Exploration and Novel Conceptual Framework for Digitalizing a Cognitive-Motor Test Integrating with an ICT-Rollator (Inter-Communication Technology Rollator) for Healthy Seniors and Seniors with Dementia.

Exploration and Novel Conceptual Framework for Digitalizing a Cognitive-Motor Test Integrating with an ICT-Rollator (Inter-Communication Technology Rollator) for Healthy Seniors and Seniors with Dementia. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Exploration and Novel Conceptual Framework for Digitalizing a Cognitive-Motor Test Integrating with an ICT-Rollator (Inter-Communication Technology Rollator) for Healthy Seniors and Seniors with Dementia. Niharika Bandaru, Anita Hökelmann This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4540812/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract As age increases, there is a decline in cognitive function, processing speed, and psychomotor function and this cognitive decline can be reduced or maintained by physical activity. In the current study, we aimed to use technology for all the elderly with and without dementia by helping with memory, spatial orientation, and other cognitive and motor tasks. It can be achieved by testing with a digitalized cognitive-motor test before and after the digitalized physical activity Intervention with ICT-Rollator. Meanwhile, the psycho-motor test analyzes cognitive and motor function using technology for all seniors and those with dementia. The foundation of the development and digitization of the innovative psycho-motor test is based on the core of human behavior. Evidence shows enough studies aimed at incorporating technologies for physical activity into the lives of the elderly. Still, there is a lack of research for integrating technologies for testing cognitive and motor abilities at the same time in healthy elderly and seniors with dementia. The psycho-motor test, which measures motor and cognitive abilities memory, spatiotemporal orientation, mobility, coordination, shape, and color recognition, reading skills, navigation, reaction time, and attention was administered to 12 seniors with dementia and 12 healthy seniors of age 65+. Therefore, psycho-motor tests integrating with ICT-Rollator could help seniors and therapists monitor motor-cognitive functions. Further research focuses on the technology integrations to enhance motor-cognitive functions, physical outcomes, and psychological outcomes in the elderly and for individual chronic conditions according to their respective symptoms. Physical Activity Chronic Diseases Seniors Inter-Communication Technology Rollator Dementia Motor-Cognitive functions Cognitive-Motor test Figures Figure 1 Introduction As age increases, there is a decline in cognitive function, processing speed, and psychomotor function and this cognitive decline can be reduced or maintained by physical activity (Fig. 1 ). Cognitive and Motor examinations are integrated in digital technologies for early detection of dementia in the elderly population. Especially mobile applications helpful in the early detection of neuro-cognitive abilities and enhancing accessibility for a wider range of elderly populations (Thabtah et al., 2020 ). A study revealed that validation is necessary for assessing cognitive and motor abilities using digital technologies like smartphones and smartwatches in dementia patients. However, the same study mentioned that digital technologies so far have good agreement with traditional measures (Chinner et al., 2018 ). At the same time, studies focused on digitalizing the cognitive tests in the mobile-touch interface for the elderly and measuring cognitive impairments, visuomotor tracking, attention, and executive functioning in the elderly with dementia. Furthermore, the study included Computerized neuropsychological tests, like the Trail Making Test (Juarez et al., 2014 ). Parallel research towards psychomotor assessments using technology is well-focused. Werner et al. developed and validated an observation-based motor-cognitive assessment instrument (ACSID) focusing on assessing the recall, initiation, and effective performance of compensatory sit-to-stand movement maneuvers in dementia patients (Werner et al., 2018 ). Moreover, a study by Leitão et al. mentioned that most of the instruments for motor performance used for dementia patients are not validated nor developed for this population (Leitão et al., 2022 ). However, there are other tools, reality comprehension clock test assesses visual-spatial abilities thereby predicting fall risk in individuals with dementia (Olsson et al., 2005 ). Similarly, there are tools namely the Cognitive Assessment Screening Test (CAST), a self-administered tool for screening dementia (Drachman et al., 1996). Thabtah et al. stated that the neurocognitive disorders for dementia diagnosis of the Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) are necessary for developing screening apps for dementia covering cognitive, memory, and execution domains (Thabtah et al., 2020 ). Several neuropsychological assessment tools are effective in detecting dementia stages by evaluating cognitive and motor abilities including tests for cognitive functions like episodic memory. A study by Almkvist et al. mentions that future research should focus on methods for the evaluation of premorbid functioning, personality, and behavioral symptoms, tools for assessing executive functions, and the relation between neuropsychological variable measurements vs different aspects of neurosciences (Almkvist et al., 1996 ). In the current study, we aimed to use technology for all the normal and elderly with dementia by helping with memory, spatial orientation, and other cognitive and motor tasks. It can be achieved by testing with a digitalized cognitive-motor test before and after the digitalized physical activity Intervention with ICT-Rollator. Meanwhile, in the process, we developed the psycho-motor test to analyze the cognitive and motor function using technology for all seniors and those with dementia. The core of human behavior serves as the foundation for developing and digitizing the psycho-motor test used in the current study. The current study aims to develop a psycho-motor test integrating with an ICT-Rollator to assess and monitor the psycho-motor functions in senior citizens and elderly with dementia (Fig. 1 ). Methodology Table 1 Various Characteristics of Current cognitive-motor test No Characteristics of Cognitive-Motor Test 1 The test is shorter in time and covers many demands. 2 The test is single, straightforward instructions are followed the entire time, preventing some deficiencies in bodily and mental functioning from influencing the test's outcomes. 3 A large variety of senior populations, including those with vision and hearing impairments, can take the test 4 The screening procedure is highly objective 5 Parameter measurement can be done digitally using technology or manually. A total of twelve seniors with dementia living in a residential home and nineteen seniors aged seventy-plus living in normal elderly home settings were administered the psycho-motor test, which evaluates motor and cognitive skills such as memory, spatiotemporal orientation, mobility, coordination, shape, and color recognition, reading skills, navigation, reaction time, and attention. The pilot testing was conducted on elderly patients with dementia. The test's graphical interfaces have been modified and made simpler assessing the same characteristics with high accuracy. Infographic objects used in the test Should be clear and concise. The current test is short-span and measures the maximum number of performance indicators. The test is made with simple instructions made easy for the elderly. To establish the concurrent validity and construct validity of cognitive-motor tests for elderly individuals and elderly with dementia, it is essential to consider the psychometric properties and validation procedures of the assessment tool (Sharifi et al., 2016). Correlation analysis was done after the novel cognitive-motor exam was administered twice to healthy seniors to assess the test's reliability. Standard measurement tests were performed to verify concurrent validity, and correlation analysis was employed to visualize the association. The Mann-Whitney U test, determined the differences in cognitive-motor test results between elderly with dementia and normal elderly individuals, establishing construct validity. The distribution of the data is seen using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Results Table 2 Reliability, Concurrent validity, and construct validity of cognitive-motor test Variables Reliability Construct Validity Concurrent Validity Attention p < 0.01** r = 0.675 p < 0.01** Z= -3.182 (Attention Vs Stroop Test Part-c) p < 0.05* r = 0.536 Memory p < 0.01** r = 0.677 p < 0.01** Z= -3.017 (Memory Vs Digit Span Test) p < 0.05* r = 0.503 Coordination p < 0.01** r = 0.938 p = 0.083 Z=-1.744 (Co-ordination Vs Four Square Step Test) p = 0.173 r = 0.534 Reaction-Time p < 0.05* r = 0.533 p = 0.175 Z=-1.741 (Reaction time Vs Pipe-Drop Test) p = 0.710 r = 0.114 Mobility p < 0.05* r = 0.717 p < 0.01** Z=-2.663 (Mobility Vs Timed "Up and Go"-Test) p = 0.496 r = 0.101 Discussion Montero-Odasso et al. focused on motor and cognitive trajectories before the onset of dementia, indicating evaluating motor performance and cognitive function over time is important (Montero-Odasso et al., 2018 ). The measurement of coordination and mobility is not accurate in the elderly. Due to severe mobility limitations, the majority found it difficult to complete the four-square step test (FSST) precisely, which might impact the concurrent validity of the results when measuring co-relationship with coordination using the current cognitive-motor test(Table 2 ). The FSST is a well-established test for assessing dynamic balance and coordination in elderly populations, making it a promising tool for evaluating coordination in dementia and normal elderly. FSST assesses the dynamic balance ability when stepping in four directions: forwards, backward, leftwards, and rightwards (kong et al., 2017 ). The elderly with balance issues find the timed-up-go test more difficult perhaps affecting the results of concurrent validity between mobility measurement using the Timed-Up-Go test and the current innovative test (Table 2 ). The Timed-Up-and-Go test is valid for assessing mobility in elderly women aged 80–93 (Zarzeczny et al., 2017 ). The test-retest results showed a significant correlation for all the parameters (p < 0.05). There is a significant difference in attention, memory, and mobility between dementia and normal elderly. Significant correlations between the attention and memory scores to the Stroop and digit span test respectively. The digit span test assesses attention and working memory, making it particularly relevant for evaluating memory function in elderly individuals (Choi et al., 2014 ). At the same time, the Stroop color, and word test serves as a valuable tool for assessing attention and cognitive processing in elderly individuals (Scarpina et al., 2017). The current cognitive-motor test is shorter in time which helps in the reduction of dropouts due to personality or mood changes for dementia subjects. Likely a Cognitive Assessment Screening Test (CAST) was administered to screen dementia effectively with minimal examiner time (Drachman et al., 1996). In a systematic review, the investigation tools to detect different motor functions in dementia patients at different stages were explained (Leitão et al., 2022 ). Technology is needed to monitor and support cognitive-motor domains and has a promising future in the respective area of development. More studies should focus on validating the efficacy, utility, and cost-effectiveness of technology tools (Chinner et al., 2018 ). Previous studies focused on cognitive abilities (Drachman et al., 1996) and (Olsson et al., 2005 ), parallelly on motor functions in dementia patients (Leitão et al., 2022 ), and few studies focus on digitalizing the cognitive tests (Juarez et al., 2014 ). However, observation-based cognitive motor technology was developed to assess cognitive and motor functions (Werner et al., 2018 ). Nevertheless, the current innovative cognitive-motor test evaluates a quantitative-based cognitive-motor function in the elderly and those with dementia. Moreover, our current test measures memory, spatiotemporal orientation, mobility, coordination, shape and color recognition, reading skills, navigation, reaction time, and attention. However, the other parameters such as balance and navigation will be updated in the future study. Therefore, measuring maximum parameters in minimum time (Table 1 ). According to the previous results of our pilot study, the ICT-Rollator promotes balance and mobility by supporting users while moving and keeping their posture straight. Therefore, without the need for special measurement settings, the psycho-motor test integrated with the ICT-Rollator aids in precisely assessing mobility, coordination, and response time during daily activities. This is made possible with the use of sensors. However, sensor-based systems are used for the early detection of dementia by monitoring changes in gait and balance (Müller et al., 2020 ). Hence, integrating cognitive-motor assessments with technology such as sensor-based systems, offers a comprehensive approach to evaluating and managing dementia. Conclusion Considering a broader spectrum of elderly people, the psycho-motor test integrated with the ICT-Rollator can measure attention, memory, reaction time, mobility, and coordination in a highly precise way. Additionally, the test's validity and reliability yield significant findings. The older population with mobility and balance deficits, who are unable to take normal tests, was also able to complete the cognitive-motor examination. Abbreviations ICT Rollator –Inter Communication Technology Rollator Declarations Acknowledgments The study is thankful to the supporting agencies namely Lewida elderly home, Magdeburg, and Vitanas dementia center, Magdeburg, Germany for collaborating with the study. Funding Supported by Otto-Von-Guericke Universität of Magdeburg, Germany. Availability of data and materials The data materials are available from the corresponding author on request. Ethics Approval: The ethical committee approval is received from the Otto-Von-Guericke Universität Medical faculty and Magdeburg. The study registered for Human Research Protections, reg. no. IRB00006099, Rockville, MD, U.S.A. Consent to participate: The consent to participate in the study is signed and obtained from the subjects or guardians before commencing the study. Consent for publication: The subjects voluntarily agreed to the publication of pictures. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests. References Chinner A, Blane J, Lancaster C, Hinds C, Koychev I. Digital technologies for the assessment of cognition: a clinical review. Evid Based Ment Health. 2018;21(2):67–71. https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2018-102890-9 . Thabtah F, Peebles D, Retzler J, Hathurusingha C. A review of dementia screening tools based on Mobile application. Health Technol. 2020;10. 10.1007/s12553-020-00426-5 . -10, 2. Werner C, Wiloth S, Lemke NC, Kronbach F, Hauer K. (2018). Development and Validation of a Novel Motor-Cognitive Assessment Strategy of Compensatory Sit-to-Stand Maneuvers in People With Dementia. Journal of geriatric physical therapy (2001), 41(3), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1519/JPT.0000000000000116 – 8. Leitão M, Saúde A, Bouça-Machado R, Ferreira JJ. Assessment Tools to Evaluate Motor Function in People with Dementia: A Systematic Review. J Alzheimer's disease: JAD. 2022;89(1):13–24. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-220151 -7 . Juarez JM, Garcia-Fernandez G, Campos M, Martinez B, Antequera M, Antunez C. Experiences on computerisedneuropsychological tests for dementia using a mobile touchable interface. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics, Verona, Italy, 15–17 September 2014; pp. 355-361-6. Olsson RH, Wambold S, Brock B, Waugh D, Sprague H. Visual spatial abilities and fall risk. J Gerontol Nurs. 2005;31(9):45–51. https://doi.org/10.3928/0098-9134-20050901-09 . – 4. Drachman DA, Swearer JM. Screening for dementia: Cognitive Assessment Screening Test (CAST). Am Family Phys. 1996;54(6):1957–62. -3. Almkvist O, Brane G, Johanson A. Neuropsychological assessment of dementia: state of the art. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1996;168:45–9. -1. Zarzeczny R, Nawrat–Szołtysik A, Polak A, Maliszewski J, Kiełtyka A, Matyja B, Dudek M, Zborowska J, Wajdman A. Aging effect on the instrumented Timed-Up-and-Go test variables in nursing home women aged 80–93 years. Biogerontology. 2017;18(4):651–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-017-9717-5 . Kong W, Wanning L, Sessa S, Zecca M, Magistro D, Takeuchi H, Takanishi A. Step sequence and direction detection of four square step test. Ieee Rob Autom Lett. 2017;2(4):2194–200. https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2017.2723929 . Müller K, Fröhlich S, Germano A, Kondragunta J, Hurtado M, Rudisch J, Voelcker-Rehage C. Sensor-based systems for early detection of dementia (senda): a study protocol for a prospective cohort sequential study. BMC Neurol. 2020;20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-020-01666-8 . Montero-Odasso M, Speechley M, Hunter S, Sarquis‐Adamson Y, Sposato L, Hachinski V, Chertkow H. Motor and cognitive trajectories before dementia: results from gait and brain study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018;66(9):1676–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15341 . Choi H, Lee D, Seo E, Jo M, Sohn B, Choe Y, Woo J. A normative study of the digit span in an educationally diverse elderly population. Psychiatry Invest. 2014;11(1):39. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2014.11.1.39 . Scarpina F, Tagini S. The stroop color and word test. Front Psychol. 2017. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00557 . 8. Sharifi K, Abolhasani J. Psychometric evaluation of the cognitive state test (cost) in a sample of iranian elderly people. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016;18(5). https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.23786 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4540812","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":321743045,"identity":"db065c03-a8e2-487e-8aa8-d6b189f143a9","order_by":0,"name":"Niharika Bandaru","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZh4gYZDAwCABpEFsfqg4CVokGwhpAStjQNJicICAFnN23oOfKwrS5Bmkm589eFNzL3Hz8R7j1zwM1nK4tFg28yVLnjHIMWyQOWZuOOdYceK2M2fMrHkY0o1xaTE4zGMg2WBQwdggkWAmzcOWkLjtRlqaMQ/D4cQG3FqMfwK12DdIpH+T5vmXkLh5BkRLPR4tZkBbchIbJHLMpHnbEhI3SCQffgzUkoDHYWaWDQZpyW0yZ8ok5/YlGM84c/gY4xyDdEOctpw/Y3yz4U+ybb90+zaJN98SZPvbG5s/vKmwlsdlCxywIbMlGAwIakAFzB9I1DAKRsEoGAXDGwAAisRSkwpEPHkAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Niharika","middleName":"","lastName":"Bandaru","suffix":""},{"id":321743046,"identity":"59b63eae-ae68-4c71-8476-ef48f5ea5260","order_by":1,"name":"Anita Hökelmann","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anita","middleName":"","lastName":"Hökelmann","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-06 13:45:56","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4540812/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4540812/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":60447424,"identity":"cdf980c2-3016-410c-9698-d85181bd7896","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 22:03:01","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":785422,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraphical representation of the Theoretical model, Aim, Problem, and Intervention of Innovative Psycho-motor test using ICT Rollator.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4540812/v1/ff557f5d31f91c5edce08548.png"},{"id":64664377,"identity":"96be1708-e8bb-4061-8075-d81924591a0d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-17 08:48:57","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1158360,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4540812/v1/9d7cafe8-7cc6-4a0a-898e-8db84a6b655c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Exploration and Novel Conceptual Framework for Digitalizing a Cognitive-Motor Test Integrating with an ICT-Rollator (Inter-Communication Technology Rollator) for Healthy Seniors and Seniors with Dementia.","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs age increases, there is a decline in cognitive function, processing speed, and psychomotor function and this cognitive decline can be reduced or maintained by physical activity (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Cognitive and Motor examinations are integrated in digital technologies for early detection of dementia in the elderly population. Especially mobile applications helpful in the early detection of neuro-cognitive abilities and enhancing accessibility for a wider range of elderly populations (Thabtah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). A study revealed that validation is necessary for assessing cognitive and motor abilities using digital technologies like smartphones and smartwatches in dementia patients. However, the same study mentioned that digital technologies so far have good agreement with traditional measures (Chinner et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). At the same time, studies focused on digitalizing the cognitive tests in the mobile-touch interface for the elderly and measuring cognitive impairments, visuomotor tracking, attention, and executive functioning in the elderly with dementia. Furthermore, the study included Computerized neuropsychological tests, like the Trail Making Test (Juarez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Parallel research towards psychomotor assessments using technology is well-focused.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWerner et al. developed and validated an observation-based motor-cognitive assessment instrument (ACSID) focusing on assessing the recall, initiation, and effective performance of compensatory sit-to-stand movement maneuvers in dementia patients (Werner et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, a study by Leit\u0026atilde;o et al. mentioned that most of the instruments for motor performance used for dementia patients are not validated nor developed for this population (Leit\u0026atilde;o et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). However, there are other tools, reality comprehension clock test assesses visual-spatial abilities thereby predicting fall risk in individuals with dementia (Olsson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, there are tools namely the Cognitive Assessment Screening Test (CAST), a self-administered tool for screening dementia (Drachman et al., 1996).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThabtah et al. stated that the neurocognitive disorders for dementia diagnosis of the Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) are necessary for developing screening apps for dementia covering cognitive, memory, and execution domains (Thabtah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Several neuropsychological assessment tools are effective in detecting dementia stages by evaluating cognitive and motor abilities including tests for cognitive functions like episodic memory. A study by Almkvist et al. mentions that future research should focus on methods for the evaluation of premorbid functioning, personality, and behavioral symptoms, tools for assessing executive functions, and the relation between neuropsychological variable measurements vs different aspects of neurosciences (Almkvist et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current study, we aimed to use technology for all the normal and elderly with dementia by helping with memory, spatial orientation, and other cognitive and motor tasks. It can be achieved by testing with a digitalized cognitive-motor test before and after the digitalized physical activity Intervention with ICT-Rollator. Meanwhile, in the process, we developed the psycho-motor test to analyze the cognitive and motor function using technology for all seniors and those with dementia. The core of human behavior serves as the foundation for developing and digitizing the psycho-motor test used in the current study. The current study aims to develop a psycho-motor test integrating with an ICT-Rollator to assess and monitor the psycho-motor functions in senior citizens and elderly with dementia (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarious Characteristics of Current cognitive-motor test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of Cognitive-Motor Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe test is shorter in time and covers many demands.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe test is single, straightforward instructions are followed the entire time, preventing some deficiencies in bodily and mental functioning from influencing the test's outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA large variety of senior populations, including those with vision and hearing impairments, can take the test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe screening procedure is highly objective\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter measurement can be done digitally using technology or manually.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of twelve seniors with dementia living in a residential home and nineteen seniors aged seventy-plus living in normal elderly home settings were administered the psycho-motor test, which evaluates motor and cognitive skills such as memory, spatiotemporal orientation, mobility, coordination, shape, and color recognition, reading skills, navigation, reaction time, and attention. The pilot testing was conducted on elderly patients with dementia. The test's graphical interfaces have been modified and made simpler assessing the same characteristics with high accuracy. Infographic objects used in the test Should be clear and concise. The current test is short-span and measures the maximum number of performance indicators. The test is made with simple instructions made easy for the elderly.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo establish the concurrent validity and construct validity of cognitive-motor tests for elderly individuals and elderly with dementia, it is essential to consider the psychometric properties and validation procedures of the assessment tool (Sharifi et al., 2016). Correlation analysis was done after the novel cognitive-motor exam was administered twice to healthy seniors to assess the test's reliability. Standard measurement tests were performed to verify concurrent validity, and correlation analysis was employed to visualize the association. The Mann-Whitney U test, determined the differences in cognitive-motor test results between elderly with dementia and normal elderly individuals, establishing construct validity. The distribution of the data is seen using the Shapiro-Wilk test.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReliability, Concurrent validity, and construct validity of cognitive-motor test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReliability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstruct\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValidity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcurrent Validity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.675\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ= -3.182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Attention Vs\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStroop Test Part-c)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.536\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMemory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.677\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ= -3.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Memory Vs\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigit Span Test)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.503\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoordination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.938\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e=\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.083\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ=-1.744\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Co-ordination Vs Four Square Step Test)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e=\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.173\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.534\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReaction-Time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.533\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e=\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ=-1.741\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Reaction time Vs Pipe-Drop Test)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e=\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.710\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMobility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.05*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.717\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.01**\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ=-2.663\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Mobility Vs Timed \"Up and Go\"-Test)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e=\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.496\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eMontero-Odasso et al. focused on motor and cognitive trajectories before the onset of dementia, indicating evaluating motor performance and cognitive function over time is important (Montero-Odasso et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The measurement of coordination and mobility is not accurate in the elderly. Due to severe mobility limitations, the majority found it difficult to complete the four-square step test (FSST) precisely, which might impact the concurrent validity of the results when measuring co-relationship with coordination using the current cognitive-motor test(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The FSST is a well-established test for assessing dynamic balance and coordination in elderly populations, making it a promising tool for evaluating coordination in dementia and normal elderly. FSST assesses the dynamic balance ability when stepping in four directions: forwards, backward, leftwards, and rightwards (kong et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The elderly with balance issues find the timed-up-go test more difficult perhaps affecting the results of concurrent validity between mobility measurement using the Timed-Up-Go test and the current innovative test (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The Timed-Up-and-Go test is valid for assessing mobility in elderly women aged 80\u0026ndash;93 (Zarzeczny et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The test-retest results showed a significant correlation for all the parameters (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). There is a significant difference in attention, memory, and mobility between dementia and normal elderly. Significant correlations between the attention and memory scores to the Stroop and digit span test respectively. The digit span test assesses attention and working memory, making it particularly relevant for evaluating memory function in elderly individuals (Choi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). At the same time, the Stroop color, and word test serves as a valuable tool for assessing attention and cognitive processing in elderly individuals (Scarpina et al., 2017).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current cognitive-motor test is shorter in time which helps in the reduction of dropouts due to personality or mood changes for dementia subjects. Likely a Cognitive Assessment Screening Test (CAST) was administered to screen dementia effectively with minimal examiner time (Drachman et al., 1996). In a systematic review, the investigation tools to detect different motor functions in dementia patients at different stages were explained (Leit\u0026atilde;o et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Technology is needed to monitor and support cognitive-motor domains and has a promising future in the respective area of development. More studies should focus on validating the efficacy, utility, and cost-effectiveness of technology tools (Chinner et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Previous studies focused on cognitive abilities (Drachman et al., 1996) and (Olsson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e), parallelly on motor functions in dementia patients (Leit\u0026atilde;o et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), and few studies focus on digitalizing the cognitive tests (Juarez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). However, observation-based cognitive motor technology was developed to assess cognitive and motor functions (Werner et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Nevertheless, the current innovative cognitive-motor test evaluates a quantitative-based cognitive-motor function in the elderly and those with dementia. Moreover, our current test measures memory, spatiotemporal orientation, mobility, coordination, shape and color recognition, reading skills, navigation, reaction time, and attention. However, the other parameters such as balance and navigation will be updated in the future study. Therefore, measuring maximum parameters in minimum time (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the previous results of our pilot study, the ICT-Rollator promotes balance and mobility by supporting users while moving and keeping their posture straight. Therefore, without the need for special measurement settings, the psycho-motor test integrated with the ICT-Rollator aids in precisely assessing mobility, coordination, and response time during daily activities. This is made possible with the use of sensors. However, sensor-based systems are used for the early detection of dementia by monitoring changes in gait and balance (M\u0026uuml;ller et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Hence, integrating cognitive-motor assessments with technology such as sensor-based systems, offers a comprehensive approach to evaluating and managing dementia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eConsidering a broader spectrum of elderly people, the psycho-motor test integrated with the ICT-Rollator can measure attention, memory, reaction time, mobility, and coordination in a highly precise way. Additionally, the test's validity and reliability yield significant findings. The older population with mobility and balance deficits, who are unable to take normal tests, was also able to complete the cognitive-motor examination.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eICT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eRollator\u003c/b\u003e\u0026ndash;Inter Communication Technology Rollator\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study is thankful to the supporting agencies namely Lewida elderly home, Magdeburg, and Vitanas dementia center, Magdeburg, Germany for collaborating with the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSupported by Otto-Von-Guericke Universit\u0026auml;t of Magdeburg, Germany.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data materials are available from the corresponding author on request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe ethical committee approval is received from the Otto-Von-Guericke Universit\u0026auml;t Medical faculty and Magdeburg. The study registered for Human Research Protections, reg. no. IRB00006099, Rockville, MD, U.S.A.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe consent to participate in the study is signed and obtained from the subjects or guardians before commencing the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe subjects voluntarily agreed to the publication of pictures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChinner A, Blane J, Lancaster C, Hinds C, Koychev I. Digital technologies for the assessment of cognition: a clinical review. Evid Based Ment Health. 2018;21(2):67\u0026ndash;71. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2018-102890-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1136/eb-2018-102890-9\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThabtah F, Peebles D, Retzler J, Hathurusingha C. A review of dementia screening tools based on Mobile application. Health Technol. 2020;10. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1007/s12553-020-00426-5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s12553-020-00426-5\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. -10, 2.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWerner C, Wiloth S, Lemke NC, Kronbach F, Hauer K. (2018). 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Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016;18(5). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.23786\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5812/ircmj.23786\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Physical Activity, Chronic Diseases, Seniors, Inter-Communication Technology Rollator, Dementia, Motor-Cognitive functions, Cognitive-Motor test","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4540812/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4540812/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAs age increases, there is a decline in cognitive function, processing speed, and psychomotor function and this cognitive decline can be reduced or maintained by physical activity. In the current study, we aimed to use technology for all the elderly with and without dementia by helping with memory, spatial orientation, and other cognitive and motor tasks. It can be achieved by testing with a digitalized cognitive-motor test before and after the digitalized physical activity Intervention with ICT-Rollator. Meanwhile, the psycho-motor test analyzes cognitive and motor function using technology for all seniors and those with dementia. The foundation of the development and digitization of the innovative psycho-motor test is based on the core of human behavior.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvidence shows enough studies aimed at incorporating technologies for physical activity into the lives of the elderly. Still, there is a lack of research for integrating technologies for testing cognitive and motor abilities at the same time in healthy elderly and seniors with dementia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe psycho-motor test, which measures motor and cognitive abilities memory, spatiotemporal orientation, mobility, coordination, shape, and color recognition, reading skills, navigation, reaction time, and attention was administered to 12 seniors with dementia and 12 healthy seniors of age 65+. Therefore, psycho-motor tests integrating with ICT-Rollator could help seniors and therapists monitor motor-cognitive functions. Further research focuses on the technology integrations to enhance motor-cognitive functions, physical outcomes, and psychological outcomes in the elderly and for individual chronic conditions according to their respective symptoms.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Exploration and Novel Conceptual Framework for Digitalizing a Cognitive-Motor Test Integrating with an ICT-Rollator (Inter-Communication Technology Rollator) for Healthy Seniors and Seniors with Dementia.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-16 22:02:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4540812/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"dea7b8ef-e6d3-4b26-be71-87a6e55f3f0c","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 16th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-17T08:40:50+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-16 22:02:56","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4540812","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4540812","identity":"rs-4540812","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}