on centenarians has predominantly focused on clinical characteristics, functional status, and neurodegenerative diseases ( 2 , 3 ). However, a paradigm shifts toward promoting healthy aging has spurred interest in uncovering the proximal influences of longevity, which refer to the factors that have a direct and immediate impact on a person's lifespan. These influences can encompass a variety of biological, environmental, and lifestyle elements. Understanding these proximal influences can help individuals and communities develop strategies to promote healthier, longer lives ( 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ). Thus, centenarians provide a compelling model for studies on aging and provide important insights into the mechanisms underlying extraordinary longevity ( 2 , 7 ). Subjective well-being ( 9 – 11 ), health-related QoL ( 1 , 12 ), the interaction between negative emotions such anxiety and depression ( 13 , 14 ), and its links to frailty and sleep patterns ( 15 – 17 ), are major areas of research. Culture is a significant factor that influences various aspects of healthy aging. The cultural diversity among centenarians highlights several important factors that necessitate nuanced and culturally sensitive approaches to research and interventions such as varied lifestyles and practices, different health outcomes, social determinants of health and respect for traditions and values ( 18 , 19 ). Colombia, a middle-income country, is a multicultural and multiethnic country, characterized by a high level of admixture (i.e., European, Native American, and African ancestries) ( 20 ). While admixture can have nuanced effects on psychosocial health outcomes in centenarians, the interplay of genetic, cultural, and environmental factors may be crucial in understanding these impacts. Thus, exploring these variables would extend overall understanding about the behavior and influence of various determinants of aging in specific cultural contexts, allowing for the development of genuine and useful solutions to promote healthy aging initiatives among diverse populations such as ours ( 21 ). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the QoL and well-being in Colombian centenarians. METHODS Participants and clinical assessments Study design This was a cross-sectional study. Simple random sampling was used to include subjects whose age >100 years was formally established using identifying documents or state records, and who further provided written informed consent to be included. No exclusion criteria were determined. The centenarians were assessed at their home or at an outpatient center equipped for the care of older persons and were included in four states of Colombia (Bogotá D.C., Bolívar, Sucre, and Valle del Cauca). Clinical assessments The outcomes, whether categorical or quantitative, were the results of the scales used to determine QoL and well-being. Independent variables were sociodemographic, economic, functional, cognitive, and clinical characteristics as explained below. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather data on the variables of active aging (i.e., the process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation, and security to enhance the QoL as people age) that affect the health phenotype in extreme longevity. Previously validated scales and tools used in older persons in Colombia (22), and other centenarian cohorts were employed (1,3). The QoL was measured by using the World Health Organization Quality of Life – AGE (WHOQOL-AGE) tool (23,24). To be eligible for the application of this tool, participants did not need to be fully cognitively intact but able to reliably respond to questions about themselves. In some cases, caregivers or relatives helped them comprehend and respond to the questions. The well-being was measured using the modified version of the 5-item Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) tool(25,26), a subjective assessment of one's overall happiness and satisfaction with life. As centenarians with poor cognition had difficulty understanding items formulated as statements (e.g., in most ways, my life is close to my ideal), it was reformulated those into questions (e.g., in most ways, is your life close to your ideal?). To further reduce cognitive load, we also limited the answering format to 5 options (0 = not at all, to 4 = very much). Higher mean scores represent subjective well-being. Frailty was measured using the Fried scale (15,27). To assess nutritional status, the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) scale was used (28). The Barthel Index (29,30)and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) (31) scales were used to determine functional status. The Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE) (32) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) (33) were used to evaluate cognitive status, accompanied by the Yesavage scale (34,35) and GAI-SF (Geriatric Anxiety Inventory – Short Form) (14,36) to inquire about depression and anxiety, respectively. Sleep quality was assessed using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) scale (37,38) . Statistical analysis The normality of quantitative variables was tested using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables and median (interquartile range, IQR) for skewed variables. Qualitative variables were summarized using frequency and percentages. For quantitative variables, comparative analyses were conducted using Pearson’s Chi-square test or Student's t-test. Multiple regression analyses and Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficient tests were used for the evaluation of potential associations and correlations between QoL, well-being and the other's outcomes. Furthermore, since sex is a characteristic that influences active aging, the results were assessed according to sex. Due to multiple statistical comparisons and to avoid the risk of type I error, p-values were adjusted by the Bonferroni correction. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using the R statistical package (Version 4.3.1) (https://www.r-project.org/) (39). Ethical statements The study was performed in compliance with Act 008430/1993 of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Colombia, which classified it as minimal-risk research. The institutional review board approved the study design. RESULTS A total of 160 centenarians were included, of whom 72% were females, and a significant proportion were widowed (70%) (Table 1) . A notable characteristic of the participants was their low educational level, with only a minority having completed primary school and a substantial portion having no formal education. Furthermore, the majority reported lower economic income and were categorized as having a low economic status. A significant proportion of participants exhibited some degree of functional dependency (82%). Nonetheless, 86% reported favorable life satisfaction (Table 1) . Quantitative results of health-related outcomes are shown in Table 2 . The mean MoCA result was 6.46 ± 5.35. While MoCA is a useful screening tool for the elderly, its accuracy among centenarians was limited, precluding its use to further analysis. QoL was positively correlated with well-being, functional performance, cognitive status (MMSE), nutritional assessment, and functional independence, but was negatively correlated with depression (Table 3) . Well-being was positively correlated with QoL but negatively correlated with depression (Table 3) . The correlations vary between males and females. In women, QoL was positively correlated with functional performance, cognitive status (MMSE), nutritional status and functional independence, whereas a negative correlation between QoL and well-being with depression was observed (Table 4). Men disclosed positive correlations between QoL and well-being, functional performance, nutritional status and functional independence, but negative correlation with depression (Table 4) . Well-being in men was positively correlated with QoL but negatively correlated with depression (Table 4) . Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to explore the impact of various covariates on the perceived QoL. After implementing a variable selection method from a set of candidate variables, the final included the Yesavage score, SWLS score, and the MNA score. The assumptions of the multiple linear regression model were evaluated and verified. The model fitted well. The analysis revealed significant associations between these covariates and the perceived QoL. Depression was negative correlated with QoL (β = -1.4174, p = 0.002), indicating that greater mental impairment is linked to a diminished perception of QoL. Conversely, both the SWLS score (β = 0.6012, p = 0.009) and the MNA score (β = 1.2872, p < 0.001) exhibited significant positive correlations with QoL. DISCUSSION This study examined the QoL and well-being of Colombian centenarians living in a complex psychosocial environment that includes low or extremely low socioeconomic status, no or just a primary level of education, and exposure to episodes of violence ( Table 1 ). Previously, the studies on centenarians have come predominantly from Mediterranean Europeans, Asians, North Americans, and other groups (1,40). The mean QoL score of 51.31 (±14.89) observed in our study is lower than those reported in studies of validation (23,24), however the validation studies do not included centenarians. Nevertheless, our findings suggest that the evaluated centenarians possess a good sense of life satisfaction, maintain acceptable interpersonal relationships, and have sufficient energy to exert control over their lives. They also express satisfaction with their health and environmental conditions. This is noteworthy, considering they reside in low-income settings, have had limited educational opportunities, and exhibit moderate levels of functional dependence. All together these data indicate a high level of resilience among Colombian centenarians. Individuals with higher resilience levels tend to experience better quality of life, regardless of factors like mental illness or physical health conditions. Resilience acts as a protective factor, helping individuals cope with challenges and maintain or regain well-being (41). In our study, subjective well-being average score of 27.29 (± 5.81) indicates high satisfaction with overall well-being. This score aligns with the criteria established by the original scale (1,42), suggesting that the centenarians in our sample maintain a robust personal perception of welfare or happiness. Specifically, they demonstrate a profound appreciation for their own lives in relation to their individual goals, expectations, and cultural context. These findings agree with those of Nakagawa and colleagues (43), whose study of centenarians in Japan and United States similarly reported high levels of subjective well-being among participants. Such consistency across diverse cultural contexts underscores the universal significance of subjective well-being as a key determinant of QoL among centenarians (44). This result has important implications due to the existing relationship between QoL, subjective well-being, and cognitive status. Therefore, interventions aimed at promoting these outcomes would have a significant influence on healthy brain aging promotion, and consequently on disability-free life expectancy in extreme longevity. Emotional well-being, QoL, and life satisfaction encompass a general sense of contentment with one's life circumstances. Research in this area suggests that centenarians who exhibit higher levels of positive affectivity tend to experience various health benefits, including a reduced risk of mortality (1,45). Studies have consistently demonstrated that older adults with greater emotional balance and autoregulation tend to exhibit better physical health outcomes and are less likely to have age-related chronic diseases. Moreover, emotional well-being has been linked to enhanced immune function, faster recovery from illness, and longevity (32). Although the occurrence of depression was relatively low (15% - Table 1 ), which is comparable to or even lower than earlier research (35, 46,47), there was a negative correlation between depression and both QoL and well-being ( Table 3 ). Subjective well-being serves as a general indicator of successful aging, reflecting how well older individuals adapt to their lives (2). The positive correlation between subjective well-being and QoL underscore the importance of functional well-being in protecting against stress, depression, anxiety, and psychological trauma in older adults (9). Conversely, the negative correlation between depression with well-being indicates that higher levels of depressive symptoms are associated with a significant decrease in QoL in centenarians. Similar data were found in studies from Europe and China (13-15). These findings highlight a pronounced role of depression as a determining factor to consider in the overall health status of centenarians, particularly in women ( Table 4 ). It even supports the need for timely diagnosis and treatment of depression, even in extreme ages of life, as it could significantly influence the life course of centenarians and their healthy lifespan, impacting physical and functional outcomes as well (48,49). Another finding of this study emphasizes the importance of nutrition in shaping QoL. Nutrition plays a pivotal role in maintaining physical health, cognitive function, and emotional stability, all of which are essential components of QoL. Adequate nutrition helps to prevent muscle weakness, infections, and delayed wound healing, which can significantly impair daily functioning and independence (50). The strong positive correlation observed in our study suggests that centenarians with better nutritional status experience a higher QoL, likely due to the enhanced physical health and greater capacity for self-care (1,13). Additionally, it was identified that the physical performance of Colombian centenarians is slightly higher compared to that reported in other countries (51). However, the average MMSE, which reflects cognitive status, was observed to be lower compared to another cohort in Sweden (52). Particularly and favorably, there was a notably higher average Barthel score compared to Spanish centenarians (49.09 vs. 39.7) (51). These results reflect the population variability and health outcomes, which could be the result of the environmental, behavioral, and genetic variables possessed by the Colombian population, distinguishing it from other regions. Similarly, life satisfaction plays a crucial role in shaping the health and longevity of older adults. The evidence shows that individuals who report higher levels of life satisfaction tend to engage in healthier lifestyle behaviors, such as regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and adequate sleep, contributing to overall well-being and longevity (40,53). This permit inferring that even older people with disparities in health determinants can disclose a favorable QoL and life satisfaction comparable to that reported in high-income nations (6,24). Limitations We acknowledge some shortcomings of the study, including differences in cognitive function that may have influenced the participants' responses and their ability to accurately report their QoL. Due to the cross-sectional design, causal relationships cannot be established, nor can temporary changes be tracked. CONCLUSION Studying quality of life and well-being in centenarians is important for several reasons, including, understanding longevity, improving elder care, and promoting healthy aging. The findings of this study indicate a high level of resilience among Colombian centenarians and provide primary data for healthcare professionals and public health policymakers to build evidence-based strategies to promote healthy aging and the determinants of active aging in the region. Abbreviations GAI-SF Geriatric Anxiety Inventory - Short Form ISI Insomnia Severity Index IQR Interquartile Range MNA Mini Nutritional Assessment MMSE Mini-Mental Status Exam MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment QoL Quality of life SPPB Short Physical Performance Battery SD Standard deviation SWLS Satisfaction with Life Scale WHOQOL-AGE World Health Organization Quality of Life – AGE Declarations Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge Mauricio Sarmiento, César Pérez, Vanessa García Rudas, María José Diaz Gutiérrez, Ledys Daniela Montaño Vega, and Diana Ocampo from the Centenarians Alliance for their participations and fruitful comments. Authors’ contributions Juan-Manuel Anaya conceptualized, designed the project, collected and gathered data, wrote and revised the manuscript; Stefano Vinaccia Alpi and Sandra Castelblanco-Toro wrote and revised the manuscript; Ivan David Lozada-Martínez gathered data, wrote and revised the manuscript; Juan Carlos Salazar-Uribe performed the statistical analyses, wrote and revised the manuscript; All the authors proofread and approved the manuscript. Funding This work was supported by the Colombian Centenarians Alliance, Bogotá, Colombia Data availability The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study adhered to both local and international ethical standards, including those set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki. The ethics approval was obtained from the Medical Ethical Committee of Coosalud EPS. 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Variable n % Age, years, median (IQR) 102.2 (3.00) - Sex Female 115 72 Residence area Urban 127 80 Civil status Single 22 14 Married 18 12 Widowed 107 70 Other 5 4 Educational Level Without education 96 63 Primary education 49 32 Secondary education or higher 8 5 Religious belief Yes 156 98 Household Economic Income 2 MMW 6 4 Socioeconomic stratum Stratum 1 72 46 Stratum 2 50 32 Stratum >3 36 22 Former occupation Farmers, agricultural, forestry and fishing 37 24 Elementary Occupations 34 22 Home and Child Care 35 23 Officials, Operators, Craftsmen and Related 23 15 Others 31 16 Difficulty paying for basic needs Very hard 56 35 Hard 51 32 Something difficult 30 19 Without difficulties 22 14 Functionality Independence 18 11 Mild dependence 54 34 Moderate dependence 18 11 Severe dependency 23 14 Total dependency 46 30 Violence experienced* 36 24 Frailty 117 77 Malnutrition 55 35 Depression 23 15 Anxiety 2 1 Cognitive impairment ** 130/137 94.9 Insomnia 28 18 Life concepts Favorable life satisfaction 126 86 * At least one of the following: physical, psychological or sexual violence, social exclusion, displacement, or racism. ** The Mini-Mental Status Exam < 24 MMW: Minimum monthly wage Table 2. Quantitative results of health-related outcomes in Colombian Centenarians (N=160). Variable Mean SD Quality of life (WHOQOL-AGE) (13-65) 51.31 14.89 Life satisfaction - Well-being (SWLS) (7-35) 27.29 5.81 Functional performance (SPPB) (>10) 3.22 3.49 Mini-mental status (MMSE) (26-30, 4 categories) 14.25 7.57 Depression (GDS-15) (0-5, 3 categories) 2.62 3.06 Anxiety (GAI-SF) ( < 3) 0.28 0.78 Insomnia (ISI) ( 24, 3 categories) 18.59 5.06 Functional independence (Barthel Index) ( > 60) 49.09 36.32 SD: Standard deviation, WHOQOL-AGE: World Health Organization Quality of Life – AGE, SWLS: Satisfaction with the Life Scales, SPPB: Short Physical Performance Battery, MMSE: The Mini-Mental Status Exam, GAI-SF: Geriatric Anxiety Inventory – Short Form, ISI: Insomnia Severity Index, MNA: Mini Nutritional Assessment. Numbers in parenthesis indicate the normal values or rages. Table 3. Quality of life and well-being overall correlations with clinical and functional factors in centenarians (N=160). Variable QoL Well-being QoL (WHOQOL-AGE) -- 0.526* Well-being (SWLS) 0.526* -- Functional performance (SPPB) 0.443* 0.166 Mini mental status (MMSE) 0.463* 0.311 Depression (GDS-15) -0.519* -0.540* Anxiety (GAI-SF) 0.082 -0.142 Insomnia (ISI) -0.295 -0.191 Nutritional assessment (MNA) 0.478* 0.255 Functional independence (Barthel Index) 0.476* 0.303 * p <0.05 after Bonferroni´s correction QoL: Quality of life, WHOQOL-AGE: World Health Organization Quality of Life – AGE, SWLS: Satisfaction with the Life Scales, SPPB: Short Physical Performance Battery, MMSE: The Mini-Mental Status Exam, GAI-SF: Geriatric Anxiety Inventory – Short Form, ISI: Insomnia Severity Index, MNA: Mini Nutritional Assessment Table 4. Quality of life and well-being correlations by gender with clinical and functional factors in centenarians (N=160). Variable QoL SWLS Women Men Women Men QoL (WHOQOL-AGE) -- -- 0.442* 0.697* Well-being (SWLS) 0.442* 0.697* -- -- Functional performance (SPPB) 0.396* 0.536* 0.099 0.256 Mini mental status (MMSE) 0.565* 0.149 0.373 0.373 Depression (GDS-15) -0.544* -0.443* -0.545* -0.503* Anxiety (GAI-SF) -0.009 -0.247 -0.066 -0.287 Insomnia (ISI) -0.234 -0.393 -0.123 -0.337 Nutritional assessment (MNA) 0.485* 0.430* 0.169 0.309 Functional independence (Barthel Index) 0.437* 0.526* 0.236 0.322 * p <0.05 after Bonferroni´s correction GAI-SF: Geriatric Anxiety Inventory – Short Form; GDS-15: Geriatric Depression Scale (Yesavage); ISI: Insomnia Severity Index; MNA: Mini Nutritional Assessment; MMSE: The Mini-Mental Status Exam; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; QoL: Quality of Life; PNI: Prognostic Nutritional Index; SPPB: Short Physical Performance Battery; SWLS: Satisfaction with the Life Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 17 Jul, 2025 Reviews received at journal 15 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Jul, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Jul, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 01 Jul, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 01 Jul, 2025 Editor invited by journal 20 Jun, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 19 Jun, 2025 First submitted to journal 18 Jun, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6925680","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":478999031,"identity":"76bfef1e-f06e-4f84-bc6d-652518b37760","order_by":0,"name":"Juan-Manuel Anaya","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNACHgY5EHXgASlajMFaEkixJ7EBRBKlhX928zOJHzLb0ueHHX4ItMVOTreBgBaJO8fMJHt4buduvJ1mANSSbGx2gJA1NxLMJHhAWmYngLQcSNxGSIv8jfRvkn94bqcbzk7/QJwWgxs5ZtJAWxLkpXOItMXwRk6xtQzPbcMN0jkFBxIMiPCL3I30jTff9tyWl5+dvvnDhwo7OcLeZ2BgkWDsAboQrNKAsHIQYP7A8AMYDg3EqR4Fo2AUjIIRCAA9REf0XmJo5gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Colombian Centenarians Alliance","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juan-Manuel","middleName":"","lastName":"Anaya","suffix":""},{"id":478999032,"identity":"8622f794-000d-42ba-8140-5fe71e3cef5f","order_by":1,"name":"Stefano Vinaccia Alpi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Colombian Centenarians Alliance","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Stefano","middleName":"Vinaccia","lastName":"Alpi","suffix":""},{"id":478999033,"identity":"bf5b202b-66a6-456a-8756-7992dbc90276","order_by":2,"name":"Sandra Castelblanco-Toro","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Colombian Centenarians Alliance","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sandra","middleName":"","lastName":"Castelblanco-Toro","suffix":""},{"id":478999034,"identity":"32b1d37b-d018-4d90-902c-218e315ffab2","order_by":3,"name":"Ivan David Lozada-Martínez","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Colombian Centenarians Alliance","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ivan","middleName":"David","lastName":"Lozada-Martínez","suffix":""},{"id":478999035,"identity":"408f3e43-fc09-4324-854d-b0907876d02b","order_by":4,"name":"Juan Carlos Salazar-Uribe","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Colombian Centenarians Alliance","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juan","middleName":"Carlos","lastName":"Salazar-Uribe","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-18 19:53:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6925680/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6925680/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-18137-0","type":"published","date":"2025-09-01T15:57:33+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90828085,"identity":"8ead965c-e1d9-4b84-a623-956aacfaaba8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-08 16:05:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":845482,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6925680/v1/e71654ed-09c9-4115-9116-3714dd7b31c0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Quality of Life and Well-being in Colombian Centenarians","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study of quality of life (QoL) and subjective well-being and their relationship to extreme longevity has substantial implications for designing public health policies that support healthy aging (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Studying centenarians can shed light on age-related diseases, resilience, and biological mechanisms of aging. Research on centenarians has predominantly focused on clinical characteristics, functional status, and neurodegenerative diseases (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). However, a paradigm shifts toward promoting healthy aging has spurred interest in uncovering the proximal influences of longevity, which refer to the factors that have a direct and immediate impact on a person's lifespan. These influences can encompass a variety of biological, environmental, and lifestyle elements. Understanding these proximal influences can help individuals and communities develop strategies to promote healthier, longer lives (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, centenarians provide a compelling model for studies on aging and provide important insights into the mechanisms underlying extraordinary longevity (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Subjective well-being (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e), health-related QoL (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e), the interaction between negative emotions such anxiety and depression (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e), and its links to frailty and sleep patterns (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e), are major areas of research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCulture is a significant factor that influences various aspects of healthy aging. The cultural diversity among centenarians highlights several important factors that necessitate nuanced and culturally sensitive approaches to research and interventions such as varied lifestyles and practices, different health outcomes, social determinants of health and respect for traditions and values (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). Colombia, a middle-income country, is a multicultural and multiethnic country, characterized by a high level of admixture (i.e., European, Native American, and African ancestries) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). While admixture can have nuanced effects on psychosocial health outcomes in centenarians, the interplay of genetic, cultural, and environmental factors may be crucial in understanding these impacts. Thus, exploring these variables would extend overall understanding about the behavior and influence of various determinants of aging in specific cultural contexts, allowing for the development of genuine and useful solutions to promote healthy aging initiatives among diverse populations such as ours (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the QoL and well-being in Colombian centenarians.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants and clinical assessments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStudy design\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis was a cross-sectional study. Simple random sampling was used to include subjects whose age \u0026gt;100 years was formally established using identifying documents or state records, and who further provided written informed consent to be included. No exclusion criteria were determined. The centenarians were assessed at their home or at an outpatient center equipped for the care of older persons and were included in four states of Colombia (Bogotá D.C., Bolívar, Sucre, and Valle del Cauca).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eClinical assessments\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe outcomes, whether categorical or quantitative, were the results of the scales used to determine QoL and well-being. Independent variables were sociodemographic, economic, functional, cognitive, and clinical characteristics as explained below.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather data on the variables of active aging (i.e., the process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation, and security to enhance the QoL as people age) that affect the health phenotype in extreme longevity. Previously validated scales and tools used in older persons in Colombia (22), and other centenarian cohorts were employed (1,3). The QoL was measured by using the World Health Organization Quality of Life – AGE (WHOQOL-AGE) tool\u0026nbsp;(23,24). To be eligible for the application of this tool, participants did not need to be fully cognitively intact but able to reliably respond to questions about themselves. In some cases, caregivers or relatives helped them comprehend and respond to the questions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe well-being was measured using the modified version of the 5-item Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) tool(25,26), a subjective assessment of one's overall happiness and satisfaction with life. As centenarians with poor cognition had difficulty understanding items formulated as statements (e.g., in most ways, my life is close to my ideal), it was reformulated those into questions (e.g., in most ways, is your life close to your ideal?). To further reduce cognitive load, we also limited the answering format to 5 options (0 = not at all, to 4 = very much). Higher mean scores represent subjective well-being.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrailty was measured using the Fried scale (15,27). To assess nutritional status, the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) scale was used\u0026nbsp;(28). The Barthel Index (29,30)and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) (31) scales were used to determine functional status. The Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE)\u0026nbsp;(32) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)\u0026nbsp;(33) were used to evaluate cognitive status, accompanied by the Yesavage scale (34,35) and GAI-SF (Geriatric Anxiety Inventory – Short Form) (14,36) to inquire about depression and anxiety, respectively. Sleep quality was assessed using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) scale (37,38)\u003cstrong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe normality of quantitative variables was tested using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables and median (interquartile range, IQR) for skewed variables. Qualitative variables were summarized using frequency and percentages. For quantitative variables, comparative analyses were conducted using Pearson’s Chi-square test or Student's t-test. Multiple regression analyses and Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficient tests were used for the evaluation of potential associations and correlations between QoL, well-being and the other's outcomes. Furthermore, since sex is a characteristic that influences active aging, the results were assessed according to sex. Due to multiple statistical comparisons and to avoid the risk of type I error, p-values were adjusted by the Bonferroni correction. A p-value \u0026lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using the R statistical package (Version 4.3.1) (https://www.r-project.org/) (39).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthical statements\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was performed in compliance with Act 008430/1993 of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Colombia, which classified it as minimal-risk research. The institutional review board approved the study design.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 160 centenarians were included, of whom 72% were females,\u0026nbsp;and a significant proportion were widowed (70%) \u003cstrong\u003e(Table 1)\u003c/strong\u003e. A notable characteristic of the participants was their low educational level, with only a minority having completed primary school and a substantial portion having no formal education. Furthermore, the majority reported lower economic income and were categorized as having a low economic status. A significant proportion of participants exhibited some degree of functional dependency (82%). Nonetheless, 86% reported favorable life satisfaction \u003cstrong\u003e(Table 1)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuantitative results of health-related outcomes are shown in\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e. The mean MoCA result was 6.46 ± 5.35. While MoCA is a useful screening tool for the elderly, its accuracy among centenarians was limited, precluding its use to further analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQoL was positively correlated with well-being, functional performance, cognitive status (MMSE), nutritional assessment, and functional independence, but was negatively correlated with depression \u003cstrong\u003e(Table 3)\u003c/strong\u003e. Well-being was positively correlated with QoL but negatively correlated with depression \u003cstrong\u003e(Table 3)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe correlations vary between males and females. In women, QoL was positively correlated with functional performance, cognitive status (MMSE), nutritional status and functional independence, whereas a negative correlation between QoL and well-being with depression was observed \u003cstrong\u003e(Table 4).\u003c/strong\u003e Men disclosed positive correlations between QoL and well-being, functional performance, nutritional status and functional independence, but negative correlation with depression \u003cstrong\u003e(Table 4)\u003c/strong\u003e. Well-being in men was positively correlated with QoL but negatively correlated with depression \u003cstrong\u003e(Table 4)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMultiple linear regression analysis was conducted to explore the impact of various covariates on the perceived QoL. After implementing a variable selection method from a set of candidate variables, the final included the Yesavage score, SWLS score, and the MNA score. The assumptions of the multiple linear regression model were evaluated and verified. The model fitted well. The analysis revealed significant associations between these covariates and the perceived QoL. Depression was negative correlated with QoL (β = -1.4174, p = 0.002), indicating that greater mental impairment is linked to a diminished perception of QoL. Conversely, both the SWLS score (β = 0.6012, p = 0.009) and the MNA score (β = 1.2872, p \u0026lt; 0.001) exhibited significant positive correlations with QoL.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study examined the QoL and well-being of Colombian centenarians living in a complex psychosocial environment that includes low or extremely low socioeconomic status, no or just a primary level of education, and exposure to episodes of violence (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e). Previously, the studies on centenarians have come predominantly from Mediterranean Europeans, Asians, North Americans, and other groups (1,40).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe mean QoL score of 51.31 (±14.89) observed in our study is lower than those reported in studies of validation (23,24), however the validation studies do not included centenarians. Nevertheless, our findings suggest that the evaluated centenarians possess a good sense of life satisfaction, maintain acceptable interpersonal relationships, and have sufficient energy to exert control over their lives. They also express satisfaction with their health and environmental conditions. This is noteworthy, considering they reside in low-income settings, have had limited educational opportunities, and exhibit moderate levels of functional dependence. All together these data indicate a high level of resilience among Colombian centenarians. Individuals with higher resilience levels tend to experience better quality of life, regardless of factors like mental illness or physical health conditions. Resilience acts as a protective factor, helping individuals cope with challenges and maintain or regain well-being (41).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn our study, subjective well-being average score of 27.29 (± 5.81) indicates high satisfaction with overall well-being. This score aligns with the criteria established by the original scale (1,42), suggesting that the centenarians in our sample maintain a robust personal perception of welfare or happiness. Specifically, they demonstrate a profound appreciation for their own lives in relation to their individual goals, expectations, and cultural context. These findings agree with those of Nakagawa and colleagues (43), whose study of centenarians in Japan and United States similarly reported high levels of subjective well-being among participants. Such consistency across diverse cultural contexts underscores the universal significance of subjective well-being as a key determinant of QoL among centenarians (44). This result has important implications due to the existing relationship between QoL, subjective well-being, and cognitive status. Therefore, interventions aimed at promoting these outcomes would have a significant influence on healthy brain aging promotion, and consequently on disability-free life expectancy in extreme longevity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmotional well-being, QoL, and life satisfaction encompass a general sense of contentment with one's life circumstances. Research in this area suggests that centenarians who exhibit higher levels of positive affectivity tend to experience various health benefits, including a reduced risk of mortality (1,45). Studies have consistently demonstrated that older adults with greater emotional balance and autoregulation tend to exhibit better physical health outcomes and are less likely to have age-related chronic diseases. Moreover, emotional well-being has been linked to enhanced immune function, faster recovery from illness, and longevity (32).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough the occurrence of depression was relatively low (15% - \u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e), which is comparable to or even lower than earlier research (35, 46,47), there was a negative correlation between depression and both QoL and well-being (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubjective well-being serves as a general indicator of successful aging, reflecting how well older individuals adapt to their lives (2). The positive correlation between subjective well-being and QoL underscore the importance of functional well-being in protecting against stress, depression, anxiety, and psychological trauma in older adults (9). Conversely, the negative correlation between depression with well-being indicates that higher levels of depressive symptoms are associated with a significant decrease in QoL in centenarians. Similar data were found in studies from Europe and China (13-15). These findings highlight a pronounced role of depression as a determining factor to consider in the overall health status of centenarians, particularly in women (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e). It even supports the need for timely diagnosis and treatment of depression, even in extreme ages of life, as it could significantly influence the life course of centenarians and their healthy lifespan, impacting physical and functional outcomes as well (48,49).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnother finding of this study emphasizes the importance of nutrition in shaping QoL. Nutrition plays a pivotal role in maintaining physical health, cognitive function, and emotional stability, all of which are essential components of QoL. Adequate nutrition helps to prevent muscle weakness, infections, and delayed wound healing, which can significantly impair daily functioning and independence (50). The strong positive correlation observed in our study suggests that centenarians with better nutritional status experience a higher QoL, likely due to the enhanced physical health and greater capacity for self-care (1,13).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, it was identified that the physical performance of Colombian centenarians is slightly higher compared to that reported in other countries (51). However, the average MMSE, which reflects cognitive status, was observed to be lower compared to another cohort in Sweden (52). Particularly and favorably, there was a notably higher average Barthel score compared to Spanish centenarians (49.09 vs. 39.7) (51). These results reflect the population variability and health outcomes, which could be the result of the environmental, behavioral, and genetic variables possessed by the Colombian population, distinguishing it from other regions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, life satisfaction plays a crucial role in shaping the health and longevity of older adults. The evidence shows that individuals who report higher levels of life satisfaction tend to engage in healthier lifestyle behaviors, such as regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and adequate sleep, contributing to overall well-being and longevity (40,53). This permit inferring that even older people with disparities in health determinants can disclose a favorable QoL and life satisfaction comparable to that reported in high-income nations (6,24).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eLimitations\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe acknowledge some shortcomings of the study, including differences in cognitive function that may have influenced the participants' responses and their ability to accurately report their QoL. Due to the cross-sectional design, causal relationships cannot be established, nor can temporary changes be tracked.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eStudying quality of life and well-being in centenarians is important for several reasons, including, understanding longevity, improving elder care, and promoting healthy aging. The findings of this study indicate a high level of resilience among Colombian centenarians and provide primary data for healthcare professionals and public health policymakers to build evidence-based strategies to promote healthy aging and the determinants of active aging in the region.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eGAI-SF\u0026nbsp; Geriatric Anxiety Inventory\u0026nbsp;-\u0026nbsp;Short Form\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eISI Insomnia Severity Index\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIQR \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Interquartile Range\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMNA Mini Nutritional Assessment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMMSE\u0026nbsp; Mini-Mental Status Exam\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQoL \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Quality of life\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSPPB\u0026nbsp; Short Physical Performance Battery\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD Standard deviation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSWLS\u0026nbsp; Satisfaction with Life Scale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWHOQOL-AGE \u0026nbsp;World Health Organization Quality of Life – AGE\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to acknowledge Mauricio Sarmiento, César Pérez, Vanessa García Rudas, María José Diaz Gutiérrez, Ledys Daniela Montaño Vega, and Diana Ocampo from the Centenarians Alliance for their participations and fruitful comments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors’ contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJuan-Manuel Anaya conceptualized, designed the project, collected and\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003egathered data, wrote and revised the manuscript;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStefano Vinaccia Alpi and Sandra Castelblanco-Toro wrote and revised the manuscript;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIvan David Lozada-Martínez gathered data, wrote and revised the manuscript;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJuan Carlos Salazar-Uribe performed the statistical analyses, wrote and revised the manuscript;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the authors proofread and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the Colombian Centenarians Alliance, Bogotá, Colombia\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ethe corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclarations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study adhered to both local and international ethical standards, including\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ethose set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki. The ethics approval was obtained\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003efrom the Medical Ethical Committee of Coosalud EPS. Written\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eor verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants or their legally\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants signed informed consent regarding publishing their anonymous data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMartin P, Poon LW. Healthy aging among centenarians and near-centenarians: Findings from the Georgia Centenarian Study. Maturitas. 2024 Jul;185:108001.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJopp DS, Park MKS, Lehrfeld J, Paggi ME. 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Routledge; 2021. p. 111\u0026ndash;27.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLozada-Martinez ID, Mar\u0026iacute;n JS, Castelblanco-Toro SM, Mazenett-Granados EA, Su\u0026aacute;rez JF, Sarmiento M, et al. Demographics and clinical characteristics of a new population of centenarians in Colombia: The COOLCEN cohort. Arch Gerontol Geriatr Plus. 2024;1(1):100006.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eXavier C, Builes JJ, Gomes V, Ospino JM, Aquino J, Parson W, et al. Admixture and genetic diversity distribution patterns of non-recombining lineages of Native American ancestry in Colombian populations. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):1.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMarzo RR, Khanal P, Shrestha S, Mohan D, Myint PK, Su TT. Determinants of active aging and quality of life among older adults: A systematic review. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChavarro Carvajal DA, Heredia Ram\u0026iacute;rez RA, Venegas Sanabria LC, Caicedo Correa SM, G\u0026oacute;mez Arteaga RC, Pardo Amaya AM, et al. Scales frequently used in geriatrics [Escalas de uso frecuente en geriatr\u0026iacute;a]. Bogot\u0026aacute;: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; 2020. p. 1\u0026ndash;80.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCaballero FF, Miret M, Power M, Chatterji S, Tobiasz-Adamczyk B, Koskinen S, et al. Validation of an instrument to evaluate quality of life in the aging population: WHOQOL-AGE. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2013;11:1.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSantos D, Abad FJ, Miret M, Chatterji S, Olaya B, Zawisza K, et al. Measurement invariance of the WHOQOL-AGE questionnaire across three European countries. Qual Life Res. 2018;27(4):1015\u0026ndash;25.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePavot W, Diener E. The Satisfaction with Life Scale. J Pers Assess. 1993;5(2):164\u0026ndash;72.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVinaccia Alpi S, Parada N, Quiceno JM, Riveros Mun\u0026eacute;var F, Vera Maldonado LA. Satisfaction with life scale (SWLS): Validity, reliability and assessment analysis in college students from Bogot\u0026aacute; (Col) as sample. Psicogente. 2019;22(42):1.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146\u0026ndash;56.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGuigoz Y, VB. Nutritional assessment in older adults: MNA\u0026reg; 25 years of a screening tool \u0026amp; a reference standard for care and research; What next? J Nutr Health Aging. 2021;25:528\u0026ndash;83.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMahoney FI, Barthel DW. Functional evaluation: The Barthel Index: A simple index of independence useful in scoring improvement in the rehabilitation of the chronically ill. Md State Med J. 1965;14:61\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCaba\u0026ntilde;ero-Mart\u0026iacute;nez MJ, Cabrero-Garc\u0026iacute;a J, Richart-Mart\u0026iacute;nez M, Mu\u0026ntilde;oz-Mendoza CL. The Spanish versions of the Barthel Index (BI) and the Katz Index (KI) of activities of daily living (ADL): A structured review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2009;49(1):e77\u0026ndash;85.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCress ME, Gondo Y, Davey A, Anderson S, Kim SH, Poon LW. Assessing physical performance in centenarians: Norms and an extended scale from the Georgia Centenarian Study. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res. 2010;2010:1.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBeker N, Sikkes SAM, Hulsman M, Tesi N, Van Der Lee SJ, Scheltens P, et al. Longitudinal maintenance of cognitive health in centenarians in the 100-plus Study. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(2):e1920391.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGil L, Ruiz de S\u0026aacute;nchez C, Gil F, Romero SJ, Pretelt Burgos F. Validation of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in Spanish version as a screening tool for mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia in patients over 65 years old in Bogot\u0026aacute;, Colombia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015;30:655\u0026ndash;62.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, Lum O, Huang V, Adey M, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res. 1982;17(1):37\u0026ndash;47.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCheng A, Leung Y, Harrison F, Brodaty H. The prevalence and predictors of anxiety and depression in near-centenarians and centenarians: A systematic review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2019;31(11):1539\u0026ndash;58.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePachana NA, Byrne GJ, Siddle H, Koloski N, Harley E, Arnold E. Development and validation of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory. Int Psychogeriatr. 2007;19(1):103\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFernandez-Mendoza J, Rodriguez-Mu\u0026ntilde;oz A, Vela-Bueno A, Olavarrieta-Bernardino S, Calhoun SL, Bixler EO, et al. The Spanish version of the Insomnia Severity Index: A confirmatory factor analysis. Sleep Med. 2012;13(2):207\u0026ndash;10.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBastien C. Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med. 2001;2(4):297\u0026ndash;07.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eR Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2021. Available from: https://www.R-project.org.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFern\u0026aacute;ndez-Ballesteros R, S\u0026aacute;nchez-Izquierdo M. Are psycho-behavioral factors accounting for longevity? Front Psychol. 2019;10:1.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCosco TD, Howse K, Brayne C. Healthy ageing, resilience and wellbeing. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2017 Dec;26(6):579-583.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBoerner K, Jopp DS, Kim K, Butt A, Ribeiro \u0026Oacute;, Ara\u0026uacute;jo L, et al. Thinking about the end of life when it is near: A comparison of German and Portuguese centenarians. Res Aging. 2019;41(3):265\u0026ndash;85.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNakagawa T, Cho J, Gondo Y, Martin P, Johnson MA, Poon LW, et al. Subjective well-being in centenarians: A comparison of Japan and the United States. Aging Ment Health. 2018;22(11):1313\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWang Y, Du Y, Li J, Qiu C. Lifespan intellectual factors, genetic susceptibility, and cognitive phenotypes in aging: Implications for interventions. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019;11:1.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eStruckmeyer KM, Caldwell JA, Bishop AJ, Scheuerman PN. Examining the influence of early-life and recent traumatic events on loneliness in centenarians. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2021;93(4):963\u0026ndash;85.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShin SH, Kim G, Park S. Widowhood status as a risk factor for cognitive decline among older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;26(7):778\u0026ndash;87.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHan K, Yang S, Jia W, Wang S, Song Y, Cao W, et al. Health-related quality of life and its correlation with depression among Chinese centenarians. Front Public Health. 2020;8:1.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLau BHP, Kwan JSK, Cheung KSL, Martin P. Depression moderates the frailty\u0026ndash;subjective health link among Chinese near centenarians and centenarians. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;24(9):753\u0026ndash;61.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCheng A, Leung Y, Brodaty H. A systematic review of the associations, mediators and moderators of life satisfaction, positive affect, and happiness in near-centenarians and centenarians. Aging Ment Health. 2022;26(6):651\u0026ndash;66.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSong Y, Liu M, Jia WP, Han K, Wang SS, He Y. The association between nutritional status and functional limitations among centenarians: A cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr. 2021;21:1.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHern\u0026aacute;ndez-Vicente A, Mar\u0026iacute;n-Puyalto J, Pueyo E, Vicente-Rodr\u0026iacute;guez G, Garatachea N. Physical activity in centenarians beyond cut-point-based accelerometer metrics. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(18):11384.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVetrano DL, Grande G, Marengoni A, Calder\u0026oacute;n-Larra\u0026ntilde;aga A, Rizzuto D. Health trajectories in Swedish centenarians. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2021;76(1):157\u0026ndash;63.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLabat-Robert J, Robert L. Longevity and aging: Mechanisms and perspectives. Pathol Biol. 2015;63(6):272\u0026ndash;76.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e Baseline characteristics of the population studied (N=160).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"660\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eyears, median (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102.2 (3.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResidence area\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCivil status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducational Level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWithout education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary education or higher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligious belief\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHousehold Economic Income\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 1 MMW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 MMW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 \u0026ndash; 2 MMW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 2 MMW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocioeconomic stratum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStratum 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStratum 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStratum \u0026gt;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFormer occupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarmers, agricultural, forestry and fishing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary Occupations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHome and Child Care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOfficials, Operators, Craftsmen and Related\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifficulty paying for basic needs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery hard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSomething difficult\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWithout difficulties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunctionality\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndependence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMild dependence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate dependence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere dependency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal dependency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eViolence experienced*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrailty\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMalnutrition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDepression\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnxiety\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCognitive impairment\u003c/strong\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130/137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInsomnia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLife concepts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFavorable life satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* At least one of the following:\u0026nbsp;physical, psychological or sexual violence, social exclusion, displacement, or racism.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e** The Mini-Mental Status Exam \u003cu\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/u\u003e 24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMMW: Minimum monthly wage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eQuantitative results of health-related outcomes in Colombian Centenarians (N=160).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 350px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 350px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuality of life (WHOQOL-AGE) (13-65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 350px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLife satisfaction - Well-being (SWLS) (7-35)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 350px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFunctional performance (SPPB) (\u0026gt;10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 350px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMini-mental status (MMSE) (26-30, 4 categories)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 350px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepression (GDS-15) (0-5, 3 categories)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 350px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnxiety (GAI-SF) (\u003cu\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/u\u003e 3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 350px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsomnia (ISI) (\u0026lt;10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 350px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNutritional assessment (MNA) (\u003cu\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/u\u003e 24, 3 categories)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 350px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFunctional independence (Barthel Index) (\u003cu\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/u\u003e 60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD: Standard deviation, WHOQOL-AGE: World Health Organization Quality of Life \u0026ndash; AGE, SWLS: Satisfaction with the Life Scales, SPPB: Short Physical Performance Battery, MMSE: The Mini-Mental Status Exam, GAI-SF: Geriatric Anxiety Inventory \u0026ndash; Short Form, ISI: Insomnia Severity Index, MNA: Mini Nutritional Assessment. Numbers in parenthesis indicate the normal values or rages.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u003c/strong\u003e Quality of life and well-being overall correlations with clinical and functional factors in centenarians (N=160).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQoL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWell-being\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQoL (WHOQOL-AGE)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.526*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWell-being (SWLS)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.526*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFunctional performance (SPPB)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.443*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMini mental status (MMSE)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.463*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepression (GDS-15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.519*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;-0.540*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnxiety (GAI-SF)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsomnia (ISI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.295\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; -0.191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNutritional assessment (MNA)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.478*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;0.255\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFunctional independence (Barthel Index)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.476*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.303\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* p \u0026lt;0.05 after Bonferroni\u0026acute;s correction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQoL: Quality of life, WHOQOL-AGE: World Health Organization Quality of Life \u0026ndash; AGE, SWLS: Satisfaction with the Life Scales, SPPB: Short Physical Performance Battery, MMSE: The Mini-Mental Status Exam, GAI-SF: Geriatric Anxiety Inventory \u0026ndash; Short Form, ISI: Insomnia Severity Index, MNA: Mini Nutritional Assessment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u003c/strong\u003e Quality of life and well-being correlations by gender with clinical and functional factors in centenarians (N=160).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"661\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQoL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSWLS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWomen\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMen\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWomen\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMen\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQoL (WHOQOL-AGE)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.442*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.697*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWell-being (SWLS)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.442*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.697*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFunctional performance (SPPB)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.396*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.536*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMini mental status (MMSE)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.565*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.373\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.373\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepression (GDS-15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.544*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.443*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.545*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.503*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnxiety (GAI-SF)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.247\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsomnia (ISI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.393\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.337\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNutritional assessment (MNA)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.485*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.430*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 302px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFunctional independence (Barthel Index)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.437*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.526*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.322\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* p \u0026lt;0.05 after Bonferroni\u0026acute;s correction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGAI-SF: Geriatric Anxiety Inventory \u0026ndash; Short Form; GDS-15: Geriatric Depression Scale (Yesavage); ISI: Insomnia Severity Index; MNA: Mini Nutritional Assessment; MMSE: The Mini-Mental Status Exam; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; QoL: Quality of Life; PNI: Prognostic Nutritional Index; SPPB: Short Physical Performance Battery; SWLS: Satisfaction with the Life\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Centenarians, Quality of Life, Well-Being, Health Inequities, Resilience","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6925680/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6925680/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBackground\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study of quality of life (QoL) and subjective well-being in relation to extreme longevity has important implications for developing public health policies that promote healthy aging. Data on QoL and well-being in Centenarians from middle-income countries living in inequalities conditions are scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the QoL and well-being among Colombian centenarians, and their relationship with age-related clinical variables.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis was a cross-sectional study in which 160 centenarians were included. QoL and well-being were assessed using the WHOQOL-AGE and the 5-item Satisfaction with Life Scale questionaries, respectively. Independent variables were sociodemographic, economic, functional, cognitive, and other clinical characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResults\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis population of centenarians predominantly reports a favorable QoL, well-being and life satisfaction status, despite having significant economic, social and educational inequities, in addition to a high prevalence of frailty and cognitive impairment. QoL and life satisfaction status were correlated with physical performance, cognitive status and depression.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConclusions\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings indicate a high level of resilience among Colombian centenarians and provide primary data for healthcare professionals and public health policymakers to build evidence-based strategies to promote healthy aging and the determinants of active aging in the region.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Quality of Life and Well-being in Colombian Centenarians","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-03 10:13:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6925680/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-07-17T08:36:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-15T10:28:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"142892908648865033225209835245224022112","date":"2025-07-14T08:57:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-08T14:11:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"144627241032025098439329824705652675792","date":"2025-07-08T13:47:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-01T07:01:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-07-01T06:55:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-20T06:49:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-06-19T05:06:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-06-18T19:43:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"aa090bcb-7135-445a-90eb-117d61cf87ab","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":50859129,"name":"Health sciences/Medical research/Outcomes research"},{"id":50859130,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Geriatrics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-08T16:04:02+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6925680","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-18137-0","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-09-01 15:57:33","publishedOnDateReadable":"September 1st, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-03 10:13:41","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-18137-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-18137-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6925680","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6925680","identity":"rs-6925680","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}