Validation of the Brief Parental Burnout Scale in Chile: A Psychometrically Robust Tool for Early Detection

Validation of the Brief Parental Burnout Scale in Chile: A Psychometrically Robust Tool for Early Detection | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Validation of the Brief Parental Burnout Scale in Chile: A Psychometrically Robust Tool for Early Detection María Josefina Escobar, Carolina Panesso Giraldo, Francisca Pérez, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6465934/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study validates a brief tool to assess parental burnout in Chile, which has the highest reported prevalence in Latin America of this condition in Latin America. A five-item scale was tested among 1,103 parents. Results confirmed strong psychometric performance and meaningful classification into risk levels. The scale's brevity and accuracy make it suitable for clinical, public health, and research use, allowing for early detection and targeted intervention. Parental burnout validation BPBs early detection Latin America Figures Figure 1 Highlights This study validates a 5-item parental burnout scale using a Chilean sample of 1,103 parents. Chile shows the highest prevalence of parental burnout in Latin America. The Brief PBA showed excellent psychometric properties (CFI/TLI = .99, RMSEA = .01). The brief scale enables early detection of parental burnout in clinical and public health settings. Findings support policy and community-level interventions to prevent parental burnout. Introduction Parenting has always been a challenging endeavor, and recent research has increasingly highlighted the substantial social and environmental pressures that fathers, mothers, and caregivers face in defining what it means to be a 'good' parent. Over the past decade, there has been a significant rise in studies focusing on parental burnout syndrome, revealing there was an increase in the prevalence of parental burnout during the pandemic, rising from 4.2–5.8% among evaluated parents before and during the pandemic (Roskam et al., 2021 ; van Bakel et al., 2022 ). Chile has the highest prevalence of parental burnout compared to other Latin American countries, both before and during the pandemic (Manrique-Millones et al., 2022 ; Roskam et al., 2021 ; van Bakel et al., 2022 ). In Chile, the prevalence increased from 3.9–8.5% during the pandemic (van Bakel et al., 2022 ). In countries where individualism is prevalent, there is a higher incidence of parental burnout (Lin et al., 2023 ). This partly explains why Chile has higher prevalence rates compared to other countries in the region (Krys et al., 2022 ). The link between the cultural impact of competitive individualism and traits of perfectionism has been well-documented (Curran & Hill, 2019 ), indicating an increasingly solitary parenting style. This style involves greater pressure to achieve perfect parenting and a heightened sense of responsibility for the future and success of their children (Mikolajczak et al., 2023 ), which increases the risk of parental burnout. Parental burnout is a syndrome characterized by chronic stress in parents, mothers, or caregivers due to parenting tasks. It arises from an imbalance between stressors and the resources available to manage them (Mikolajczak et al., 2023 ; Ren et al., 2024 ). This syndrome includes four primary symptoms (Mikolajczak et al., 2023 ; Ren et al., 2024 ; Roskam et al., 2018 ), which develop gradually (Mikolajczak et al., 2019 ) and is linked to severe personal and interpersonal consequences (Mikolajczak et al., 2023 ; Ren et al., 2024 ). The first symptom is excessive exhaustion, affecting physical, cognitive, and emotional well-being. This is followed by emotional distancing from children, where parents function on autopilot. Thirdly, there is a loss of pleasure in parenting, and finally, a sense of contrast between the parent one used to be and the one they have become, leading to high levels of guilt and shame (Hubert & Aujoulat, 2018 ). The associated consequences can include thoughts of escape and suicide, sleep disorders, child abuse, and neglect, among others (Mikolajczak, Brianda, et al., 2018 ; Mikolajczak et al., 2019 ; Ren et al., 2024 ). These severe consequences typically emerge during the second stage of emotional distancing, highlighting the need for preventative measures before this stage (Aunola et al., 2021 ). In the healthcare context, there is a critical need for a reliable screening tool to facilitate the early detection of parental burnout or the risk of its development. International validation of the short Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) scale in Finland has yielded promising results (Aunola et al., 2021 ). The Brief Parental Burnout scale (BPBs) has demonstrated strong psychometric properties, accurately identifying parents with high levels of depressive symptoms, low self-esteem, and frequent sleep disruptions (Aunola et al., 2021 ). Additionally, the BPBs has maintained high sensitivity and specificity in identifying both burned-out parents and those at risk, further establishing its robustness. Moreover, BPBs scores have shown a correlation with increased reports of child neglect and parental violence among parents experiencing burnout (Aunola et al., 2021 ). Evidence indicates that cultural differences play a significant role, with certain protective factors in some countries posing risks in others or remaining neutral in certain contexts (Mikolajczak et al., 2023 ). The uniqueness of each culture necessitates testing which items effectively predict PB locally. This underscores the importance of understanding cultural nuances and tailoring interventions to effectively address parental burnout within diverse cultural contexts. Given the global interest in early screening for parental burnout, the Brief Parental Burnout Scale (BPBs) has been previously developed and validated in Finland, showing strong psychometric properties and clinical utility (Aunola et al., 2021 ). More recently, a multilingual version was tested in Switzerland, highlighting cultural nuances and the importance of contextual adaptation, particularly in relation to emotional distancing items (Caviezel-Schmitz & Krüger, 2024 ). These findings support the need for culturally sensitive validations to ensure accurate detection across diverse settings. In Latin America, however, no validation of the BPBs has been conducted to date. This study aims to validate the Brief Parental Burnout Scale (BPBs) in a Chilean sample. We hypothesize that the BPBs will demonstrate (1) a unidimensional factor structure; (2) strong internal consistency and model fit; and (3) high sensitivity and specificity when compared to the full PBA. Methodology Participants The study's sample consisted of 1,103 participants, predominantly female, with 767 mothers (69.54%) compared to 336 fathers (30.46%). The mean age of participants was 38.73 years, with a standard deviation of 7.54 years, ranging from a minimum age of 20 to a maximum of 74 years. In terms of educational attainment, a significant portion of the sample, 43.73% (n = 478), had completed university education, while 36.32% (n = 397) had postgraduate education. A smaller segment, 19.95% (n = 218), reported having an incomplete university education or lower. Regarding socioeconomic status as inferred from neighborhood conditions, nearly half of the participants, 50.77% (n = 558), resided in favored neighborhoods. In contrast, 45.59% (n = 501) lived in well-favored areas, and a minority of 3.64% (n = 40) were from disfavored neighborhoods. Lastly, the sample demonstrated a geographical concentration in urban areas, with 57.25% (n = 628) of the participants living in the metropolitan region of Chile. Procedure The sample was part of two different studies conducted between 2020 to 2022. Both studies had the approval of the Ethics Committee Adolfo Ibáñez University (56/2019 and 23/2020). A cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted where the sample was called through different social networks (Instagram and Facebook) and websites linked to parenting, childhood and psychology research, as well as the personal accounts of the researchers of the study, creating a snowball effect. The data was collected by using a self-report questionnaire completed online through the Google Forms platform and psytoolkit, after registration of informed consent that described the characteristics of the study and information about the confidentiality and anonymity of the data. Analytic Plan The Analytic Plan for evaluating the psychometric properties of the newly constructed Brief Parental Burnout scale (BPBs) involved several key steps. Initially, items 1, 9, 8, 20, and 7 from the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) were selected to constitute the BPBs, now labeled as items 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. The response scale for these items also transformed to reduce the number of possible responses, reducing from 7 possible responses to 3 possible responses (never = never, few times a year or less, few times a month or less, sometimes a month; Sometimes = once a week, sometimes a week; daily = every day). The cumulative score for the PBA was computed by summing across all transformed items, leading to the establishment of three cutoff points to distinguish between 'No burnout' (0 to 52 points), 'At risk' (53 to 86 points), and 'Burnout' (87 to 137 points). These cutoffs were pivotal in categorizing the parental burnout levels among the participants. To confirm the construct validity of the BPBs, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted, employing the Weighted Least Squares Mean and Variances (WLSMV) estimator, which is suitable for ordinal data. The fit of the model was scrutinized using the Chi-square test statistic, Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) as fit indices. Further, to determine the most appropriate cutoff point for the BPBS, we evaluated five different combinations of score ranges correlating to the 'No burnout,' 'At risk,' and 'Burnout' categories. The effectiveness of these combinations was measured against the PBA's established cutoff points through sensitivity, specificity, and Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) analyses. The combinations tested can be seen in Table 1 . All statistical analyses were conducted using R, a software environment for statistical computing and graphics. Table 1 Cutoff criteria combinations for the Brief Parental Burnout Assessment Cutoff combination No burnout At risk Burnout 1 0 to 1 2 3 to 10 2 0 to 1 2 to 3 4 to 10 3 0 to 1 2 to 4 5 to 10 4 0 to 2 3 to 4 5 to 10 5 0 to 2 3 to 5 6 to 10 “Place Table 1 here” Results Confirmatory factor analysis The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for the Brief Parental Burnout scale (BPBs) demonstrated robust goodness-of-fit indices. The model’s fit can be observed in Table 2 . The chi-square test yielded a value of χ²(5) = 5.67, p = 0.339, indicating that the hypothesized model does not significantly deviate from the observed data. The Comparative Fit Index (CFI) and the Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) were both exemplary, with values of 0.99, suggesting that the model is in excellent agreement with the data. The Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) was estimated at 0.01 with a 95% confidence interval of [0.00–0.04], illustrating a close fit of the model to the observed covariance structure. Furthermore, the Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) was 0.02, well below the commonly accepted threshold, underscoring the adequacy of the model fit. Table 2 BPBs confirmatory factor model’s fit indices Fit index Estimator X 2 (df, p) 5.67 (5, 0.339) CFI 0.99 TLI 0.99 RMSEA [95% CI] 0.01 [0.00–0.04] SRMR 0.02 “Place Table 2 here” The CFA results, shown in Fig. 1 , also revealed substantial and significant factor loadings for all items on the BPBs, which implies that each item is a strong indicator of the Parental Burnout construct. These high loadings reflect a strong association between the items and the latent construction, thereby affirming the items' construct validity within the BPBs. “Place Fig. 1 here” Cutoff point selection Table 3 presents the classification percentages based on cutoff criteria for the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) and Brief Parental Burnout (BPBs). The table divides respondents into three categories: Burnout, At Risk, and No Burnout, across five different cutoff points for BPBs and the PBA. For the PBA, most participants (76.95%) fell into the No Burnout category, 15.06% were classified as At Risk, and a smaller proportion (7.99%) met the criteria for Burnout. The cutoff criteria that are most like this distribution is number 4, showing that 74.59 of the participants fell into the No Burnout category, 14.25% were classified as At Risk, and 11.16% were classified as Burnout. Table 3 PBA and BPBs Cutoff criteria classification percentages PBA BPBs Cutoff 1 2 3 4 5 f % f % f % f % f % f % Burnout 88 7.99 280 25.41 195 17.70 123 11.16 123 11.16 82 7.44 At risk 166 15.06 107 9.71 192 17.42 264 23.96 157 14.25 198 17.97 No Burnout 848 76.95 715 64.88 715 64.88 715 64.88 822 74.59 822 74.59 “Place Table 3 here” Table 4 outlines the performance of various cutoff criteria for the Brief Parental Burnout scale (BPBs) in terms of Sensibility (Sensitivity), Specificity, and Area Under the Curve (AUC) for classifying individuals as either 'At risk' or experiencing 'Burnout'. The third BPBs cutoff criterion has been determined to be the most appropriate for a Chilean sample. This cutoff demonstrates a balance between Sensibility and Specificity, which are crucial for accurate classification. For individuals 'At risk', the Sensibility is 0.65, indicating that 65% of the true 'At risk' cases were correctly identified. The Specificity is 0.83, showing that 83% of the true negatives were correctly recognized. The AUC for 'At risk' is 0.74, reflecting a good level of accuracy for this cutoff. Table 4 BPBs Cutoff criteria classification performance in Sensibility, Specificity, and Area Under the Curve BPBs Cutoff At risk Burnout Sensibility Specificity AUC Sensibility Specificity AUC 1 0.15 0.91 0.53 1.00 0.81 0.91 2 0.37 0.86 0.62 0.97 0.89 0.93 3 0.65 0.83 0.74 0.83 0.95 0.89 4 0.50 0.92 0.71 0.83 0.96 0.89 5 0.64 0.91 0.77 0.69 0.98 0.83 For the 'Burnout' category, the third cutoff criterion yields a Sensibility of 0.83, which means that the test correctly identifies 83% of those with Burnout. The Specificity is quite high at 0.95, suggesting that 95% of those without Burnout are correctly classified. The AUC is 0.89, indicating a very good level of discriminative ability for this cutoff. These values suggest that the third cutoff provides a robust method for identifying both those at risk and those currently experiencing Burnout. The high Specificity for both categories at this cutoff minimizes the risk of false positives, which is particularly important in a clinical and research setting to avoid unnecessary intervention. Meanwhile, the Sensibility ensures that most actual cases are captured. “Place Table 4 here” Discussion The present study aimed to develop and validate a short version of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) in a sample of Chilean fathers and mothers, providing a brief, reliable, and specific tool for detecting this syndrome. The results indicate that the PBA presents a solid factorial structure and an adequate fit to the data, with excellent values in goodness-of-fit indicators such as CFI and TLI (0.99), RMSEA (0.01), and SRMR (0.02). Additionally, the selection of the cutoff point allowed for an accurate classification of participants into the categories of "No Burnout," "At Risk," and "Burnout," with high sensitivity and specificity. These findings confirm that the PBA is a psychometrically valid tool for the Chilean population. The high levels of parental burnout observed in Chile in this study can be partly explained by certain sociodemographic and cultural characteristics of the country. Previous research has indicated that Chile has the highest parental burnout rates in Latin America, which may be related to the prevalence of a parenting model based on competitive individualism (Krys et al., 2022 ). This model imposes high demands on parenting, fostering perfectionism and a sense of insufficiency in child-rearing, which, in turn, increases the risk of emotional exhaustion. Furthermore, the socioeconomic context of many Chilean families, marked by inequality and limited institutional support networks, can intensify parental stress and hinder work-life balance. Studies indicate that gender disparities in Chile exacerbate this phenomenon, as women continue to shoulder a disproportionate share of unpaid caregiving responsibilities, which further amplifies their risk of burnout (OECD, 2021 ). Additionally, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic significantly worsened parental burnout levels, particularly among mothers with young children, as they faced heightened caregiving demands and reduced external support (Panesso et al., 2022 ). From an applied perspective, the validation of the PBA represents a significant advancement in the early detection of parental burnout in Chile. This scale enables quick and efficient assessment, making it suitable for use in clinical, educational, and community settings. Due to its brevity, it can be integrated into epidemiological studies to monitor the prevalence of parental burnout and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing its impact. Its application could also extend to primary health care programs and school-based prevention initiatives. Moreover, its simplicity allows for integration in digital tools for rapid screening. The relevance of early detection is further underscored by research linking parental burnout to adverse outcomes for children, including increased risks of neglect and emotional detachment, particularly in vulnerable socioeconomic contexts (SITAN, 2022). Additionally, studies highlight that parental burnout can negatively impact children's emotional well-being and academic performance, exacerbating social inequalities and long-term developmental challenges (Granese et al., 2023 ). Our findings are consistent with previous validations in Finland (Aunola et al., 2021 ) and Switzerland (Caviezel-Schmitz & Krüger, 2024 ), supporting the unidimensional structure and strong psychometric performance of the BPBs. Notably, the item related to emotional distancing also presented lower factor loading in the Swiss study, which was replicated in our sample. This raises important considerations about the cultural salience and interpretability of this symptom in different parental contexts. While Aunola et al. 2021 emphasized the progressive nature of parental burnout—with emotional distancing appearing after exhaustion—our study confirms that early signs of exhaustion are the most prevalent in Chilean parents. These results further emphasize the need for early intervention before emotional detachment emerges. Despite the contributions of this study, certain limitations should be considered. First, the sample was predominantly composed of mothers with medium to high education levels, which may limit the generalizability of the results to populations with lower educational backgrounds or fathers in more vulnerable contexts. Second, while the scale demonstrated high validity and reliability, it would be relevant to explore its predictive capacity concerning other mental health and parental well-being indicators. Third, the exclusive use of online questionnaires may have excluded parents without access to digital platforms or with low digital literacy, potentially reducing sample representativeness. Finally, future studies could examine the usefulness of the BPBs in specific interventions, evaluating their applicability in different clinical and community settings. These results further emphasize the need for early intervention before emotional detachment emerges. Importantly, this study provides the first validation of the BPBs in Latin America, contributing to the global applicability of the instrument and supporting the development of culturally adapted tools for early detection in high-prevalence contexts like Chile. In conclusion, the validation of the Brief Parental Burnout scale (BPBs) in Chile provides a reliable and effective tool for identifying parents at risk of burnout. Its robust psychometric properties and brief design facilitate its application in various settings, enabling early detection and the implementation of preventive strategies. Given the high prevalence of parental burnout in Chile, having evaluation instruments adapted to the local context is essential for designing public policies and intervention programs that promote the well-being of Chilean families. Declarations Author Contribution M.J.E. led the conceptualization and writing. C.P.G. and E.F. contributed to data collection and analysis. F.P., M.P.S., and D.O. contributed to interpretation and manuscript review. All authors approved the final version. References Aunola, K., Sorkkila, M., Tolvanen, A., Tassoul, A., Mikolajczak, M., & Roskam, I. (2021). Development and validation of the Brief Parental Burnout Scale (BPBs). Psychological Assessment, 33 (11), 1125–1137. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001064 Caviezel-Schmitz, S., & Krüger, P. (2024). Development and initial validation of the multilingual Swiss version of the Brief Parental Burnout Scale. Health Psychology Open, 11 , 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/20551029241308777 Curran, T., & Hill, A. P. (2019). Perfectionism is increasing over time: A meta-analysis of birth cohort differences from 1989 to 2016. Psychological Bulletin, 145 (4), 410–429. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000138 Granese, M., Izquierdo, S., & Maira, A. (2023). Efectos de la pandemia en el bienestar socioemocional de los niños y adolescentes en Chile y el mundo. Centro de Estudios Públicos (CEP), Edición Digital N° 647. https://static.cepchile.cl/uploads/cepchile/2023/03/pder647_granese_etal.pdf Hubert, S., & Aujoulat, I. (2018). Parental burnout: When exhausted mothers open up. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 1021. Krys, K., Park, J., Koc, I., Hassan, A., Selim, H. A. E., Abdulrahman, A. A., & Komatsu, H. (2022). Parenting in a competitive society: How culture shapes parental burnout. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 53 (1), 20–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220221211067742 Lin, L., Roskam, I., Mikolajczak, M., & Walburg, V. (2023). Cultural values and parental burnout: A cross-cultural perspective. Current Psychology . Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04720-5 Manrique-Millones, D., Roskam, I., Mikolajczak, M., & Consortium, I. I. P. B. (2022). Global prevalence of parental burnout: A 42-country study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 312 , 284–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.021 Mikolajczak, M., Brianda, M. E., Avalosse, H., & Roskam, I. (2018). Consequences of parental burnout: Its specific effect on child neglect and violence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 80 , 134–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.009 Mikolajczak, M., Gross, J. J., & Roskam, I. (2019). Parental burnout: What is it, and why does it matter? Clinical Psychological Science, 7 (6), 1319–1329. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702619858430 Mikolajczak, M., Roskam, I., & Gross, J. J. (2023). Parental burnout: Advances in understanding, assessment, and intervention. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 19 , 67–93. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-080921-053826 OECD (2021), Igualdad de género en Chile: Hacia una mejor distribución del trabajo remunerado y no remunerado , OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/c7105c4d-es . Panesso, C., Santelices, M. P., Oyarce, D., Chalco, E. F., & Escobar, M. J. (2022). Children’s age matters: Parental burnout in Chilean families during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 946705. Ren, X., Mikolajczak, M., & Roskam, I. (2024). Longitudinal patterns of parental burnout and their impact on child outcomes. Child Development . Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.14024 Roskam, I., Brianda, M. E., & Mikolajczak, M. (2018). A step forward in the conceptualization and measurement of parental burnout: The Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA). Frontiers in Psychology, 9 , 758. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00758 Roskam, I., Mikolajczak, M., & Consortium, I. I. P. B. (2021). Parental burnout around the globe: A 42-country study during the COVID-19 pandemic. Affective Science, 2 , 58–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42761-021-00028-4 UNICEF & Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia. (2022). Informe de situación de la niñez y adolescencia en Chile 2022 (SITAN) . https://www.unicef.org/chile/media/6206/file/SITAN-2022.pdf van Bakel, H. J. A., Mikolajczak, M., & Roskam, I. (2022). Parental burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic: A 26-country comparative study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19 (9), 5070. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095070 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6465934","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":469998416,"identity":"df4424e0-c36b-4559-9f73-0eb445675df3","order_by":0,"name":"María Josefina Escobar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"María","middleName":"Josefina","lastName":"Escobar","suffix":""},{"id":469998417,"identity":"46abe247-af06-458f-ad0b-ca93439538df","order_by":1,"name":"Carolina Panesso Giraldo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Carolina","middleName":"Panesso","lastName":"Giraldo","suffix":""},{"id":469998418,"identity":"49b5b852-edbf-4bf8-9f18-f62fd16ced67","order_by":2,"name":"Francisca Pérez","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Francisca","middleName":"","lastName":"Pérez","suffix":""},{"id":469998419,"identity":"e121b2a8-1504-45d3-a7e3-b1ceccc94597","order_by":3,"name":"María Pía Santelices","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"María","middleName":"Pía","lastName":"Santelices","suffix":""},{"id":469998420,"identity":"6ca46b25-08d8-4912-9113-f94920b96257","order_by":4,"name":"Daniela Oyarce","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Santo Tomás","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Daniela","middleName":"","lastName":"Oyarce","suffix":""},{"id":469998421,"identity":"7393b87d-545c-41bd-80a0-6ee440cd8cbc","order_by":5,"name":"Eduardo Franco","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFCCBCBmY2BgbwDzbKCibERo4TkA5qWRruUwYS387DmGnyvKbBh4pA8/e/Cj4nyewfGzBxg+lB1mMIe6FR1I9rwxljxzLo2Bhy/N3LDnzO1igzN5CYwzzh1msOw5gFWLwY0cA8nGtsMM9jwMZtKMbbcTN9zgMWDmBYoY3EjAqsX+Ro7xT5AWHh72b0At5yBa/oK03H+A3RaJHDNJiBYekC0HIFoYwbZg977EmWdllg3n0oA6eMoke84kF0sC/XKw51w6j2UPdofxtydvvtlQZiMHdNg2iR8Vdnl8x88efPCjzFrOnB2792GAB8ZIALFBankM8GpAAglw7URrGQWjYBSMguEOAPctW4Sz1RdbAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Pontifical Catholic University of Peru","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eduardo","middleName":"","lastName":"Franco","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-16 18:53:05","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6465934/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6465934/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":84538293,"identity":"8d2cd15a-ae44-4186-8891-f3f3ef36d441","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-13 07:40:27","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50953,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBPBs confirmatory factor model’s\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6465934/v1/25a6e8f65130c9a701ef382e.png"},{"id":84539663,"identity":"2060c386-0144-4f2f-bcfa-84fba23a54cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-13 08:04:27","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":580186,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6465934/v1/36d65838-d969-45e1-8767-9d2a2b9f5cf7.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Validation of the Brief Parental Burnout Scale in Chile: A Psychometrically Robust Tool for Early Detection","fulltext":[{"header":"Highlights","content":"\u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThis study validates a 5-item parental burnout scale using a Chilean sample of 1,103 parents.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChile shows the highest prevalence of parental burnout in Latin America.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe Brief PBA showed excellent psychometric properties (CFI/TLI = .99, RMSEA = .01).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe brief scale enables early detection of parental burnout in clinical and public health settings.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFindings support policy and community-level interventions to prevent parental burnout.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eParenting has always been a challenging endeavor, and recent research has increasingly highlighted the substantial social and environmental pressures that fathers, mothers, and caregivers face in defining what it means to be a 'good' parent. Over the past decade, there has been a significant rise in studies focusing on parental burnout syndrome, revealing there was an increase in the prevalence of parental burnout during the pandemic, rising from 4.2\u0026ndash;5.8% among evaluated parents before and during the pandemic (Roskam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; van Bakel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Chile has the highest prevalence of parental burnout compared to other Latin American countries, both before and during the pandemic (Manrique-Millones et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Roskam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; van Bakel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In Chile, the prevalence increased from 3.9\u0026ndash;8.5% during the pandemic (van Bakel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In countries where individualism is prevalent, there is a higher incidence of parental burnout (Lin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This partly explains why Chile has higher prevalence rates compared to other countries in the region (Krys et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The link between the cultural impact of competitive individualism and traits of perfectionism has been well-documented (Curran \u0026amp; Hill, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), indicating an increasingly solitary parenting style. This style involves greater pressure to achieve perfect parenting and a heightened sense of responsibility for the future and success of their children (Mikolajczak et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), which increases the risk of parental burnout.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental burnout is a syndrome characterized by chronic stress in parents, mothers, or caregivers due to parenting tasks. It arises from an imbalance between stressors and the resources available to manage them (Mikolajczak et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Ren et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This syndrome includes four primary symptoms (Mikolajczak et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Ren et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Roskam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), which develop gradually (Mikolajczak et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) and is linked to severe personal and interpersonal consequences (Mikolajczak et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Ren et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The first symptom is excessive exhaustion, affecting physical, cognitive, and emotional well-being. This is followed by emotional distancing from children, where parents function on autopilot. Thirdly, there is a loss of pleasure in parenting, and finally, a sense of contrast between the parent one used to be and the one they have become, leading to high levels of guilt and shame (Hubert \u0026amp; Aujoulat, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The associated consequences can include thoughts of escape and suicide, sleep disorders, child abuse, and neglect, among others (Mikolajczak, Brianda, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Mikolajczak et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Ren et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). These severe consequences typically emerge during the second stage of emotional distancing, highlighting the need for preventative measures before this stage (Aunola et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the healthcare context, there is a critical need for a reliable screening tool to facilitate the early detection of parental burnout or the risk of its development. International validation of the short Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) scale in Finland has yielded promising results (Aunola et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The Brief Parental Burnout scale (BPBs) has demonstrated strong psychometric properties, accurately identifying parents with high levels of depressive symptoms, low self-esteem, and frequent sleep disruptions (Aunola et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, the BPBs has maintained high sensitivity and specificity in identifying both burned-out parents and those at risk, further establishing its robustness. Moreover, BPBs scores have shown a correlation with increased reports of child neglect and parental violence among parents experiencing burnout (Aunola et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvidence indicates that cultural differences play a significant role, with certain protective factors in some countries posing risks in others or remaining neutral in certain contexts (Mikolajczak et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The uniqueness of each culture necessitates testing which items effectively predict PB locally. This underscores the importance of understanding cultural nuances and tailoring interventions to effectively address parental burnout within diverse cultural contexts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven the global interest in early screening for parental burnout, the Brief Parental Burnout Scale (BPBs) has been previously developed and validated in Finland, showing strong psychometric properties and clinical utility (Aunola et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). More recently, a multilingual version was tested in Switzerland, highlighting cultural nuances and the importance of contextual adaptation, particularly in relation to emotional distancing items (Caviezel-Schmitz \u0026amp; Kr\u0026uuml;ger, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). These findings support the need for culturally sensitive validations to ensure accurate detection across diverse settings. In Latin America, however, no validation of the BPBs has been conducted to date.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aims to validate the Brief Parental Burnout Scale (BPBs) in a Chilean sample. We hypothesize that the BPBs will demonstrate (1) a unidimensional factor structure; (2) strong internal consistency and model fit; and (3) high sensitivity and specificity when compared to the full PBA.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study's sample consisted of 1,103 participants, predominantly female, with 767 mothers (69.54%) compared to 336 fathers (30.46%). The mean age of participants was 38.73 years, with a standard deviation of 7.54 years, ranging from a minimum age of 20 to a maximum of 74 years. In terms of educational attainment, a significant portion of the sample, 43.73% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;478), had completed university education, while 36.32% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;397) had postgraduate education. A smaller segment, 19.95% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;218), reported having an incomplete university education or lower. Regarding socioeconomic status as inferred from neighborhood conditions, nearly half of the participants, 50.77% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;558), resided in favored neighborhoods. In contrast, 45.59% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;501) lived in well-favored areas, and a minority of 3.64% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40) were from disfavored neighborhoods. Lastly, the sample demonstrated a geographical concentration in urban areas, with 57.25% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;628) of the participants living in the metropolitan region of Chile.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eProcedure\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample was part of two different studies conducted between 2020 to 2022. Both studies had the approval of the Ethics Committee Adolfo Ib\u0026aacute;\u0026ntilde;ez University (56/2019 and 23/2020). A cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted where the sample was called through different social networks (Instagram and Facebook) and websites linked to parenting, childhood and psychology research, as well as the personal accounts of the researchers of the study, creating a snowball effect. The data was collected by using a self-report questionnaire completed online through the Google Forms platform and psytoolkit, after registration of informed consent that described the characteristics of the study and information about the confidentiality and anonymity of the data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAnalytic Plan\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Analytic Plan for evaluating the psychometric properties of the newly constructed Brief Parental Burnout scale (BPBs) involved several key steps. Initially, items 1, 9, 8, 20, and 7 from the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) were selected to constitute the BPBs, now labeled as items 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. The response scale for these items also transformed to reduce the number of possible responses, reducing from 7 possible responses to 3 possible responses (never\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;never, few times a year or less, few times a month or less, sometimes a month; Sometimes\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;once a week, sometimes a week; daily\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;every day). The cumulative score for the PBA was computed by summing across all transformed items, leading to the establishment of three cutoff points to distinguish between 'No burnout' (0 to 52 points), 'At risk' (53 to 86 points), and 'Burnout' (87 to 137 points). These cutoffs were pivotal in categorizing the parental burnout levels among the participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo confirm the construct validity of the BPBs, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted, employing the Weighted Least Squares Mean and Variances (WLSMV) estimator, which is suitable for ordinal data. The fit of the model was scrutinized using the Chi-square test statistic, Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) as fit indices. Further, to determine the most appropriate cutoff point for the BPBS, we evaluated five different combinations of score ranges correlating to the 'No burnout,' 'At risk,' and 'Burnout' categories. The effectiveness of these combinations was measured against the PBA's established cutoff points through sensitivity, specificity, and Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) analyses. The combinations tested can be seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. All statistical analyses were conducted using R, a software environment for statistical computing and graphics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCutoff criteria combinations for the Brief Parental Burnout Assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCutoff combination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo burnout\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurnout\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 to 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 to 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 to 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 to 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 to 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 to 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 to 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 to 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 to 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 to 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 to 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 to 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 to 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 to 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Place Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e here\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConfirmatory factor analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for the Brief Parental Burnout scale (BPBs) demonstrated robust goodness-of-fit indices. The model\u0026rsquo;s fit can be observed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The chi-square test yielded a value of χ\u0026sup2;(5)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.67, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.339, indicating that the hypothesized model does not significantly deviate from the observed data. The Comparative Fit Index (CFI) and the Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) were both exemplary, with values of 0.99, suggesting that the model is in excellent agreement with the data. The Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) was estimated at 0.01 with a 95% confidence interval of [0.00\u0026ndash;0.04], illustrating a close fit of the model to the observed covariance structure. Furthermore, the Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) was 0.02, well below the commonly accepted threshold, underscoring the adequacy of the model fit.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBPBs confirmatory factor model\u0026rsquo;s fit indices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFit index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimator\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003e(df, p)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.67 (5, 0.339)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCFI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTLI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRMSEA [95% CI]\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01 [0.00\u0026ndash;0.04]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSRMR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Place Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e here\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe CFA results, shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, also revealed substantial and significant factor loadings for all items on the BPBs, which implies that each item is a strong indicator of the Parental Burnout construct. These high loadings reflect a strong association between the items and the latent construction, thereby affirming the items' construct validity within the BPBs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Place Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e here\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCutoff point selection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e presents the classification percentages based on cutoff criteria for the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) and Brief Parental Burnout (BPBs). The table divides respondents into three categories: Burnout, At Risk, and No Burnout, across five different cutoff points for BPBs and the PBA. For the PBA, most participants (76.95%) fell into the No Burnout category, 15.06% were classified as At Risk, and a smaller proportion (7.99%) met the criteria for Burnout. The cutoff criteria that are most like this distribution is number 4, showing that 74.59 of the participants fell into the No Burnout category, 14.25% were classified as At Risk, and 11.16% were classified as Burnout.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePBA and BPBs Cutoff criteria classification percentages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePBA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBPBs Cutoff\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e%\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e%\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e%\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e%\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e%\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e%\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurnout\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo Burnout\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e715\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e715\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e715\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e822\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e822\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Place Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e here\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e outlines the performance of various cutoff criteria for the Brief Parental Burnout scale (BPBs) in terms of Sensibility (Sensitivity), Specificity, and Area Under the Curve (AUC) for classifying individuals as either 'At risk' or experiencing 'Burnout'. The third BPBs cutoff criterion has been determined to be the most appropriate for a Chilean sample. This cutoff demonstrates a balance between Sensibility and Specificity, which are crucial for accurate classification. For individuals 'At risk', the Sensibility is 0.65, indicating that 65% of the true 'At risk' cases were correctly identified. The Specificity is 0.83, showing that 83% of the true negatives were correctly recognized. The AUC for 'At risk' is 0.74, reflecting a good level of accuracy for this cutoff.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBPBs Cutoff criteria classification performance in Sensibility, Specificity, and Area Under the Curve\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBPBs Cutoff\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurnout\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensibility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecificity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAUC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensibility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecificity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAUC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.65\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.83\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.74\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.83\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.95\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.89\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the 'Burnout' category, the third cutoff criterion yields a Sensibility of 0.83, which means that the test correctly identifies 83% of those with Burnout. The Specificity is quite high at 0.95, suggesting that 95% of those without Burnout are correctly classified. The AUC is 0.89, indicating a very good level of discriminative ability for this cutoff. These values suggest that the third cutoff provides a robust method for identifying both those at risk and those currently experiencing Burnout. The high Specificity for both categories at this cutoff minimizes the risk of false positives, which is particularly important in a clinical and research setting to avoid unnecessary intervention. Meanwhile, the Sensibility ensures that most actual cases are captured.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Place Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e here\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study aimed to develop and validate a short version of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) in a sample of Chilean fathers and mothers, providing a brief, reliable, and specific tool for detecting this syndrome. The results indicate that the PBA presents a solid factorial structure and an adequate fit to the data, with excellent values in goodness-of-fit indicators such as CFI and TLI (0.99), RMSEA (0.01), and SRMR (0.02). Additionally, the selection of the cutoff point allowed for an accurate classification of participants into the categories of \"No Burnout,\" \"At Risk,\" and \"Burnout,\" with high sensitivity and specificity. These findings confirm that the PBA is a psychometrically valid tool for the Chilean population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe high levels of parental burnout observed in Chile in this study can be partly explained by certain sociodemographic and cultural characteristics of the country. Previous research has indicated that Chile has the highest parental burnout rates in Latin America, which may be related to the prevalence of a parenting model based on competitive individualism (Krys et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This model imposes high demands on parenting, fostering perfectionism and a sense of insufficiency in child-rearing, which, in turn, increases the risk of emotional exhaustion. Furthermore, the socioeconomic context of many Chilean families, marked by inequality and limited institutional support networks, can intensify parental stress and hinder work-life balance. Studies indicate that gender disparities in Chile exacerbate this phenomenon, as women continue to shoulder a disproportionate share of unpaid caregiving responsibilities, which further amplifies their risk of burnout (OECD, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic significantly worsened parental burnout levels, particularly among mothers with young children, as they faced heightened caregiving demands and reduced external support (Panesso et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom an applied perspective, the validation of the PBA represents a significant advancement in the early detection of parental burnout in Chile. This scale enables quick and efficient assessment, making it suitable for use in clinical, educational, and community settings. Due to its brevity, it can be integrated into epidemiological studies to monitor the prevalence of parental burnout and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing its impact. Its application could also extend to primary health care programs and school-based prevention initiatives. Moreover, its simplicity allows for integration in digital tools for rapid screening.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relevance of early detection is further underscored by research linking parental burnout to adverse outcomes for children, including increased risks of neglect and emotional detachment, particularly in vulnerable socioeconomic contexts (SITAN, 2022). Additionally, studies highlight that parental burnout can negatively impact children's emotional well-being and academic performance, exacerbating social inequalities and long-term developmental challenges (Granese et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur findings are consistent with previous validations in Finland (Aunola et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and Switzerland (Caviezel-Schmitz \u0026amp; Kr\u0026uuml;ger, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), supporting the unidimensional structure and strong psychometric performance of the BPBs. Notably, the item related to emotional distancing also presented lower factor loading in the Swiss study, which was replicated in our sample. This raises important considerations about the cultural salience and interpretability of this symptom in different parental contexts. While Aunola et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e emphasized the progressive nature of parental burnout\u0026mdash;with emotional distancing appearing after exhaustion\u0026mdash;our study confirms that early signs of exhaustion are the most prevalent in Chilean parents. These results further emphasize the need for early intervention before emotional detachment emerges.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the contributions of this study, certain limitations should be considered. First, the sample was predominantly composed of mothers with medium to high education levels, which may limit the generalizability of the results to populations with lower educational backgrounds or fathers in more vulnerable contexts. Second, while the scale demonstrated high validity and reliability, it would be relevant to explore its predictive capacity concerning other mental health and parental well-being indicators. Third, the exclusive use of online questionnaires may have excluded parents without access to digital platforms or with low digital literacy, potentially reducing sample representativeness. Finally, future studies could examine the usefulness of the BPBs in specific interventions, evaluating their applicability in different clinical and community settings. These results further emphasize the need for early intervention before emotional detachment emerges. Importantly, this study provides the first validation of the BPBs in Latin America, contributing to the global applicability of the instrument and supporting the development of culturally adapted tools for early detection in high-prevalence contexts like Chile.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the validation of the Brief Parental Burnout scale (BPBs) in Chile provides a reliable and effective tool for identifying parents at risk of burnout. Its robust psychometric properties and brief design facilitate its application in various settings, enabling early detection and the implementation of preventive strategies. Given the high prevalence of parental burnout in Chile, having evaluation instruments adapted to the local context is essential for designing public policies and intervention programs that promote the well-being of Chilean families.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eM.J.E. led the conceptualization and writing. C.P.G. and E.F. contributed to data collection and analysis. F.P., M.P.S., and D.O. contributed to interpretation and manuscript review. All authors approved the final version.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAunola, K., Sorkkila, M., Tolvanen, A., Tassoul, A., Mikolajczak, M., \u0026amp; Roskam, I. (2021). Development and validation of the Brief Parental Burnout Scale (BPBs). \u003cem\u003ePsychological Assessment, 33\u003c/em\u003e(11), 1125\u0026ndash;1137. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001064\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCaviezel-Schmitz, S., \u0026amp; Kr\u0026uuml;ger, P. (2024). Development and initial validation of the multilingual Swiss version of the Brief Parental Burnout Scale. \u003cem\u003eHealth Psychology Open, 11\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;16. https://doi.org/10.1177/20551029241308777\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCurran, T., \u0026amp; Hill, A. P. (2019). Perfectionism is increasing over time: A meta-analysis of birth cohort differences from 1989 to 2016. \u003cem\u003ePsychological Bulletin, 145\u003c/em\u003e(4), 410\u0026ndash;429. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000138\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGranese, M., Izquierdo, S., \u0026amp; Maira, A. (2023). Efectos de la pandemia en el bienestar socioemocional de los ni\u0026ntilde;os y adolescentes en Chile y el mundo. \u003cem\u003eCentro de Estudios P\u0026uacute;blicos (CEP), Edici\u0026oacute;n Digital N\u0026deg; 647.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ehttps://static.cepchile.cl/uploads/cepchile/2023/03/pder647_granese_etal.pdf\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHubert, S., \u0026amp; Aujoulat, I. (2018). Parental burnout: When exhausted mothers open up. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 1021.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKrys, K., Park, J., Koc, I., Hassan, A., Selim, H. A. E., Abdulrahman, A. A., \u0026amp; Komatsu, H. (2022). Parenting in a competitive society: How culture shapes parental burnout. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 53\u003c/em\u003e(1), 20\u0026ndash;38. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220221211067742\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLin, L., Roskam, I., Mikolajczak, M., \u0026amp; Walburg, V. (2023). Cultural values and parental burnout: A cross-cultural perspective. \u003cem\u003eCurrent Psychology\u003c/em\u003e. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04720-5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eManrique-Millones, D., Roskam, I., Mikolajczak, M., \u0026amp; Consortium, I. I. P. B. (2022). Global prevalence of parental burnout: A 42-country study. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Affective Disorders, 312\u003c/em\u003e, 284\u0026ndash;293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.021\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMikolajczak, M., Brianda, M. E., Avalosse, H., \u0026amp; Roskam, I. (2018). Consequences of parental burnout: Its specific effect on child neglect and violence. \u003cem\u003eChild Abuse \u0026amp; Neglect, 80\u003c/em\u003e, 134\u0026ndash;145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.009 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMikolajczak, M., Gross, J. J., \u0026amp; Roskam, I. (2019). Parental burnout: What is it, and why does it matter? \u003cem\u003eClinical Psychological Science, 7\u003c/em\u003e(6), 1319\u0026ndash;1329. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702619858430\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMikolajczak, M., Roskam, I., \u0026amp; Gross, J. J. (2023). Parental burnout: Advances in understanding, assessment, and intervention. \u003cem\u003eAnnual Review of Clinical Psychology, 19\u003c/em\u003e, 67\u0026ndash;93. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-080921-053826\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOECD (2021), \u003cem\u003eIgualdad de g\u0026eacute;nero en Chile: Hacia una mejor distribuci\u0026oacute;n del trabajo remunerado y no remunerado\u003c/em\u003e, OECD Publishing, Paris, \u003cem\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1787/c7105c4d-es\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePanesso, C., Santelices, M. P., Oyarce, D., Chalco, E. F., \u0026amp; Escobar, M. J. (2022). Children\u0026rsquo;s age matters: Parental burnout in Chilean families during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 946705.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRen, X., Mikolajczak, M., \u0026amp; Roskam, I. (2024). Longitudinal patterns of parental burnout and their impact on child outcomes. \u003cem\u003eChild Development\u003c/em\u003e. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.14024\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoskam, I., Brianda, M. E., \u0026amp; Mikolajczak, M. (2018). A step forward in the conceptualization and measurement of parental burnout: The Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA). \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Psychology, 9\u003c/em\u003e, 758. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00758\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoskam, I., Mikolajczak, M., \u0026amp; Consortium, I. I. P. B. (2021). Parental burnout around the globe: A 42-country study during the COVID-19 pandemic. \u003cem\u003eAffective Science, 2\u003c/em\u003e, 58\u0026ndash;79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42761-021-00028-4 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUNICEF \u0026amp; Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia. (2022). \u003cem\u003eInforme de situaci\u0026oacute;n de la ni\u0026ntilde;ez y adolescencia en Chile 2022 (SITAN)\u003c/em\u003e. https://www.unicef.org/chile/media/6206/file/SITAN-2022.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003evan Bakel, H. J. A., Mikolajczak, M., \u0026amp; Roskam, I. (2022). Parental burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic: A 26-country comparative study. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19\u003c/em\u003e(9), 5070. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095070\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Parental burnout, validation, BPBs, early detection, Latin America","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6465934/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6465934/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study validates a brief tool to assess parental burnout in Chile, which has the highest reported prevalence in Latin America of this condition in Latin America. A five-item scale was tested among 1,103 parents. Results confirmed strong psychometric performance and meaningful classification into risk levels. The scale's brevity and accuracy make it suitable for clinical, public health, and research use, allowing for early detection and targeted intervention.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Validation of the Brief Parental Burnout Scale in Chile: A Psychometrically Robust Tool for Early Detection","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-13 07:40:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6465934/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"bba40005-29c7-46bf-8c08-cec3d7f1a671","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-13T07:40:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-13 07:40:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6465934","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6465934","identity":"rs-6465934","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}