Assessment of Sorghum Anthracnose Disease Severity and Its Relationship with Biophysical Factors in South-Western Sorghum-Producing Regions of Ethiopia

Assessment of Sorghum Anthracnose Disease Severity and Its Relationship with Biophysical Factors in South-Western Sorghum-Producing Regions of Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assessment of Sorghum Anthracnose Disease Severity and Its Relationship with Biophysical Factors in South-Western Sorghum-Producing Regions of Ethiopia Assefa Gidesa Merga, Thangavel Selveraj, Getachew Ayana, Alemu Lencho This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7772726/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Ethiopia is the second-largest producer of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) in Africa. Despite this production potential, yields and production levels remain low due to various challenges in the agricultural sector. One key fungal disease affecting sorghum is anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum sublineolum, which significantly reduces grain yield. This study aimed to evaluate the severity of anthracnose in sorghum fields and its relationship with biophysical factors. During the main cropping seasons from October to November, 350 sorghum fields (187 in 2020 and 163 in 2021) across three regional states were sampled at early to stiff dough stages. Infected leaves were collected, and related factors were analyzed. Results showed a 100% prevalence of sorghum anthracnose in Ethiopia's western and southwestern regions. Incidence rates ranged from 46.15% to 100% in Assossa, 55.5% to 100% in Jimma, 75% to 84.62% in Illubabor, 78.5% to 100% in East Wollega, and 85.7% to 100% in Gambella, with average incidences of 83.78%, 85.81%, 78.10%, 78.57%, and 91.79.70%, respectively. Severity levels were particularly high in Jimma, Assossa, Agnuwak, Illubabor, and East Wollega, with mean severities of 35.25%, 34.5%, 28.97%, 28.32%, and 27.60%, respectively. The study shows that effective weed management, crop rotation, proper fertilizer use, sowing timing, disease-free seed selection, and favorable weather conditions directly influence the development of sorghum anthracnose. Therefore, to reduce the impact of this disease on sorghum production, implementing disease management strategies and policies to support farmers in the region is essential. Agricultural Engineering Sorghum Anthracnose Intensity Prevalence Incidence Severity Bio-physical factors Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 1. INTRODUCTION Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ranks fifth among the most important cereal crops worldwide, following wheat, rice, maize, and barley in terms of production. It is also the fifth most widely cultivated crop, after maize, wheat, rice, and barley (FAOSTAT, 2017 ). Global sorghum grain production currently totals 64.20 million tons, with a cultivated area of 41 million hectares and an average yield of around 1,600 kg per hectare (FAOSTAT, 2021). Africa produces about 26 million tons of sorghum. As a versatile crop, sorghum is widely used for human consumption, animal feed, and industrial raw materials globally. In sub-Saharan Africa, millions depend on sorghum as their primary source of calories. More than 35% of global sorghum production is dedicated to human consumption, with the rest used for animal feed, beverages, and industrial products (Nangobi & Mugonola, 2018 ). In Africa, roughly 74% of sorghum is eaten as food (Acquaah, 2012 ). Additionally, sorghum is a nutritious crop rich in protein and fiber, and it is naturally gluten-free (McCann et al., 2015 ; Impa et al., 2019 ). Ethiopia is one of the countries rich in fertile land, agroecological diversity, and abundant rainfall, making it an ideal place for farming. The main food crops in Ethiopia, in terms of production and yield, are cereal crops. According to the Central Statistical Agency (2021), these key food crops are grown in nearly all regions of the country, despite variations in production levels across different areas. Of the total grain crop area, 79.83% (11,610,331 hectares) was cereals, and up to 87.08% (approximately 283,922,484 quintals) of grain production (CSA, 2021). This shows that cereal crops have played a vital role in Ethiopia’s economic development. In Ethiopia, sorghum ranks as the third most important cereal crop after maize and teff. It is cultivated annually on 1.88 million hectares, yielding 4.75 million tons of grain each year, which makes Ethiopia the second-largest sorghum producer in Africa (CSA, 2017). Sorghum production in Ethiopia has grown from 1.55 million tons in 2002 to 4.45 million tons in 2021, with an average annual growth rate of 6.29% (CSA, 2021). Ethiopia is situated in a region known as the origin of sorghum, and the country boasts a high level of crop diversity. Sorghum’s ability to tolerate various environments, including heat and drought, makes it a vital crop for smallholder farmers across sub-Saharan Africa; however, it is sensitive to cold temperatures (Sleper & Poehlman, 2006 ). Despite its potential, sorghum’s production and productivity remain low due to threats from numerous abiotic and biotic stresses that degrade grain quality and yield, sometimes leading to complete crop failure. Among cereals, sorghum is considered the most susceptible to diseases (Esele, 1995 ), partly because it is cultivated across diverse environments. In Ethiopia’s southwestern and western regions, factors such as improper fertilizer use, weed management issues, incorrect planting times and growth stages, crop density, the lack of improved varieties, and poor crop rotation practices all affect sorghum yields. These production challenges are also common in other sorghum-growing areas of Ethiopia (Schneider & Anderson, 2010 ; FAO & DWFI, 2015). Recently, climate change has increased the challenges for farmers, leading to the emergence of multiple diseases and new, pesticide-resistant pathogen races that attack the same crops. Pathogenic fungi significantly decrease yields in many cereal crops. Each year, pests destroy approximately 42% of the world's agricultural produce, resulting in losses of around $ 220 billion (FAO, 2021). Sorghum anthracnose ( Colletotrichum sublineolum P. Henn), one such pest, currently reduces sorghum yields and results in substantial losses for farmers, threatening food security even in newer varieties. C. sublineolum is a key group of plant pathogenic fungi responsible for post-harvest rots, anthracnose spots, and blights on the plant's aerial parts (Thomas et al., 1996 ). In Ethiopia, yield losses from sorghum anthracnose are reported to range from 50% to 70% in susceptible cultivars (Tesso et al., 2012 ). Severe outbreaks, characterized by premature drying and leaf drop, can decrease sorghum grain and fodder yields by 30–50% or more (Mathur et al., 2002 ). Limited research on yield reduction across different sorghum agroecologies has slowed efforts to enhance sorghum production, productivity, and expansion. Nevertheless, improving farm pest monitoring and developing targeted treatments is possible with accurate plant diagnosis, identifying causal agents, and critical damage stages. Studies on disease spread and importance reveal that anthracnose is widespread, particularly in sorghum. A survey in southwestern and western Ethiopia showed that sorghum anthracnose was present in all surveyed areas, with a 100% incidence (Binyam et al., 2016 ). The severity varied by location. However, there is a lack of detailed data and quantification on anthracnose severity, especially regarding biophysical factors and pathogen significance in much of Western and Southwestern Ethiopia. Furthermore, no detailed analysis has explored the relationship between various biophysical factors and sorghum anthracnose, particularly in Gambella. This research approach and its findings provided valuable insights into the factors affecting sorghum production, particularly in terms of biophysical aspects. It highlighted the current challenges of sorghum anthracnose within the context of national and global climate change scenarios. As a result, the study emphasized the exploration of the relationship between sorghum anthracnose severity and biophysical factors, given that this disease continues to be the primary barrier to advancing research and updating baseline data for researchers and agricultural stakeholders. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Description of the Study Areas A survey of sorghum anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum sublineolum was carried out during the main planting seasons from early October to mid-November in 2020 and 2021. During the period survey, the sorghum crops advanced from flowering to the firm dough stage, when leaf anthracnose symptoms typically appeared. The survey was conducted in three regional states of western and southwestern Ethiopia: Oromia, Gambella, and Benishangul-Gumuz (Fig. 1 ). The areas surveyed included various administrative districts and agroecological zones (Table 1 ). Historical climate data, including temperature and rainfall for each district (2020–2021), were obtained from the National Meteorological Service Agency (NMSA, 2021) and the Agricultural and Natural Resource Office in each study area. Table 1 Climatic data for the three regional states, zones, numbers of districts, and fields assessed per zone in Western and Southern Westerns of Ethiopia in the 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons. Region Zone No. of districts No. of fields Altitude ranges (m.a.s.l.) Temperature ( 0 C) Rainfall Ranges (mm) Min Max Oromia Jimma 5 108 1115–2235 13.67 25.25 900–2800 Bedelle 2 28 1306–1979 14 25 1000–2400 EW a 2 40 1280–1650 16 27 1236–2000 BG b Assosa 6 129 653–1662 19 35 900–1417 Gambella Agnuwak 3 45 453–1000 21 38.035 955.5–2000 a EW, East Wollega; BG, b Benishangul Gumuze; No., Numbers; Min, Minimum; Max, Maximum 2.2 Sample Size and Data Collection Methods The sampling structures consisted of three hierarchical levels: region, zone, and districts within sorghum-growing agroecology. The three regions were deliberately chosen as the primary study sites based on their higher production potential and the use of sorghum crops, with a focus on the western and southwestern regions of Ethiopia. Besides production potential, these regions experience high rainfall, high humidity, and wide temperature ranges, which are favorable for the development of sorghum anthracnose disease. The effects of sorghum anthracnose are especially severe in warmer areas where temperatures and relative humidity are highest (Munaut et al., 2001 ; Zamora-Melendez, 2010). Anthracnose can reduce grain sorghum yields by 50% or more in susceptible varieties under warm and humid conditions (Tesso et al., 2012 ). In each field, data were recorded on sorghum cultivar, crop growth stage, planting date, preceding crops, fertilizer applications, and weed management. A survey was conducted across three agroecological regions, comprising five zones and a total of 16 districts within the three regional states. These include Shabe Sambo, Seka Chekorsa, Kersa, and Omo Neda from Jimma zone; Bedelle and Didessa from Buno Bedelle zone; Jimma Arjo and Sibu Sire from East Wollega zone; Assosa, Bambasi, Mange, and Kumuruk from Assosa zone, while Gambella, Abobo, and Dimma districts were from Agnuwak zone (Fig. 1 ). Survey sites were mapped using GPS to track disease distribution in the Western and Southwestern regions of Ethiopia. In total, 350 sorghum fields, comprising 187 in 2020 and 163 in 2021, were surveyed during the primary cropping season across the three regional states and 16 districts in five administrative zones to assess the incidence, severity, and prevalence of sorghum anthracnose disease. From Jimma (Oromia), five districts (n = 108); Bedelle (Oromia), two districts (n = 28); East Wollega (Oromia), two districts (n = 40); Assosa (Benishangul Gumuz), six districts (n = 129); and Agnuwak (Gambella), three districts (n = 45), were examined. Ten plants were randomly chosen from each quadrant in every field, and the number of plants showing anthracnose symptoms was recorded to estimate disease severity as a percentage. Samples collected from ten plants were packed separately in plastic or paper bags and transported to the Ambo Plant Protection Research Center for further pathogen isolation using a light microscope. 2.2.1. Disease Assessment Methods Sorghum fields were surveyed at intervals of 5 to 10 km along main and feeder roads. The percentage of sorghum anthracnose was estimated by randomly selecting fields and using a 3 m² quadrant in each one. Plants were visually examined for the disease using a W-shaped pattern to cover the areas. A disease rating scale from 1 to 5 was used to estimate the percentage of leaf area with necrotic lesions, where 1 = healthy plant (no visible symptoms, only chlorotic flecks); 2 = hypersensitive reaction with local lesions (covering 1–10% of leaf area with hypersensitive, restricted lesions without acervuli); 3 = infected bottom leaves with acervuli (11–25% of leaf area covered with lesions and acervuli); 4 = infected middle to bottom leaves with acervuli (covering 26–50% of leaf area with coalescing necrotic lesions and acervuli); and 5 = infected plant, including the flag leaf, with acervuli or more than 50% of leaf area covered with coalescing necrotic lesions and acervuli (Prom et al., 2009 ). In this study, the term “prevalence” refers to the percentage of fields where the disease was found, and “incidence” refers to the percentage of infected sorghum plants sampled within a field. Disease incidence: Incidence was defined as the percentage of leaves infected with anthracnose in a given field, and severity was measured as the average percentage of leaf area affected by acervuli. Incidence was calculated based on the formula proposed by Cooke et al. ( 2016 ). 2.2.2 Data collections associated with biophysical factors Plant diseases are primarily influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors, which can lead to disease outbreaks. In this study, field data sheets were used to record crop growth stages (50% flowering, soft dough, or stiff dough) and farming practices, such as planting times (early April, mid-April, late April, or early June), fertilizer use (fertilized or unfertilized), previous crops or cropping patterns (rotation or monoculture), type of variety (improved or local), and weed management methods (weedy or unweedy). Additionally, all climate data were collected from the agricultural offices of each surveyed field, through interviews with growers, and via on-site observations of sorghum fields during the survey periods. 2.3. Data Analysis The logistic regression in SAS was used to identify factors significantly associated with the regional prevalence and severity of sorghum anthracnose disease. The independent variables were classified as ≥ 65 and < 65 for incidence, and ≥ 25 and < 25 for severity (Table 2 ). Logistic regression estimates the probability of a binary outcome based on these variables (McCullagh & Nelder, 1994 ; Fullerton, 2020 ). In this study, the binary outcome was the likelihood that sorghum anthracnose incidence exceeds 65% and severity exceeds 25% in a given field. The strength of the association between the variables and the disease was tested using the likelihood ratio test (LRT) with a reduced model. This involved evaluating the variables when they were entered into both the initial and final models, alongside other categories. If Yi denotes the presence (Yi = 1) or absence (Yi = 0) of disease in the ith field, the probability of disease presence is modeled as: P (Yi = 1) = exp (a + SbjXj)/ [1 + exp (a + SbjXj)] Where i = 1, ..., n and j = 1, ..., p. Here, a and b1, ..., bp are parameters to be estimated, and Xj’s are covariates or predictors (Milan et al ., 2003). Finally, the analysis of the deviation, odds ratio, and standard error of the new variables in a reduced model demonstrates the role of independent variables and variable classes in influencing the incidence and severity of the disease. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Overall Characteristic Features of Sorghum Fields Sorghum fields affected by anthracnose disease were observed in all surveyed regions, though with varying severity. Every farmer’s field had at least one infected sorghum plot. The surveyed fields ranged in elevation from 453 to 2235 meters above sea level, with rainfall ranging from 900 to 2800 mm. Recorded temperatures ranged from 14°C to 35°C. The sorghum fields were grouped into three altitude categories: high (39.7% at 1506–2235 m.a.s.l.), medium (44.6% at 1001–1505 m.a.s.l.), and low (15.7% at 450–1000 m.a.s.l.). Only 9.71% of the fields were weed-free, and a small portion practiced crop rotation, used fertilizers, followed recommended sowing dates, and employed improved varieties. Although it is uncommon, some farmers in the surveyed fields practiced crop rotation by planting sorghum, followed by cereals such as maize and finger millet, or pulses, to improve soil fertility and boost sorghum yields. However, most fields (71.71%) were monocropped, with only 28.29% using crop rotation (Table 2 ). Weed infestation was a significant problem, affecting 71.43% of the fields with species such as Striga hermonthica , Bidens pilosa , Guizotia scabra , and Ageratum conyzoides . Meanwhile, 28.5% of the fields were weed-free (Table 2 ). Planting patterns varied across districts, with sowings occurring from early April to early June, primarily due to differences in rainfall patterns. Specifically, 23.71% of sorghum fields were planted in early April, 37.43% in mid-April, 22.86% in late April, and 16% in early June (Table 2 ). Fertilizer use was limited, with only 33% of fields receiving fertilizers; 67% remained unfertilized, primarily due to low awareness and financial constraints that prevented the purchase of inorganic fertilizers. Additionally, adoption of improved sorghum varieties was low: out of 350 surveyed fields, only 31.43% used improved varieties, while 68.57% relied on local varieties (Table 2 ). Table 2 Sorghum anthracnose disease independent variables for logistic regression analysis in the 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons at three Southwestern and western regions of Ethiopia. Variable Variable class Number of fields Incidence PSI a ≥ 65 < 65 ≥ 25 < 25 Year 2020 187 135 52 114 73 2021 163 99 64 80 83 Regions Oromia 176 128 48 105 71 BG b 129 82 47 57 72 Gambella 45 25 20 32 13 Zones Jimma 108 69 39 64 44 East Wollega 40 35 5 27 13 Illubabor 28 23 5 14 14 Assosa 129 82 47 57 72 Agnuwak 45 25 20 32 13 Altitude 453–1000 55 29 26 35 20 1001–1502 156 105 51 81 75 1503–2235 139 100 39 77 61 Fertilizer Fertilized 108 46 62 37 71 Unfertilized 242 188 54 157 85 Sowing date c Early April 83 20 63 14 69 Mid-April 131 79 52 53 78 Late April 80 79 1 74 6 Early June 56 55 0 53 3 Cropping pattern d Rotation 115 53 62 42 73 Monocropping 235 181 54 152 83 Variety Improved 110 48 62 31 79 Local 240 185 55 163 77 Growth stage 50% Flowering 140 129 11 124 16 Soft dough 147 84 63 57 90 Hard dough 63 16 47 13 50 Weed management Weedy 151 84 67 69 82 Un-weedy 199 155 44 125 74 a PSI, Percentage of Severity Index; b BG, Benishangul Gumuze; c Sowing date: Early April = a day from 1–10; Mid-April = a day from 11–20, Late April = a day from 21–30, and Early June was a day started from June 1–10; d Cropping pattern or land history refers to crops that grew before sorghum in the same field. 3.1. Symptomology and Morphology of Sorghum Anthracnose During field assessments, sorghum anthracnose was identified on both leaves and sheaths of infected plants (Figure 2 ). The initial diagnosis was based on visual symptoms and confirmed through magnification with lenses. To verify, infected samples were collected, labeled, stored in paper bags, and sent to the Ambo National Plant Protection Laboratory. Typical symptoms included small, circular, elliptical, or elongated spots, about 5 mm in diameter, on the leaves. Some of these spots had small, circular, black eruptions called acervuli of the fungus at their centers. Under magnification, black, hair-like structures (setae) protruding from the acervuli could be observed. In some cultivars with less leaf infection, the midrib exhibited more noticeable symptoms, characterized by elliptical to elongated lesions containing embedded acervuli (Figure 2 B). Leaf sheaths were also infected (Figure 2 A). The severe damage caused by sorghum anthracnose in the field is shown in Figure 2 C. 3.2. Sorghum Anthracnose Intensity, Incidence, and Severity Sorghum anthracnose was widespread, affecting all surveyed fields with varying levels of incidence and severity across districts, zones, and regions. A total of 321 fields from 16 districts, five zones, and three regions were affected, representing 91.71% of the total. The incidence ranged from 46.5% to 100% in Assosa, 55.5% to 100% in Jimma, 75% to 84.62% in East Wollega, 50% to 100% in Illubabor, and 58% to 100% in Agnuak. The average incidence rates were 83.78% in Assosa, 85.81% in Jimma, 73.56% in East Wollega, 78.10% in Illubabor, and 79.70% in Agew Agew. The Oromia region had the highest average incidence at 79.66% and a severity index of 32.6%. In comparison, Benishangul-Gumuz recorded an incidence of 74.92% and a PSI of 25.74%, with Gambella following at 71.70% and a PSI of 28.82%. Regarding severity, the Jimma zone showed the highest severity index at 35%, followed by Assosa at 34.5%, Awi at 28.97%, Illubabor at 28.32%, and East Wollega at 27.6% (Fig. 3 and Table 3 ). Fields at altitudes of 1506–2325 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.) showed the highest average disease incidence of 74.82% and severity at 29.40%. They were followed by fields at 1000–1500 meters, which had a mean incidence of 72.99% and a PSI of 27.06%. In comparison, areas below 1000 meters had a mean incidence of 68.51% and a PSI of 27.78%. Fields infested with weeds (unweeded) recorded the highest average disease incidence at 76.85% and severity at 29.22% PSI, while fields with effective weed management had the lowest incidence at 68.85% and 25.13% PSI (Table 3 ). Regarding the cropping pattern, crop rotation resulted in the lowest average anthracnose incidence (64.31%) and PSI (23.38%), while monoculture showed higher levels with 78.96% incidence and 29.45% severity (Table 3 ). Sorghum planted in early June had the highest average disease incidence at 90.84% and a PSI of 37.18%, followed by those planted in late April, with an incidence of 85.14% and a mean PSI of 33.85%. Fields sown in early and mid-April experienced the lowest average disease incidence, at 58.13% and 67.42%, and had mean PSIs of 20.64% and 23.71%, respectively (Table 3 ). The highest average disease incidence (77.31%) with a PSI of 29.4% was observed in fields sown without fertilizer or unfertilized, while the lowest incidence (63.40%) and PSI (23.08%) occurred in fertilized fields. During the crop growth stages, the peak disease incidence (84.92%) and PSI (34.14%) were found at the 50% flowering stage. In contrast, the stiff dough stage showed a lower incidence (59.88%) and a lower PSI (20.57%) compared to the other stages. When farmers used local sorghum varieties, the average disease incidence (76.60%) and PSI (29.58%) were highest, while improved varieties recorded lower incidence (65.20%) and PSI (22.83%) (Table 3 ; Fig. 4 ). Table 3 Prevalence, mean incidence, mean severity, and standard deviation of sorghum anthracnose in the five zones and three regions of Southwestern and western Ethiopia during the 2020–2021 cropping season. Variables Variable class Number of fields Prevalence (%) Incidence Mean ± SD a PSI b Mean ± SD Year 2020 187 88.24 75 ± 14.4 28.47 ± 7.9 2021 163 85.89 71.3 ± 17.92 26.28 ± 7.78 Region Oromia 176 80.68 79.66 ± 15 32.36 ± 8.5 BG c 129 79.07 74.92 ± 16.9 25.74 ± 8.1 Gambella 45 71.11 71.70 ± 19.5 28.82 ± 7.3 Zone Jimma 108 97.22 85.81 ± 14.8 35.25 ± 8.1 Illubabor 40 80 78.10 ± 14.6 28.32 ± 8.8 East Wollega 28 78.57 73.56 ± 16.9 27.60 ± 8 Assosa 129 93.8 83.78 ± 14.8 34.50 ± 10 Agnuwak 45 84.44 79.70 ± 19.5 28.97 ± 7.3 Altitude Low 55 36.36 68.51 ± 17.6 27.78 ± 7.9 Medium 156 92.95 72.99 ± 15.7 29.06 ± 8.1 High 139 94.96 74.82 ± 15.5 29.76 ± 8.1 Fertilizer Fertilized 108 62.04 63.40 ± 13.2 23.08 ± 8 Unfertilized 242 91.32 77.31 ± 16.2 29.40 ± 8 Sowing date Early April 83 44.58 58.13 ± 16.1 20.64 ± 7.9 Mid-April 131 55.73 67.42 ± 14.2 23.71 ± 8 Late April 80 97.5 85.14 ± 16.2 33.85 ± 8 Early June 56 98.21 90.84 ± 22.5 37.18 ± 10 Cropping Pattern Rotation 115 62.61 64.31 ± 16.1 23.38 ± 7.9 Monocropping 235 85.53 78.96 ± 16.3 29.45 ± 7.9 Variety Improved 110 53.64 65.20 ± 16.1 22.83 ± 7.9 Local 240 92.08 76.60 ± 16.2 29.58 ± 8 Growth stages 50% flowering 140 95 84.92 ± 20.1 34.14 ± 9.5 Soft dough 147 82.31 67.30 ± 16.2 24.04 ± 8.8 Hard dough 63 58.73 59.88 ± 16.2 20.57 ± 8 Weed management Weedy 151 58.94 68.85 ± 16.2 25.13 ± 8 Un-weedy 199 95.48 76.26 ± 19.2 29.22 ± 9.5 a Standard deviation; b Mean Percent of Severity Index; c BG, Benishangul Gumuze 3.3. Associations of Biophysical Factors And Sorghum Anthracnose Intensity This study examines the relationship between biophysical factors and the severity of sorghum anthracnose disease. Variables analyzed included the surveyed year, region, zones, altitude, fertilizer use, sowing time, cropping pattern, variety, growth stage, and weed management practices. All were tested using multiple models, with disease incidence and PSI as outcomes. Seven variables: altitude, fertilizer, sowing time, cropping pattern, variety, growth stage, and weed management, were highly significant in both the initial and final logistic models, with Pr > χ2 < .0001. These factors showed the strongest connection to disease incidence and severity, producing the lowest deviance and most favorable probability values. Conversely, the surveyed year, region, and zones initially appeared significant but lost significance when other variables were added, as indicated by Pr > χ2 < .0001, although they still showed notable differences when included in the models. TABLE: List of independent variables used in logistic regression analysis of sorghum anthracnose incidence and percent severity index (PSI), including the likelihood ratio test (LRT) for ten variables entered both initially and at the end of the model. Sorghum anthracnose incidence, LRT Sorghum anthracnose PSI, LRT Independent variable DF VEF VEL VEF VEL DR Pr > X 2 DR Pr > X 2 DR Pr > X 2 DR Pr > X 2 Year 1 7.67 0.0056 1.53 0.0056 3.83 0.0505 3.83 0.0505 Region 2 2.78 0.0007 0.66 0.0002 9.17 0.0102 14.14 0.0009 Zone 4 10.89 0.0278 8.67 0.0628 11.37 0.0227 3.89 0.1431 Altitude 2 2.72 < .0001 0.63 < .0001 2.52 < .0001 24.26 < .0001 Fertilizer 1 53.43 < .0001 6.54 < .0001 28.98 < .0001 29.52 < .0001 Sowing time 3 195.97 < .0001 56.55 < .0001 142.98 < .0001 123.08 < .0001 Cropping pattern 1 46.54 < .0001 0.20 < .0001 23.07 < .0001 0.79 < .0001 Variety 1 42.75 < .0001 1.26 < .0001 46.38 < .0001 6.02 < .0001 Growth stage 2 119.70 < .0001 0.32 < .0001 102.04 < .0001 0.49 < .0001 Weed management 1 16.94 < .0001 0.95 < .0001 7.65 < .0001 0.04 < .0001 DF, degrees of freedom; LRT, likelihood ratio test; DR, deviance reduction; Pr, probability of X 2 , value exceeding the deviance reduction; VEF, variable entered first into the model; VEL, variability entered last into the model. The disease incidence and PSI analysis of deviance for the variables, parameter estimates, standard errors in the reduced model, and odds ratios are provided (Tables 5 and 6 ). High sorghum anthracnose disease incidence was strongly linked to the surveyed years 2020 and 2021, the Oromia region, Jimma zone, Illubabor, medium (1001–1502 meters), and high altitudes (1503–2235 meters), unfertilized fields, late April and early June sowing dates, monocropping, local varieties, 50% flowering and soft dough growth stages, and unweeded fields or fields with high weed infestation (Table 5 ). Conversely, the lowest sorghum anthracnose severity index (PSI) was strongly associated with the surveyed years 2020 and 2021, the Oromia region, East Wollega zone, along with other variables such as altitude (1001–1502 meters), fertilized fields, early and mid-April sowing dates, crop rotation with pulses after cereals, improved varieties, stiff dough stage, and weedy or weed-free fields (Table 6 ). The likelihood of high sorghum anthracnose incidence was strongly associated with the surveyed years of 2020 and 2021 in Benishangul Gumuze, Assosa zone, along with other independent variables such as altitude ranging from 1001 to 1502 meters, unfertilized fields, sowing dates in late April and early June, monocropping cereals after cereals, local varieties, 50% flowering and soft dough stages, and fields that were unweeded or weed-infested (Table 5). Conversely, low sorghum anthracnose severity was closely linked to Benishangul Gumuze, Assosa zone, altitudes of 453-1001 meters, fertilized fields, early to mid-April sowing dates, crop rotation with pulses after cereals, improved varieties, stiff dough stage, and fields that were either weedy or weed-free during the 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons (Table 6). High sorghum anthracnose incidence was strongly linked to the year 2021 in Gambella, Agnuwak Zone, at altitudes ranging from 453 to 1002 meters. It was also associated with unfertilized fields, sowing in late April and early June, monocropping cereals after cereals, using local varieties, and fields at 50% flowering and soft dough stages, especially if they were unweeded or weed-infested (Table 5). In contrast, low incidence was connected to Gambella, Agnuwak zone, at altitudes of 453-1001 meters, fertilized fields, early and mid-April sowing dates, crop rotation with pulses after cereals, improved varieties, fields at the stiff dough stage, and fields that were either weedy or weed-free during the 2021 cropping season (Table 6). Most surveyed areas had favorable climatic conditions for anthracnose development (Table 1). Leandro et al . (2003) also observed similar results, noting that temperatures between 17.6 and 27.7°C are ideal for germination and appressoria development during extended wet periods. Table 5 Analysis of deviance, natural logarithms of odds ratios, and standard error of added variable in a reduced model analyzing sorghum anthracnose incidence. Added variable a Residual deviance b DF LRT Variable class Estimate c SE d Odd ratio e DR Pr > X 2 Intercept 425.6008 2.9587 1.8101 19.27 Year 417.9319 1 7.67 0.0056 2020 0.5693 0.4040 1.76 2021 a* a* 1 Region 417.2673 2 0.66 < .0001 Oromia 1.6672 1.5854 5.29 Benishangul 18.8188 1.5167 6.71 Gambella a* a* Zone 411.7327 4 5.53 0.0278 Jimma 1.6959 0.9754 0.18 Illubabor -1.1412 1.0934 0.32 East Wollega 0.9704 0.4467 2.64 Assosa 0.3201 0.3477 1.37 Agnuwak a* a* 1 Altitude 410.9337 2 0.80 < .0001 Low -0.2680 1.1583 0.76 Medium 0.2582 0.4715 1.29 High a* a* 1 Fertilizer 354.5372 1 56.40 < .0001 Fertilized -0.9637 0.4230 0.38 Unfertilized a* a* 1 Sowing date 196.5372 3 157.99 < .0001 Early April -5.0847 1.0864 a* Mid-April -3.6010 0.8953 0.02 Late April 0.8518 0.8616 0.85 Early June a* a* 1 Cropping pattern 195.6368 1 0.90 < .0001 Rotation -0.1798 0.4360 0.83 Monocropping a* a* 1 Variety 194.4010 1 1.24 < .0001 Improved -0.5447 0.4567 0.54 Local a* a* 1 Growth stage 194.1667 2 0.23 < .0001 50%Flowering 0.3164 0.8148 1.37 Soft dough -0.2451 0.7324 0.78 Hard dough a* a* 1 Weed management 193.2196 1 0.95 < .0001 Weedy -0.4251 0.3547 0.65 Un-weedy a* a* 1 DF, degrees of freedom; LRT, likelihood ratio test; DR, deviance reduction; Pr, probability of a χ2 value exceeding the deviance reduction, estimates from the model with all independent variables added; SE, standard error. a Reference group Table 6 Analysis of deviance, natural logarithms of odds ratios, and standard error of added variable in a reduced model analyzing sorghum anthracnose PSI. Added variable a Residual deviance b DF LRT Variable class Estimate c SE d Odd ratio e DR Pr > X 2 Intercept 399.8624 4.0021 1.1827 54.71 Year 396.0360 1 3.83 < .0505 2021 1.0778 0.3481 2.92 2022 a* a* 1 Region 381.8994 2 14.14 0.0009 Oromia -1.2062 1.4736 0.99 Benishangul -2.5349 1.4317 0.1 Gambella a* a* 1 Zone 378.0111 2 3.89 0.1431 Jimma -0.5878 0.5440 0.55 East Wollega -1.8945 0.7145 0.15 Illubabor -0.0958 0.4654 0.91 Assosa -0.9832 0.3662 0.37 Anuak a* a* 1 Altitude 376.5169 2 1.49 < 0.0001 Low -0.8097 0.5343 0.44 Medium -0.3225 0.3475 0.72 High a* a* 1 Fertilizer 346.9997 2 29.52 < .0001 Fertilized -0.1922 0.3516 0.82 Unfertilized a* a* 1 Sowing date 223.9214 3 123.08 < .0001 Early May -3.9290 0.8596 0.02 Mid-May -2.4575 0.6928 0.08 Late May 0.0263 0.6389 1.02 Early June a* a* 1 Cropping pattern 223.1346 1 0.79 < .0001 Rotation 0.6107 0.3802 1.84 Monocropping a* a* 1 Variety 217.1149 1 6.02 < .0001 Improved -0.9136 0.3720 0.40 Local a* a* 1 Growth stage 216.6280 2 0.49 < .0001 50%Flowering 0.2662 0.7441 1.30 Soft dough -0.0887 0.6066 0.91 Hard dough a* a* 1 Weed management 216.5922 1 0.04 < .0001 Weedy -0.0579 0.3059 0.94 Un-weedy a* a* 1 DF, degrees of freedom; LRT, likelihood ratio test; DR, deviance reduction; Pr, probability of a χ2 value exceeding the deviance reduction, estimates from the model with all independent variables added; SE, standard error. A reference group . Sorghum anthracnose disease is becoming a significant problem for many crops, affecting global food security. These challenges arise from yearly changes in environmental conditions, limited access to improved crop varieties, and poor farming practices. As shown in Table 2 and Fig. 3, sorghum anthracnose was found in 100% of all surveyed regions and zones. However, its incidence and severity varied greatly depending on biophysical factors. The current study revealed different patterns of distribution and severity of anthracnose across regions and zones. This also agrees with previous sorghum anthracnose surveys. Teklay and Muruts (2015) reported that sorghum anthracnose appeared, with varying disease intensities, in all districts surveyed in South Tigray, Ethiopia. Similarly, Chala et al . (2011) and Benyam et al . (2016) documented the widespread presence of sorghum anthracnose in key sorghum-producing areas of the country. The widespread and severe presence of sorghum anthracnose, characterized by high prevalence, incidence, and severity, can be linked to several important factors. These include a lack of fertilizer application, improper sowing times, monocropping, use of local or non-resistant varieties, poor weed control, and inadequate management of crop growth stages, all of which create an environment that favors the spread and development of the disease. The survey was conducted over two consecutive cropping seasons (2020 and 2021) to evaluate the variability and impact of sorghum disease severity over time. However, statistical analysis showed no significant differences in disease incidence and severity between the 2020 and 2021 survey results across all regions and zones, as determined by the model. These findings suggest an abundance of inoculum sources, caused by monocropping practices, the presence of alternative hosts, and favorable environmental conditions. Growing sorghum in monoculture allows the pathogen to overwinter in crop debris as microsclerotia and mycelia, in infected seed, and on the alternative host, Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense L.] (Cardwell et al ., 1989; Gwary et al ., 2006; Tesso et al ., 2012; Thakur & Mathur, 2000). The surveyed regions of Oromia, Benishangul Gumuz, and Gambella showed significant altitudinal differences, which greatly influenced the incidence and severity of sorghum anthracnose disease across various zones. The current study found that the highest incidence and severity of anthracnose occurred in Jimma and Assosa, followed by Gambella, East Wollega, and Illubabor, all of which are located at elevations ranging from 1506 to 2235 meters above sea level. The next highest range for sorghum anthracnose incidence and severity was between 1001 and 1505 meters above sea level. In contrast, the lowest incidence and severity were observed at elevations between 450 and 1001 meters above sea level. This finding partially confirms earlier reports by Chala et al . (2010), which indicate that anthracnose incidence and severity are significantly higher at intermediate altitudes and lower at lower altitudes. Monoculture practices, particularly the repeated planting of the same sorghum variety in the same fields, have been linked to the development and spread of sorghum anthracnose. The survey results showed that crop rotation with non-host crops is an effective strategy for reducing the incidence and severity of sorghum anthracnose disease. In the surveyed fields, high levels of anthracnose incidence and severity were observed in fields practicing monocropping. The sorghum monoculture system, along with the continuous planting and extensive cultivation of sorghum cultivars with similar genetic backgrounds, can lead to the development of anthracnose diseases. Isakiet et al . (2000) stated that growing non-host plants breaks the disease cycle of the pathogen. Weed species that act as alternative hosts increase the likelihood of sorghum anthracnose disease developing. The study results showed that fields with high weed infestation had greater prevalence and severity of sorghum anthracnose disease (Table 2). Fields with heavy weed infestation are significantly associated with the highest disease severity, indicating these factors play a crucial role in sorghum anthracnose outbreaks. Palumbo (2013) noted that weed species in and around crop fields serve as alternative hosts for many diseases and insect pests, which can later infect nearby crops. Heavily infested weed fields compete with crops for resources such as moisture, nutrients, space, and light, and can also provide shelter for pests and diseases that attack crops (Brooke & McMaster, 2019). The timing of sorghum sowing is crucial for managing anthracnose development. The surveyed areas experienced an extended rainy season characterized by favorable rainfall, precipitation, and hot weather conditions, which supported the pathogen's survival and spread. Frederiksen (2000) also noted that the disease is most severe during prolonged periods of cloudy, warm, humid, and wet weather, mainly when these conditions occur during the early grain-filling stage. The authors observed that the lowest incidence and severity were recorded in fields sown in early and mid-April. In contrast, fields sown in late April and early June showed the highest incidence and severity. Most of the survey was conducted in September, aligning with the peak growth stage of sorghum and the optimal time for pathogen infection. Favorable weather conditions in western and southwestern Ethiopia during this period facilitated the spread of the disease. Chala et al . (2010) and Benyam et al . (2016) also reported that the disease peaks in August and September. Therefore, sowing sorghum in early and mid-April offers more advantages for minimizing anthracnose infection than planting in late April and early June. Changing planting dates can be an effective strategy for managing anthracnose in farmers’ fields (Park et al ., 2005). Adjusting planting times (Ngugi et al ., 2000; Marley, 2004), planting disease-free seeds, and crop rotation are also important methods for controlling the severity of sorghum anthracnose (Somda et al ., 2007). Changes in planting dates and cultivar selection have a significant influence on the development of anthracnose in the field (Marlen et al ., 2004). During the survey, both local and improved sorghum varieties were frequently seen in all fields. For clarity, all local types were labeled ‘local’ and all improved types ‘improved’. Sorghum anthracnose was detected in both categories, with no fields free of the disease in any zone or region. Notably, local varieties suffered considerably more damage. The highest levels of anthracnose incidence and severity were observed in local varieties, whereas improved varieties showed the lowest levels. Understanding the link between biophysical factors and sorghum anthracnose development is crucial for creating effective disease management strategies, ultimately benefiting farmers, private sorghum producers, and the broader agricultural research community. The findings show that sorghum anthracnose is influenced by management practices and weather conditions that facilitate its growth and spread. The disease was widespread across surveyed fields, representing a significant economic concern. Incidence and severity of sorghum anthracnose varied significantly across different regions, zones, altitudes, fertilization regimens, sowing dates, cropping patterns, varieties, growth stages, and weed control practices in the surveyed areas. The study recommends adopting best management practices such as applying recommended fertilizers, planting in early and mid-April, practicing crop rotation with other legumes, using improved or resistant varieties, and implementing effective weed control to reduce yield losses caused by sorghum anthracnose. All tested sorghum varieties, whether improved or local, showed infection in the surveyed fields. Ultimately, future research should focus on understanding pathogen diversity, developing resistant varieties, ensuring seed quality, raising awareness, and exploring the biophysical factors that contribute to disease development. Abbreviations BG: Benishangul Gumuze CP: Cropping Pattern CSA: Central Statistical Agency DF: Degrees of Freedom DI: Disease Incidence DR: Deviance Reduction DS: Disease Severity EW: East Wollega FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization Fig: Figure GPS: Geographical Position System GS: Growth Stage LRT: Likelihood Ratio Test M.a.s.l: meter above sea level Max: Maximum Min: Minimum NMAS: National Meteorological Service Agency Pr: Probability PSI: Percentage of Severity Index SE: Standard Error SW: Sowing date VEF: Variable Entered First VEL: Variability Entered Last WM: Weed Management Declarations Data availability The data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author. FA, AA, and SHJ managed the project, analyzed the data, edited the manuscript, and gave final approval. BKZ conducted the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. AAZ and GMN supervised the work and edited the manuscript. Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge that this study was part of dissertation research conducted in Ethiopia's Western and Southwestern regions. We sincerely thank the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) management and the research centers at Ambo, Melkessa, Jimma, Assosa, and Abobo for their valuable support. Funding Not applicable Author information Assefa Gidesa plays a lion's share in this research paper. Authors and affiliations Ambo University, Guder Mamo Mezemir Campus, P.O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia. Assefa Gidesa, Thangavel Selvaraj, and Alemu Lencho Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Melkassa Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 436, Adama, Ethiopia Getachew Ayana C ontributions Assefa Gidesa: conceptualizing, data collection, methodology, data analysis, visualization, writing (original draft), reviewing, and editing.Thangavel Selveraj: conceptualizing, supervising, reviewing, and editing. Getachew Ayana: conceptualizing, supervising, and reviewing. Alemu Lencho: supervising, reviewing, and editing. Corresponding author Correspondence to Assefa Gidesa ORCID h ttps://orcid.org/0009-0001-3381-5850 Email: [email protected] Additional information Publisher note Springer Nature remains neutral about jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Rights and permissions Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g., a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Ethical declarations Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. References Ali MEK, Warren IIL (1992) Anthracnose of sorghum. 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09:39:29","extension":"html","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":206426,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7772726/v1/4d8b69af2d58da85ea9846ff.html"},{"id":92846734,"identity":"ca6ae637-be54-45b6-808d-9da1147950cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 09:39:28","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":228628,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of the Study Areas\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7772726/v1/d7eecdd54eaf1b052b1f4eaa.png"},{"id":92847267,"identity":"24ccd1af-a07a-4550-9814-fd989b435d09","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 09:47:29","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1004293,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSorghum anthracnose symptoms (A) infections on the leaf sheath and through a time the diseases drying the half of sorghum leaf(arrows), infection on a midrib of a sorghum leaf (B), severely infected sorghum fields with anthracnose(C), sorghum fields with more weeds that can be a used as alternative hosts for sorghum anthracnose in the field(D).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7772726/v1/9b68b3c6f8ca063571ece30f.png"},{"id":92846680,"identity":"26f01de4-ee6e-46ed-83ec-8cedd51b4523","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 09:39:26","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":337683,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIncidence and severity of sorghum anthracnose in the five zones in the 2020-2021 cropping season. SD=Sowing date, CP=Cropping Pattern, GS=Growth Stage, WM=Weed Management.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7772726/v1/36759da5c85e3fdfc989abc8.png"},{"id":92846673,"identity":"6382edd3-cc82-42d3-b3d7-800b21cca12b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 09:39:25","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":36778,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIncidence of sorghum anthracnose disease in the districts of Ethiopia's southwestern and western regions\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7772726/v1/9444ea21ce275e9b19e905a9.png"},{"id":92846753,"identity":"94e7e492-24c1-4276-80eb-9a8067107704","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 09:39:31","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":323301,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe effect of fertilizer use and sowing date on the average percentage of incidence and severity of sorghum anthracnose across surveyed zones in Ethiopia during the 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons. Bars sharing the same letters are not significantly different based on t-tests (least significant difference) (p \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7772726/v1/8ae30d37c63ee2a43643da67.png"},{"id":92847269,"identity":"420fb71a-2304-47da-bcd1-5dba4c1c6f84","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 09:47:30","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":244458,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe effect of growth stage on average sorghum anthracnose incidence (%) and severity (%) across surveyed regions of Western and southwestern Ethiopia during the 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons. Bars sharing the same letters are not significantly different based on t-tests (least significant difference) (p \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7772726/v1/938f39311149ea09342dcb1d.png"},{"id":92846682,"identity":"54f1527f-d3d9-4f13-9baa-ee15461972bf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 09:39:26","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":419350,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe effect of weed management and cropping patterns on the average sorghum anthracnose incidence (%) and severity (%) across the surveyed regions of Western and southwestern Ethiopia during the 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons. Bars labeled with the same letters are not significantly different according to t-tests (least significant difference) (p \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7772726/v1/35b33203d29a698d838f8819.png"},{"id":92846676,"identity":"8e77b17e-3564-46ca-8929-4a4276973b3c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 09:39:25","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":281396,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe effect of variety on the average sorghum anthracnose incidence (%) and severity (%) across the surveyed regions of Western and southwestern Ethiopia during the 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons. Bars labeled with the same letters are not significantly different according to t-tests (least significant difference) (p \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7772726/v1/e19169e7ba178b3da1118214.png"},{"id":92846745,"identity":"e23cba7e-d888-4eb2-9828-356adbdeca7c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 09:39:30","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1976728,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe distribution of sorghum anthracnose disease was mapped based on 350 sorghum fields surveyed during the 2020-2021 cropping season in western and southwestern Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7772726/v1/1bd1afad5f8ebe6ae944fff7.png"},{"id":92847271,"identity":"7b30dd6d-8411-4119-b35d-771de6c3d093","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 09:47:39","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":7002051,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7772726/v1/2e479a0e-f504-4059-82b2-9cba41a8b31e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare potential competing interests as follows: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssessment of Sorghum Anthracnose Disease Severity and Its Relationship with Biophysical Factors in South-Western Sorghum-Producing Regions of Ethiopia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eSorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ranks fifth among the most important cereal crops worldwide, following wheat, rice, maize, and barley in terms of production. It is also the fifth most widely cultivated crop, after maize, wheat, rice, and barley (FAOSTAT, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Global sorghum grain production currently totals 64.20\u0026nbsp;million tons, with a cultivated area of 41\u0026nbsp;million hectares and an average yield of around 1,600 kg per hectare (FAOSTAT, 2021). Africa produces about 26\u0026nbsp;million tons of sorghum. As a versatile crop, sorghum is widely used for human consumption, animal feed, and industrial raw materials globally. In sub-Saharan Africa, millions depend on sorghum as their primary source of calories. More than 35% of global sorghum production is dedicated to human consumption, with the rest used for animal feed, beverages, and industrial products (Nangobi \u0026amp; Mugonola, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In Africa, roughly 74% of sorghum is eaten as food (Acquaah, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, sorghum is a nutritious crop rich in protein and fiber, and it is naturally gluten-free (McCann et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Impa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEthiopia is one of the countries rich in fertile land, agroecological diversity, and abundant rainfall, making it an ideal place for farming. The main food crops in Ethiopia, in terms of production and yield, are cereal crops. According to the Central Statistical Agency (2021), these key food crops are grown in nearly all regions of the country, despite variations in production levels across different areas. Of the total grain crop area, 79.83% (11,610,331 hectares) was cereals, and up to 87.08% (approximately 283,922,484 quintals) of grain production (CSA, 2021). This shows that cereal crops have played a vital role in Ethiopia\u0026rsquo;s economic development.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Ethiopia, sorghum ranks as the third most important cereal crop after maize and teff. It is cultivated annually on 1.88\u0026nbsp;million hectares, yielding 4.75\u0026nbsp;million tons of grain each year, which makes Ethiopia the second-largest sorghum producer in Africa (CSA, 2017). Sorghum production in Ethiopia has grown from 1.55\u0026nbsp;million tons in 2002 to 4.45\u0026nbsp;million tons in 2021, with an average annual growth rate of 6.29% (CSA, 2021). Ethiopia is situated in a region known as the origin of sorghum, and the country boasts a high level of crop diversity. Sorghum\u0026rsquo;s ability to tolerate various environments, including heat and drought, makes it a vital crop for smallholder farmers across sub-Saharan Africa; however, it is sensitive to cold temperatures (Sleper \u0026amp; Poehlman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Despite its potential, sorghum\u0026rsquo;s production and productivity remain low due to threats from numerous abiotic and biotic stresses that degrade grain quality and yield, sometimes leading to complete crop failure. Among cereals, sorghum is considered the most susceptible to diseases (Esele, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e), partly because it is cultivated across diverse environments. In Ethiopia\u0026rsquo;s southwestern and western regions, factors such as improper fertilizer use, weed management issues, incorrect planting times and growth stages, crop density, the lack of improved varieties, and poor crop rotation practices all affect sorghum yields. These production challenges are also common in other sorghum-growing areas of Ethiopia (Schneider \u0026amp; Anderson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; FAO \u0026amp; DWFI, 2015).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecently, climate change has increased the challenges for farmers, leading to the emergence of multiple diseases and new, pesticide-resistant pathogen races that attack the same crops. Pathogenic fungi significantly decrease yields in many cereal crops. Each year, pests destroy approximately 42% of the world's agricultural produce, resulting in losses of around \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e220\u0026nbsp;billion (FAO, 2021). Sorghum anthracnose (\u003cem\u003eColletotrichum sublineolum\u003c/em\u003e P. Henn), one such pest, currently reduces sorghum yields and results in substantial losses for farmers, threatening food security even in newer varieties. \u003cem\u003eC. sublineolum\u003c/em\u003e is a key group of plant pathogenic fungi responsible for post-harvest rots, anthracnose spots, and blights on the plant's aerial parts (Thomas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e). In Ethiopia, yield losses from sorghum anthracnose are reported to range from 50% to 70% in susceptible cultivars (Tesso et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Severe outbreaks, characterized by premature drying and leaf drop, can decrease sorghum grain and fodder yields by 30\u0026ndash;50% or more (Mathur et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLimited research on yield reduction across different sorghum agroecologies has slowed efforts to enhance sorghum production, productivity, and expansion. Nevertheless, improving farm pest monitoring and developing targeted treatments is possible with accurate plant diagnosis, identifying causal agents, and critical damage stages. Studies on disease spread and importance reveal that anthracnose is widespread, particularly in sorghum. A survey in southwestern and western Ethiopia showed that sorghum anthracnose was present in all surveyed areas, with a 100% incidence (Binyam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The severity varied by location. However, there is a lack of detailed data and quantification on anthracnose severity, especially regarding biophysical factors and pathogen significance in much of Western and Southwestern Ethiopia. Furthermore, no detailed analysis has explored the relationship between various biophysical factors and sorghum anthracnose, particularly in Gambella.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research approach and its findings provided valuable insights into the factors affecting sorghum production, particularly in terms of biophysical aspects. It highlighted the current challenges of sorghum anthracnose within the context of national and global climate change scenarios. As a result, the study emphasized the exploration of the relationship between sorghum anthracnose severity and biophysical factors, given that this disease continues to be the primary barrier to advancing research and updating baseline data for researchers and agricultural stakeholders.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1. Description of the Study Areas\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA survey of sorghum anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum sublineolum was carried out during the main planting seasons from early October to mid-November in 2020 and 2021. During the period survey, the sorghum crops advanced from flowering to the firm dough stage, when leaf anthracnose symptoms typically appeared. The survey was conducted in three regional states of western and southwestern Ethiopia: Oromia, Gambella, and Benishangul-Gumuz (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The areas surveyed included various administrative districts and agroecological zones (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Historical climate data, including temperature and rainfall for each district (2020\u0026ndash;2021), were obtained from the National Meteorological Service Agency (NMSA, 2021) and the Agricultural and Natural Resource Office in each study area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClimatic data for the three regional states, zones, numbers of districts, and fields assessed per zone in Western and Southern Westerns of Ethiopia in the 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo. of districts\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo. of fields\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAltitude ranges (m.a.s.l.)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTemperature (\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRainfall Ranges (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOromia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJimma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1115\u0026ndash;2235\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e900\u0026ndash;2800\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBedelle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1306\u0026ndash;1979\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1000\u0026ndash;2400\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEW \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1280\u0026ndash;1650\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1236\u0026ndash;2000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBG\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssosa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e653\u0026ndash;1662\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e900\u0026ndash;1417\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGambella\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgnuwak\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e453\u0026ndash;1000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.035\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e955.5\u0026ndash;2000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e EW, East Wollega; BG, \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Benishangul Gumuze; No., Numbers; Min, Minimum; Max, Maximum\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2 Sample Size and Data Collection Methods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe sampling structures consisted of three hierarchical levels: region, zone, and districts within sorghum-growing agroecology. The three regions were deliberately chosen as the primary study sites based on their higher production potential and the use of sorghum crops, with a focus on the western and southwestern regions of Ethiopia. Besides production potential, these regions experience high rainfall, high humidity, and wide temperature ranges, which are favorable for the development of sorghum anthracnose disease. The effects of sorghum anthracnose are especially severe in warmer areas where temperatures and relative humidity are highest (Munaut et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Zamora-Melendez, 2010). Anthracnose can reduce grain sorghum yields by 50% or more in susceptible varieties under warm and humid conditions (Tesso et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). In each field, data were recorded on sorghum cultivar, crop growth stage, planting date, preceding crops, fertilizer applications, and weed management.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA survey was conducted across three agroecological regions, comprising five zones and a total of 16 districts within the three regional states. These include Shabe Sambo, Seka Chekorsa, Kersa, and Omo Neda from Jimma zone; Bedelle and Didessa from Buno Bedelle zone; Jimma Arjo and Sibu Sire from East Wollega zone; Assosa, Bambasi, Mange, and Kumuruk from Assosa zone, while Gambella, Abobo, and Dimma districts were from Agnuwak zone (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Survey sites were mapped using GPS to track disease distribution in the Western and Southwestern regions of Ethiopia. In total, 350 sorghum fields, comprising 187 in 2020 and 163 in 2021, were surveyed during the primary cropping season across the three regional states and 16 districts in five administrative zones to assess the incidence, severity, and prevalence of sorghum anthracnose disease. From Jimma (Oromia), five districts (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;108); Bedelle (Oromia), two districts (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28); East Wollega (Oromia), two districts (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40); Assosa (Benishangul Gumuz), six districts (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;129); and Agnuwak (Gambella), three districts (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;45), were examined. Ten plants were randomly chosen from each quadrant in every field, and the number of plants showing anthracnose symptoms was recorded to estimate disease severity as a percentage. Samples collected from ten plants were packed separately in plastic or paper bags and transported to the Ambo Plant Protection Research Center for further pathogen isolation using a light microscope.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.1. Disease Assessment Methods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSorghum fields were surveyed at intervals of 5 to 10 km along main and feeder roads. The percentage of sorghum anthracnose was estimated by randomly selecting fields and using a 3 m\u0026sup2; quadrant in each one. Plants were visually examined for the disease using a W-shaped pattern to cover the areas. A disease rating scale from 1 to 5 was used to estimate the percentage of leaf area with necrotic lesions, where 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;healthy plant (no visible symptoms, only chlorotic flecks); 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;hypersensitive reaction with local lesions (covering 1\u0026ndash;10% of leaf area with hypersensitive, restricted lesions without acervuli); 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;infected bottom leaves with acervuli (11\u0026ndash;25% of leaf area covered with lesions and acervuli); 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;infected middle to bottom leaves with acervuli (covering 26\u0026ndash;50% of leaf area with coalescing necrotic lesions and acervuli); and 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;infected plant, including the flag leaf, with acervuli or more than 50% of leaf area covered with coalescing necrotic lesions and acervuli (Prom et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the term \u0026ldquo;prevalence\u0026rdquo; refers to the percentage of fields where the disease was found, and \u0026ldquo;incidence\u0026rdquo; refers to the percentage of infected sorghum plants sampled within a field.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisease incidence: Incidence was defined as the percentage of leaves infected with anthracnose in a given field, and severity was measured as the average percentage of leaf area affected by acervuli. Incidence was calculated based on the formula proposed by Cooke et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2.2 Data collections associated with biophysical factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlant diseases are primarily influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors, which can lead to disease outbreaks. In this study, field data sheets were used to record crop growth stages (50% flowering, soft dough, or stiff dough) and farming practices, such as planting times (early April, mid-April, late April, or early June), fertilizer use (fertilized or unfertilized), previous crops or cropping patterns (rotation or monoculture), type of variety (improved or local), and weed management methods (weedy or unweedy). Additionally, all climate data were collected from the agricultural offices of each surveyed field, through interviews with growers, and via on-site observations of sorghum fields during the survey periods.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Data Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe logistic regression in SAS was used to identify factors significantly associated with the regional prevalence and severity of sorghum anthracnose disease. The independent variables were classified as \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;65 and \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;65 for incidence, and \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;25 and \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25 for severity (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Logistic regression estimates the probability of a binary outcome based on these variables (McCullagh \u0026amp; Nelder, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Fullerton, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, the binary outcome was the likelihood that sorghum anthracnose incidence exceeds 65% and severity exceeds 25% in a given field. The strength of the association between the variables and the disease was tested using the likelihood ratio test (LRT) with a reduced model. This involved evaluating the variables when they were entered into both the initial and final models, alongside other categories. If Yi denotes the presence (Yi\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1) or absence (Yi\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0) of disease in the ith field, the probability of disease presence is modeled as:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP (Yi\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;exp (a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SbjXj)/ [1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;exp (a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SbjXj)]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere i\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, ..., n and j\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, ..., p. Here, a and b1, ..., bp are parameters to be estimated, and Xj\u0026rsquo;s are covariates or predictors (Milan \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2003). Finally, the analysis of the deviation, odds ratio, and standard error of the new variables in a reduced model demonstrates the role of independent variables and variable classes in influencing the incidence and severity of the disease.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1. Overall Characteristic Features of Sorghum Fields\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSorghum fields affected by anthracnose disease were observed in all surveyed regions, though with varying severity. Every farmer\u0026rsquo;s field had at least one infected sorghum plot. The surveyed fields ranged in elevation from 453 to 2235 meters above sea level, with rainfall ranging from 900 to 2800 mm. Recorded temperatures ranged from 14\u0026deg;C to 35\u0026deg;C. The sorghum fields were grouped into three altitude categories: high (39.7% at 1506\u0026ndash;2235 m.a.s.l.), medium (44.6% at 1001\u0026ndash;1505 m.a.s.l.), and low (15.7% at 450\u0026ndash;1000 m.a.s.l.). Only 9.71% of the fields were weed-free, and a small portion practiced crop rotation, used fertilizers, followed recommended sowing dates, and employed improved varieties.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough it is uncommon, some farmers in the surveyed fields practiced crop rotation by planting sorghum, followed by cereals such as maize and finger millet, or pulses, to improve soil fertility and boost sorghum yields. However, most fields (71.71%) were monocropped, with only 28.29% using crop rotation (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Weed infestation was a significant problem, affecting 71.43% of the fields with species such as \u003cem\u003eStriga hermonthica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eBidens pilosa\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eGuizotia scabra\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eAgeratum conyzoides\u003c/em\u003e. Meanwhile, 28.5% of the fields were weed-free (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlanting patterns varied across districts, with sowings occurring from early April to early June, primarily due to differences in rainfall patterns. Specifically, 23.71% of sorghum fields were planted in early April, 37.43% in mid-April, 22.86% in late April, and 16% in early June (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Fertilizer use was limited, with only 33% of fields receiving fertilizers; 67% remained unfertilized, primarily due to low awareness and financial constraints that prevented the purchase of inorganic fertilizers. Additionally, adoption of improved sorghum varieties was low: out of 350 surveyed fields, only 31.43% used improved varieties, while 68.57% relied on local varieties (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSorghum anthracnose disease independent variables for logistic regression analysis in the 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons at three Southwestern and western regions of Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable class\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of fields\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncidence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePSI \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOromia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBG \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGambella\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZones\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJimma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEast Wollega\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIllubabor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssosa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgnuwak\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAltitude\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e453\u0026ndash;1000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1001\u0026ndash;1502\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1503\u0026ndash;2235\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFertilizer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFertilized\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnfertilized\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e242\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSowing date \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEarly April\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMid-April\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLate April\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEarly June\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCropping pattern \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRotation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMonocropping\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e181\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariety\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowth stage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50% Flowering\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoft dough\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHard dough\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWeed management\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWeedy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUn-weedy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e PSI, Percentage of Severity Index; \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e BG, Benishangul Gumuze; \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e Sowing date: Early April\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;a day from 1\u0026ndash;10; Mid-April\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;a day from 11\u0026ndash;20, Late April\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;a day from 21\u0026ndash;30, and Early June was a day started from June 1\u0026ndash;10; \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e Cropping pattern or land history refers to crops that grew before sorghum in the same field.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1. Symptomology and Morphology of Sorghum Anthracnose\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring field assessments, sorghum anthracnose was identified on both leaves and sheaths of infected plants (Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The initial diagnosis was based on visual symptoms and confirmed through magnification with lenses. To verify, infected samples were collected, labeled, stored in paper bags, and sent to the Ambo National Plant Protection Laboratory. Typical symptoms included small, circular, elliptical, or elongated spots, about 5 mm in diameter, on the leaves. Some of these spots had small, circular, black eruptions called acervuli of the fungus at their centers. Under magnification, black, hair-like structures (setae) protruding from the acervuli could be observed. In some cultivars with less leaf infection, the midrib exhibited more noticeable symptoms, characterized by elliptical to elongated lesions containing embedded acervuli (Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eB). Leaf sheaths were also infected (Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eA). The severe damage caused by sorghum anthracnose in the field is shown in Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eC.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2. Sorghum Anthracnose Intensity, Incidence, and Severity\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSorghum anthracnose was widespread, affecting all surveyed fields with varying levels of incidence and severity across districts, zones, and regions. A total of 321 fields from 16 districts, five zones, and three regions were affected, representing 91.71% of the total. The incidence ranged from 46.5% to 100% in Assosa, 55.5% to 100% in Jimma, 75% to 84.62% in East Wollega, 50% to 100% in Illubabor, and 58% to 100% in Agnuak. The average incidence rates were 83.78% in Assosa, 85.81% in Jimma, 73.56% in East Wollega, 78.10% in Illubabor, and 79.70% in Agew Agew.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Oromia region had the highest average incidence at 79.66% and a severity index of 32.6%. In comparison, Benishangul-Gumuz recorded an incidence of 74.92% and a PSI of 25.74%, with Gambella following at 71.70% and a PSI of 28.82%. Regarding severity, the Jimma zone showed the highest severity index at 35%, followed by Assosa at 34.5%, Awi at 28.97%, Illubabor at 28.32%, and East Wollega at 27.6% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFields at altitudes of 1506\u0026ndash;2325 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.) showed the highest average disease incidence of 74.82% and severity at 29.40%. They were followed by fields at 1000\u0026ndash;1500 meters, which had a mean incidence of 72.99% and a PSI of 27.06%. In comparison, areas below 1000 meters had a mean incidence of 68.51% and a PSI of 27.78%. Fields infested with weeds (unweeded) recorded the highest average disease incidence at 76.85% and severity at 29.22% PSI, while fields with effective weed management had the lowest incidence at 68.85% and 25.13% PSI (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding the cropping pattern, crop rotation resulted in the lowest average anthracnose incidence (64.31%) and PSI (23.38%), while monoculture showed higher levels with 78.96% incidence and 29.45% severity (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Sorghum planted in early June had the highest average disease incidence at 90.84% and a PSI of 37.18%, followed by those planted in late April, with an incidence of 85.14% and a mean PSI of 33.85%. Fields sown in early and mid-April experienced the lowest average disease incidence, at 58.13% and 67.42%, and had mean PSIs of 20.64% and 23.71%, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe highest average disease incidence (77.31%) with a PSI of 29.4% was observed in fields sown without fertilizer or unfertilized, while the lowest incidence (63.40%) and PSI (23.08%) occurred in fertilized fields. During the crop growth stages, the peak disease incidence (84.92%) and PSI (34.14%) were found at the 50% flowering stage. In contrast, the stiff dough stage showed a lower incidence (59.88%) and a lower PSI (20.57%) compared to the other stages. When farmers used local sorghum varieties, the average disease incidence (76.60%) and PSI (29.58%) were highest, while improved varieties recorded lower incidence (65.20%) and PSI (22.83%) (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e; Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence, mean incidence, mean severity, and standard deviation of sorghum anthracnose in the five zones and three regions of Southwestern and western Ethiopia during the 2020\u0026ndash;2021 cropping season.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable class\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of fields\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncidence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSI \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOromia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBG \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGambella\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJimma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIllubabor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEast Wollega\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssosa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgnuwak\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAltitude\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFertilizer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFertilized\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnfertilized\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e242\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSowing date\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEarly April\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMid-April\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLate April\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEarly June\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCropping Pattern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRotation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonocropping\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrowth stages\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50% flowering\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoft dough\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHard dough\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeed management\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeedy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUn-weedy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e Standard deviation; \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e Mean Percent of Severity Index; \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e BG, Benishangul Gumuze\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Associations of Biophysical Factors And Sorghum Anthracnose Intensity\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis study examines the relationship between biophysical factors and the severity of sorghum anthracnose disease. Variables analyzed included the surveyed year, region, zones, altitude, fertilizer use, sowing time, cropping pattern, variety, growth stage, and weed management practices. All were tested using multiple models, with disease incidence and PSI as outcomes. Seven variables: altitude, fertilizer, sowing time, cropping pattern, variety, growth stage, and weed management, were highly significant in both the initial and final logistic models, with Pr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u0026chi;2\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001. These factors showed the strongest connection to disease incidence and severity, producing the lowest deviance and most favorable probability values. Conversely, the surveyed year, region, and zones initially appeared significant but lost significance when other variables were added, as indicated by Pr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u0026chi;2\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001, although they still showed notable differences when included in the models.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTABLE: List of independent variables used in logistic regression analysis of sorghum anthracnose incidence and percent severity index (PSI), including the likelihood ratio test (LRT) for ten variables entered both initially and at the end of the model. \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSorghum anthracnose incidence, LRT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSorghum anthracnose PSI, LRT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndependent variable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVEF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVEF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVEL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0505\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0505\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0278\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0628\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1431\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAltitude\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFertilizer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSowing time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e195.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCropping pattern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrowth stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeed management\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDF, degrees of freedom; LRT, likelihood ratio test; DR, deviance reduction; Pr, probability of X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, value exceeding the deviance reduction; VEF, variable entered first into the model; VEL, variability entered last into the model.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe disease incidence and PSI analysis of deviance for the variables, parameter estimates, standard errors in the reduced model, and odds ratios are provided (Tables \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). High sorghum anthracnose disease incidence was strongly linked to the surveyed years 2020 and 2021, the Oromia region, Jimma zone, Illubabor, medium (1001\u0026ndash;1502 meters), and high altitudes (1503\u0026ndash;2235 meters), unfertilized fields, late April and early June sowing dates, monocropping, local varieties, 50% flowering and soft dough growth stages, and unweeded fields or fields with high weed infestation (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Conversely, the lowest sorghum anthracnose severity index (PSI) was strongly associated with the surveyed years 2020 and 2021, the Oromia region, East Wollega zone, along with other variables such as altitude (1001\u0026ndash;1502 meters), fertilized fields, early and mid-April sowing dates, crop rotation with pulses after cereals, improved varieties, stiff dough stage, and weedy or weed-free fields (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe likelihood of high sorghum anthracnose incidence was strongly associated with the surveyed years of 2020 and 2021 in Benishangul Gumuze, Assosa zone, along with other independent variables such as altitude ranging from 1001 to 1502 meters, unfertilized fields, sowing dates in late April and early June, monocropping cereals after cereals, local varieties, 50% flowering and soft dough stages, and fields that were unweeded or weed-infested (Table 5). Conversely, low sorghum anthracnose severity was closely linked to Benishangul Gumuze, Assosa zone, altitudes of 453-1001 meters, fertilized fields, early to mid-April sowing dates, crop rotation with pulses after cereals, improved varieties, stiff dough stage, and fields that were either weedy or weed-free during the 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons (Table 6).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh sorghum anthracnose incidence was strongly linked to the year 2021 in Gambella, Agnuwak Zone, at altitudes ranging from 453 to 1002 meters. It was also associated with unfertilized fields, sowing in late April and early June, monocropping cereals after cereals, using local varieties, and fields at 50% flowering and soft dough stages, especially if they were unweeded or weed-infested (Table 5). In contrast, low incidence was connected to Gambella, Agnuwak zone, at altitudes of 453-1001 meters, fertilized fields, early and mid-April sowing dates, crop rotation with pulses after cereals, improved varieties, fields at the stiff dough stage, and fields that were either weedy or weed-free during the 2021 cropping season (Table 6). Most surveyed areas had favorable climatic conditions for anthracnose development (Table 1). Leandro \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2003) also observed similar results, noting that temperatures between 17.6 and 27.7\u0026deg;C are ideal for germination and appressoria development during extended wet periods.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of deviance, natural logarithms of odds ratios, and standard error of added variable in a reduced model analyzing sorghum anthracnose incidence.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdded variable \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidual deviance \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLRT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable class\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimate \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOdd ratio \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntercept\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e425.6008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9587\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e417.9319\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5693\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e417.2673\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOromia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5854\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBenishangul\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.8188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGambella\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e411.7327\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0278\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJimma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6959\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9754\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIllubabor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.1412\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0934\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEast Wollega\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9704\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssosa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3477\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgnuwak\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAltitude\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e410.9337\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2680\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1583\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2582\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4715\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFertilizer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e354.5372\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFertilized\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.9637\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnfertilized\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSowing date\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196.5372\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEarly April\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.0847\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0864\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMid-April\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.6010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8953\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLate April\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8518\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8616\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEarly June\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCropping pattern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e195.6368\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRotation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1798\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonocropping\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194.4010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.5447\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4567\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrowth stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194.1667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50%Flowering\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoft dough\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2451\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7324\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHard dough\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeed management\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e193.2196\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeedy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.4251\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3547\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUn-weedy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eDF, degrees of freedom; LRT, likelihood ratio test; DR, deviance reduction; Pr, probability of a \u0026chi;2 value exceeding the deviance reduction, estimates from the model with all independent variables added; SE, standard error.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e Reference group\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of deviance, natural logarithms of odds ratios, and standard error of added variable in a reduced model analyzing sorghum anthracnose PSI.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdded variable \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidual deviance \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLRT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable class\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimate \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOdd ratio \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntercept\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e399.8624\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1827\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e396.0360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0505\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0778\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3481\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e381.8994\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOromia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.2062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4736\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBenishangul\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.5349\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4317\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGambella\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e378.0111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1431\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJimma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.5878\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5440\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEast Wollega\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.8945\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIllubabor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0958\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4654\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssosa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.9832\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3662\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnuak\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAltitude\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e376.5169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.8097\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5343\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.3225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3475\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFertilizer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e346.9997\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFertilized\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1922\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3516\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnfertilized\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSowing date\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e223.9214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEarly May\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.9290\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8596\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMid-May\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.4575\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6928\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLate May\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0263\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6389\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEarly June\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCropping pattern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e223.1346\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRotation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3802\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonocropping\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e217.1149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.9136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3720\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrowth stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e216.6280\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50%Flowering\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2662\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7441\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoft dough\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0887\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHard dough\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeed management\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e216.5922\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeedy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0579\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUn-weedy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eDF, degrees of freedom; LRT, likelihood ratio test; DR, deviance reduction; Pr, probability of a \u0026chi;2 value exceeding the deviance reduction, estimates from the model with all independent variables added; SE, standard error.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eA reference group\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSorghum anthracnose disease is becoming a significant problem for many crops, affecting global food security. These challenges arise from yearly changes in environmental conditions, limited access to improved crop varieties, and poor farming practices. As shown in Table 2 and Fig. 3, sorghum anthracnose was found in 100% of all surveyed regions and zones. However, its incidence and severity varied greatly depending on biophysical factors. The current study revealed different patterns of distribution and severity of anthracnose across regions and zones. This also agrees with previous sorghum anthracnose surveys. Teklay and Muruts (2015) reported that sorghum anthracnose appeared, with varying disease intensities, in all districts surveyed in South Tigray, Ethiopia. Similarly, Chala \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2011) and Benyam \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2016) documented the widespread presence of sorghum anthracnose in key sorghum-producing areas of the country. The widespread and severe presence of sorghum anthracnose, characterized by high prevalence, incidence, and severity, can be linked to several important factors. These include a lack of fertilizer application, improper sowing times, monocropping, use of local or non-resistant varieties, poor weed control, and inadequate management of crop growth stages, all of which create an environment that favors the spread and development of the disease.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe survey was conducted over two consecutive cropping seasons (2020 and 2021) to evaluate the variability and impact of sorghum disease severity over time. However, statistical analysis showed no significant differences in disease incidence and severity between the 2020 and 2021 survey results across all regions and zones, as determined by the model. These findings suggest an abundance of inoculum sources, caused by monocropping practices, the presence of alternative hosts, and favorable environmental conditions. Growing sorghum in monoculture allows the pathogen to overwinter in crop debris as microsclerotia and mycelia, in infected seed, and on the alternative host, Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense L.] (Cardwell \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 1989; Gwary \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2006; Tesso \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2012; Thakur \u0026amp; Mathur, 2000).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe surveyed regions of Oromia, Benishangul Gumuz, and Gambella showed significant altitudinal differences, which greatly influenced the incidence and severity of sorghum anthracnose disease across various zones. The current study found that the highest incidence and severity of anthracnose occurred in Jimma and Assosa, followed by Gambella, East Wollega, and Illubabor, all of which are located at elevations ranging from 1506 to 2235 meters above sea level. The next highest range for sorghum anthracnose incidence and severity was between 1001 and 1505 meters above sea level. In contrast, the lowest incidence and severity were observed at elevations between 450 and 1001 meters above sea level. This finding partially confirms earlier reports by Chala \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2010), which indicate that anthracnose incidence and severity are significantly higher at intermediate altitudes and lower at lower altitudes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonoculture practices, particularly the repeated planting of the same sorghum variety in the same fields, have been linked to the development and spread of sorghum anthracnose. The survey results showed that crop rotation with non-host crops is an effective strategy for reducing the incidence and severity of sorghum anthracnose disease. In the surveyed fields, high levels of anthracnose incidence and severity were observed in fields practicing monocropping. The sorghum monoculture system, along with the continuous planting and extensive cultivation of sorghum cultivars with similar genetic backgrounds, can lead to the development of anthracnose diseases. Isakiet \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2000) stated that growing non-host plants breaks the disease cycle of the pathogen.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeed species that act as alternative hosts increase the likelihood of sorghum anthracnose disease developing. The study results showed that fields with high weed infestation had greater prevalence and severity of sorghum anthracnose disease (Table 2). Fields with heavy weed infestation are significantly associated with the highest disease severity, indicating these factors play a crucial role in sorghum anthracnose outbreaks. Palumbo (2013) noted that weed species in and around crop fields serve as alternative hosts for many diseases and insect pests, which can later infect nearby crops. Heavily infested weed fields compete with crops for resources such as moisture, nutrients, space, and light, and can also provide shelter for pests and diseases that attack crops (Brooke \u0026amp; McMaster, 2019).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe timing of sorghum sowing is crucial for managing anthracnose development. The surveyed areas experienced an extended rainy season characterized by favorable rainfall, precipitation, and hot weather conditions, which supported the pathogen\u0026apos;s survival and spread. Frederiksen (2000) also noted that the disease is most severe during prolonged periods of cloudy, warm, humid, and wet weather, mainly when these conditions occur during the early grain-filling stage. The authors observed that the lowest incidence and severity were recorded in fields sown in early and mid-April. In contrast, fields sown in late April and early June showed the highest incidence and severity. Most of the survey was conducted in September, aligning with the peak growth stage of sorghum and the optimal time for pathogen infection. Favorable weather conditions in western and southwestern Ethiopia during this period facilitated the spread of the disease. Chala \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2010) and Benyam \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2016) also reported that the disease peaks in August and September. Therefore, sowing sorghum in early and mid-April offers more advantages for minimizing anthracnose infection than planting in late April and early June. Changing planting dates can be an effective strategy for managing anthracnose in farmers\u0026rsquo; fields (Park \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2005). Adjusting planting times (Ngugi \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2000; Marley, 2004), planting disease-free seeds, and crop rotation are also important methods for controlling the severity of sorghum anthracnose (Somda \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2007). Changes in planting dates and cultivar selection have a significant influence on the development of anthracnose in the field (Marlen \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2004).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuring the survey, both local and improved sorghum varieties were frequently seen in all fields. For clarity, all local types were labeled \u0026lsquo;local\u0026rsquo; and all improved types \u0026lsquo;improved\u0026rsquo;. Sorghum anthracnose was detected in both categories, with no fields free of the disease in any zone or region. Notably, local varieties suffered considerably more damage. The highest levels of anthracnose incidence and severity were observed in local varieties, whereas improved varieties showed the lowest levels.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding the link between biophysical factors and sorghum anthracnose development is crucial for creating effective disease management strategies, ultimately benefiting farmers, private sorghum producers, and the broader agricultural research community. The findings show that sorghum anthracnose is influenced by management practices and weather conditions that facilitate its growth and spread. The disease was widespread across surveyed fields, representing a significant economic concern. Incidence and severity of sorghum anthracnose varied significantly across different regions, zones, altitudes, fertilization regimens, sowing dates, cropping patterns, varieties, growth stages, and weed control practices in the surveyed areas.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe study recommends adopting best management practices such as applying recommended fertilizers, planting in early and mid-April, practicing crop rotation with other legumes, using improved or resistant varieties, and implementing effective weed control to reduce yield losses caused by sorghum anthracnose. All tested sorghum varieties, whether improved or local, showed infection in the surveyed fields. Ultimately, future research should focus on understanding pathogen diversity, developing resistant varieties, ensuring seed quality, raising awareness, and exploring the biophysical factors that contribute to disease development.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eBG: Benishangul Gumuze\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCP: Cropping Pattern\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCSA: Central Statistical Agency\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDF: Degrees of Freedom\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDI: Disease Incidence\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDR: Deviance Reduction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDS: Disease Severity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEW: East Wollega\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFAO: Food and Agriculture Organization\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig: Figure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGPS: Geographical Position System\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGS: Growth Stage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLRT: Likelihood Ratio Test\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM.a.s.l: meter above sea level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMax: Maximum\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMin: Minimum\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNMAS: National Meteorological Service Agency\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePr: Probability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSI: Percentage of Severity Index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSE: Standard Error\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSW: Sowing date\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVEF: Variable Entered First\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVEL: Variability Entered Last\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWM: Weed Management\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author. FA, AA, and SHJ managed the project, analyzed the data, edited the manuscript, and gave final approval. BKZ conducted the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. AAZ and GMN supervised the work and edited the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors acknowledge that this study was part of dissertation research conducted in Ethiopia\u0026apos;s Western and Southwestern regions. We sincerely thank the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) management and the research centers at Ambo, Melkessa, Jimma, Assosa, and Abobo for their valuable support.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAssefa Gidesa plays a lion\u0026apos;s share in this research paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors and affiliations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmbo University, Guder Mamo Mezemir Campus, P.O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAssefa Gidesa, Thangavel Selvaraj, and Alemu Lencho\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Melkassa Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 436, \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdama, Ethiopia \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGetachew Ayana\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e \u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eontributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAssefa Gidesa: conceptualizing, data collection, methodology, data analysis, visualization, writing (original draft), reviewing, and editing.Thangavel Selveraj: conceptualizing, supervising, reviewing, and editing. Getachew Ayana: conceptualizing, supervising, and reviewing. Alemu Lencho: supervising, reviewing, and editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorresponding author\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence to \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eAssefa Gidesa\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eORCID \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eh\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ettps://orcid.org/0009-0001-3381-5850\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmail: [email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdditional information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublisher note\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpringer Nature remains neutral about jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRights and permissions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpringer Nature or its licensor (e.g., a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical declarations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAli MEK, Warren IIL (1992) Anthracnose of sorghum. 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An Introduction to Plant Diseases. \u003cem\u003eThe English Language Book Society and Wiley and Sons Ltd\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVavilov NI (1992). In: Dorofeyev VF (ed) Origin and geography of cultivated plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 498 pp.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZamora-Mel\u0026eacute;ndez, A. (2010). Genetic Diversity and Evolution of Disease Response Genes in Sorghum Bicolor L. Moench and Other Cereals.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Sorghum, Anthracnose, Intensity, Prevalence, Incidence, Severity, Bio-physical factors","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7772726/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7772726/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eEthiopia is the second-largest producer of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) in Africa. Despite this production potential, yields and production levels remain low due to various challenges in the agricultural sector. One key fungal disease affecting sorghum is anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum sublineolum, which significantly reduces grain yield. This study aimed to evaluate the severity of anthracnose in sorghum fields and its relationship with biophysical factors. During the main cropping seasons from October to November, 350 sorghum fields (187 in 2020 and 163 in 2021) across three regional states were sampled at early to stiff dough stages. Infected leaves were collected, and related factors were analyzed. Results showed a 100% prevalence of sorghum anthracnose in Ethiopia's western and southwestern regions. Incidence rates ranged from 46.15% to 100% in Assossa, 55.5% to 100% in Jimma, 75% to 84.62% in Illubabor, 78.5% to 100% in East Wollega, and 85.7% to 100% in Gambella, with average incidences of 83.78%, 85.81%, 78.10%, 78.57%, and 91.79.70%, respectively. Severity levels were particularly high in Jimma, Assossa, Agnuwak, Illubabor, and East Wollega, with mean severities of 35.25%, 34.5%, 28.97%, 28.32%, and 27.60%, respectively. The study shows that effective weed management, crop rotation, proper fertilizer use, sowing timing, disease-free seed selection, and favorable weather conditions directly influence the development of sorghum anthracnose. Therefore, to reduce the impact of this disease on sorghum production, implementing disease management strategies and policies to support farmers in the region is essential.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessment of Sorghum Anthracnose Disease Severity and Its Relationship with Biophysical Factors in South-Western Sorghum-Producing Regions of Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-06 09:39:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7772726/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"058cfec1-0bd1-4aea-b9c6-9d1f3172ee31","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 6th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":55817497,"name":"Agricultural Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-06T09:39:14+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-06 09:39:14","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7772726","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7772726","identity":"rs-7772726","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}