Electrochemical Performance of N-doped Graphite @Carbon/ Red Phosphorous Composite for Lithium-Ion Secondary Batteries

Electrochemical Performance of N-doped Graphite @Carbon/ Red Phosphorous Composite for Lithium-Ion Secondary Batteries | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Electrochemical Performance of N-doped Graphite @Carbon/ Red Phosphorous Composite for Lithium-Ion Secondary Batteries MD Rasidul Islam Rocky, Venugopal Nulu, Keun Yong Sohn This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5410587/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 May, 2025 Read the published version in Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are well-known for having three key features: lightweight, extended cycle life, and high energy density. This makes them perfect for various uses like electric cars and portable electronics. Red phosphorus (P) is low-cost, easily available, and possesses an excellent theoretical specific capacity (2,596 mAh g − 1 ) for use as the anode material in high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, P has poor conductivity (10 − 12 Sm − 1 ), and colossal volume expansion during charging-discharging hinders its application in LIBs. Conversely, despite various reported anode materials, graphite remains the commercial choice for lithium-ion batteries. This study presents a nitrogen-doped graphite@carbon anode material composite with P that was designed and fabricated through a simple and scalable process. The nitrogen-doped graphite composite with carbon, NGC, effectively reduces harmful reactions between the electrolyte and graphite, ensuring stable electrode performance during charging and discharging. By incorporating optimized content of high-capacity phosphorus (P), NGC's capacity and electronic conductivity improve, minimizing volume changes of raw red phosphorus through hybridization with the conductive carbon framework. The best optimized NGC/P composite shows a high initial discharge capacity of 1486 mAh g − 1 and a reversible capacity of 530 mAh g − 1 at a current density of 100 mA g − 1 after 100 cycles, outperforming conventional graphite. This highlights innovative strategies for sustainable and efficient energy storage solutions. N-doped graphite carbon red phosphorous lithium-ion batteries electrochemical efficiency and anode material Full Text Supplementary Files supportinginfoRevised.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 May, 2025 Read the published version in Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Accept as is 15 May, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Mar, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 28 Mar, 2025 First submitted to journal 27 Mar, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5410587","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":435826100,"identity":"eb781f4a-5c46-470c-bbfe-8b12b8e89b83","order_by":0,"name":"MD Rasidul Islam Rocky","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Inje University - Gimhae Campus: Inje University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"MD","middleName":"Rasidul Islam","lastName":"Rocky","suffix":""},{"id":435826101,"identity":"6be97aea-a671-4777-8f9e-6994084342bb","order_by":1,"name":"Venugopal Nulu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Inje University - Gimhae Campus: Inje University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Venugopal","middleName":"","lastName":"Nulu","suffix":""},{"id":435826102,"identity":"251aa2b3-ced0-42fb-92af-daca9505c35a","order_by":2,"name":"Keun Yong Sohn","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCQYGNgaGAoYEfhAvoYBoLQYMCZINIC0GpGgxOADiEqNFsv/wsccFBnZ5xudXJ354YMAgzy92AL8WaYm0dOMZBsnFZjfebpYAOsxw5uwE/FrkJHjMpHkMmBO33Ti7AaQlweA2IS38Z0Ba6hM3zzi7+QdRWqQZckBaDidu4O/dRpwtkjPS0oBajhdL3ODdZpFgIEHYLxLnDx+T5qmozuPvP7v55o8KG3l+aQJakDSDVUoQqxwE+A+QonoUjIJRMApGEgAA/go+vOqJdVMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7503-3091","institution":"Inje University - Gimhae Campus: Inje University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Keun","middleName":"Yong","lastName":"Sohn","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-11-07 14:15:53","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5410587/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5410587/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-025-00481-6","type":"published","date":"2025-05-30T15:57:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83782773,"identity":"1696647e-2e0f-4d04-825f-934ff4765b35","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-02 16:04:51","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1634891,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"RevisedManuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5410587/v1_covered_a5b1583e-97c3-43d4-aee6-7442ef9cc833.pdf"},{"id":79694539,"identity":"f4aa88f1-3740-4948-bb3b-0d83e653604e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 15:15:32","extension":"docx","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":2201821,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"supportinginfoRevised.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5410587/v1/8c420cbf97ba2ef1a1c778cd.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Electrochemical Performance of N-doped Graphite @Carbon/ Red Phosphorous Composite for Lithium-Ion Secondary Batteries","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"korean-journal-of-chemical-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"kjce","sideBox":"Learn more about [Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering](http://link.springer.com/journal/11814)","snPcode":"11814","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/kjce/default2.aspx","title":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Subscription","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"N-doped graphite, carbon, red phosphorous, lithium-ion batteries, electrochemical efficiency, and anode material","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5410587/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5410587/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eLithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are well-known for having three key features: lightweight, extended cycle life, and high energy density. This makes them perfect for various uses like electric cars and portable electronics. Red phosphorus (P) is low-cost, easily available, and possesses an excellent theoretical specific capacity (2,596 mAh g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) for use as the anode material in high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, P has poor conductivity (10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/sup\u003e Sm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), and colossal volume expansion during charging-discharging hinders its application in LIBs. Conversely, despite various reported anode materials, graphite remains the commercial choice for lithium-ion batteries. This study presents a nitrogen-doped graphite@carbon anode material composite with P that was designed and fabricated through a simple and scalable process. The nitrogen-doped graphite composite with carbon, NGC, effectively reduces harmful reactions between the electrolyte and graphite, ensuring stable electrode performance during charging and discharging. By incorporating optimized content of high-capacity phosphorus (P), NGC's capacity and electronic conductivity improve, minimizing volume changes of raw red phosphorus through hybridization with the conductive carbon framework. The best optimized NGC/P composite shows a high initial discharge capacity of 1486 mAh g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and a reversible capacity of 530 mAh g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at a current density of 100 mA g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e after 100 cycles, outperforming conventional graphite. 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