HyFlex: Opportunities and Challenges in Higher Education

HyFlex: Opportunities and Challenges in Higher Education | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article HyFlex: Opportunities and Challenges in Higher Education Abdul Naveed Tariq, Varinder Gill This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8188562/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The HyFlex delivery model gained prominence in higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic as a solution to ensure continuity of education and meet diverse student needs. As the educational landscape evolves, it is crucial to assess HyFlex's effectiveness, challenges, and benefits, especially with the integration of AI tools that raise concerns regarding academic integrity and assessment methods. This study examines the opportunities and obstacles faced by faculty teaching in a HyFlex environment, its impact on student learning culture, and the influence of artificial intelligence on assessment practices. Based on semi-structured interviews with 13 faculty members at a post-secondary institution, the research explores the dual nature of HyFlex teaching, revealing that while it enhances accessibility, inclusivity, digital literacy, and active participation, it also presents significant challenges in designing effective instructional strategies for multiple delivery modes. Furthermore, the advent of AI tools (ChatGPT, Co-pilot etc.) complicates issues related to academic integrity and assessment design. Faculty perspectives emphasize the need for innovative strategies to overcome these challenges while preserving the flexibility and engagement that HyFlex offers. The study concludes with practical recommendations to improve HyFlex teaching effectiveness and adapt assessment practices to an educational landscape increasingly shaped by AI advancements. HyFlex Higher Education Artificial Intelligence Academic Assessment Instructional strategies Academic Integrity Faculty Perspective Introduction During the pandemic, post-secondary institutions adapted various delivery modes of teaching to ensure the safety of the faculty and students. One of these modes that has gained attention is the Flexible - Hybrid delivery mode, also known as HyFlex. This innovative educational framework integrates in person and online synchronous learning (via Zoom or Teams) and fully online asynchronous mode. Integrating three different modes provides flexibility to students about how they participate in the course and engage with the material throughout the semester. Students can change their mode of participation on a weekly basis according to their personal preferences. According to Penrod ( 2022 ) implementing the HyFlex delivery mode improves the overall students’ experience and helps educational institutions remain relevant. The advantages of adopting the HyFlex mode in higher education includes increased flexibility, motivation, engagement, and accessibility (Vilhauer, 2021 ; Bower et al., 2015 ). The student demographics in Canadian universities are more diverse than ever before, with many students managing work and family commitments simultaneously, which can make attending in-person classes difficult. As a result, the HyFlex model offers an inclusive and equitable solution for students who face challenges attending classes on campus (Cunningham, 2014 ). Although research studies have exhibited the benefits of HyFlex, some studies have found out the challenges associated with this delivery mode. Butz et al., ( 2014 ) revealed that on-campus students participating in the blended synchronous delivery model in business programs experienced a greater sense of connection compared to their online counterparts. The main aim of this piece of research is to highlight the benefits and challenges of using HyFlex mode of delivery used in higher education. This study has been divided into four sections: literature review, data collection and methodology, data analysis, and recommendations. Literature review We reviewed academic studies focusing on HyFlex mode of delivery to gain a better understating of the topic being investigated. In one of the studies reviewed on HyFlex learning environment, Hassan & Rahmat ( 2023 ) collected data from students through interviews found that students appreciated the HyFlex classrooms since they can customize their experiences weekly according to their own needs and preferences. According to Yang et al. ( 2024 ) Hyflex enhances learning outcomes by allowing students to engage with course material at their own pace. HyFlex mode promotes inclusivity as students who face barriers to attend in person classes can participate online or asynchronously. These barriers may be due to various disabilities, residence in remote areas, longer distance from the institution or other personal commitments (Hassan & Rahmat, 2023 ). Bogatyrets ( 2020 ) studied various benefits and challenges of HyFlex learning with benefits outweighing the challenges. Apart from providing flexibility to students regarding their learning preferences and environment, it also enables them to collaborate and work together through Teams and Chat groups etc. Since the facilitators provide material to fulfill the requirements of in person interactions, synchronous and asynchronous modes, students receive a greater breadth of learning material that they might not have access to in other modes. It fosters inclusivity, engagement, and adaptability, while enabling the integration of appropriate technologies. According to Hasan and Rahmat (2023) using technology for students learning helps them to enhance their digital literacy skills. HyFlex mode enables the faculty to create a collaborative learning environment for students, leading to improved students’ participation. HyFlex Learning Community ( 2024 ) found out that flexibility is particularly advantageous for students balancing academic commitments with work or personal responsibilities. This not only increases student engagement but also supports inclusivity for those with varying needs. However, students with lack of access to technology or poor connectivity struggle to participate in HyFlex mode of learning (Bogatyrets, 2020 ) HyFlex Commons (n.d.) discusses that HyFlex instruction caters to students with different learning styles and needs, including those with physical or emotional disabilities. For instance, students facing mobility challenges or anxiety can opt for online participation, ensuring equitable access to course materials and discussions. Furthermore, due to varied modalities within Hyflex, it encourages educators and institutions to reconsider and innovate the design of learning environments and teaching strategies (Santandreu Calonge et al., 2023 ). The study on the Effect of Using HyFlex Technology Learning (Amirova et al., 2023 ) investigates the impact of HyFlex-based learning on pre-service teachers' academic achievement, professional attitudes, and knowledge retention. The research emphasizes the benefits of combining face-to-face instruction with online learning experiences, supported by AI tools, in enhancing overall educational outcomes. Though Hyflex delivery mode carries numerous advantages, various studies have discussed the challenges presented by this mode. In a study Boehm and Boerboom ( 2023 ) highlighted themes of increased workload, technological challenges, and the complexity of fostering interaction in a HyFlex environment. Designing instructional strategies to fulfill various delivery modes within HyFlex requires systematic planning in pedagogy. Strategies for active student participation should be developed carefully to ensure that students participate regardless of the mode of participation they select every week. Any technical glitches, poor connectivity, or other software issues can pose challenges to run HyFlex classes smoothly. Furthermore, from an institutional standpoint, HyFlex classrooms require a large amount of upfront financial investment for initial implementation (Calonge et al., 2023) and investment for technical support. Romero-Hall and Ripine ( 2021 ) found out in a study that faculty expressed concerns about managing the complexities specific to HyFlex instruction, despite their confidence in traditional teaching competencies. Notably, they felt less prepared to monitor and manage both in-person and online student progress simultaneously, as well as to master the technological tools and course organization required for synchronous online environments. According to Mentzer, Isabell, & Mohandas ( 2023 ) maintaining a cohesive and interactive learning environment that bridges the gap between face-to-face and remote participants remains a significant challenge. The dual delivery mode can increase the complexity of course management and require additional time and resources for effective implementation (Barr & Luo, 2024 ). With the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) tools, conducting various assessments under HyFlex has become a challenging process. The way AI tools are used in the teaching and learning process is a major concern for academia. Researchers and students are utilizing AI chatbots for creative writing, inquiries, and improving essays. Students are increasingly using AI chatbots for writing essays, project papers, and exams, particularly in online or Hyflex modes, which raises issues of academic integrity (Cotton et al., 2023 ; Roe & Parkins, 2022). HyFlex Learning Community (n.d.) recommends alternatives to traditional testing, such as authentic assessments that require critical thinking and personalized responses, which are less susceptible to AI generation. According to Dineva (2024) in the future, education is likely to increasingly integrate innovative technologies as a fundamental aspect of the learning experience. This includes the use of artificial intelligence, adaptive learning platforms, online collaboration tools, and digital e-learning resources for content delivery. The integration of these technologies aims to enhance accessibility and flexibility, catering to the unique needs of each student and providing more personalized learning opportunities. Overall, this research investigates the benefits and challenges of HyFlex mode of delivery and the relevance of various assessments in HyFlex after the advent of AI tools such as Chat GPT. Data Collection and Methodology Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather qualitative data from 13 faculty members teaching in the HyFlex mode at a post-secondary institution. These participants were selected based on their teaching experience in the HyFlex format, which ranged from one semester to several years. The interviews aimed to capture their insights, experiences, and perspectives on the opportunities and challenges of teaching in this mode. All interviews were carefully transcribed and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. This involved systematically identifying patterns and themes within the data. The analysis began by reviewing the transcripts to identify similarities in the responses, particularly recurring comments, concerns, and shared experiences highlighted by the participants. Through qualitative analysis, the responses were categorized and synthesized to draw meaningful conclusions. The analysis also included examining faculty perspectives on assessments within the HyFlex mode, particularly in the backdrop of evolving power of AI tools available to students. Additionally, the study captured specific recommendations provided by faculty to improve the overall teaching and learning experience in HyFlex settings. The key findings, including the specific benefits and challenges of HyFlex, faculty perspectives on assessments, and their recommendations for enhancing this instructional mode, are presented in detail in the following section. The interview data supporting the conclusions of this article is available in the Seneca Polytechnic cloud system in protected folder. Data Analysis: Benefits of Hyflex mode for faculty and students: The following analysis consolidates and organizes insights from participants’ interviews regarding the benefits of teaching in the HyFlex mode. Based on the key themes identified, these findings reflect the diverse ways in which HyFlex enhances both teaching and learning experiences. Faculty widely recognized HyFlex as a teaching modality that caters to diverse learning styles by offering students the flexibility to engage either in person, synchronously (live) or asynchronously (on-demand). This approach allows students to choose the mode of participation that best aligns with their personal learning preferences, leading to improved engagement and learning outcomes. Interviewees highlighted the significant benefits for non-traditional students, such as those juggling professional responsibilities, caregiving roles, or other life commitments. By enabling students to schedule their learning around their existing priorities, it empowers them to pursue higher education without compromising other essential aspects of their lives. The participants emphasized that HyFlex’s provision of recorded lectures enables students to revisit content at their convenience. This feature supports independent learners, allowing them to learn at their own pace, solidifying their understanding of complex topics, and prevent falling behind. Multiple modes of content delivery, including live lectures, asynchronous videos, and supplementary materials, were praised for fostering deeper comprehension. Faculty noted that students often benefit from revisiting materials multiple times, which aids retention and helps address individual learning gaps. HyFlex delivery model acknowledges and adapts to the diverse circumstances of today’s learners. This inclusivity fosters an equitable environment where students with irregular schedules or unpredictable life demands can remain actively engaged in their education. By removing participation barriers, HyFlex encourages greater engagement among students who might otherwise feel excluded due to logistical or personal challenges. The participants particularly valued the opportunity to reach students who might have struggled in traditional, rigidly structured formats. This model allows the incorporation of classroom tools, such as whiteboards, alongside advanced online technologies. This integration creates a cohesive and dynamic learning environment, combining the strengths of traditional in-person instruction with the flexibility of digital platforms. In the wake of the pandemic, faculty acknowledged HyFlex’s alignment with the increasing demand for remote and hybrid learning solutions. The model reflects the realities of modern education, offering students a seamless blend of physical and virtual learning experiences. The HyFlex model encourages faculty to experiment with novel pedagogical approaches. The participants expressed enthusiasm for exploring creative ways to deliver content, engage students, and leverage technologies such as cameras, microphones, and virtual platforms. This flexibility fosters professional growth and innovation among educators. HyFlex also simplifies certain administrative aspects of teaching. For instance, the availability of assessments over a 24-hour period reduces the need for rescheduling exams, minimizing logistical challenges for both students and faculty. The interviews underscore HyFlex as a transformative teaching model that benefits both students and faculty. By providing flexibility, inclusivity, and access to innovative tools, HyFlex addresses the evolving needs of modern education. These insights may serve as a foundation for developing strategies to enhance the HyFlex experience further, ensuring its sustainability and long-term impact on educational outcomes. Challenges faced by faculty and students: This section consolidates insights from faculty interviews regarding the challenges of HyFlex teaching. While the benefits are transformative, as highlighted earlier, the challenges reveal significant areas for improvement and strategic intervention. The participants frequently cited the difficulty of ensuring equitable participation among in-person, synchronous online, and asynchronous students. Online students often feel disconnected or distracted compared to their in-person peers, while in-class students tend to exhibit higher levels of engagement. Additionally, asynchronous students face barriers to participating in interactive activities, which can hinder their learning experience. Challenges arise in fostering collaboration among students attending via different modes. Group assignments, for example, are often hampered by the lack of familiarity among students in different modalities. The faculty also noted difficulties in promoting meaningful interactions, particularly when online students keep their cameras off. HyFlex requires substantial preparation to adapt content, lessons, and assessments for three distinct modalities: in-person, synchronous online, and asynchronous online. This preparation often feels like teaching three separate classes, significantly increasing workload and time demands. Low in-person attendance creates "lonely classrooms," reducing the interaction and energy that instructors derive from face-to-face teaching. This lack of engagement impacts on the overall teaching experience and can lead to feelings of disconnection for instructors. Increased time is spent developing "cheat-proof" assessments and cross-checking work against AI tools to detect academic dishonesty. The faculty expressed the need for streamlined tools to report academic integrity violations. The additional administrative effort to ensure fairness across modalities adds to their workload. The participants reported spending additional hours responding to emails, addressing student concerns, and conducting one-on-one appointments. The flexibility offered by HyFlex demands strong time management and self-regulation skills from students. Many students, especially new or first-semester learners, struggle with these skills, leading to cramming, or missed learning opportunities. The flexibility of HyFlex often leads to procrastination, particularly in asynchronous learning settings. Reduced physical attendance limits opportunities for in-person peer interactions, contributing to a sense of isolation. Some students perceive HyFlex’s flexibility as an opportunity to delay engaging with course materials, resulting in a last-minute rush to catch up. This behavior diminishes the effectiveness of the model and creates additional challenges for instructors. Students participating asynchronously often experience a lack of feedback and interaction with faculty and peers. This absence hinders relationship-building and their ability to remain engaged with course content. Students often expect faculty to be available at all hours, eroding boundaries and creating challenges for instructors. Classrooms often lack standardized or adequate technology, such as high-quality cameras and screens for real-time interaction. This deficiency makes it difficult for online students to view the board or participate effectively. Frequent technical issues, including connectivity problems and malfunctioning audio-visual systems, disrupt the flow of teaching. The faculty expressed frustration with the additional time and effort required to troubleshoot these problems during class. Table 1 summarizes the benefits and challenges of HyFlex teaching model. Table 1 Benefits and Challenges of HyFlex Teaching Model Benefits Challenges Flexibility for students to choose in-person, synchronous, or asynchronous learning Ensuring equitable participation across modalities is difficult Supports diverse learning styles and personal preferences Online students may feel disconnected or distracted Empowers non-traditional students with life commitments Asynchronous students face barriers to interactive learning Recorded lectures allow students to revisit content at their own pace Group collaboration is hindered across different modalities Multiple content delivery modes enhance comprehension and retention Promoting meaningful interaction is challenging, especially with cameras off Inclusive and equitable for students with irregular schedules Requires extensive preparation for three distinct modalities Removes participation barriers and increases engagement Low in-person attendance leads to 'lonely classrooms' Combines traditional tools with advanced online technologies Increased workload due to developing fair assessments and managing integrity Aligns with modern demand for remote/hybrid learning Students struggle with time management and self-regulation Encourages pedagogical innovation and professional growth Flexibility may lead to procrastination and last-minute cramming Simplifies some administrative tasks like flexible exam scheduling Asynchronous students lack feedback and interaction Enhances access to education without compromising other life priorities Students expect faculty to be available constantly, eroding boundaries Fosters deeper engagement and retention through revisiting materials Inadequate classroom technology hinders online participation Enables faculty to reach students who struggle in traditional formats Frequent technical issues disrupt teaching flow Impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools on Student Learning Culture in HyFlex Mode: In HyFlex delivery mode, the assessments are conducted online, hence it may lead to deterioration of learning culture among students especially with the advent of AI tools such as Chat GPT. This section captures insights about how AI tools have impacted student learning culture within the HyFlex teaching model. The findings highlight both the benefits and challenges of AI, reflecting the evolving dynamics of teaching and learning in this mode. According to the participants, AI tools provide students with personalized learning experiences, such as automated feedback, enhancing comprehension and engagement. Furthermore, real-time AI functionalities, including brainstorming assistance and research support, foster higher-order thinking skills. AI tools familiarize students with workplace-relevant technologies, preparing them for future career demands. Scenario-based learning ensures students grasp core concepts while applying them in practical contexts. Faculty view AI as a valuable teaching assistant capable of automating routine tasks like creating assignments, generating tutorials, and facilitating discussions. They also recognize AI’s potential for collaborative creativity, encouraging students to use AI prompts for idea generation and problem-solving. Faculty see potential for innovative approaches to assessments and classroom engagement. AI is becoming integral to both education and the job market, emphasizing the need for students to use it effectively while mastering foundational skills independently. Hence, Faculty training on AI tools is essential to guide students and optimize teaching outcomes. Traditional metrics like attendance and participation no longer align with student performance, as asynchronous learning enables students to excel despite low physical or live-class attendance. Faculty are rethinking engagement strategies to ensure all students benefit equally from the HyFlex model. Though AI tools support inclusivity by addressing individual learning needs, enabling real-time searches, and enhancing idea generation, however, reduced in-person attendance limits physical classroom interaction, creating a less dynamic environment for faculty and students. Faculty acknowledged that HyFlex, combined with AI, offers tailored, individualized education opportunities that address traditional classroom challenges. AI tools have the potential to make HyFlex more interactive, supporting better learning outcomes through thoughtful implementation. However, over-reliance on AI tools and asynchronous learning may hinder the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills. The overuse of AI tools may hinder genuine learning and skill development, especially in applied fields. Regarding assessments, ensuring rigorous standards is crucial to maintaining educational integrity. Institutions must measure the effectiveness of HyFlex and AI tools on learning outcomes through data-driven analyses. This evaluation should focus on whether the combined approach maintains or improves educational quality. HyFlex, supported by AI, meets student needs in real time, reducing dependence on peers or dishonest practices like copying work. Students are adapting to a new learning culture that combines AI usage with hybrid learning. This shift places greater responsibility on faculty to guide students in maintaining academic integrity and effective time management. The misuse of AI tools for assignments and assessments raises significant concerns about academic integrity. The participants emphasized the need to guide students in using AI responsibly to maintain ethical standards. Institutions should develop better strategies to detect and address AI-generated work effectively. AI tools have significantly impacted student learning culture in the HyFlex mode, offering both opportunities and challenges. The use of AI tools enhances flexibility, inclusivity, and personalized learning, but raises concerns about academic integrity and critical thinking. Addressing these challenges through systematic evaluation, institutional support, and faculty training will be essential to unlocking the full potential of AI in HyFlex education. Table 2 summarizes the positive impacts of AI in HyFlex teaching model and the challenges and concerns of faculty towards teaching and assessments. Table 2 AI in HyFlex Education: Impacts and Challenges Positive Impacts of AI Challenges and Concerns Personalized feedback and support enhances comprehension and engagement Raises concerns about academic integrity due to AI misuse in assessments Promotes higher-order thinking through brainstorming and research assistance May hinder development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills Familiarizes students with workplace-relevant technologies Reduced in-person attendance affects classroom dynamics Supports scenario-based learning for practical application of concepts Increases faculty responsibility for guiding ethical AI use Automates routine tasks for faculty, enabling innovative teaching Students may misuse AI for shortcuts, undermining genuine learning Supports inclusivity and flexibility with real-time assistance Requires institutional support for training and detection strategies Potential to enhance engagement and effectiveness of HyFlex Needs data-driven evaluation to measure AI's impact on learning outcomes Encourages rethinking of traditional performance metrics like attendance Challenges in maintaining educational quality and ethical standards Level of motivation for assessment preparation: This section summarizes the perspectives of faculty members regarding how teaching with HyFlex has influenced their motivation and approach to preparing and evaluating assessments. The findings are categorized into themes that highlight both the motivational factors and challenges associated with the HyFlex teaching model. Faculty are driven by the challenge of improving learning outcomes for a diverse student population. The HyFlex model encourages continuous self-evaluation of teaching methods and their effectiveness, fostering professional growth. Preparing equitable and effective assessments motivates faculty to innovate and adapt their practices. However, low attendance in both in-person and online formats diminishes faculty motivation. Faculty feel that their efforts to create engaging lesson plans and assessments are underappreciated when student participation is limited. Furthermore, designing assessments that are fair, rigorous, and adaptable across multiple modalities (in-person, synchronous online, asynchronous) is significantly more demanding. The need to create robust assessments that are resistant to academic integrity violations adds to the complexity. Sharing insights and strategies among educators is crucial for addressing challenges and improving assessment practices. Institutional support plays a key role in enabling faculty to refine their methods through access to resources and training. However, faculty spend additional time designing assessments that are resistant to AI-generated content and cross-referencing student work with AI tools. Faculty see the potential of AI to prepare students for workplace realities by integrating AI into teaching, assessments, and projects. There is a growing emphasis on teaching students how to use AI ethically and effectively, including proper citation of AI-generated content and verifying accuracy. Faculty experience heightened stress from the need to ensure assessments are robust against AI misuse. Marking assessments becomes more time-consuming due to the necessity of verifying content against AI-generated work. HyFlex teaching demands additional time for preparing lessons and assessments that cater to all modalities. Faculty must balance multiple responsibilities, including lesson planning, assessment creation, and providing individualized support to students. While the model inspires innovation and adaptability, it also introduces significant challenges related to complexity, fairness, and academic integrity. Addressing these challenges through institutional support, collaboration, and the ethical integration of AI tools is essential for sustaining faculty motivation and ensuring the effectiveness of the HyFlex model. Equipping faculty to design adaptable, fair, and rigorous assessments while maintaining academic integrity in the presence of AI tools and offering resources to detect and manage AI-generated submissions can reduce the burden on faculty. Using data-driven analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of HyFlex in maintaining or improving educational quality and introducing in-person checkpoints or assessments to ensure accountability and maintaining rigor can make Hyflex delivery mode more impactful. Implementing training programs to teach students how to use digital tools, including AI, effectively and ethically and providing workshops on self-discipline and time management to prepare students for the flexibility of HyFlex learning are highly recommended. Future of HyFlex with AI Integration: AI can automate routine tasks (e.g., grading), provide personalized feedback, and support creative problem-solving through tools like brainstorming assistants and adaptive learning modules. AI-powered platforms can simplify course design, catering to diverse student needs and learning modalities. Integrating AI into assessments can prepare students for real-world applications, fostering higher-order thinking skills. HyFlex and AI combined offer unparalleled flexibility, enabling diverse learners to access education tailored to their schedules. Since excessive reliance on AI tools can impede critical thinking and problem-solving abilities, institutions should prioritize fostering foundational learning and independent thought. Ensuring equitable learning experiences for in-person and remote learners is critical, even as AI enhances engagement. AI and HyFlex are driving a significant transformation in how education is delivered, demanding new strategies for engagement, accountability, and assessments. Education must prepare students for an AI-driven job market by balancing traditional skill-building with competence in using advanced tools. Faculty workload must be addressed to ensure sustainable teaching practices, as the demands of HyFlex increase. Recommendations Based on the study’s findings, the following recommendations were identified. These insights were provided by the faculty members interviewed in the study. Targeted Implementation One key recommendation from participants is that the HyFlex model is most effective when applied to mature, independent learners or advanced-level courses. This is because HyFlex offers significant autonomy in terms of how, when, and where students engage with the course content. Independent learners, who are accustomed to managing their time and resources, are better equipped to navigate this model’s flexibility. However, for introductory courses, where students may require more structure and direct support, traditional in-person learning models may be more beneficial. The personal interaction and guided structure of in-person instruction help foster the foundational skills and knowledge needed for more self-directed learning in later courses. Thus, institutions should consider the nature and level of the course when deciding to implement HyFlex. Incorporating AI Participants also recommended that institutions take a proactive approach in guiding both students and faculty on the ethical and effective use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) within the HyFlex model. AI can be a powerful tool for enhancing personalized learning, automating administrative tasks, or even supporting assessment processes. However, its use must be done with care, ensuring that it does not inadvertently introduce biases or compromise the integrity of the learning experience. Institutions should provide the necessary training and resources for both faculty and students to understand how to use AI in a way that is beneficial, ethical, and aligned with educational goals. Further, institutions must ensure reliable and advanced technology (e.g., cameras, microphones, and high-speed internet) to support simultaneous in-person and remote learning. Seamless and accessible IT support is crucial to address technical issues faced by both faculty and students during sessions. Investment in AI-powered platforms that enhance course delivery, simplify assessment management, and personalize learning experiences could improve the overall experience of HyFlex. Furthermore, providing ongoing training to help faculty navigate the technological and pedagogical demands of HyFlex teaching is recommended. Balancing Flexibility and Accountability A third recommendation from the study is the importance of striking a balance between the flexibility offered by HyFlex and the need for accountability in students' learning and assessments. While the flexibility of the HyFlex model allows students to choose when and how they engage with learning materials, this flexibility can sometimes result in a lack of structure or accountability. To address this, participants suggested implementing hybrid assessment models that combine online flexibility with in-person rigor. For example, while students might access lectures online, they could still be required to complete certain assessments in person, ensuring that learning is both self-paced and evaluated through rigorous methods. This hybrid approach can provide students with the freedom to learn at their own pace while maintaining academic standards and accountability. Collaborative Frameworks As the adoption of HyFlex continues to grow, it is essential for institutions to work together to share experiences, challenges, and successful strategies for implementation. By creating a collaborative framework, institutions can learn from each other’s successes and mistakes, ensuring that the model is optimized for diverse student populations. Such collaborations could include conferences, joint research initiatives, or shared resources for training faculty and students. This collective effort can also help establish industry-wide standards and guidelines, promoting the continuous improvement and adaptation of HyFlex to meet evolving educational needs. Conclusion The HyFlex model, when combined with AI tools, has the potential to revolutionize education by enhancing flexibility, accessibility, and personalization. This innovative approach allows students to engage with course content in ways that best suit their learning preferences, whether through in-person, synchronous online, or asynchronous participation. The integration of AI can further personalize learning by offering tailored feedback, adaptive learning paths, and intelligent tutoring systems. However, to fully realize the benefits of the HyFlex model, institutions must address several critical challenges. Academic integrity concerns must be carefully managed, especially with online assessments and AI-driven tools, requiring updated policies and secure technologies. Faculty workload is another issue, as managing multiple teaching modalities and supporting diverse students can be overwhelming. Providing adequate resources, training, and AI-assisted tools can help alleviate this burden. Moreover, equitable engagement is essential, as not all students have equal access to technology or digital literacy. To ensure inclusivity, institutions must invest in infrastructure that supports all learners. Ongoing evaluation is also key to refining the model, gathering feedback from students and faculty to make data-driven improvements. With thoughtful implementation and continuous investment in technology and training, the HyFlex model can become a sustainable and impactful approach to modern education, meeting the needs of diverse learners in a rapidly evolving world. Declarations A statement of ethics approval: All procedures involving human participants in this study have been reviewed and approved by Ethic Review Board (REB) of Seneca. 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Retrieved June 2, 2022, from https://er.educause.edu/articles/2022/3/staying-relevant-the-importance-of-incorporating-hyflex-learning-into-higher-education-strategy Snezhana D (2024) Hybrid, blended, and HyFlex learning as future models for education. SSRN . https://ssrn.com/abstract=4972630 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8188562","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":549572929,"identity":"48cdbef4-3c34-43d0-821e-8d51b29d4d6b","order_by":0,"name":"Abdul Naveed Tariq","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABNklEQVRIie3PsWqDQBjA8U8EJ8utBwV9hRMh7ZLkVZRbbaEExEIhgYBZUroK6UOYJXPkwCnNLOjg1KkUu1mQ0lPTkF6bdi3UPyjHd/44D6Cr6y+GgUBeL2SQ8v00b7dgfYxY/OFEJvtpM/mVACj4C/kutJiusAWVfjaTV9ell2lo9hDltl9paHEbrUsY6OIhWexyQox7pripunk08eaSEtsnJs62VjQHakwEkzi9mkiBrPZSyWd2CHzCiR1ihzB+HUkg+o4Ma3L1+sbGIXpqyPiDDAVCdsSuCZxMmEVwe0q9aIgtECOLR+cWMWkgK6NTNWZGkDxTYm1NvnBINCeUCkRLp8uk8LR+gNjypbxhOrq7iPLC1XQUOGZReoO+eP329w7eACqApHzeOtYBgerHL7u6urr+V++gYHIKwqoGZwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8633-1389","institution":"Seneca Polytechnic, Toronto, Canada","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdul","middleName":"Naveed","lastName":"Tariq","suffix":""},{"id":549572930,"identity":"c4a0e0d3-eb83-4166-8563-2df1df43986f","order_by":1,"name":"Varinder Gill","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Seneca Polytechnic, Toronto, 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03:56:45","extension":"html","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":75065,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8188562/v1/f1b2112ec25bf09c7fa44480.html"},{"id":96922956,"identity":"c20b5cbd-3e63-4257-bcdb-0f75ad93dc24","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:20:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":506717,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8188562/v1/4c422a5f-c7ba-4e03-8ac1-f8b12dc24650.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHyFlex: Opportunities and Challenges in Higher Education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the pandemic, post-secondary institutions adapted various delivery modes of teaching to ensure the safety of the faculty and students. One of these modes that has gained attention is the Flexible - Hybrid delivery mode, also known as HyFlex. This innovative educational framework integrates in person and online synchronous learning (via Zoom or Teams) and fully online asynchronous mode. Integrating three different modes provides flexibility to students about how they participate in the course and engage with the material throughout the semester. Students can change their mode of participation on a weekly basis according to their personal preferences. According to Penrod (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) implementing the HyFlex delivery mode improves the overall students\u0026rsquo; experience and helps educational institutions remain relevant. The advantages of adopting the HyFlex mode in higher education includes increased flexibility, motivation, engagement, and accessibility (Vilhauer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Bower et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The student demographics in Canadian universities are more diverse than ever before, with many students managing work and family commitments simultaneously, which can make attending in-person classes difficult. As a result, the HyFlex model offers an inclusive and equitable solution for students who face challenges attending classes on campus (Cunningham, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Although research studies have exhibited the benefits of HyFlex, some studies have found out the challenges associated with this delivery mode. Butz et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) revealed that on-campus students participating in the blended synchronous delivery model in business programs experienced a greater sense of connection compared to their online counterparts. The main aim of this piece of research is to highlight the benefits and challenges of using HyFlex mode of delivery used in higher education. This study has been divided into four sections: literature review, data collection and methodology, data analysis, and recommendations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Literature review","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe reviewed academic studies focusing on HyFlex mode of delivery to gain a better understating of the topic being investigated. In one of the studies reviewed on HyFlex learning environment, Hassan \u0026amp; Rahmat (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) collected data from students through interviews found that students appreciated the HyFlex classrooms since they can customize their experiences weekly according to their own needs and preferences. According to Yang et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) Hyflex enhances learning outcomes by allowing students to engage with course material at their own pace. HyFlex mode promotes inclusivity as students who face barriers to attend in person classes can participate online or asynchronously. These barriers may be due to various disabilities, residence in remote areas, longer distance from the institution or other personal commitments (Hassan \u0026amp; Rahmat, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBogatyrets (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) studied various benefits and challenges of HyFlex learning with benefits outweighing the challenges. Apart from providing flexibility to students regarding their learning preferences and environment, it also enables them to collaborate and work together through Teams and Chat groups etc. Since the facilitators provide material to fulfill the requirements of in person interactions, synchronous and asynchronous modes, students receive a greater breadth of learning material that they might not have access to in other modes. It fosters inclusivity, engagement, and adaptability, while enabling the integration of appropriate technologies. According to Hasan and Rahmat (2023) using technology for students learning helps them to enhance their digital literacy skills. HyFlex mode enables the faculty to create a collaborative learning environment for students, leading to improved students\u0026rsquo; participation. HyFlex Learning Community (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) found out that flexibility is particularly advantageous for students balancing academic commitments with work or personal responsibilities. This not only increases student engagement but also supports inclusivity for those with varying needs. However, students with lack of access to technology or poor connectivity struggle to participate in HyFlex mode of learning (Bogatyrets, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHyFlex Commons (n.d.) discusses that HyFlex instruction caters to students with different learning styles and needs, including those with physical or emotional disabilities. For instance, students facing mobility challenges or anxiety can opt for online participation, ensuring equitable access to course materials and discussions. Furthermore, due to varied modalities within Hyflex, it encourages educators and institutions to reconsider and innovate the design of learning environments and teaching strategies (Santandreu Calonge et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The study on the Effect of Using HyFlex Technology Learning (Amirova et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) investigates the impact of HyFlex-based learning on pre-service teachers\u0026apos; academic achievement, professional attitudes, and knowledge retention. The research emphasizes the benefits of combining face-to-face instruction with online learning experiences, supported by AI tools, in enhancing overall educational outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThough Hyflex delivery mode carries numerous advantages, various studies have discussed the challenges presented by this mode. In a study Boehm and Boerboom (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) highlighted themes of increased workload, technological challenges, and the complexity of fostering interaction in a HyFlex environment. Designing instructional strategies to fulfill various delivery modes within HyFlex requires systematic planning in pedagogy. Strategies for active student participation should be developed carefully to ensure that students participate regardless of the mode of participation they select every week. Any technical glitches, poor connectivity, or other software issues can pose challenges to run HyFlex classes smoothly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, from an institutional standpoint, HyFlex classrooms require a large amount of upfront financial investment for initial implementation (Calonge et al., 2023) and investment for technical support. Romero-Hall and Ripine (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) found out in a study that faculty expressed concerns about managing the complexities specific to HyFlex instruction, despite their confidence in traditional teaching competencies. Notably, they felt less prepared to monitor and manage both in-person and online student progress simultaneously, as well as to master the technological tools and course organization required for synchronous online environments. According to Mentzer, Isabell, \u0026amp; Mohandas (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) maintaining a cohesive and interactive learning environment that bridges the gap between face-to-face and remote participants remains a significant challenge. The dual delivery mode can increase the complexity of course management and require additional time and resources for effective implementation (Barr \u0026amp; Luo, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) tools, conducting various assessments under HyFlex has become a challenging process. The way AI tools are used in the teaching and learning process is a major concern for academia. Researchers and students are utilizing AI chatbots for creative writing, inquiries, and improving essays. Students are increasingly using AI chatbots for writing essays, project papers, and exams, particularly in online or Hyflex modes, which raises issues of academic integrity (Cotton et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Roe \u0026amp; Parkins, 2022). HyFlex Learning Community (n.d.) recommends alternatives to traditional testing, such as authentic assessments that require critical thinking and personalized responses, which are less susceptible to AI generation. According to Dineva (2024) in the future, education is likely to increasingly integrate innovative technologies as a fundamental aspect of the learning experience. This includes the use of artificial intelligence, adaptive learning platforms, online collaboration tools, and digital e-learning resources for content delivery. The integration of these technologies aims to enhance accessibility and flexibility, catering to the unique needs of each student and providing more personalized learning opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, this research investigates the benefits and challenges of HyFlex mode of delivery and the relevance of various assessments in HyFlex after the advent of AI tools such as Chat GPT.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Data Collection and Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eSemi-structured interviews were conducted to gather qualitative data from 13 faculty members teaching in the HyFlex mode at a post-secondary institution. These participants were selected based on their teaching experience in the HyFlex format, which ranged from one semester to several years. The interviews aimed to capture their insights, experiences, and perspectives on the opportunities and challenges of teaching in this mode. All interviews were carefully transcribed and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. This involved systematically identifying patterns and themes within the data. The analysis began by reviewing the transcripts to identify similarities in the responses, particularly recurring comments, concerns, and shared experiences highlighted by the participants. Through qualitative analysis, the responses were categorized and synthesized to draw meaningful conclusions. The analysis also included examining faculty perspectives on assessments within the HyFlex mode, particularly in the backdrop of evolving power of AI tools available to students. Additionally, the study captured specific recommendations provided by faculty to improve the overall teaching and learning experience in HyFlex settings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe key findings, including the specific benefits and challenges of HyFlex, faculty perspectives on assessments, and their recommendations for enhancing this instructional mode, are presented in detail in the following section.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe interview data supporting the conclusions of this article is available in the Seneca Polytechnic cloud system in protected folder.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBenefits of Hyflex mode for faculty and students:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe following analysis consolidates and organizes insights from participants’ interviews regarding the benefits of teaching in the HyFlex mode. Based on the key themes identified, these findings reflect the diverse ways in which HyFlex enhances both teaching and learning experiences.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFaculty widely recognized HyFlex as a teaching modality that caters to diverse learning styles by offering students the flexibility to engage either in person, synchronously (live) or asynchronously (on-demand). This approach allows students to choose the mode of participation that best aligns with their personal learning preferences, leading to improved engagement and learning outcomes. Interviewees highlighted the significant benefits for non-traditional students, such as those juggling professional responsibilities, caregiving roles, or other life commitments. By enabling students to schedule their learning around their existing priorities, it empowers them to pursue higher education without compromising other essential aspects of their lives.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe participants emphasized that HyFlex’s provision of recorded lectures enables students to revisit content at their convenience. This feature supports independent learners, allowing them to learn at their own pace, solidifying their understanding of complex topics, and prevent falling behind. Multiple modes of content delivery, including live lectures, asynchronous videos, and supplementary materials, were praised for fostering deeper comprehension. Faculty noted that students often benefit from revisiting materials multiple times, which aids retention and helps address individual learning gaps. HyFlex delivery model acknowledges and adapts to the diverse circumstances of today’s learners. This inclusivity fosters an equitable environment where students with irregular schedules or unpredictable life demands can remain actively engaged in their education. By removing participation barriers, HyFlex encourages greater engagement among students who might otherwise feel excluded due to logistical or personal challenges. The participants particularly valued the opportunity to reach students who might have struggled in traditional, rigidly structured formats.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis model allows the incorporation of classroom tools, such as whiteboards, alongside advanced online technologies. This integration creates a cohesive and dynamic learning environment, combining the strengths of traditional in-person instruction with the flexibility of digital platforms. In the wake of the pandemic, faculty acknowledged HyFlex’s alignment with the increasing demand for remote and hybrid learning solutions. The model reflects the realities of modern education, offering students a seamless blend of physical and virtual learning experiences. The HyFlex model encourages faculty to experiment with novel pedagogical approaches. The participants expressed enthusiasm for exploring creative ways to deliver content, engage students, and leverage technologies such as cameras, microphones, and virtual platforms. This flexibility fosters professional growth and innovation among educators.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHyFlex also simplifies certain administrative aspects of teaching. For instance, the availability of assessments over a 24-hour period reduces the need for rescheduling exams, minimizing logistical challenges for both students and faculty. The interviews underscore HyFlex as a transformative teaching model that benefits both students and faculty. By providing flexibility, inclusivity, and access to innovative tools, HyFlex addresses the evolving needs of modern education. These insights may serve as a foundation for developing strategies to enhance the HyFlex experience further, ensuring its sustainability and long-term impact on educational outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eChallenges faced by faculty and students:\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis section consolidates insights from faculty interviews regarding the challenges of HyFlex teaching. While the benefits are transformative, as highlighted earlier, the challenges reveal significant areas for improvement and strategic intervention.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe participants frequently cited the difficulty of ensuring equitable participation among in-person, synchronous online, and asynchronous students. Online students often feel disconnected or distracted compared to their in-person peers, while in-class students tend to exhibit higher levels of engagement. Additionally, asynchronous students face barriers to participating in interactive activities, which can hinder their learning experience. Challenges arise in fostering collaboration among students attending via different modes. Group assignments, for example, are often hampered by the lack of familiarity among students in different modalities. The faculty also noted difficulties in promoting meaningful interactions, particularly when online students keep their cameras off. HyFlex requires substantial preparation to adapt content, lessons, and assessments for three distinct modalities: in-person, synchronous online, and asynchronous online. This preparation often feels like teaching three separate classes, significantly increasing workload and time demands. Low in-person attendance creates \"lonely classrooms,\" reducing the interaction and energy that instructors derive from face-to-face teaching. This lack of engagement impacts on the overall teaching experience and can lead to feelings of disconnection for instructors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncreased time is spent developing \"cheat-proof\" assessments and cross-checking work against AI tools to detect academic dishonesty. The faculty expressed the need for streamlined tools to report academic integrity violations. The additional administrative effort to ensure fairness across modalities adds to their workload. The participants reported spending additional hours responding to emails, addressing student concerns, and conducting one-on-one appointments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe flexibility offered by HyFlex demands strong time management and self-regulation skills from students. Many students, especially new or first-semester learners, struggle with these skills, leading to cramming, or missed learning opportunities. The flexibility of HyFlex often leads to procrastination, particularly in asynchronous learning settings. Reduced physical attendance limits opportunities for in-person peer interactions, contributing to a sense of isolation. Some students perceive HyFlex’s flexibility as an opportunity to delay engaging with course materials, resulting in a last-minute rush to catch up. This behavior diminishes the effectiveness of the model and creates additional challenges for instructors. Students participating asynchronously often experience a lack of feedback and interaction with faculty and peers. This absence hinders relationship-building and their ability to remain engaged with course content. Students often expect faculty to be available at all hours, eroding boundaries and creating challenges for instructors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eClassrooms often lack standardized or adequate technology, such as high-quality cameras and screens for real-time interaction. This deficiency makes it difficult for online students to view the board or participate effectively. Frequent technical issues, including connectivity problems and malfunctioning audio-visual systems, disrupt the flow of teaching. The faculty expressed frustration with the additional time and effort required to troubleshoot these problems during class. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e summarizes the benefits and challenges of HyFlex teaching model.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBenefits and Challenges of HyFlex Teaching Model\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBenefits\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChallenges\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlexibility for students to choose in-person, synchronous, or asynchronous learning\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnsuring equitable participation across modalities is difficult\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSupports diverse learning styles and personal preferences\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnline students may feel disconnected or distracted\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmpowers non-traditional students with life commitments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsynchronous students face barriers to interactive learning\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecorded lectures allow students to revisit content at their own pace\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroup collaboration is hindered across different modalities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultiple content delivery modes enhance comprehension and retention\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePromoting meaningful interaction is challenging, especially with cameras off\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInclusive and equitable for students with irregular schedules\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRequires extensive preparation for three distinct modalities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRemoves participation barriers and increases engagement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow in-person attendance leads to 'lonely classrooms'\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCombines traditional tools with advanced online technologies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncreased workload due to developing fair assessments and managing integrity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAligns with modern demand for remote/hybrid learning\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudents struggle with time management and self-regulation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEncourages pedagogical innovation and professional growth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlexibility may lead to procrastination and last-minute cramming\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimplifies some administrative tasks like flexible exam scheduling\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsynchronous students lack feedback and interaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnhances access to education without compromising other life priorities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudents expect faculty to be available constantly, eroding boundaries\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFosters deeper engagement and retention through revisiting materials\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInadequate classroom technology hinders online participation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnables faculty to reach students who struggle in traditional formats\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequent technical issues disrupt teaching flow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ch3\u003eImpact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools on Student Learning Culture in HyFlex Mode:\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn HyFlex delivery mode, the assessments are conducted online, hence it may lead to deterioration of learning culture among students especially with the advent of AI tools such as Chat GPT. This section captures insights about how AI tools have impacted student learning culture within the HyFlex teaching model. The findings highlight both the benefits and challenges of AI, reflecting the evolving dynamics of teaching and learning in this mode.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the participants, AI tools provide students with personalized learning experiences, such as automated feedback, enhancing comprehension and engagement. Furthermore, real-time AI functionalities, including brainstorming assistance and research support, foster higher-order thinking skills. AI tools familiarize students with workplace-relevant technologies, preparing them for future career demands. Scenario-based learning ensures students grasp core concepts while applying them in practical contexts. Faculty view AI as a valuable teaching assistant capable of automating routine tasks like creating assignments, generating tutorials, and facilitating discussions. They also recognize AI’s potential for collaborative creativity, encouraging students to use AI prompts for idea generation and problem-solving. Faculty see potential for innovative approaches to assessments and classroom engagement. AI is becoming integral to both education and the job market, emphasizing the need for students to use it effectively while mastering foundational skills independently. Hence, Faculty training on AI tools is essential to guide students and optimize teaching outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraditional metrics like attendance and participation no longer align with student performance, as asynchronous learning enables students to excel despite low physical or live-class attendance. Faculty are rethinking engagement strategies to ensure all students benefit equally from the HyFlex model. Though AI tools support inclusivity by addressing individual learning needs, enabling real-time searches, and enhancing idea generation, however, reduced in-person attendance limits physical classroom interaction, creating a less dynamic environment for faculty and students. Faculty acknowledged that HyFlex, combined with AI, offers tailored, individualized education opportunities that address traditional classroom challenges. AI tools have the potential to make HyFlex more interactive, supporting better learning outcomes through thoughtful implementation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, over-reliance on AI tools and asynchronous learning may hinder the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills. The overuse of AI tools may hinder genuine learning and skill development, especially in applied fields. Regarding assessments, ensuring rigorous standards is crucial to maintaining educational integrity. Institutions must measure the effectiveness of HyFlex and AI tools on learning outcomes through data-driven analyses. This evaluation should focus on whether the combined approach maintains or improves educational quality. HyFlex, supported by AI, meets student needs in real time, reducing dependence on peers or dishonest practices like copying work. Students are adapting to a new learning culture that combines AI usage with hybrid learning. This shift places greater responsibility on faculty to guide students in maintaining academic integrity and effective time management. The misuse of AI tools for assignments and assessments raises significant concerns about academic integrity. The participants emphasized the need to guide students in using AI responsibly to maintain ethical standards. Institutions should develop better strategies to detect and address AI-generated work effectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAI tools have significantly impacted student learning culture in the HyFlex mode, offering both opportunities and challenges. The use of AI tools enhances flexibility, inclusivity, and personalized learning, but raises concerns about academic integrity and critical thinking. Addressing these challenges through systematic evaluation, institutional support, and faculty training will be essential to unlocking the full potential of AI in HyFlex education. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e summarizes the positive impacts of AI in HyFlex teaching model and the challenges and concerns of faculty towards teaching and assessments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAI in HyFlex Education: Impacts and Challenges\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositive Impacts of AI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChallenges and Concerns\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePersonalized feedback and support enhances comprehension and engagement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRaises concerns about academic integrity due to AI misuse in assessments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePromotes higher-order thinking through brainstorming and research assistance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMay hinder development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamiliarizes students with workplace-relevant technologies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReduced in-person attendance affects classroom dynamics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSupports scenario-based learning for practical application of concepts\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncreases faculty responsibility for guiding ethical AI use\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAutomates routine tasks for faculty, enabling innovative teaching\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudents may misuse AI for shortcuts, undermining genuine learning\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSupports inclusivity and flexibility with real-time assistance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRequires institutional support for training and detection strategies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotential to enhance engagement and effectiveness of HyFlex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeeds data-driven evaluation to measure AI's impact on learning outcomes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEncourages rethinking of traditional performance metrics like attendance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChallenges in maintaining educational quality and ethical standards\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of motivation for assessment preparation:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis section summarizes the perspectives of faculty members regarding how teaching with HyFlex has influenced their motivation and approach to preparing and evaluating assessments. The findings are categorized into themes that highlight both the motivational factors and challenges associated with the HyFlex teaching model.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFaculty are driven by the challenge of improving learning outcomes for a diverse student population. The HyFlex model encourages continuous self-evaluation of teaching methods and their effectiveness, fostering professional growth. Preparing equitable and effective assessments motivates faculty to innovate and adapt their practices. However, low attendance in both in-person and online formats diminishes faculty motivation. Faculty feel that their efforts to create engaging lesson plans and assessments are underappreciated when student participation is limited. Furthermore, designing assessments that are fair, rigorous, and adaptable across multiple modalities (in-person, synchronous online, asynchronous) is significantly more demanding. The need to create robust assessments that are resistant to academic integrity violations adds to the complexity. Sharing insights and strategies among educators is crucial for addressing challenges and improving assessment practices. Institutional support plays a key role in enabling faculty to refine their methods through access to resources and training.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, faculty spend additional time designing assessments that are resistant to AI-generated content and cross-referencing student work with AI tools. Faculty see the potential of AI to prepare students for workplace realities by integrating AI into teaching, assessments, and projects. There is a growing emphasis on teaching students how to use AI ethically and effectively, including proper citation of AI-generated content and verifying accuracy. Faculty experience heightened stress from the need to ensure assessments are robust against AI misuse. Marking assessments becomes more time-consuming due to the necessity of verifying content against AI-generated work. HyFlex teaching demands additional time for preparing lessons and assessments that cater to all modalities. Faculty must balance multiple responsibilities, including lesson planning, assessment creation, and providing individualized support to students.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile the model inspires innovation and adaptability, it also introduces significant challenges related to complexity, fairness, and academic integrity. Addressing these challenges through institutional support, collaboration, and the ethical integration of AI tools is essential for sustaining faculty motivation and ensuring the effectiveness of the HyFlex model.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEquipping faculty to design adaptable, fair, and rigorous assessments while maintaining academic integrity in the presence of AI tools and offering resources to detect and manage AI-generated submissions can reduce the burden on faculty. Using data-driven analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of HyFlex in maintaining or improving educational quality and introducing in-person checkpoints or assessments to ensure accountability and maintaining rigor can make Hyflex delivery mode more impactful.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eImplementing training programs to teach students how to use digital tools, including AI, effectively and ethically and providing workshops on self-discipline and time management to prepare students for the flexibility of HyFlex learning are highly recommended.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eFuture of HyFlex with AI Integration:\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eAI can automate routine tasks (e.g., grading), provide personalized feedback, and support creative problem-solving through tools like brainstorming assistants and adaptive learning modules. AI-powered platforms can simplify course design, catering to diverse student needs and learning modalities. Integrating AI into assessments can prepare students for real-world applications, fostering higher-order thinking skills. HyFlex and AI combined offer unparalleled flexibility, enabling diverse learners to access education tailored to their schedules.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSince excessive reliance on AI tools can impede critical thinking and problem-solving abilities, institutions should prioritize fostering foundational learning and independent thought. Ensuring equitable learning experiences for in-person and remote learners is critical, even as AI enhances engagement. AI and HyFlex are driving a significant transformation in how education is delivered, demanding new strategies for engagement, accountability, and assessments. Education must prepare students for an AI-driven job market by balancing traditional skill-building with competence in using advanced tools. Faculty workload must be addressed to ensure sustainable teaching practices, as the demands of HyFlex increase.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eRecommendations\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the study’s findings, the following recommendations were identified. These insights were provided by the faculty members interviewed in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTargeted Implementation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne key recommendation from participants is that the HyFlex model is most effective when applied to mature, independent learners or advanced-level courses. This is because HyFlex offers significant autonomy in terms of how, when, and where students engage with the course content. Independent learners, who are accustomed to managing their time and resources, are better equipped to navigate this model’s flexibility. However, for introductory courses, where students may require more structure and direct support, traditional in-person learning models may be more beneficial. The personal interaction and guided structure of in-person instruction help foster the foundational skills and knowledge needed for more self-directed learning in later courses. Thus, institutions should consider the nature and level of the course when deciding to implement HyFlex.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncorporating AI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants also recommended that institutions take a proactive approach in guiding both students and faculty on the ethical and effective use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) within the HyFlex model. AI can be a powerful tool for enhancing personalized learning, automating administrative tasks, or even supporting assessment processes. However, its use must be done with care, ensuring that it does not inadvertently introduce biases or compromise the integrity of the learning experience. Institutions should provide the necessary training and resources for both faculty and students to understand how to use AI in a way that is beneficial, ethical, and aligned with educational goals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurther, institutions must ensure reliable and advanced technology (e.g., cameras, microphones, and high-speed internet) to support simultaneous in-person and remote learning. Seamless and accessible IT support is crucial to address technical issues faced by both faculty and students during sessions. Investment in AI-powered platforms that enhance course delivery, simplify assessment management, and personalize learning experiences could improve the overall experience of HyFlex. Furthermore, providing ongoing training to help faculty navigate the technological and pedagogical demands of HyFlex teaching is recommended.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBalancing Flexibility and Accountability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA third recommendation from the study is the importance of striking a balance between the flexibility offered by HyFlex and the need for accountability in students' learning and assessments. While the flexibility of the HyFlex model allows students to choose when and how they engage with learning materials, this flexibility can sometimes result in a lack of structure or accountability. To address this, participants suggested implementing hybrid assessment models that combine online flexibility with in-person rigor. For example, while students might access lectures online, they could still be required to complete certain assessments in person, ensuring that learning is both self-paced and evaluated through rigorous methods. This hybrid approach can provide students with the freedom to learn at their own pace while maintaining academic standards and accountability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCollaborative Frameworks\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs the adoption of HyFlex continues to grow, it is essential for institutions to work together to share experiences, challenges, and successful strategies for implementation. By creating a collaborative framework, institutions can learn from each other’s successes and mistakes, ensuring that the model is optimized for diverse student populations. Such collaborations could include conferences, joint research initiatives, or shared resources for training faculty and students. This collective effort can also help establish industry-wide standards and guidelines, promoting the continuous improvement and adaptation of HyFlex to meet evolving educational needs.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe HyFlex model, when combined with AI tools, has the potential to revolutionize education by enhancing flexibility, accessibility, and personalization. This innovative approach allows students to engage with course content in ways that best suit their learning preferences, whether through in-person, synchronous online, or asynchronous participation. The integration of AI can further personalize learning by offering tailored feedback, adaptive learning paths, and intelligent tutoring systems. However, to fully realize the benefits of the HyFlex model, institutions must address several critical challenges. Academic integrity concerns must be carefully managed, especially with online assessments and AI-driven tools, requiring updated policies and secure technologies. Faculty workload is another issue, as managing multiple teaching modalities and supporting diverse students can be overwhelming. Providing adequate resources, training, and AI-assisted tools can help alleviate this burden. Moreover, equitable engagement is essential, as not all students have equal access to technology or digital literacy. To ensure inclusivity, institutions must invest in infrastructure that supports all learners. Ongoing evaluation is also key to refining the model, gathering feedback from students and faculty to make data-driven improvements. With thoughtful implementation and continuous investment in technology and training, the HyFlex model can become a sustainable and impactful approach to modern education, meeting the needs of diverse learners in a rapidly evolving world.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eA statement of ethics approval: All procedures involving human participants in this study have been reviewed and approved by Ethic Review Board (REB) of Seneca. A statement on participant consent: All participants signed a consent form in accordance with ethical guidelines to ensure confidentiality and participant well-being. Participation was voluntary, and individuals could withdraw at any time without consequence. 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Retrieved June 2, 2022, from \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://er.educause.edu/articles/2022/3/staying-relevant-the-importance-of-incorporating-hyflex-learning-into-higher-education-strategy\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://er.educause.edu/articles/2022/3/staying-relevant-the-importance-of-incorporating-hyflex-learning-into-higher-education-strategy\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSnezhana D (2024) Hybrid, blended, and HyFlex learning as future models for education. \u003cem\u003eSSRN\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://ssrn.com/abstract=4972630\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://ssrn.com/abstract=4972630\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Seneca College","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"HyFlex, Higher Education, Artificial Intelligence, Academic Assessment, Instructional strategies, Academic Integrity, Faculty Perspective","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8188562/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8188562/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe HyFlex delivery model gained prominence in higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic as a solution to ensure continuity of education and meet diverse student needs. As the educational landscape evolves, it is crucial to assess HyFlex's effectiveness, challenges, and benefits, especially with the integration of AI tools that raise concerns regarding academic integrity and assessment methods. This study examines the opportunities and obstacles faced by faculty teaching in a HyFlex environment, its impact on student learning culture, and the influence of artificial intelligence on assessment practices. Based on semi-structured interviews with 13 faculty members at a post-secondary institution, the research explores the dual nature of HyFlex teaching, revealing that while it enhances accessibility, inclusivity, digital literacy, and active participation, it also presents significant challenges in designing effective instructional strategies for multiple delivery modes. Furthermore, the advent of AI tools (ChatGPT, Co-pilot etc.) complicates issues related to academic integrity and assessment design. Faculty perspectives emphasize the need for innovative strategies to overcome these challenges while preserving the flexibility and engagement that HyFlex offers. The study concludes with practical recommendations to improve HyFlex teaching effectiveness and adapt assessment practices to an educational landscape increasingly shaped by AI advancements.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"HyFlex: Opportunities and Challenges in Higher Education","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-26 03:56:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8188562/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"26f715bb-aa01-43c1-ba6e-1658f0d88d77","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-26T03:56:41+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-26 03:56:41","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8188562","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8188562","identity":"rs-8188562","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}