Phase Analysis of the Scandium-Containing Minerals and Prediction of the Presence of Scandium: Ferrocolumbite, Samarskite, Fergusonite

Phase Analysis of the Scandium-Containing Minerals and Prediction of the Presence of Scandium: Ferrocolumbite, Samarskite, Fergusonite | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Phase Analysis of the Scandium-Containing Minerals and Prediction of the Presence of Scandium: Ferrocolumbite, Samarskite, Fergusonite Min Ro, Un-Hui Jang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7184258/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Sc is a common dispersed element in the crust, but the presence of Sc and scandium−containing minerals is also newly revealed, as the studies of pegmatites with high REE content have been intensified. In particular, the research on ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite has also been extensively studied. However, there are few studies comparing the crystalline structure of the Sc and sample preparation to perform phase analysis in these three minerals. Ores containing rare and rare earth elements, such as monazite, zircon, cassiterite, ferrocolumbite, samarskite, fergusonite and garnet, with quartz, feldspar and mica as the major minerals, were fractionated according to the mineral species by microscopy, and the phases were determined after calcination of ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite by X−ray fluorescence analysis, and the presence and presence of these minerals were compared with those of these minerals. Ferrocolumbite, a scandium−containing mineral, appears as a crystalline phase, whereas samarskite and fergusonite are amorphous phases, thus confirming the pre−calcination and post−calcination phase at 950℃. The Sc content was determined by XRF and atomic absorption spectrometry, and XRD structure analysis was carried out to predict the presence of Sc. scandium ferrocolumbite samarskite fergusonite XRD phase Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Introduction Mendeleev's predicted ‘ekabor’ Sc was discovered in 1879 as a new rare earth element in the gadolinite and euxenite minerals from granitic pegmatites in Northern Europe. The discovery of Sc and the study of geological characteristics have been studied in various deposits and minerals in different ages [ 1 ]. Generally, the mineral of Sc is known to be present in six silicate minerals and three phosphate minerals. The inclusion of Sc in these nine silicate and phosphate minerals is attributed to the strong nature of Sc forming the oxides and insoluble complexes of silicon and phosphorus, usually due to its high stability and low solubility in inorganic acids as well as in water [ 2 ]. Granitic pegmatite is the major mineral of Sc, but its low Sc content, heterogeneous mineral distribution and rare yield have not been widely used as a scandium-containing mineral resource [ 3 ]. However, the deposit formed by weathering and scouring of granitic pegmatites has significant scandium-bearing minerals due to the presence of a large number of Sc-bearing heavy minerals and hence high Sc content. The pegmatite of the one rare metal deposit is an alluvial placer deposit, with industrial value being the major rare earth minerals, columbite, gadolite, fergusonite, euxenite, samarskite, monazite, etc [ 4 ]. Generally, Sc 3+ is substituted for Fe 2+ , and the correlation of the samples is considered to exist only in the general direction between Sc and Fe in magmatic rocks. This is indeed possible only at six times the location of the mineral lattice where Fe 2+ is replaced by Sc 3+ , requiring additional modifications by bond substitutions (e.g., Fe 2+ +Si 4+ ⇔Sc 3+ +Al 3+ ; Fe 2+ +Ti 4+ ⇔2Sc 3+ ; or Fe 2+ +W 6+ ⇔ Sc 3+ +Nb, Ta 5+ ) [ 5 , 6 ]. Sc contains an average of 100ppm in clinopyroxene, an average of 50ppm in amphibole, and 92ppm in ilmenite, so that when there is a small amount of pyroxene in amphibole, the ultrabasic rocks are on average less than 10ppm and the basic rocks are about 30−40ppm. When the content of mafic minerals (pyroxene, amphibole and biotite) is low, the Sc concentration decreases to an average of 15ppm in diorite and andesite. In low-quartz granites and rhyolites (70% SiO 2 ), it is 10ppm according to similar magmatic compounds, but 3−5 ppm in quartz-rich granites and rhyolites (70% SiO 2 ) [ 6 ]. Alkaline rocks, excluding pyroxene and various carbonatite rocks, also mostly had low Sc, but predicted a Sc content of 22ppm on the Earth’s surface, and determined Sc content at 16ppm (7ppm in the upper crust and 25.37ppm in the lower crust) in the continental crust [ 7 ]. Besides the Sc minerals mentioned earlier, the scandium-containing minerals include ferrdcolumbite, samarskite fergusonite, and the presence and substitution of Sc in these minerals are still being investigated. The columbite ore being mined due to its rich niobium content (31−79% Nb 2 O 5 ) was studied and found that the columbite concentrate contained small amounts of Fe, Ti, Sc (0.135%), Y (0.17%), and rare earth elements (REE), while the tailings produced after the initial treatment contained large amounts of Fe, small amounts of Ta, Nb (0.996%) and Y (0.38%) [ 8 , 9 ]. Thus, ferrocolumbite, a scandium-bearing mineral, has been evaluated for different chemical compositions in granitic pegmatites, because phases are composed of interchangeable phases by spalling [10−15]. Samarskite were found by Rose (1839) as rare earth minerals (1939), which are typically minor amorphous minerals in pegmatite and their matrix granite. In nature, these minerals, typically absent in crystal planes, cleavage and interlayer, glassy, and black, are mainly composed of quartz, plagioclase, microcline, biotite, muscovite, and minor minerals such as monazite, xenotime, and beryl. The general formula of this mineral is given by (REE 0.32 Ca 0.269 Fe 0.23 U 0.142 Mn 0.031 Pb 0.011 Th 0.01 Zr 0.01 Al 0.004 Sc 0.002 Na 0.001 K 0.001 ) ∑1.034 (Nb 0.707 Ta 0.267 Ti 0.069 W 0.017 Sn 0.007 ) ∑1.067 O 4 , which is a very complex distribution of minerals due to its complex nature and its wide distribution [ 16 ]. Different heat treatments for recrystallization of these amorphous minerals have allowed the identification of structure, recrystallization studies and stoichiometric formulae [17−19]. In [ 20 ], the samarskite group minerals were classified as samarskite-(Y) (Y, REE, U, Fe 3+ )(Nb, Ta)O 4 , samarskite-(Yb) (Yb, Y, REE, U, Th, Ca, Fe 2+ )NbO 4 , calciosamarskite (Ca, Fe, Y)(Nb, Ta, Ti)O 4 , and the relationship of substitution of the atoms in the ishikawaite and samarskite site was investigated. In addition, this analysis and euxenite and samarskite were considered as the structural features of monoclinic systems, but no predictions of Sc were made [ 21 ]. In [ 22 ], the samarskite (Y 0.53 Fe 0.22 Ca 0.10 U 0.09 Mn 0.07 )(Nb 1.07 Ti 0.47 Fe 0.34 Ta 0.07 W 0.06 ) was also evaluated. Here, XRF analysis revealed the presence of Sc but the substitution relationship was not explained in the structural formula. Fergusonite, a mineral containing U and Th, was found by Haidinger (1826), which is a non-crystalline mineral. The pegmatites that may contain these minerals are mainly composed of pericline, potassium feldspar, muscovite, quartz and garnet species, and the minor minerals are magnetite, pyrophanite, monazite (Ce), uraninite, xenotime and zircon [23−25]. In [ 26 ], based on statistical analysis of chemical constituents, fergusonite found that is a minor mineral of granitic pegmatite. Fergusonite minerals are also a resource of Sc, as they are generally reserved for ores with Sc contents greater than 0.002–0.005% [ 27 , 28 ]. In this paper, we predict and evaluate the presence of Sc in these minerals by crystal structure analysis and the problem of sample preparation for phase analysis of scandium-containing minerals, ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite. 2. Sampling and microscopic evaluation Three layers of rocks were sampled from different regions, with interbedded siliceous quartzite, felsic quartzite, sericite feldspar quartzite, biotite gneiss, sericite schist, limestone, chert schist and schist. These rocks are sandy clay, gravelly clay and gravelly sand layers, with different but presumed to be mainly distributed in the placer, and were sampled from the gravel sand layer as a composite heavy sand. To separate and separate the heavy sand samples according to mineral morphology, the minerals were separated by visual inspection using an electron stereomicroscope “T2−HD 228S”. The magnification of the microscope is 7−180X and the applied voltage is 12 V. The microscopic images of the collected composite heavy sand samples are shown in Figure. 1. As shown in Figure. 1, the heavy sand samples distributed in the gravel sand layer of the placer can be predicted separately by visualization. We individually fractionated the lumps of oil and glass glasses and several mineral species by microscopy (Figure. 2). As shown in Figure. 2, the microscopic images of the individual minerals predicted in the visualization show that the ferrocolumbite lump in the figure appearing in Figure. 2A is about 6.3mm 3.8mm, with a maximum of about 2.2mm 1.8mm, about four times larger than the iron columbite lump ore, usually 1.3mm 0.7mm. The broken marks of ferrocolumbite lump ore are uneven, plate−like or arc−shaped. The size of the samarskite lump in Figure. 2B is approximately 1.8mm in column length, usually 0.3−1.2mm in length, 0.2−0.7mm in diameter, and there are other irregular−shaped angular crystals of size 0.5−1mm. Samarskite are rare minerals in the placer, with thin plates or square prismatic shapes, and the internal color at the shells is velvet black. Figure. 2C shows that the most abundant heavy mineral in the placer, fergusonite, is brown grey and the interior is dark black. Fergusonite lump is typical of columnar, pyramidal, or pot−shaped aggregates, with a maximum size of about 8.4mm (column length)×2.8cm (column diameter), usually 4.7mm×1.7cm, and fine grained to less than 3.2cm×1.1mm. Also, Figures. 2D, 2E and 2F are monazite, zircon and garnet, respectively, glassy and uneven broken marks, and the lump size of these minerals is found to be approximately 1.0 mm in diameter and usually 0.1−0.5mm. The lump size of minerals in the composite heavy−sand samples is found to be large in the lumps of ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite, because these three minerals are heavy minerals. 3. Phase analysis of scandium-containing minerals The phase analysis of individual minerals isolated by synthetic heavy sand samples and visual inspection was carried out. Phase analysis was performed by Bruker AXS “D8 ADVANCE” powder X−ray diffractometer (XRD), using a CuKα1 radiation (λ = 1.5406Å) controlled by 40kV and 40mA in the scan range from 5° to 60° with a step interval of 0.02°/0.5s. The EVA program was performed by the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction International Centre for Diffraction Data (JCPDS−ICDD) [ 29 ] for diffraction pattern reference data. First, phase analysis was performed on three composite heavy−sand samples of gravel sand layers (Figure. 3 ). a: heavy−sand sample1, b: heavy−sand sample2, c: heavy−sand sample3. The main minerals in each composite heavy sand samples are shown in Figure. 3a, quartz, zircon, and c) cassiterite are found to be the major minerals, while the diffraction peaks of the pericline and plagioclase are present in each sample. However, no diffraction peaks of scandium−containing minerals contained in the composite heavy sand sample were observed very small, slight or no. The results of the phase analysis of the minerals included in Figure. 3 are given in Table 1 . Table 1 Results of phase analysis of composite heavy sand samples of gravel sand layers. Samples 1 Samples 3 Samples 3 Minerals Name ICDD Card № Minerals Name ICDD Card № Minerals Name ICDD Card № Zircon 01−083−1374 Quartz 03−065−0466 Cassiterite 00−041−1445 Monazite 00−032−0199 Vesuvianite 01−083−0066 Quartz 03−065−0466 Vesuvianite 01−083-0066 Anorthite 01−089−5355 Ilmenite 00−029−0733 Microcline 00−019−0932 Albite 01−089−6426 Microcline 01−076−0918 Albite 01−089−6426 Microcline 01−076−0918 Albite 01−089−6426 Cassiterite 00−041−1445 Zircon 01−083−1374 Ferrocolumbite 01−080−2244 Ferrocolumbite 01−080−2244 Grossular 01−087−1720 Actinolite 01−089−5374 Ilmenite 00−029−0733 Pyrope 01−083−2204 Zircon 01−083−1374 Scheelite 01−072−1624 Ferrocolumbite 01−080−2244 Muscovite 01−089−5402 Quartz 03−065−0466 Monazite 00−074−1890 Monazite 01−083−0651 Hubnerite 00−012−0727 Ilmenite 00−029−0733 Biotite 01−088−2191 Dolomite 01−075−1758 Cordierite 01−083−1388 Hubnerite 00−012−0727 … … … … … … ※ The mineral names were determined according to the diffraction intensities of the heavy sand samples, and the phases with very low diffraction intensities were not listed in the table. It can be seen that only a few of the mineral phases and minor mineral phases observed by microscopy, as shown in Table 1 , but no minor minerals with low content were observed. Although all the three samples contain ferrocolumbite, the phases are not present at high or low concentrations, as the samarskite and fergusonite are amorphous samples as discussed in the previous literature. In addition, we performed phase analysis separately for the minerals ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite, classified by microscopy. The diffraction patterns of these three minerals before calcination are shown in Figure. 4. As shown in Fig. 4 , ferrocolumbite is a perfect single−phase crystalline phase (ICDD No. 01−080−2244), whereas samarskite and fergusonite are amorphous minerals with no crystals. Based on the literature [ 19 , 30 ], amorphous samarskite and fergusonite lumps were calcined at 950℃ and phase was considered (Figure. 5). Ferrocolumbite was also calcined. After calcination, the samarskite and fergusonite lumps do not exist as single minerals, as shown in Figure. 5. The samarskite lumps contains fergusonite, anorthite and cristobalite, while the fergusonite lumps contains microcline and cristobalite. The higher intensity of the fergusonite diffraction pattern in the samarskite lumps was attributed to the plastic change because the calcination temperature was carried out at 950℃. Also, the presence of anorthite and cristobalite is due to the mineral phase contained inside the samarskite lump by geological processes. However, the fergusonite lumps was not anorthite but microcline-like, which is expected to be involved in the transformation of fergusonite by geological processes. Based on the results of the microscopy and phase analysis of the composite heavy sand samples, ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite lumps, the Sc content in nine samples before and after calcination was determined by atomic absorption and X−ray fluorescence analysis, and the presence of Sc was predicted. 4. Sc content and presence status discussion 4.1. Sc content The samples used for the Sc content determination were iron columbite, samarskite and fergusonite lumps, classified by the combined heavy sand sample and microscopic examination. Atomic absorption analysis was performed using a polarizer-only atomic absorption spectrometer Z−5000, a Sc-hole cathode lamp Sc LTL−2, and a pyrolytic graphite tube 190−6003. The measurement conditions for the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry of scandium are the absorption wavelength 391.2nm, the lamp holding time 0.1 s, the lamp current 10mA, the photoelectron multiplication voltage 472 V, the sample injection volume 20µL, and the linear range 0−500ppb. The sample volume was 0.1g, dilution ratio 0.1:100, heating temperature above 100℃, and the digestion reagent was first used with sulphuric acid and finally nitrate dissolution was performed. The heating conditions of the graphite furnace are shown in Table 2 , and the temperature control of the black furnace is achieved by the optical temperature control method. Table 2 graphite furnace heating condition Step Temperature, ℃ Time, s Ar Flux, mL/min Beginning Conclusion Raise maintenance Drying 80 140 40 0 200 Ashing 1,000 1,000 20 0 200 Atomic 2,700 2,700 0 5 30 Purity 2,800 2,800 0 4 200 Cooling 0 0 0 17 200 X−ray fluorescence analysis was performed using a ZSX Primus III + type X-ray fluorescence analyzer, an X−ray tube with Rh as the target material, a tube current of 40 kV, and a tube voltage of 70mA. Sample preparation was pulverized and sieved through a 200−mesh sieve, and then the moisture was removed and ± 20g was placed in a die with a diameter of 40mm and a thickness of 2mm, and the sample was kept in a hydraulic press at 20MPa for 60s to make a sample. The sample measurement time was 60 s. X−ray fluorescence analysis was carried out on three samples of synthetic heavy sand used for phase analysis and ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite lumps before and after calcination, respectively. The results of X−ray fluorescence analysis of the composite heavy sand samples are given in Table 3 . Table 3 X−ray fluorescence analysis of the composite heavy sand samples. № Oxidized, % Heavy sand sample a (Fig. 3 a) SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 SnO 2 Fe 2 O 3 TiO 2 Ta 2 O 5 Nb 2 O 5 CaO K 2 O Y 2 O 3 43.0 13.9 8.22 8.14 6.12 4.50 3.78 2.46 1.91 1.84 MgO U 3 O 8 Na 2 O WO 3 Yb 2 O 3 ThO 2 CeO 2 ZrO 2 Er 2 O 3 Dy 2 O 3 0.992 0.748 0.707 0.611 0.581 0.491 0.357 0.255 0.249 0.204 La 2 O 3 MnO Nd 2 O 3 Lu 2 O 3 Sc 2 O 3 PbO Gd 2 O 3 ZnO HfO 2 Rh 2 O 3 0.201 0.164 0.162 0.123 0.0908 0.0854 0.0319 0.0282 0.0272 0.0080 Heavy sand sample b (Fig. 3 b) ZrO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 SiO 2 CaO SnO 2 TiO 2 K 2 O HfO 2 MgO 49.2 9.35 7.64 7.38 6.56 5.67 5.34 3.86 2.22 1.518 Ta 2 O 5 CeO 2 P 2 O 5 Nb 2 O 5 Na 2 O WO 3 MnO Y 2 O 3 Sc 2 O 3 SrO 0.435 0.401 0.376 0.362 0.317 0.243 0.156 0.0884 0.0785 0.0501 U 3 O 8 ThO 2 SO 3 0.0372 0.0288 0.000 Heavy sand sample c (Fig. 3 c) SiO 2 SnO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 TiO 2 Ta 2 O 5 Nb 2 O 5 Y 2 O 3 CaO K 2 O 29.8 22.7 11.1 9.66 6.79 4.99 3.31 1.92 1.80 1.46 WO 3 MgO U 3 O 8 Yb 2 O 3 Na 2 O ThO 2 CeO 2 Er 2 O 3 ZrO 2 MnO 0.898 0.780 0.757 0.675 0.540 0.509 0.336 0.248 0.245 0.220 Dy 2 O 3 La 2 O 3 Sc 2 O 3 Lu 2 O 3 Nd 2 O 3 PbO Ho 2 O 3 Gd 2 O 3 Rh 2 O 3 Cr 2 O 3 0.199 0.178 0.168 0.147 0.144 0.101 0.0758 0.0722 0.0496 0.0430 ZnO SrO HfO 2 0.0349 0.0109 0.0094 The Sc 2 O 3 content in sample a in Table 3 is found to be 0.0908wt%, where rare earth oxides are included in descending order of Y 2 O 3 , Yb 2 O 3 , CeO 2 , Er 2 O 3 , Dy 2 O 3 , La 2 O 3 , Nd 2 O 3 , Lu 2 O 3 , Sc 2 O 3 , and Gd 2 O 3 , and also U 3 O 8 and ThO 2 . The relatively high content of Al 2 O 3 is due to the presence of some microcline and pericline, while the oxides of CaO, K 2 O, MgO and Na 2 O are due to feldspar and garnet. Small amounts of Ta 2 O 5 and Nb 2 O 5 are expected to be contained in ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite lumps, while SnO2 and WO3 are expected to be contained in tin and barite minerals. Sample b is the most abundant ZrO 2 , the main mineral being zircon, Fe 2 O 3 , TiO 2 ilmenite, WO 3 , MnO, and the rare earth oxides, such as barite minerals, HfO 2 , CeO 2 , Y 2 O 3 , and Sc 2 O 3 , are found to contain less than sample 1. The amount of Sc 2 O 3 was 0.0785wt%. Silicate and stannous minerals are the main minerals, with the highest content of the three samples, since the contents of sample C are 29.8wt% SiO 2 and 22.7wt% SnO 2 . It is inferred that the Sc content (0.168wt%) is more related to the presence of tin minerals in the heavy sand samples, but is due to the high content of lump ore samples, ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite. The results of X−ray fluorescence analysis of ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite lump ore before and after calcination are given in Table 4 . Table 4 X−ray fluorescence analysis of ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite lump ores before and after calcination. № Oxidized, % Ferrocolumbite before Nb 2 O 5 Ta 2 O 5 SnO 2 Fe 2 O 3 MnO Sc 2 O 3 TiO 2 SiO 2 CaO SO 3 58.96 17.05 10.86 7.34 2.18 0.639 0.520 0.492 0.472 0.360 Y 2 O 3 ZrO 2 U 3 O 8 P 2 O 5 K 2 O ThO 2 NiO GeO 2 ZnO WO 3 0.308 0.285 0.117 0.099 0.0552 0.053 0.043 0.0289 0.0192 0.0165 Samarskite before Ta 2 O 5 Nb 2 O 5 Y 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 SnO 2 Sc 2 O 3 U 3 O 8 ThO 2 SiO 2 MnO 37.3 21.0 13.1 7.50 3.79 3.35 2.87 1.84 1.23 0.997 Dy 2 O 3 TiO 2 ZrO 2 Gd 2 O 3 Yb 2 O 3 Er 2 O 3 Al 2 O 3 Rh 2 O 3 CaO GeO 2 0.925 0.911 0.757 0.749 0.745 0.572 0.508 0.398 0.334 0.0682 NiO WO 3 SeO 2 0.0579 0.0203 0.0003 before Ta 2 O 5 Nb 2 O 5 Y 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 SiO 2 Sc 2 O 3 SnO 2 U 3 O 8 ThO 2 Al 2 O 3 36.4 19.2 12.4 7.30 4.16 3.25 3.15 2.66 1.68 1.47 MnO Dy 2 O 3 TiO 2 Yb 2 O 3 ZrO 2 Gd 2 O 3 SO 3 Er 2 O 3 CaO Sm 2 O 3 0.88 0.837 0.804 0.764 0.715 0.542 0.511 0.479 0.449 0.411 Nd 2 O 3 Rh 2 O 3 CeO 2 Na 2 O Tb 4 O 7 K 2 O MgO HfO 2 Ho 2 O 3 MoO 3 0.408 0.228 0.210 0.201 0.148 0.132 0.128 0.123 0.121 0.106 PbO NiO Cl SrO SeO 2 0.0826 0.0413 0.02 0.0182 0.0017 Feriguaonite after Nb 2 O 5 Y 2 O 3 U 3 O 8 Ta 2 O 5 SiO 2 ThO 2 Dy 2 O 3 Yb 2 O 3 Er 2 O 3 Gd 2 O 3 39.1 22.8 6.66 5.73 3.75 2.75 2.66 2.28 2.17 1.77 CaO TiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 Nd 2 O 3 Sm 2 O 3 Rh 2 O 3 ZrO 2 P 2 O 5 Tb 4 O 7 1.47 1.44 1.30 1.04 0.905 0.787 0.650 0.621 0.498 0.395 Ho 2 O 3 PbO MnO NiO K 2 O Na 2 O Sc 2 O 3 SeO 2 0.355 0.207 0.194 0.161 0.151 0.143 0.0313 0.0000 after Nb 2 O 5 Y 2 O 3 U 3 O 8 Ta 2 O 5 SiO 2 ThO 2 Dy 2 O 3 Yb 2 O 3 Er 2 O 3 Gd 2 O 3 39.3 23.6 6.55 6.37 3.59 2.74 2.50 2.05 1.89 1.51 Fe 2 O 3 TiO 2 CaO Al 2 O 3 Nd 2 O 3 Sm 2 O 3 ZrO 2 Rh 2 O 3 Tb 4 O 7 Tb 4 O 7 1.25 1.20 1.14 0.916 0.878 0.713 0.648 0.505 0.389 0.346 Sc 2 O 3 Ho 2 O 3 P 2 O 5 PbO SO 3 MnO K 2 O SnO 2 Na 2 O NiO 0.341 0.275 0.231 0.205 0.185 0.184 0.138 0.120 0.0806 0.0637 As shown in Table 4 , the Sc content of the scandium-containing minerals, ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite, differed significantly, with the samarskite being higher. The Sc contents of these nine synthetic heavy sand samples, ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite lump ores, classified by microscopy, are shown in Table 5 for comparison of X−ray fluorescence and atomic absorption analysis. Table 5 Comparison of X−ray fluorescence and atomic absorption analysis of ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite lumps after calcination and calcination of heavy sand samples. № X−ray diffraction X−ray fluorescence, Sc 2 O 3 (%) atomic absorption, Sc 2 O 3 (%) Heavy sand sample a (Fig. 3 a) The phase of a scandium-containing minerals 0.0908 0.102 Heavy sand sample b (Fig. 3 b) The phase of a scandium-containing minerals 0.0785 0.081 Heavy sand sample c (Fig. 3 c) The phase of a scandium-containing minerals 0.168 0.177 Ferrocolumbite Crystallization 0.639 0.644 Samarskite before after Calcination After calcination Calcination After calcination Amorphous Crystal 3.35 3.25 3.09 3.38 Fergusonite before after Calcination After calcination Calcination After calcination Amorphous Crystal 0.313 0.341 0.285 0.347 As shown in Table 5 , the Sc content changes are small for the synthetic heavy sand and ferrocolumbite lumps, but there is little change in Sc content before and after calcination for the samarskite and fergusonite lumps. 4.2. Sc presence status and discussion The atomic position and substitution relationships of Sc in ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite lumps, considered to be scandium-containing minerals, were investigated using the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) [ 31 ], and the Crystal Open Database (COD) [ 32 ]. Previous studies of scandium-containing minerals to predict the presence of Sc have been mainly reported for ferrocolumbite, but the studies of samarskite [16, 33−35] and fergusonite are still weak. We considered the atomic position, atomic bonding and substitution states of Sc in iron columbite, and accordingly predicted the existence of Sc in the samarskite and fergusonites. The phase predictions based on X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption analysis of ferrocolumbite correspond to ICSD #171762 and COD #9003729. The X−ray diffraction patterns of ferrocolumbite lump ore were refined by the Rietveld method to calculate the lattice parameters and the results are shown in Figure. 6. The overall diffraction pattern refinement of the ferrocolumbite lumps, as shown in Figure. 6, was in complete agreement with the ICDD No. 01−080−2244 (Nb 0.271 Ta 0.091 Fe 0.638 )(Nb 0.614 Ta 0.205 Fe 0.181 ) 2 O 6 (ICSD 97280, COD 1532829 (Nb 1.57 Sn 0.015 Ta 0.078 W 0.044 Sc 0.047 Ti 0.335 Mn 0.067 Fe 0.794 )O 6 ) patterns. Here, the lattice parameters of ICDD No. 01−080−2244 are a = 14.22Å, b = 5.727Å, c = 5.102Å, and the lattice parameters of ICSD 97280 are a = 14.174Å, b = 5.692Å, c = 5.065Å, so that the calculated lattice parameters a = 14.2508Å, b = 5.7312Å, and c = .1023Å are close to the phase parameters. The atomic position and atomic bond distance of Sc by the calculated lattice parameters were considered by Visualize 1.0 software (Figure. 7 ). In Figure. 7, the atomic positions of Sc show that S1 and S2 are substituted with other atoms, respectively, S1 with Sc1 3+ , Ti1 4+ , Mn1 2+ , Fe1 2+ (Fe1 2+ ), Nb1 5+ , Sn1 4+ , Ta1 5+ , W1 6+ , and S2 with Sc2 3+ , Ti2 4+ , Mn2 2+ , Fe3 3+ , Nb2 5+ , Sn2 4+ , Ta2 5+ and W2 6+ . The total number of atomic bonds in Sc is 86, whereas the number of substitutions in Sc is 42. The substitution of Sc in ferrocolumbite is due to the substitution of elements with similar chemical properties in the unit lattice, and the substitution conditions due to Sc incorporation during the evolution of atoms contained in pegmatite. The results of XRF and atomic absorption spectrometry also suggest that Sc is present and substituted with ferrocolumbite in the samples of samarskite and fergusonite lumps contained in the composite heavy sand samples. The samarskite [ 36 , 37 ] and fergusonite [ 27 , 38 ] group minerals are still being studied in the present study as (Y-REE-U-Th)-(Nb-Ta-Ti)Ox, but predictive evaluation of the structural presence of Sc is lacking. Ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite are all minerals present in granitic pegmatites, with different geological and chemical compositions, resulting in crystallization and amorphization, but different major-abundant atoms exist depending on these minerals (Table 4 ). For example, the Sc-substituted ferrocolumbite has a high content of Nb, Ta, Sn and Fe, and a low content of Mn, Ti and W. Samarskites, which have not been considered as substitutions of Sc in the literature, have high contents of Ta, Nb, Y, Fe, Sn, Sc, U, low contents of REE, Mn, Ti, W, fergusonite has high contents of Nb, Y, U, Ta, Th, Yb, and low contents of REEs, Mn, and Ti. In particular, the Sc content is about 3.35% of the samarskite, about 0.64% of the ferrocolumbite, and about 0.32% of the fergusonite, so it is expected that Sc can be substituted for samarskite and fergusonite. Conclusions The problem of sample preparation for phase analysis of scandium-containing minerals, ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite, and the content and presence of Sc in these minerals were estimated. The phases were identified by X-ray diffraction for the phase analysis of the ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite, and the samples of the synthetic heavy sand, which are scandium-bearing minerals in the granitic pegmatite area. The amorphous samples, samarskite and fergusonite lumps, were calcined at 950°C and crystallized to phase analysis to identify the mineral phases contained in these lumps. The highest amount of samarskite is obtained from the synthetic heavy sand samples of placer deposits and from the Sc contents of ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite lumps determined by atomic absorption spectrometry and X−ray fluorescence analysis. Based on the crystal structure analysis of ferrocolumbite, the presence of Sc in the samarskite and fergusonites was estimated. The lack of information on the structural substitution of samarskite and fergusonite is a prerequisite for further studies. Declarations Conflicts of interest The authors declare that there exists no competing financial interest or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Funding Statement No funding has been received for this article. Author Contribution Thae-Min Ro: Investigation, Writing-original draftUn-Hui Jang: Project Administration, Methodology Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to Dr. Prof. Pyong-Hun Kom (Institute of Analysis, Kim Chaek University of Technology) who provided carefully considered feedback and valuable comments. References Kempe U, Wolf D (2006) Anomalously high Sc contents in ore minerals from Sn–W deposits: Possible economic significance and genetic implications. Ore Geol Rev 28:103–122. 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2005.04.00 Gramaccioli CM, Campostrini I, Orlandi P (2004) Scandium minerals in the miaroles of granite at Baveno, Italy. Eur J Mineral 16:951–956 Friis GSA (2020) Muriel Erambert., Magnus Kristoffersen., Nanna Rosing-Schow., Unusual scandium enrichments of the Tørdal pegmatites, south Norway. Part I: Garnet as Sc exploration pathfinder. Ore Geology Reviews , 126, 3–17; doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103729 Subhash Jaireth, Dean M, Hoatson (2014) Geological setting and resources of the major rare-earth-element deposits in Australia. Ore Geol Rev 62:72– Norman JC, Haskin LA (1968) The geochemistry of Sc: a comparison to the rare earth and Fe. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 32:93–108 Ivanov VV (1997) Ecological Geochemistry of Elements. v.5. Rare d-elements. Ekologiya, Moskva , 576. (in Russian) Wedepohl KH (1995) The composition of the continental crust. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:1217–1232 Mohamed E, Ibrahim, Ahmed H, Nagwa O, Falila. I, Doaa A, Ismaiel., Hend M (2020) Salem., Processing of the mineralized Black Mica for the recovery of uranium, rare earth elements, niobium, and tantalum. Hydrometallurgy 197:105474 Xu S, Li S (1996) Review of the extractive metallurgy of scandium in China (1978–1991). Hydrometallurgy 42:337–343 Cerny P, Chapman R (2001) Exsolution and breakdown of scandian and tungstanian Nb-Ta-Ti-Fe-Mn phases in niobian rutile. Can Mineral 39:93–101 Cerny P, Chapman R, Göd R, Niedermayr G, Wise MA (1989) Exsolution intergrowths of titanian ferrocolumbite and niobian rutile from the Weinebene spodumene pegmatites, Carinthia, Austria. Mineral Petrol 40:197–206 Cerny P, Chapman R, Masau M (2000a) Two-stage exsolution of a titanian (Sc, Fe3+)(Nb, Ta)O4 phase in Norwegian niobian rutile. Can Mineral 38:907–913 Cerny P, Novák M, Chapman R, Masau M (2000b) Niobian rutile from Vezná: a model for exsolution with Fe2+ >>Fe3+. J Czech Geol Soc 45:21–35 Okrusch M, Hock R, Schussler U, Baier A (2003) Hans Theisinger., Intergrown niobian rutile phases with Sc- and W-rich ferrocolumbite: An electron-microprobe and Rietveld study. American Mineralogist , 88, 986–995 Serena C (2010) Tarantino Michele Zema., Tiziana Boffa Ballaran., Crystal structure of columbite under high pressure. Phys Chem Minerals 37:769–778 ., Nenad Tomasic, Gajovic A, Bermanec V., Masa Rajic Linaric., Su D (2010) Radek Skoda., Preservation of the samarskite structure in a metamict ABO4 mineral: a key to crystal structure identification. Eur. J. Mineral , 22, 435–442 Komkov AI (1965) O kristalliceskoi strukture i himiceskoi konstitucii samarskitov. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 160:693–696 (in Russian) Malczewski D, Grabias A (2008) 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopyand X-ray diffraction study of complex metamict minerals, Part II. Hyperfine Interact 186:75–81 Sergey N, Britvin. IV, Pekov., Maria G, Krzhizhanovskaya., Atali A, Agakhanov. B Ternes., Nikita W (2019) V. Chukanov., Redefnition and crystal chemistry of samarskite–(Y), YFe3 + Nb2O8: cation–ordered niobate structurally related to layered double tungstates, Physics and Chemistry of Minerals , https://doi.org/10.1007/s00269-019-01034-0 ., Adam Pieczka, Szeleg E, Nejbert S (2014) Krzysztof Turniak., Samarakite-group minerals and alteration products: an example from the julianna pegmatitic system, pilawa gorna, sw Poland. The Canadian Mineralogist , 52, 303–319; dio:10.3749/canmin.52.2.303 Secco AGL., Radek Škoda., Fabrizio Nestola., Mariangela Schiazza., Milan Novák., and, Pennacchioni G (2019) Non-Metamict Aeschynite-(Y), Polycrase-(Y), and Samarskite-(Y) in NYF Pegmatites from Arvogno, Vigezzo Valley (Central Alps, Italy). Minerals , 9, 313. 10.3390/min9050313 Gian Carlo Capitani, Mugnaioli E, Guastont A (2016) What is the actual structure of samarskite-(Y)? A TEM investigation of metamict samarskite from the Garnet Codera dike pegmatite (Central Italian Alps). Am Mineral 101:1679–1690. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2016-5605 Ervanne H (2004) Uranium oxidation states in allanite, fergusonite and monazite of pegmatites from Finland. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Monatshefte 7:289–301 Tomašić N, Gajovi, ć A, Bermanec V, Su DS, Rajić Linarić M, Ntaflos T, Schlögl R (2006) Recrystallization mechanisms of fergusonite from metamict mineral precursors. Phys Chem Miner 33:145–159 Ruschel K, Nasdala L, Gaft M, Schnier C, Schlüter J (2007) Photoluminescence recovery upon annealing of fergusonite (Abstract), Goldschmidt Conference 2007. Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts, Köln , A861 Ercit TS (2005) Identification and alteration trends of granitic-pegmatite-hosted (Y,REE,U,Th)–(Nb,Ta,Ti) oxide minerals: a statistical approach. Can Mineral 43:1291–1303 Chol-Jin S-CRC-SKS-CKC-JK (2020) Kang., The extraction of Ta, Nb and rare earths from fergusonite by using KOH sub-molten salt leaching. Journal Pre-proof . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet. 2020.105358 Alessandro Guastoni., Fernando Cámara., Fabrizio nestola., Arsenic-rich fergusonite-beta-(Y) from Mount Cervandone (Western Alps, Italy): Crystal structure and genetic implications. American Mineralogist (2010) 95, 487–494; 10.2138/am.2010.3239 Powder Diffraction File (PDF), copyright by International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) Newtown Square; 12 Campus Blvd., Newtown Square , PA 19073 – 3273 Katja Russchel L, Nasdala D, Rhede R, Wirth CL, Lengauer (2010) Eugen Libowitzky., Chemical alteration patterns in metamict fergusonite. Eur J Mineral 22:425–433 Gelato LM, Parthe E (2007) Currently the ICSD database contains about 100000 entries of fully determined inorganic crystal structures, 1987. J. Appl. Cryst . 20, 139–143. ICSD ICSD is available at FIZ Karlsruhe at http://www.fiz-karlsruhe.de/icsd.html or http://icsdweb.fiz-karlsruhe.de Grazulis S, Chateigner D, Downs RT, Yokochi AFT, Quiros M, Lutterotti L, Manakova E, Butkus J, Moeck P, Le Bail A (2009) Crystallography Open Database – an open-access collection of crystal structures. J Appl Crystallogr 42:726–729 Ugitani Y, Suzuki Y, Nagashima K (1984) Recovery of the original samarskite structure by heating in a reducing atmosphere. Am Mineral 69:377–379 Gitani Y, Suzuki Y, Nagashima K (1985) Polymorphism of samarskite and its relationship to other structurally related Nb–Ta oxides with the a-PbO2 structure. Am Mineral 70:856–866 Tomasic N, Gajovic A, Bermanec V, Su DS, Rajic Linaric M, Ntaflos T, Schlogl R (2006) Recrystallization mechanisms of fergusonite from metamict mineral precursors. Phys Chem Minerals 33:145–159 ., Adam Pieczka, Szeleg E, Nejbert S (2014) Krzysztof Turniak., Samarakite-group minerals and alteration products: an example from the julianna pegmatitic system, pilawa gorna, sw Poland. The Canadian Mineralogist , 52, 303–319 (2014); dio: 10.3749/canmin.52.2.303 ., Gian Carlo Capitani, Mugnaioli E (2016) Alessandro Guastont., What is the actual structure of samarskite-(Y)? A TEM investigation of metamict samarskite from the Garnet Codera dike pegmatite (Central Italian Alps). American Mineralogist , 101, 1679–1690, 2016; http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2016-5605 Alessandro Guastoni., Fernando Cámara., Fabrizio nestola., Arsenic-rich fergusonite-beta-(Y) from Mount Cervandone (Western Alps, Italy): Crystal structure and genetic implications. American Mineralogist (2010) 95, 487–494, 2010; 10.2138/am.2010.3239 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Jang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYexsc/KiTk+FHFD+DVwmzMcMbCWLKBGUkQnxYGBh42aca2isQNB4jVwjwj97BxwRkJY+Pz5w9+rmCwk2OQbj7+gOHMHdwOm5GX+HgG0C9mN5KZJc8wJBszyBxLbGC48QyPlhxjAx6gLWY3mBkkG/8dSGyQyDFsYPhwGJ8WMwneNonEzf2HmX8C/QDUkv+RoBZpkJYNDMlskhAtOUDv38CjpeeNseEMoMMkbiSbWTYA/cImkWY4I+EMbr8YtucYPvhQUSfH33/w8c0GYIjxSyQ/+PDhGO4QA/oUDbCBiAQ8ESOPSwK3llEwCkbBKBhxAABA9lieGJrv9QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Kim Chaek University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Un-Hui","middleName":"","lastName":"Jang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-22 08:08:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7184258/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7184258/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89601191,"identity":"4b7f3d2b-743f-418c-9869-10692486e486","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-21 18:16:59","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":562920,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMicroscopic images of composite heavy sand samples.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7184258/v1/07c31e59cf5260dbb8929a1b.png"},{"id":89601629,"identity":"104d75a3-fea9-4c38-afce-2bdf9caea919","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-21 18:24:59","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":722630,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMicroscopic images of individual minerals in heavy-sand diets: A-Ferrocolumbite, B-Samarskite, C-Fergusonite, D-Monazite, E-Zircon, F-Pyrope.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7184258/v1/5b6fb6906f1d2c0b1685d66d.png"},{"id":89601996,"identity":"ac242c08-c0f5-412a-8187-19422fc6d68c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-21 18:32:59","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":254258,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComprehensive heavy-sand samples from gravel sand.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea: heavy-sand sample1, b: heavy-sand sample2, c: heavy-sand sample3.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7184258/v1/ed2265eb1a359aab6fc85d7a.png"},{"id":89601632,"identity":"a956913b-ad66-4644-935d-f5bf0fce2d1a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-21 18:24:59","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":321669,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDiffraction patterns of pre-calcined ferrocolumbite (m), samarskite (n) and fergusonite (p).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7184258/v1/3bb32e9a66afbc9ca0d94153.png"},{"id":89601196,"identity":"8193c629-e32d-44cb-8424-78b97c1df72e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-21 18:16:59","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":241232,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDiffraction patterns of the samarskite (h) and fergusonite (g) after calcination.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7184258/v1/6fee52cc8c19313d0c986d4a.png"},{"id":89601193,"identity":"32d1906e-bcdb-49c8-952c-57fc0cb13688","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-21 18:16:59","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":119242,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRietveld total diffraction pattern refinement of ferrocolumbite lumps.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7184258/v1/46faec631bc1eb6472f0eddd.png"},{"id":89601637,"identity":"fe51c3ce-69ba-472c-a93b-ae80c54b8cfc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-21 18:25:00","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":499868,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAtomic position and atomic bond state diagram of ferrocolumbite.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7184258/v1/422e7c40a53d94b00dd3e474.png"},{"id":89942345,"identity":"cca0422a-02bb-447f-9dd3-54e7b7b9f582","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-26 16:16:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3862109,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7184258/v1/1df749d9-8a41-4266-a408-c09ea98585d0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Phase Analysis of the Scandium-Containing Minerals and Prediction of the Presence of Scandium: Ferrocolumbite, Samarskite, Fergusonite","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMendeleev's predicted \u0026lsquo;ekabor\u0026rsquo; Sc was discovered in 1879 as a new rare earth element in the gadolinite and euxenite minerals from granitic pegmatites in Northern Europe. The discovery of Sc and the study of geological characteristics have been studied in various deposits and minerals in different ages [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGenerally, the mineral of Sc is known to be present in six silicate minerals and three phosphate minerals. The inclusion of Sc in these nine silicate and phosphate minerals is attributed to the strong nature of Sc forming the oxides and insoluble complexes of silicon and phosphorus, usually due to its high stability and low solubility in inorganic acids as well as in water [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGranitic pegmatite is the major mineral of Sc, but its low Sc content, heterogeneous mineral distribution and rare yield have not been widely used as a scandium-containing mineral resource [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the deposit formed by weathering and scouring of granitic pegmatites has significant scandium-bearing minerals due to the presence of a large number of Sc-bearing heavy minerals and hence high Sc content.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe pegmatite of the one rare metal deposit is an alluvial placer deposit, with industrial value being the major rare earth minerals, columbite, gadolite, fergusonite, euxenite, samarskite, monazite, etc [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGenerally, Sc\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e is substituted for Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, and the correlation of the samples is considered to exist only in the general direction between Sc and Fe in magmatic rocks.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis is indeed possible only at six times the location of the mineral lattice where Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e is replaced by Sc\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e, requiring additional modifications by bond substitutions (e.g., Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e+Si\u003csup\u003e4+\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026hArr;Sc\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e+Al\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e; Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e+Ti\u003csup\u003e4+\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026hArr;2Sc\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e; or Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e+W\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026hArr; Sc\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e+Nb, Ta\u003csup\u003e5+\u003c/sup\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSc contains an average of 100ppm in clinopyroxene, an average of 50ppm in amphibole, and 92ppm in ilmenite, so that when there is a small amount of pyroxene in amphibole, the ultrabasic rocks are on average less than 10ppm and the basic rocks are about 30\u0026minus;40ppm. When the content of mafic minerals (pyroxene, amphibole and biotite) is low, the Sc concentration decreases to an average of 15ppm in diorite and andesite. In low-quartz granites and rhyolites (70% SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), it is 10ppm according to similar magmatic compounds, but 3\u0026minus;5 ppm in quartz-rich granites and rhyolites (70% SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Alkaline rocks, excluding pyroxene and various carbonatite rocks, also mostly had low Sc, but predicted a Sc content of 22ppm on the Earth\u0026rsquo;s surface, and determined Sc content at 16ppm (7ppm in the upper crust and 25.37ppm in the lower crust) in the continental crust [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBesides the Sc minerals mentioned earlier, the scandium-containing minerals include ferrdcolumbite, samarskite fergusonite, and the presence and substitution of Sc in these minerals are still being investigated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe columbite ore being mined due to its rich niobium content (31\u0026minus;79% Nb\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e) was studied and found that the columbite concentrate contained small amounts of Fe, Ti, Sc (0.135%), Y (0.17%), and rare earth elements (REE), while the tailings produced after the initial treatment contained large amounts of Fe, small amounts of Ta, Nb (0.996%) and Y (0.38%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThus, ferrocolumbite, a scandium-bearing mineral, has been evaluated for different chemical compositions in granitic pegmatites, because phases are composed of interchangeable phases by spalling [10\u0026minus;15]. Samarskite were found by Rose (1839) as rare earth minerals (1939), which are typically minor amorphous minerals in pegmatite and their matrix granite.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn nature, these minerals, typically absent in crystal planes, cleavage and interlayer, glassy, and black, are mainly composed of quartz, plagioclase, microcline, biotite, muscovite, and minor minerals such as monazite, xenotime, and beryl. The general formula of this mineral is given by (REE\u003csub\u003e0.32\u003c/sub\u003eCa\u003csub\u003e0.269\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e0.23\u003c/sub\u003eU\u003csub\u003e0.142\u003c/sub\u003eMn\u003csub\u003e0.031\u003c/sub\u003ePb\u003csub\u003e0.011\u003c/sub\u003eTh\u003csub\u003e0.01\u003c/sub\u003eZr\u003csub\u003e0.01\u003c/sub\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e0.004\u003c/sub\u003eSc\u003csub\u003e0.002\u003c/sub\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e0.001\u003c/sub\u003eK\u003csub\u003e0.001\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e\u0026sum;1.034\u003c/sub\u003e(Nb\u003csub\u003e0.707\u003c/sub\u003eTa\u003csub\u003e0.267\u003c/sub\u003eTi\u003csub\u003e0.069\u003c/sub\u003eW\u003csub\u003e0.017\u003c/sub\u003eSn\u003csub\u003e0.007\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e\u0026sum;1.067\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, which is a very complex distribution of minerals due to its complex nature and its wide distribution [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Different heat treatments for recrystallization of these amorphous minerals have allowed the identification of structure, recrystallization studies and stoichiometric formulae [17\u0026minus;19].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], the samarskite group minerals were classified as samarskite-(Y) (Y, REE, U, Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e)(Nb, Ta)O\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, samarskite-(Yb) (Yb, Y, REE, U, Th, Ca, Fe\u003csub\u003e2+\u003c/sub\u003e)NbO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, calciosamarskite (Ca, Fe, Y)(Nb, Ta, Ti)O\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, and the relationship of substitution of the atoms in the ishikawaite and samarskite site was investigated. In addition, this analysis and euxenite and samarskite were considered as the structural features of monoclinic systems, but no predictions of Sc were made [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. In [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], the samarskite (Y\u003csub\u003e0.53\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e0.22\u003c/sub\u003eCa\u003csub\u003e0.10\u003c/sub\u003eU\u003csub\u003e0.09\u003c/sub\u003eMn\u003csub\u003e0.07\u003c/sub\u003e)(Nb\u003csub\u003e1.07\u003c/sub\u003eTi\u003csub\u003e0.47\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e0.34\u003c/sub\u003eTa\u003csub\u003e0.07\u003c/sub\u003eW\u003csub\u003e0.06\u003c/sub\u003e) was also evaluated. Here, XRF analysis revealed the presence of Sc but the substitution relationship was not explained in the structural formula.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFergusonite, a mineral containing U and Th, was found by Haidinger (1826), which is a non-crystalline mineral. The pegmatites that may contain these minerals are mainly composed of pericline, potassium feldspar, muscovite, quartz and garnet species, and the minor minerals are magnetite, pyrophanite, monazite (Ce), uraninite, xenotime and zircon [23\u0026minus;25]. In [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], based on statistical analysis of chemical constituents, fergusonite found that is a minor mineral of granitic pegmatite. Fergusonite minerals are also a resource of Sc, as they are generally reserved for ores with Sc contents greater than 0.002\u0026ndash;0.005% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this paper, we predict and evaluate the presence of Sc in these minerals by crystal structure analysis and the problem of sample preparation for phase analysis of scandium-containing minerals, ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Sampling and microscopic evaluation","content":"\u003cp\u003eThree layers of rocks were sampled from different regions, with interbedded siliceous quartzite, felsic quartzite, sericite feldspar quartzite, biotite gneiss, sericite schist, limestone, chert schist and schist. These rocks are sandy clay, gravelly clay and gravelly sand layers, with different but presumed to be mainly distributed in the placer, and were sampled from the gravel sand layer as a composite heavy sand. To separate and separate the heavy sand samples according to mineral morphology, the minerals were separated by visual inspection using an electron stereomicroscope \u0026ldquo;T2\u0026minus;HD 228S\u0026rdquo;. The magnification of the microscope is 7\u0026minus;180X and the applied voltage is 12 V. The microscopic images of the collected composite heavy sand samples are shown in Figure. 1.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Figure. 1, the heavy sand samples distributed in the gravel sand layer of the placer can be predicted separately by visualization. We individually fractionated the lumps of oil and glass glasses and several mineral species by microscopy (Figure. 2).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Figure. 2, the microscopic images of the individual minerals predicted in the visualization show that the ferrocolumbite lump in the figure appearing in Figure. 2A is about 6.3mm 3.8mm, with a maximum of about 2.2mm 1.8mm, about four times larger than the iron columbite lump ore, usually 1.3mm 0.7mm. The broken marks of ferrocolumbite lump ore are uneven, plate\u0026minus;like or arc\u0026minus;shaped.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe size of the samarskite lump in Figure. 2B is approximately 1.8mm in column length, usually 0.3\u0026minus;1.2mm in length, 0.2\u0026minus;0.7mm in diameter, and there are other irregular\u0026minus;shaped angular crystals of size 0.5\u0026minus;1mm. Samarskite are rare minerals in the placer, with thin plates or square prismatic shapes, and the internal color at the shells is velvet black.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure. 2C shows that the most abundant heavy mineral in the placer, fergusonite, is brown grey and the interior is dark black. Fergusonite lump is typical of columnar, pyramidal, or pot\u0026minus;shaped aggregates, with a maximum size of about 8.4mm (column length)\u0026times;2.8cm (column diameter), usually 4.7mm\u0026times;1.7cm, and fine grained to less than 3.2cm\u0026times;1.1mm.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlso, Figures. 2D, 2E and 2F are monazite, zircon and garnet, respectively, glassy and uneven broken marks, and the lump size of these minerals is found to be approximately 1.0 mm in diameter and usually 0.1\u0026minus;0.5mm. The lump size of minerals in the composite heavy\u0026minus;sand samples is found to be large in the lumps of ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite, because these three minerals are heavy minerals.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Phase analysis of scandium-containing minerals","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe phase analysis of individual minerals isolated by synthetic heavy sand samples and visual inspection was carried out. Phase analysis was performed by Bruker AXS \u0026ldquo;D8 ADVANCE\u0026rdquo; powder X\u0026minus;ray diffractometer (XRD), using a CuKα1 radiation (λ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.5406\u0026Aring;) controlled by 40kV and 40mA in the scan range from 5\u0026deg; to 60\u0026deg; with a step interval of 0.02\u0026deg;/0.5s. The EVA program was performed by the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction International Centre for Diffraction Data (JCPDS\u0026minus;ICDD) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] for diffraction pattern reference data. First, phase analysis was performed on three composite heavy\u0026minus;sand samples of gravel sand layers (Figure. 3 ).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ea: heavy\u0026minus;sand sample1, b: heavy\u0026minus;sand sample2, c: heavy\u0026minus;sand sample3.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe main minerals in each composite heavy sand samples are shown in Figure. 3a, quartz, zircon, and c) cassiterite are found to be the major minerals, while the diffraction peaks of the pericline and plagioclase are present in each sample. However, no diffraction peaks of scandium\u0026minus;containing minerals contained in the composite heavy sand sample were observed very small, slight or no. The results of the phase analysis of the minerals included in Figure. 3 are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults of phase analysis of composite heavy sand samples of gravel sand layers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSamples 1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSamples 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSamples 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMinerals\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eName\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eICDD\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCard №\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMinerals\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eName\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eICDD\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCard №\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMinerals\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eName\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eICDD\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCard №\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZircon\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;083\u0026minus;1374\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuartz\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e03\u0026minus;065\u0026minus;0466\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCassiterite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e00\u0026minus;041\u0026minus;1445\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMonazite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e00\u0026minus;032\u0026minus;0199\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVesuvianite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;083\u0026minus;0066\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuartz\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e03\u0026minus;065\u0026minus;0466\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVesuvianite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;083-0066\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnorthite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;089\u0026minus;5355\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIlmenite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e00\u0026minus;029\u0026minus;0733\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicrocline\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e00\u0026minus;019\u0026minus;0932\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlbite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;089\u0026minus;6426\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicrocline\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;076\u0026minus;0918\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlbite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;089\u0026minus;6426\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicrocline\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;076\u0026minus;0918\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlbite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;089\u0026minus;6426\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCassiterite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e00\u0026minus;041\u0026minus;1445\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZircon\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;083\u0026minus;1374\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFerrocolumbite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;080\u0026minus;2244\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFerrocolumbite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;080\u0026minus;2244\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrossular\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;087\u0026minus;1720\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eActinolite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;089\u0026minus;5374\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIlmenite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e00\u0026minus;029\u0026minus;0733\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePyrope\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;083\u0026minus;2204\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZircon\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;083\u0026minus;1374\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScheelite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;072\u0026minus;1624\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFerrocolumbite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;080\u0026minus;2244\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMuscovite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;089\u0026minus;5402\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuartz\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e03\u0026minus;065\u0026minus;0466\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMonazite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e00\u0026minus;074\u0026minus;1890\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMonazite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;083\u0026minus;0651\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHubnerite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e00\u0026minus;012\u0026minus;0727\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIlmenite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e00\u0026minus;029\u0026minus;0733\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBiotite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;088\u0026minus;2191\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDolomite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;075\u0026minus;1758\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCordierite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01\u0026minus;083\u0026minus;1388\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHubnerite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e00\u0026minus;012\u0026minus;0727\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e※ The mineral names were determined according to the diffraction intensities of the heavy sand samples, and the phases with very low diffraction intensities were not listed in the table.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt can be seen that only a few of the mineral phases and minor mineral phases observed by microscopy, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, but no minor minerals with low content were observed. Although all the three samples contain ferrocolumbite, the phases are not present at high or low concentrations, as the samarskite and fergusonite are amorphous samples as discussed in the previous literature. In addition, we performed phase analysis separately for the minerals ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite, classified by microscopy. The diffraction patterns of these three minerals before calcination are shown in Figure. 4.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, ferrocolumbite is a perfect single\u0026minus;phase crystalline phase (ICDD No. 01\u0026minus;080\u0026minus;2244), whereas samarskite and fergusonite are amorphous minerals with no crystals. Based on the literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e], amorphous samarskite and fergusonite lumps were calcined at 950℃ and phase was considered (Figure. 5). Ferrocolumbite was also calcined.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter calcination, the samarskite and fergusonite lumps do not exist as single minerals, as shown in Figure. 5. The samarskite lumps contains fergusonite, anorthite and cristobalite, while the fergusonite lumps contains microcline and cristobalite.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe higher intensity of the fergusonite diffraction pattern in the samarskite lumps was attributed to the plastic change because the calcination temperature was carried out at 950℃. Also, the presence of anorthite and cristobalite is due to the mineral phase contained inside the samarskite lump by geological processes. However, the fergusonite lumps was not anorthite but microcline-like, which is expected to be involved in the transformation of fergusonite by geological processes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the results of the microscopy and phase analysis of the composite heavy sand samples, ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite lumps, the Sc content in nine samples before and after calcination was determined by atomic absorption and X\u0026minus;ray fluorescence analysis, and the presence of Sc was predicted.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Sc content and presence status discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.1. Sc content\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe samples used for the Sc content determination were iron columbite, samarskite and fergusonite lumps, classified by the combined heavy sand sample and microscopic examination.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAtomic absorption analysis was performed using a polarizer-only atomic absorption spectrometer Z\u0026minus;5000, a Sc-hole cathode lamp Sc LTL\u0026minus;2, and a pyrolytic graphite tube 190\u0026minus;6003. The measurement conditions for the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry of scandium are the absorption wavelength 391.2nm, the lamp holding time 0.1 s, the lamp current 10mA, the photoelectron multiplication voltage 472 V, the sample injection volume 20\u0026micro;L, and the linear range 0\u0026minus;500ppb. The sample volume was 0.1g, dilution ratio 0.1:100, heating temperature above 100℃, and the digestion reagent was first used with sulphuric acid and finally nitrate dissolution was performed. The heating conditions of the graphite furnace are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, and the temperature control of the black furnace is achieved by the optical temperature control method.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003egraphite furnace heating condition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTemperature, ℃\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime, s\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAr Flux,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003emL/min\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeginning\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConclusion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRaise\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003emaintenance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDrying\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAshing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAtomic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,700\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,700\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePurity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,800\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,800\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCooling\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eX\u0026minus;ray fluorescence analysis was performed using a ZSX Primus III\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;type X-ray fluorescence analyzer, an X\u0026minus;ray tube with Rh as the target material, a tube current of 40 kV, and a tube voltage of 70mA. Sample preparation was pulverized and sieved through a 200\u0026minus;mesh sieve, and then the moisture was removed and \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20g was placed in a die with a diameter of 40mm and a thickness of 2mm, and the sample was kept in a hydraulic press at 20MPa for 60s to make a sample. The sample measurement time was 60 s.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eX\u0026minus;ray fluorescence analysis was carried out on three samples of synthetic heavy sand used for phase analysis and ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite lumps before and after calcination, respectively. The results of X\u0026minus;ray fluorescence analysis of the composite heavy sand samples are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eX\u0026minus;ray fluorescence analysis of the composite heavy sand samples.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e№\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOxidized, %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeavy sand sample a\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNb\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eY\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYb\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCeO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZrO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEr\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDy\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.992\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.748\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.707\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.611\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.581\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.491\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.357\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.255\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.249\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.204\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMnO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNd\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLu\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSc\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePbO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGd\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZnO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHfO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRh\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.201\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.162\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.123\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0908\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0854\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0319\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0282\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0272\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0080\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeavy sand sample b\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZrO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHfO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.518\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCeO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNb\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMnO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eY\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSc\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSrO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.435\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.401\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.376\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.362\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.317\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.243\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.156\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0884\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0785\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0501\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0372\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0288\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeavy sand sample c\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ec)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNb\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eY\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYb\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCeO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEr\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZrO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMnO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.898\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.780\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.757\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.675\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.540\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.509\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.336\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.248\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.245\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDy\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSc\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLu\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNd\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePbO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHo\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGd\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRh\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCr\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.199\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.178\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.168\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.147\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0758\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0722\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0496\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0430\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZnO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSrO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHfO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0349\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0109\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0094\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Sc\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e content in sample a in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e is found to be 0.0908wt%, where rare earth oxides are included in descending order of Y\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, Yb\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, CeO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, Er\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, Dy\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, La\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, Nd\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, Lu\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, Sc\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, and Gd\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, and also U\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e and ThO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. The relatively high content of Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is due to the presence of some microcline and pericline, while the oxides of CaO, K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, MgO and Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO are due to feldspar and garnet. Small amounts of Ta\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e and Nb\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e are expected to be contained in ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite lumps, while SnO2 and WO3 are expected to be contained in tin and barite minerals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample b is the most abundant ZrO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, the main mineral being zircon, Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e ilmenite, WO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, MnO, and the rare earth oxides, such as barite minerals, HfO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CeO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, Y\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, and Sc\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, are found to contain less than sample 1. The amount of Sc\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e was 0.0785wt%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSilicate and stannous minerals are the main minerals, with the highest content of the three samples, since the contents of sample C are 29.8wt% SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 22.7wt% SnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. It is inferred that the Sc content (0.168wt%) is more related to the presence of tin minerals in the heavy sand samples, but is due to the high content of lump ore samples, ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite. The results of X\u0026minus;ray fluorescence analysis of ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite lump ore before and after calcination are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eX\u0026minus;ray fluorescence analysis of ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite lump ores before and after calcination.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e№\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOxidized, %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFerrocolumbite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ebefore\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNb\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMnO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSc\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.639\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.520\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.492\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.472\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.360\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eY\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZrO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNiO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZnO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.308\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.285\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.099\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0552\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0289\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0192\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0165\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"13\" rowspan=\"14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSamarskite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ebefore\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNb\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eY\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSc\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMnO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDy\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" 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colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTb\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.905\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.787\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.650\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.621\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.498\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.395\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHo\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePbO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMnO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNiO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSc\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.355\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.207\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.161\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.151\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0313\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eafter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNb\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eY\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDy\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYb\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEr\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGd\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNd\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSm\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZrO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRh\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTb\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTb\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.916\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.878\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.713\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.648\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.505\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.389\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.346\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSc\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHo\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePbO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMnO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNiO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.341\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.275\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.231\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.205\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.185\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.184\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.138\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.120\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0806\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0637\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, the Sc content of the scandium-containing minerals, ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite, differed significantly, with the samarskite being higher. The Sc contents of these nine synthetic heavy sand samples, ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite lump ores, classified by microscopy, are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e for comparison of X\u0026minus;ray fluorescence and atomic absorption analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparison of X\u0026minus;ray fluorescence and atomic absorption analysis of ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite lumps after calcination and calcination of heavy sand samples.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e№\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eX\u0026minus;ray diffraction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eX\u0026minus;ray fluorescence, Sc\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eatomic absorption, Sc\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeavy sand sample a\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe phase of a scandium-containing minerals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0908\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeavy sand sample b\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe phase of a scandium-containing minerals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0785\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeavy sand sample c\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ec)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe phase of a scandium-containing minerals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.168\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.177\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFerrocolumbite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrystallization\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.639\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.644\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSamarskite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ebefore\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eafter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalcination\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter calcination\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalcination\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter calcination\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmorphous\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrystal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFergusonite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ebefore\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eafter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalcination\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter calcination\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalcination\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter calcination\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmorphous\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrystal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.313\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.341\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.285\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.347\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, the Sc content changes are small for the synthetic heavy sand and ferrocolumbite lumps, but there is little change in Sc content before and after calcination for the samarskite and fergusonite lumps.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.2. Sc presence status and discussion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe atomic position and substitution relationships of Sc in ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite lumps, considered to be scandium-containing minerals, were investigated using the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e], and the Crystal Open Database (COD) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Previous studies of scandium-containing minerals to predict the presence of Sc have been mainly reported for ferrocolumbite, but the studies of samarskite [16, 33\u0026minus;35] and fergusonite are still weak.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe considered the atomic position, atomic bonding and substitution states of Sc in iron columbite, and accordingly predicted the existence of Sc in the samarskite and fergusonites. The phase predictions based on X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption analysis of ferrocolumbite correspond to ICSD #171762 and COD #9003729. The X\u0026minus;ray diffraction patterns of ferrocolumbite lump ore were refined by the Rietveld method to calculate the lattice parameters and the results are shown in Figure. 6.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe overall diffraction pattern refinement of the ferrocolumbite lumps, as shown in Figure. 6, was in complete agreement with the ICDD No. 01\u0026minus;080\u0026minus;2244 (Nb\u003csub\u003e0.271\u003c/sub\u003eTa\u003csub\u003e0.091\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e0.638\u003c/sub\u003e)(Nb\u003csub\u003e0.614\u003c/sub\u003eTa\u003csub\u003e0.205\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e0.181\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e (ICSD 97280, COD 1532829 (Nb\u003csub\u003e1.57\u003c/sub\u003eSn\u003csub\u003e0.015\u003c/sub\u003eTa\u003csub\u003e0.078\u003c/sub\u003eW\u003csub\u003e0.044\u003c/sub\u003eSc\u003csub\u003e0.047\u003c/sub\u003eTi\u003csub\u003e0.335\u003c/sub\u003eMn\u003csub\u003e0.067\u003c/sub\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e0.794\u003c/sub\u003e)O\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e) patterns. Here, the lattice parameters of ICDD No. 01\u0026minus;080\u0026minus;2244 are a\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14.22\u0026Aring;, b\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.727\u0026Aring;, c\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.102\u0026Aring;, and the lattice parameters of ICSD 97280 are a\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14.174\u0026Aring;, b\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.692\u0026Aring;, c\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.065\u0026Aring;, so that the calculated lattice parameters a\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14.2508\u0026Aring;, b\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.7312\u0026Aring;, and c\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.1023\u0026Aring; are close to the phase parameters. The atomic position and atomic bond distance of Sc by the calculated lattice parameters were considered by Visualize 1.0 software (Figure. 7 ).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Figure. 7, the atomic positions of Sc show that S1 and S2 are substituted with other atoms, respectively, S1 with Sc1\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e, Ti1\u003csup\u003e4+\u003c/sup\u003e, Mn1\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Fe1\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e(Fe1\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e), Nb1\u003csup\u003e5+\u003c/sup\u003e, Sn1\u003csup\u003e4+\u003c/sup\u003e, Ta1\u003csup\u003e5+\u003c/sup\u003e, W1\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e, and S2 with Sc2\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e, Ti2\u003csup\u003e4+\u003c/sup\u003e, Mn2\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Fe3\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e, Nb2\u003csup\u003e5+\u003c/sup\u003e, Sn2\u003csup\u003e4+\u003c/sup\u003e, Ta2\u003csup\u003e5+\u003c/sup\u003e and W2\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e. The total number of atomic bonds in Sc is 86, whereas the number of substitutions in Sc is 42. The substitution of Sc in ferrocolumbite is due to the substitution of elements with similar chemical properties in the unit lattice, and the substitution conditions due to Sc incorporation during the evolution of atoms contained in pegmatite.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of XRF and atomic absorption spectrometry also suggest that Sc is present and substituted with ferrocolumbite in the samples of samarskite and fergusonite lumps contained in the composite heavy sand samples. The samarskite [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e] and fergusonite [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e] group minerals are still being studied in the present study as (Y-REE-U-Th)-(Nb-Ta-Ti)Ox, but predictive evaluation of the structural presence of Sc is lacking. Ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite are all minerals present in granitic pegmatites, with different geological and chemical compositions, resulting in crystallization and amorphization, but different major-abundant atoms exist depending on these minerals (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). For example, the Sc-substituted ferrocolumbite has a high content of Nb, Ta, Sn and Fe, and a low content of Mn, Ti and W.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSamarskites, which have not been considered as substitutions of Sc in the literature, have high contents of Ta, Nb, Y, Fe, Sn, Sc, U, low contents of REE, Mn, Ti, W, fergusonite has high contents of Nb, Y, U, Ta, Th, Yb, and low contents of REEs, Mn, and Ti. In particular, the Sc content is about 3.35% of the samarskite, about 0.64% of the ferrocolumbite, and about 0.32% of the fergusonite, so it is expected that Sc can be substituted for samarskite and fergusonite.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe problem of sample preparation for phase analysis of scandium-containing minerals, ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite, and the content and presence of Sc in these minerals were estimated. The phases were identified by X-ray diffraction for the phase analysis of the ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite, and the samples of the synthetic heavy sand, which are scandium-bearing minerals in the granitic pegmatite area. The amorphous samples, samarskite and fergusonite lumps, were calcined at 950\u0026deg;C and crystallized to phase analysis to identify the mineral phases contained in these lumps. The highest amount of samarskite is obtained from the synthetic heavy sand samples of placer deposits and from the Sc contents of ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite lumps determined by atomic absorption spectrometry and X\u0026minus;ray fluorescence analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the crystal structure analysis of ferrocolumbite, the presence of Sc in the samarskite and fergusonites was estimated. The lack of information on the structural substitution of samarskite and fergusonite is a prerequisite for further studies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConflicts of interest\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there exists no competing financial interest or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding Statement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo funding has been received for this article.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThae-Min Ro: Investigation, Writing-original draftUn-Hui Jang: Project Administration, Methodology\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors are grateful to Dr. Prof. Pyong-Hun Kom (Institute of Analysis, Kim Chaek University of Technology) who provided carefully considered feedback and valuable comments.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKempe U, Wolf D (2006) Anomalously high Sc contents in ore minerals from Sn\u0026ndash;W deposits: Possible economic significance and genetic implications. 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A TEM investigation of metamict samarskite from the Garnet Codera dike pegmatite (Central Italian Alps). \u003cem\u003eAmerican Mineralogist\u003c/em\u003e, 101, 1679\u0026ndash;1690, 2016; \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2016-5605\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.2138/am-2016-5605\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlessandro Guastoni., Fernando C\u0026aacute;mara., Fabrizio nestola., Arsenic-rich fergusonite-beta-(Y) from Mount Cervandone (Western Alps, Italy): Crystal structure and genetic implications. American Mineralogist (2010) 95, 487\u0026ndash;494, 2010; \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.2138/am.2010.3239\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.2138/am.2010.3239\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"scandium, ferrocolumbite, samarskite, fergusonite, XRD, phase","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7184258/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7184258/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSc is a common dispersed element in the crust, but the presence of Sc and scandium\u0026minus;containing minerals is also newly revealed, as the studies of pegmatites with high REE content have been intensified. In particular, the research on ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite has also been extensively studied. However, there are few studies comparing the crystalline structure of the Sc and sample preparation to perform phase analysis in these three minerals. Ores containing rare and rare earth elements, such as monazite, zircon, cassiterite, ferrocolumbite, samarskite, fergusonite and garnet, with quartz, feldspar and mica as the major minerals, were fractionated according to the mineral species by microscopy, and the phases were determined after calcination of ferrocolumbite, samarskite and fergusonite by X\u0026minus;ray fluorescence analysis, and the presence and presence of these minerals were compared with those of these minerals. Ferrocolumbite, a scandium\u0026minus;containing mineral, appears as a crystalline phase, whereas samarskite and fergusonite are amorphous phases, thus confirming the pre\u0026minus;calcination and post\u0026minus;calcination phase at 950℃. The Sc content was determined by XRF and atomic absorption spectrometry, and XRD structure analysis was carried out to predict the presence of Sc.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Phase Analysis of the Scandium-Containing Minerals and Prediction of the Presence of Scandium: Ferrocolumbite, Samarskite, Fergusonite","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-21 18:16:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7184258/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9c131f35-6a31-4f33-915e-27b40e3e7d7a","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 21st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-26T16:08:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-21 18:16:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7184258","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7184258","identity":"rs-7184258","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}