Rapid evolution of flower phenology and clonality in restored populations of multiple grassland species

Restoration of terrestrial ecosystems often requires re-introduction of plants. In restored sites, the plants often face environment that differs from the one in natural populations. This which can affect plant traits, reduce performance and impose novel selection pressures. As a response, restored populations might rapidly evolve and adapt to the novel conditions. This may enhance population survival and contribute to restoration success, but has been rarely tested so far. Here, we focused on populations of three grassland species restored 20 years ago ( Galium wirtgenii, Inula salicina and Centaurea jacea ) by the transfer of green hay, and compared them with populations that were source of the hay. We measured plants both in-situ, and in common garden under control and three stress conditions. In-situ , restored and natural populations differed in flowering phenology in two out of the three species. In the common garden, plants of the restored population flowered earlier (in Galium ) or showed increased plasticity of clonal propagation in response to clipping ( Inula ). Both these traits suggest rapid adaptation to the contrasting mowing regimes in restored in comparison to the natural donor sites. In Centaurea , we detected no differentiation, neither in-situ, nor in the common garden. Rapid evolution in two out of three species indicates that evolution in restoration may be rather common, yet not ubiquitous across species.