Thermodynamic Analysis of Quantum Otto Engines: Exploring Qubit Efficiency in Non-Equilibrium Environments

Thermodynamic Analysis of Quantum Otto Engines: Exploring Qubit Efficiency in Non-Equilibrium Environments | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Thermodynamic Analysis of Quantum Otto Engines: Exploring Qubit Efficiency in Non-Equilibrium Environments Jeolous Malamula Nyasulu, Chunyang Wang, Zengxuan Zhao, Imran Rana Mushtaq This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7165653/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper presents an analysis of quantum Otto heat engines operating in non-equilibrium. It explores the fundamental thermodynamic principles that govern these engines, focusing on efficiency, work output, and the impact of environmental factors such as thermal gradients, external fields, noise, and decoherence. The study investigates the effects of non-equilibrium conditions on engine performance, highlighting challenges and opportunities in practical realizations. Through numerical simulations, the article examines the power, efficiency, and performance coefficients, revealing trade-offs between these metrics and the influence of temperature differences and internal coupling strength. The results demonstrate that non-equilibrium effects can significantly reduce efficiency compared to ideal scenarios, emphasizing the importance of considering both quantum effects and real-world limitations in the design and optimization of quantum heat engines. This work contributes to the growing body of knowledge in quantum thermodynamics, offering insights for quantum computing, sustainable energy technologies, and thermodynamic cycles at the quantum scale. Quantum Otto heat engines non-equilibrium environments efficiency work output numerical simulations Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7165653","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":506657165,"identity":"bd29bddc-89c0-422a-9409-af5e91ba5228","order_by":0,"name":"Jeolous Malamula Nyasulu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYwZcHAz9588AGQxcNHpBYJBsmeY8kGIC1sRFomwWAwI8dMAsQkqIV5do/hx59tEokbeI6lVX7NsZNhY2B++OgGPofNOWMszQvUsp29+dht2W3JQIexGRvn4NMyI8dAmhGoZWfPsbTbktuYgVp42KQJaDH+CXbYjRyzYslt9URpMZPghWph/LjtMDFa0sqsec5JGM8EBrI047bjPGzMBPxiOCN5880fZTay/cCo/PhzW7U9ME4fPsarpYHDAM5h5gGTeJSDgDwD+wOEK38QUD0KRsEoGAUjEwAAhIRItnKT5HoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Ludong University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jeolous","middleName":"Malamula","lastName":"Nyasulu","suffix":""},{"id":506657168,"identity":"711b0cb6-c3cb-4271-8c7d-febf9dec992c","order_by":1,"name":"Chunyang Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ludong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chunyang","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":506657171,"identity":"48d9dc83-b5ee-45c8-9305-3a123a221173","order_by":2,"name":"Zengxuan Zhao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ludong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zengxuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhao","suffix":""},{"id":506657174,"identity":"e4c15cd0-7e70-44c8-be2e-c1d0917d688b","order_by":3,"name":"Imran Rana Mushtaq","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Harbin Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Imran","middleName":"Rana","lastName":"Mushtaq","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-19 16:23:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7165653/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7165653/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91484674,"identity":"073370b8-6a95-4921-b90e-59347654e850","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-17 04:31:39","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":838629,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ThermodynamicAnalysisofQuantumOttoEnginesExploringQubitEfficiencyinNonEquilibriumEnvironments123451.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7165653/v1_covered_2c869d90-09e7-4dfe-839a-55d83f67fdd4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Thermodynamic Analysis of Quantum Otto Engines: Exploring Qubit Efficiency in Non-Equilibrium Environments","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Quantum Otto heat engines, non-equilibrium environments, efficiency, work output, numerical simulations","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7165653/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7165653/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"This paper presents an analysis of quantum Otto heat engines operating in non-equilibrium. It explores the fundamental thermodynamic principles that govern these engines, focusing on efficiency, work output, and the impact of environmental factors such as thermal gradients, external fields, noise, and decoherence. The study investigates the effects of non-equilibrium conditions on engine performance, highlighting challenges and opportunities in practical realizations. Through numerical simulations, the article examines the power, efficiency, and performance coefficients, revealing trade-offs between these metrics and the influence of temperature differences and internal coupling strength. The results demonstrate that non-equilibrium effects can significantly reduce efficiency compared to ideal scenarios, emphasizing the importance of considering both quantum effects and real-world limitations in the design and optimization of quantum heat engines. This work contributes to the growing body of knowledge in quantum thermodynamics, offering insights for quantum computing, sustainable energy technologies, and thermodynamic cycles at the quantum scale.","manuscriptTitle":"Thermodynamic Analysis of Quantum Otto Engines: Exploring Qubit Efficiency in Non-Equilibrium Environments","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-29 05:34:33","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7165653/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fc95030a-b354-4350-b364-a66f3379e3c6","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 29th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-17T04:23:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-29 05:34:33","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7165653","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7165653","identity":"rs-7165653","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}