Teaching of reflection in higher education: a narrative review

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This narrative review examines how reflection is taught in higher education, drawing on existing literature and educational approaches to describe methods for incorporating reflective practice into teaching. The authors synthesize themes around teaching reflection across learning contexts, emphasizing that reflective activities can be designed to support learning processes. A key caveat is that, as a narrative review, the paper’s coverage and conclusions depend on the selection and interpretation of included sources rather than a systematic, reproducible search. The paper does not explicitly discuss endometriosis or adenomyosis; it was included in the corpus via a keyword match in the upstream search index.

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Abstract

Background: Healthcare professional students (HCPs) are encouraged to utilise reflection during and after their study programmes as a part of their life-long learning skill and professional competencies. However, the way in which the concept of reflection is taught and its’ influence students’ capacity to reflect have not been fully explored. This narrative review aimed to explore how the concept of reflection is taught in higher education and how the teaching of reflection influences HCP students’ capacity to reflect. Methods Articles that were published during 2014–2024 within three databases, PubMed, CINAHL and ERIC were searched. 1929 articles were eligible for screening. 93 articles were further assessed for eligibility. Results 18 articles were included. The included articles were geographically well-distributed in both the Global North and Global South countries, indicating universal interest in the topic. Eight articles had qualitative study designs; six had quantitative designs and four had mixed-method designs. Conceptually, the teaching of reflection could be categorised as a spectrum, ranging from: i) structured format (reflective templates or debriefing); ii) semi-structured format (physical/virtual small group discussions, video recordings, AI generative arts, in-verse reflection and concept mapping) and iii) flexible and creative (art-based pedagogy or narratives). All included articles indicated students actual and perceived better understanding of reflection. This claim is supported both quantitatively and qualitatively via either validated instruments or narratives and themes based on students’ textual outputs. Conclusions This review identified several teaching methods that help facilitating students’ capacity to reflect. Findings are unable to recommend the most efficient way to teach reflection since it depends on students’ progress in their programmes. However, a more relational approach to teaching of reflection is recommended. Students might begin their reflective journey with a structured format of teaching of reflection then gradually move to less-rigid format of the teaching to empower students’ autonomy.
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europepmc
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