Alcohol Consumption and Its Association with Biochemical Indicators and Quality of Life Among Rural Adults in Northern Thailand

Alcohol Consumption and Its Association with Biochemical Indicators and Quality of Life Among Rural Adults in Northern Thailand | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Alcohol Consumption and Its Association with Biochemical Indicators and Quality of Life Among Rural Adults in Northern Thailand Surangkana Chairinkam, Wannita Sakulwattana, Katekaew Seangpraw, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7958784/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 02 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is rising in Thailand, but there is still a lack of adequate diagnosis, reporting, and management. This study aimed to assess alcohol consumption and its association with demographic variables, biochemical markers, and quality of life among adults living in rural northern Thailand. A cross-sectional design was adopted, and the participants were 405 adult participants aged ≥ 20 years from ethnic groups in Phayao Province, Northern Thailand. Participants were selected using a random sampling technique. Two standardized questionnaires translated into Thai were employed: the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL–BREF–THAI). The biochemical indicators were Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1C) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), which were measured objectively through blood sample tests. The mean age of participants was 50.9 years. A total of 43 individuals (10.6%) had a high level of alcohol consumption risk, whereas 37.3% had a low level of risk. The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between ALT enzyme levels and AUDIT scores among female participants (r s = 0.802, p < 0.01). Among male participants, AUDIT scores were positively correlated with ALT levels (r s = 0.718, p < 0.01) and HbA1c levels (r s = 0.303, p < 0.01) but negatively correlated with QoL scores (r s = − 0.306, p < 0.01). Linear regression analysis showed statistically significant associations between alcohol consumption risk and ALT levels in both females and males. Alcohol consumption was not significantly associated with HbA1c levels in the adjusted model. Additionally, abnormal ALT (B = − 2.62) and abnormal HbA1c (B = − 4.29) were significantly associated with lower QoL scores in the adjusted model. Patterns of alcohol consumption were associated with biochemical indicators and quality of life among residents, with sex-specific differences observed. Community empowerment and the development of practical approaches by public health agencies and local policy makers are essential for reducing alcohol-related health problems. Health sciences/Biomarkers Health sciences/Diseases Health sciences/Endocrinology Health sciences/Health care Health sciences/Medical research Health sciences/Risk factors Alcohol Consumption Risks Biochemical Indicators Quality of Life Rural Adults Northern Thailand Figures Figure 1 Introduction Excessive alcohol consumption is a major global public health concern. As an addictive psychoactive substance, alcohol contributes to severe health outcomes, including cirrhosis, multiple cancers, and pancreatitis 1 . Beyond physical harm, it adversely affects mental well-being and quality of life, while also increasing the risk of accidents and injuries 2 . Alcohol-related deaths and disabilities impose a substantial economic burden on healthcare systems worldwide. In 2019, 38% of individuals aged ≥ 15 years were current drinkers, with an estimated 400 million (7%) experiencing alcohol-related problems, of whom 209 million (3.7% of adults globally) suffered from alcohol dependence 3 . In Thailand, alcohol consumption among individuals aged ≥ 15 years has fluctuated between 2007 and 2024. Prevalence increased steadily until 2015, declined to 28.4% in 2017, and rose again to 35.2% in 2024. Regionally, the North reported the highest prevalence (42.0%), with Lampang (59.5%), Chiang Rai (53.7%), and Phayao (53.6%) ranking among the top three provinces 4 . Previous studies have estimated that alcohol-related deaths in Thailand account for approximately 17,726 men (6.50%) and 2,312 women (1.11%) of all annual deaths 5 . Similarly, a study in Brazil reported an average of 6,633 alcohol-related deaths per year, with alcohol consumption exceeding the global average of 6.4 liters 6 . These findings highlight that the causes of chronic alcoholism are multifactorial and may occur simultaneously, influenced by genetic, social, cultural, psychological, and personality-related factors 7 . Several studies have highlighted the physiological harms of alcohol and its association with impaired intentional control and behavior 6 . Previous research has shown that alcohol exerts a progressive linear effect on various liver enzymes, even at low to moderate levels of consumption, suggesting that alcohol-related risks may be linked to liver function 8 , 9 . Excessive alcohol intake increases morbidity and mortality rates by contributing to disease development and reduces overall quality of life 10 . Quality of life (QoL), as defined by the World Health Organization, is “an individual’s perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live, and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards, and concerns.” This concept provides a framework for understanding how individuals perceive their own health 11 . A review has indicated that health-related quality of life (HRQoL) refers to a multidimensional subjective assessment of both positive and negative aspects of life that influence health 12 , 13 . Thus, the concept of quality of life and health extends health evaluation beyond morbidity and mortality to encompass physical, psychological, and social well-being 12 . Studies conducted in hospitals and primary care settings have reported that individuals who consume alcohol exhibit significantly reduced quality of life, particularly in mental health and social functioning 6 , 12 . These studies evaluated factors such as severity of alcohol dependence, drinking intensity, employment status, age, gender, and psychiatric history as predictors of quality of life 6 . Some studies have indicated that alcohol misuse and dependence severely impair quality of life 14 . A previous review highlighted that barriers to accessing alcohol treatment in rural areas—such as inconvenient geographic distance and long waiting times—further contribute to reduced quality of life 15 . Therefore, investigating alcohol consumption and its association with personal or demographic variables, biochemical variables, and quality of life is essential for improving interventions and advancing the debate to date. No previous study has focused on this relationship in Northern Thailand, which is a major gap in the literature, since the highest prevalence of alcohol dependence is in this region of Thailand. Moreover, there is a paucity of research assessing the relationship between men and women. Since alcohol consumption patterns differ between men and women, a comparative analysis of the relationship between men and women would yield policy implications. A consideration of biochemical markers in this study is novel, since these measures are objective. Our statistical analysis aims to inform efforts to improve the quality of life in Northern Thailand. Such efforts can help reduce the risks and illnesses associated with excessive alcohol consumption in a more effective and context-appropriate manner. Methodology Study design and setting This study employed a cross-sectional design under the Unit of Excellence Division 2 project: “Survey of Biomarkers, Herbal Use Behaviors, and Self-care Practices for Reducing Pesticide Exposure among Farmers in Rural Areas of Phayao Province”. The research was conducted between June 2024 and April 2025 in the highland border areas of Phayao Province, adjacent to Lampang Province in northern Thailand. The distance from the village to the secondary-level city hospital is 39.2 kilometers, requiring approximately 1 hour and 30 minutes of travel due to limited accessibility. The study area was purposively selected based on the presence of ethnic minority populations, limited access to healthcare services, and the cooperation of local community leaders. This research employed a simple random sampling technique. Phayao Province comprises nine districts, from which one district (Mueang District) was randomly selected. Within its 15 sub-districts, Mae Ka Sub-district was chosen by lottery, and subsequently, one village was randomly selected from its 18 villages (see Fig. 1 ). Community leaders announced and facilitated recruitment through loudspeaker broadcasts in the morning and evening. The minimum sample size of 405 participants was determined using Daniel’s formula 16 , consistent with our previous study. Eligible participants were men and women aged ≥ 20 years, belonging to ethnic groups who had resided in the study area for at least one year, were able to communicate in the local language, and provided written informed consent. Screening was conducted using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). To facilitate recruitment, five trained village health volunteers, fluent in both local and ethnic languages and familiar with community culture, served as research assistants. Due to the cultural diversity of the ethnic communities, permission to conduct the study was first obtained from local authorities, with research objectives clearly explained. Community access was then facilitated through coordination with village leaders, community representatives, and village health volunteers, who helped communicate the study purpose at the local level. Before data collection, a two-hour training session was conducted for local research assistants to standardize questionnaire administration, interview scheduling, and protection of participants’ rights. Study information was communicated to the community in the local language via morning loudspeaker announcements by village leaders, supported by village health volunteers. Participants were instructed to fast for at least 12 hours before blood collection and questionnaire administration. After providing written informed consent, blood samples were drawn, followed by interviews conducted between 9:00 and 12:00 at the community multipurpose hall. Trained research assistants administered the questionnaire, with each session lasting approximately 10–15 minutes. A small token of appreciation was given to the participants upon completion. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Content validity was reviewed by three experts in public health, and the questionnaire consisted of several parts. Part 1 presented socio-demographic questions such as gender, age, ethnicity, marital status, education level, occupation, and income. Primary measures included physical examination history, underlying diseases, smoking status, and alcohol use assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) 17 , 18 . The 10-item AUDIT (score range 0–40) classifies drinking behavior into four risk levels: low risk (0–7), hazardous (8–15), harmful (16–19), and alcohol dependence (≥ 20). Biochemical assessments included blood pressure, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), alanine transaminase (ALT), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Part 2 utilized the WHOQOL-BREF, developed by the World Health Organization 19 . Specifically, the abbreviated Thai version (WHOQOL-BREF-THAI) was adopted from previous research 20 , 21 . The 26-item instrument is divided into four domains: physical health (7 items, DOM1), psychological health (6 items, DOM2), social relationships (3 items, DOM3), and environmental health (8 items, DOM4). Each WHOQOL-BREF item was rated on a 5-point scale, with total scores categorized as poor (26–60), moderate (61–95), or good quality of life (96–130). The instrument demonstrated acceptable reliability, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.80. In data collection, the participants were instructed to fast for at least 12 hours after 8:00 PM prior to blood sampling. At 7:00 AM, 5 cc of venous blood was collected by medical technologists and registered nurses, analyzed by a private laboratory, and the results were reported according to the participant list. Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 21.0 (IBM, USA). Descriptive statistics (percentages, means, standard deviations) summarized socio-demographic variables, AUDIT scores, biochemical indicators, and quality of life. Group differences were assessed using independent samples t-tests and one-way ANOVA or their nonparametric alternatives. Associations between AUDIT scores, biochemical markers, blood pressure markers, and quality of life were examined using Spearman’s rank correlation. Linear regression was further applied to evaluate relationships between dependent variables (i.e., ALT, HbA1c, systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP], and quality of life [QoL]) and independent variables (i.e., gender, age, ethnic group, education, occupation, annual physical examination, chronic condition, diabetes, hypertension, asthma, COPD, smoking, and AUDIT scores). The statistical significance of the results was detected at a minimum of p < 0.05. Results AUDIT scores, biochemical markers, blood pressure, and quality of life of the participants ALT was associated with a higher risk of drinking. Females reported ALT ≥ 35 U/L, and 50.0% of them were harmful users, whereas 33.3% were alcohol dependent. Males reported ALT ≥ 45 U/L, and 66.1% of them were harmful users, whereas 32.3% of them were alcohol dependent. Participants with HbA1c ≥ 6.5 mg% also showed higher rates of harmful use (45.8%) and alcohol dependence (13.9%) compared with those with normal HbA1c. Similarly, individuals with elevated blood pressure (SBP ≥ 130 mmHg, DBP ≥ 85 mmHg) were more likely to be alcohol dependent than those with normal blood pressure. Interestingly, participants with low QoL scores (26–60) were predominantly low-risk drinkers (61.9%) with no alcohol dependence, whereas those with good QoL scores (96–130) reported higher proportions of harmful use (41.9%) and alcohol dependence (16.1%) ( Table 1 ) . Table 1 Descriptive analysis of AUDIT scores, biochemical markers, blood pressure, and quality of life of the participants (n = 405). Outcome Mean ± SD Audit, n (%) Low-risk drinker Hazardous drinker Harmful use Alcohol dependence Total 10.8 ± 8.8 151 (37.3%) 78 (19.3%) 133 (32.8%) 43 (10.6%) Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT-female) (n = 226) <35 U/L 24.2 ± 14.1 120 (61.2%) 59 (30.1%) 17 (8.7%) 0 (0.0%) ≥35 U/L 2 (6.7%) 3 (10.0%) 15 (50.0%) 10 (33.3%) Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT-male) (n = 179) <45 U/L 41.5 ± 16.6 29 (24.8%) 15 (12.8%) 60 (51.3%) 13 (11.1%) ≥45 U/L 0 (0.0%) 1 (1.6%) 41 (66.1%) 20 (32.3%) Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1C) <6.5 mg% 6.0 ± 0.8 131 (39.3%) 69 (20.7%) 100 (30.0%) 33 (9.9%) ≥6.5 mg% 20 (27.8%) 9 (12.5%) 33 (45.8%) 10 (13.9%) Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) <130 mm/Hg 133.9 ± 11.4 78 (42.4%) 43 (23.4%) 44 (23.9%) 19 (10.3%) ≥130 mm/Hg 73 (33.0%) 35 ((15.8%) 89 (40.3%) 24 (10.9%) Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) <85 mm/Hg 85.1 ± 5.8 102 (39.8%) 54 (21.1%) 76 (29.7%) 24 (9.4%) ≥85 mm/Hg 49 (32.9%) 24 (16.1%) 57 (38.3%) 19 (12.8%) Quality of Life (QoL) Poor (score 26–60) 69.5 ± 8.9 13 (61.9%) 5 (23.8%) 3 (14.3%) 0 (0.0%) Moderate (score 61–95) 119 (37.0%) 66 (20.5%) 104 (32.3%) 33 (10.2%) Good (score 96–130) 19 (30.6%) 7 (11.3%) 26 (41.9%) 10 (16.1%) Association of alcohol dependence with AUDIT scores, biochemical markers, blood pressure, and quality of life of the participants Males had significantly lower mean AUDIT, HbA1c, DBP, and QoL scores compared with females. Using nonparametric one-way ANOVA, age was associated with AUDIT, ALT (in females), SBP, DBP, and QoL, with the 20–40 age group reporting the highest QoL. Ethnicity was significantly related to SBP, with indigenous participants showing the highest mean values. No significant associations were found between alcohol dependence and marital status, income, and hyperlipidemia. From the nonparametric one-way ANOVA analysis, education level was significantly associated with AUDIT, ALT (female), HbA1c, and SBP, while occupation was related to SBP. Annual physical examination was associated with both AUDIT and QoL. Underlying diseases (diabetes, hypertension, depression, asthma, COPD) were associated with multiple variables, including QoL. Smoking was strongly associated with AUDIT, ALT (male and female), HbA1c, SBP, DBP, and QoL; smokers had higher AUDIT and ALT scores but lower QoL than non-smokers (see Table 2 ) . Table 2 The demographic variables associated with AUDIT scores, biochemical markers, blood pressure, and quality of life of the participants (n = 405). Variable Audit ALT-female (n = 226) ALT-male (n = 179) HbA1C SBP DBP QoL Mean ± SD P-value Mean ± SD P-value Mean ± SD P-value Mean ± SD P-value Mean ± SD P-value Mean ± SD P-value Mean ± SD P-value Gender Male 15.8 ± 7.4 < 0.001 *,† - - 41.4 ± 16.6 - 6.1 ± 0.8 0.005 *,† 135.0 ± 10.7 0.063 † 85.9 ± 5.7 0.014 *,† 67.3 ± 6.6 < 0.001 *,† Female 6.9 ± 7.8 24.2 ± 14.1 - 5.9 ± 0.8 132.9 ± 11.8 84.5 ± 5.8 71.2 ± 10.1 Age 20–40 years 12.5 ± 8.8 0.002 **,†† 28.4 ± 16.6 < 0.001 **,†† 38.5 ± 17.0 0.166 †† 5.8 ± 0.8 0.002 **,†† 129.2 ± 10.1 < 0.001 **,†† 84.5 ± 5.4 0.027 **,†† 71.6 ± 9.5 60 years 8.7 ± 8.9 19.1 ± 9.1 44.6 ± 16.6 6.1 ± 0.9 130.9 ± 10.7 84.5 ± 5.2 67.2 ± 6.2 Ethnic group Lee So 9.9 ± 9.2 0.559 †† 20.9 ± 13.5 0.167 †† 44.4 ± 19.1 0.628 †† 6.0 ± 0.9 0.194 †† 131.2 ± 11.5 0.001 **,†† 84.8 ± 5.8 0.591 †† 68.7 ± 8.0 0.105 †† Mien 10.8 ± 8.6 24.4 ± 13.5 41.6 ± 14.5 6.1 ± 0.8 133.1 ± 11.1 84.6 ± 5.8 68.2 ± 7.4 Hmong 10.6 ± 8.8 24.1 ± 11.5 39.8 ± 18.4 5.9 ± 0.9 133.3 ± 11.7 85.5 ± 5.9 70.3 ± 8.9 Indigenous 11.8 ± 8.8 27.1 ± 17.2 40.5 ± 14.9 5.9 ± 0.7 137.5 ± 10.5 85.5 ± 5.8 70.8 ± 10.8 Marital status Single/widowed/ divorced/ separated 11.1 ± 8.7 0.675 † 24.7 ± 15.0 0.680 † 39.8 ± 13.4 0.375 † 6.0 ± 0.8 0.859 † 133.3 ± 12.1 0.525 † 85.4 ± 6.6 0.488 † 70.6 ± 9.6 0.091 † Married 10.7 ± 8.9 24.0 ± 13.6 42.1 ± 18.0 6.0 ± 0.8 134.1 ± 11.0 85.0 ± 5.4 69.0 ± 8.5 Education No educated 10.3 ± 8.7 0.040 **,†† 22.2 ± 13.8 0.057 **,†† 45.7 ± 15.6 0.426 †† 6.0 ± 0.8 0.022 **,†† 132.0 ± 11.7 0.002 **,†† 84.7 ± 6.5 0.085 †† 68.4 ± 8.9 0.107 †† Primary 9.1 ± 8.9 21.5 ± 11.4 41.1 ± 12.3 6.1 ± 1.0 137.2 ± 10.9 86.2 ± 5.9 68.4 ± 8.3 Secondary/higher 11.7 ± 8.8 26.2 ± 15.2 40.6 ± 18.0 5.9 ± 0.7 132.9 ± 11.3 84.7 ± 5.6 70.3 ± 9.2 Occupation Unemployed 10.2 ± 9.2 0.752 †† 22.2 ± 13.5 0.067 †† 38.4 ± 24.1 0.605 †† 5.8 ± 0.7 0.383 †† 130.2 ± 11.6 0.046 **,†† 84.7 ± 5.4 0.810 †† 69.6 ± 8.9 0.912 †† General laborer 11.1 ± 8.8 26.2 ± 15.7 42.2 ± 14.5 6.0 ± 0.8 134.3 ± 11.7 85.0 ± 5.9 69.3 ± 8.7 Farmer 10.6 ± 8.8 21.8 ± 10.9 41.5 ± 15.6 6.0 ± 0.8 134.5 ± 10.8 85.3 ± 5.9 69.7 ± 9.2 Income Insufficient 10.9 ± 8.7 0.746 † 22.8 ± 13.6 0.095 † 42.0 ± 17.1 0.543 † 6.0 ± 0.7 0.792 † 134.1 ± 11.4 0.674 † 85.2 ± 5.9 0.729 † 69.1 ± 8.7 0.327 † Sufficient 10.6 ± 9.0 25.9 ± 14.5 40.5 ± 16.1 6.0 ± 0.9 133.6 ± 11.5 85.0 ± 5.7 70.0 ± 9.2 Annual physical examination No 11.3 ± 8.8 < 0.001 *,† 24.4 ± 14.0 0.590 † 41.4 ± 16.5 0.915 † 6.0 ± 0.8 0.744 † 133.8 ± 11.3 0.649 † 85.1 ± 5.8 0.827 † 68.9 ± 8.1 0.008 *,† Yes 5.7 ± 7.9 22.9 ± 14.7 40.3 ± 27.7 5.9 ± 0.8 134.7 ± 12.7 84.9 ± 6.2 75.5 ± 13.6 Chronic condition No 10.8 ± 8.8 0.970 † 24.8 ± 13.9 0.395 † 38.5 ± 16.8 < 0.001 *,† 5.9 ± 0.8 0.002 *,† 132.4 ± 10.5 0.001 *,† 84.8 ± 5.3 0.220 † 71.8 ± 9.2 < 0.001 *,† Yes 10.8 ± 8.9 23.2 ± 14.3 47.8 ± 14.4 6.1 ± 0.8 136.5 ± 12.4 85.6 ± 6.7 65.3 ± 6.5 Diabetes No 10.9 ± 8.9 0.247 † 24.4 ± 14.5 0.409 † 41.2 ± 17.0 0.089 † 5.9 ± 0.8 0.002 *,† 133.7 ± 11.4 0.233 † 85.1 ± 5.9 0.643 † 69.8 ± 8.9 0.008 *,† Yes 9.0 ± 8.5 21.8 ± 9.0 44.8 ± 4.7 6.4 ± 1.0 136.2 ± 10.8 85.6 ± 5.1 65.3 ± 7.5 Hypertension No 11.0 ± 8.8 0.383 † 24.4 ± 14.0 0.605 † 39.7 ± 15.8 < 0.001 *,† 5.9 ± 0.8 0.003 *,† 132.8 ± 10.8 < 0.001 *,† 84.8 ± 5.5 0.028 *,† 70.5 ± 9.1 < 0.001 *,† Yes 9.9 ± 9.2 23.2 ± 14.6 53.9 ± 17.7 6.2 ± 0.8 139.4 ± 12.9 86.6 ± 7.3 64.2 ± 5.7 Hyperlipidemia No 11.0 ± 8.8 0.212 † 24.6 ± 14.3 0.240 † 40.9 ± 16.9 0.249 † 6.0 ± 0.8 0.429 † 133.5 ± 11.2 0.114 † 85.0 ± 5.7 0.412 † 69.8 ± 9.0 0.073 † Yes 9.2 ± 8.8 21.4 ± 12.5 46.3 ± 12.8 6.1 ± 0.8 136.4 ± 12.6 85.8 ± 6.6 67.2 ± 7.6 Depression No 10.6 ± 8.8 0.020 *,† 24.2 ± 14.1 0.985 † 41.1 ± 16.9 0.262 † 6.0 ± 0.8 0.956 † 133.9 ± 11.4 0.985 † 85.1 ± 5.7 0.693 † 69.6 ± 9.0 0.265 † Yes 18.1 ± 7.7 24.0 ± 5.7 48.3 ± 7.6 6.0 ± 0.4 133.8 ± 12.2 84.3 ± 10.5 66.2 ± 5.5 Asthma No 10.7 ± 8.8 0.022 *,† 24.0 ± 13.8 0.403 † 41.2 ± 16.7 0.370 † 6.0 ± 0.8 0.163 † 134.0 ± 11.4 0.043 *,† 85.2 ± 5.9 0.208 † 69.5 ± 8.9 0.572 † Yes 16.3 ± 6.9 28.6 ± 21.7 48.8 ± 10.7 5.8 ± 0.3 127.0 ± 8.2 82.9 ± 3.5 68.0 ± 8.5 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) No 10.8 ± 8.9 0.641 † 24.1 ± 13.7 0.708 † 41.3 ± 16.9 0.826 † 6.0 ± 0.8 0.600 † 133.9 ± 11.3 0.842 † 85.1 ± 5.8 0.670 † 69.7 ± 9.0 0.037 *,† Yes 11.7 ± 8.2 25.7 ± 20.2 42.6 ± 11.7 5.9 ± 0.7 133.3 ± 13.2 84.6 ± 6.4 65.5 ± 4.7 Smoking No 8.6 ± 8.6 < 0.001 *,† 23.6 ± 13.5 < 0.001 *,† 34.4 ± 17.1 < 0.001 *,† 5.8 ± 0.8 < 0.001 *,† 133.1 ± 11.6 0.011 *,† 84.7 ± 5.8 0.014 *,† 70.6 ± 9.4 < 0.001 *,† Yes 19.2 ± 2.5 54.0 ± 12.7 49.8 ± 11.3 6.4 ± 0.8 136.7 ± 10.2 86.5 ± 5.7 65.4 ± 4.9 Notes : *Independent Samples T-Test: The significance level is 0.05. **One-way ANOVA. The significance level is 0.05. † Welch ' T-Test †† Welch ' ANOVA AUDIT scores were strongly correlated with ALT in both females (r s = 0.802, p < 0.01) and males (r s = 0.718, p < 0.01). Among females, AUDIT was significantly associated with SBP and DBP, while its negative correlation with QoL was not significant. In males, AUDIT was also positively correlated with HbA1c (r s = 0.303, p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with QoL (r s = − 0.306, p < 0.01). These results suggest that higher alcohol consumption is linked to impaired liver function, elevated blood sugar, and reduced quality of life in men (see Table 3 ) . Table 3 Bivariate correlation among AUDIT scores, biochemical, blood pressure markers, and quality of life of the participants. Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 Female (n = 226) 1. Audit scores 1 2. ALT 0.802** 1 3. HbA1C 0.019 0.088 1 4. SBP 0.094 0.116 0.161* 1 5. DBP 0.012 0.046 0.172** 0.575** 1 6. QoL -0.099 -0.105 -0.345** -0.186** -0.048 1 Male (n = 179) 1. Audit scores 1 2. ALT 0.718** 1 3. HbA1C 0.303** 0.430** 1 4. SBP 0.085 0.234** 0.237** 1 5. DBP 0.163* 0.234** 0.159* 0.632** 1 6. QoL -0.306** -0.384** -0.408** -0.194** -0.071 1 Multivariable linear regression showed that ALT was significantly associated with AUDIT scores in both sexes, particularly at harmful use and dependence levels. HbA1c was positively associated with smoking and diabetes, while females had lower HbA1c than males. Elevated SBP and DBP were observed among participants aged 41–60 years and those with hypertension. QoL was negatively associated with non-communicable diseases (diabetes, hypertension, abnormal ALT/HbA1c), whereas females and those who had undergone a physical examination reported higher QoL (see Table 4 ) . Table 4 Factors associated with biochemical markers, blood pressure, and quality of life among the participants by linear regression analysis (n = 405). Outcome Variable Univariable analysis Multivariable analysis, Full model Multivariable analysis, Final model B (95%CI) P-value B (95%CI) P-value B (95%CI) P-value ALT (female) Age 20–40 year 9.30 (4.71, 13.89) < 0.001 1.13 (-2.09, 4.36) 0.489 - - 41–60 year 7.63 (3.56, 11.71) < 0.001 1.94 (-0.61, 4.49) 0.135 - - Education Primary -0.76 (-6.37, 4.85) 0.790 0.07 (-3.07, 3.22) 0.963 - - Secondary/higher 3.98 (-1.13, 9.08) 0.126 2.46 (-0.81, 5.72) 0.139 - - Smoking (yes) 30.36 (16.93, 43.79) < 0.001 1.79 (-6.33, 9.92) 0.664 - - Audit scores Hazardous drinker 10.46 (8.09, 12.83) < 0.001 9.65 (7.22, 12.07) < 0.001 10.46 (8.09, 12.83) < 0.001 Harmful use 24.57 (21.55, 27.59) < 0.001 23.64 (20.58, 26.71) < 0.001 24.57 (21.55, 27.59) < 0.001 Alcohol dependence 45.90 (40.90, 50.90) < 0.001 45.19 (39.83, 50.55) < 0.001 45.90 (40.90, 50.90) < 0.001 Adjusted R² = 0.707 Adjusted R² = 0.699 ALT (male) Chronic condition (yes) 9.30 (4.15, 14.45) < 0.001 -0.12 (-3.96, 3.72) 0.950 - - Hypertension (yes) 14.22 (6.86, 21.57) < 0.001 6.89 (1.48, 12.30) 0.013 6.80 (2.19, 11.40) 0.004 Smoking (yes) 15.45 (11.07, 19.83) < 0.001 5.39 (2.13, 8.66) 0.001 5.37 (2.16, 8.59) 0.001 Audit scores Hazardous drinker 17.19 (10.84, 23.55) < 0.001 15.43 (9.26, 21.60) < 0.001 15.41 (9.28, 21.55) < 0.001 Harmful use 30.67 (26.38, 34.97) < 0.001 27.00 (22.53, 31.46) < 0.001 26.99 (22.55, 31.42) < 0.001 Alcohol dependence 41.13 (35.94, 46.32) < 0.001 37.05 (31.76, 42.33) < 0.001 37.03 (31.78, 42.29) < 0.001 Adjusted R² = 0.653 Adjusted R² = 0.655 HbA1C Gender (female) -0.23 (-0.39, -0.07) 0.005 0.02 (-0.18, 0.21) 0.848 - - Age 20–40 year -0.37 (-0.57, -0.17) < 0.001 -0.30 (-0.54, -0.07) 0.012 -0.29 (-0.46, -0.13) 0.001 41–60 year -0.16 (-0.35, 0.03) 0.094 -0.11 (-0.30, 0.09) 0.268 - - Education Primary 0.14 (-0.12, 0.39) 0.300 0.11 (-0.14, 0.36) 0.396 - - Secondary/higher -0.12 (-0.35, 0.11) 0.289 0.03 (-0.22, 0.27) 0.842 - - Chronic condition (yes) 0.23 (0.09, 0.42) 0.002 -0.03 (-0.24, 0.27) 0.816 - - Diabetes (yes) 0.47 (0.17, 0.77) 0.002 0.37 (0.25, 0.68) 0.023 0.41 (0.13, 0.70) 0.005 Hypertension (yes) 0.33 (0.11, 0.54) 0.003 0.20 (-0.06, 0.46) 0.125 - - Smoking (yes) 0.57 (0.38, 0.76) < 0.001 0.48 (0.25, 0.72) < 0.001 0.60 (0.41, 0.78) < 0.001 Audit scores Hazardous drinker -0.10 (-0.32, 0.12) 0.358 -0.05 (-0.27, 0.16) 0.644 - - Harmful use 0.34 (0.15, 0.53) < 0.001 0.17 (-0.05, 0.38) 0.131 - - Alcohol dependence 0.14 (-0.01, 0.53) 0.056 0.17 (-0.13, 0.46) 0.263 - - Adjusted R² = 0.127 Adjusted R² = 0.124 SBP Age 20–40 year -1.61 (-4.19, 0.97) 0.221 -0.68 (-3.92, 2.56) 0.681 - - 41–60 year 9.03 (6.63, 11.43) < 0.001 8.31 (5.56, 11.07) < 0.001 9.07 (6.96, 11.18) < 0.001 Ethnic group Lee So 1.61 (-5.05, 1.30) 0.246 -0.29 (-3.13, 2.55) 0.841 - - Hmong 0.14 (-2.84, 3.13) 0.926 0.38 (-2.31, 3.07) 0.781 - - Indigenous 4.37 (1.33, 7.40) 0.005 3.30 (0.41, 6.20) 0.025 2.83 (0.46, 5.19) 0.020 Education Primary 5.25 (1.67, 8.83) 0.004 2.68 (-0.58, 5.94) 0.107 - - Secondary/higher 0.92 (-2.27, 4.11) 0.570 -0.20 (-3.45, 3.05) 0.950 - - Occupation General laborer 4.04 (0.56, 7.52) 0.023 1.22 (-1.95, 4.39) 0.450 - - Farmer 4.33 (0.77, 7.89) 0.017 1.01 (-2.26, 4.27) 0.544 - - Chronic condition (yes) 4.05 (1.76, 6.35) 0.001 2.13 (-0.55, 4.82) 0.119 - - Hypertension (yes) 6.55 (3.55, 9.56) < 0.001 3.09 (-0.30, 6.48) 0.074 - - Asthma (yes) -7.04 (-13.86, -0.22) 0.043 -6.10 (-12.49, 0.29) 0.061 - - Smoking (yes) 3.54 (0.83, 6.26) 0.011 1.98 (-0.86, 4.82) 0.171 - - Audit scores Hazardous drinker -0.34 (-3.43, 2.75) 0.827 -0.53 (-3.32, 2.27) 0.712 - - Harmful use 3.90 (1.27, 6.54) 0.004 2.81 (0.15, 5.47) 0.039 3.15 (1.01, 5.28) 0.004 Alcohol dependence 2.96 (-0.87, 6.79) 0.129 2.44 (-1.31, 6.18) 0.202 - - Adjusted R² = 0.247 Adjusted R² = 0.195 DBP Gender (female) -1.43 (-2.57, -0.29) 0.014 -0.52 (-1.99, 0.95) 0.490 - - Age 20–40 year -0.01 (-1.45, 1.43) 0.988 -0.05 (-1.55, 1.45) 0.947 - - 41–60 year 1.59 (0.25, 2.93) 0.020 1.52 (0.17, 2.88) 0.027 1.53 (0.37, 2.69) 0.010 Hypertension (yes) 1.75 (0.19, 3.31) 0.028 1.64 (0.05, 3.23) 0.043 1.64 (0.09, 3.19) 0.038 Smoking (yes) 1.75 (0.36, 3.13) 0.014 0.64 (-1.09, 2.36) 0.469 - - Audit scores Hazardous drinker 0.02 (-1.56, 1.60) 0.983 -0.05 (-1.65, 1.56) 0.955 - - Harmful use 1.63 (0.28, 2.98) 0.018 1.01 (-0.61, 2.62) 0.222 - - Alcohol dependence 2.59 (0.62, 4.54) 0.010 2.01 (-0.18, 4.20) 0.072 - - Adjusted R² = 0.040 Adjusted R² = 0.023 QoL Gender (female) 3.94 (2.23, 5.66) < 0.001 3.23 (1.38, 5.08) 0.001 2.83 (1.23, 4.43) 0.001 Age 20–40 year 4.46 (2.28, 6.65) < 0.001 2.31 (0.22, 4.39) 0.030 - - 41–60 year 2.81 (0.77, 4.84) 0.007 2.21 (0.35, 4.06) 0.020 - - Annual physical examination (yes) 6.58 (3.55, 9.62) < 0.001 5.41 (2.62, 8.20) < 0.001 6.15 (3.42, 8.88) < 0.001 Chronic condition (yes) -6.54 (-8.25, -4.84) < 0.001 -5.65 (-8.07, -3.23) < 0.001 -6.54 (-8.13, -4.96) < 0.001 Diabetes (yes) -4.50 (-7.80, -1.20) 0.008 0.43 (-2.89, 3.75) 0.799 - - Hypertension (yes) -6.23 (-8.56, -3.91) < 0.001 -1.31 (-4.11, 1.48) 0.356 - - COPD (yes) -4.26 (-8.27, -0.26) 0.037 -0.01 (-4.04, 4.03) 0.999 - - Smoking (yes) -5.24 (-7.32, -3.16) < 0.001 0.16 (-2.24, 2.56) 0.895 - - ALT (abnormal) -4.62 (-6.65, -2.58) < 0.001 -2.96 (-2.24, 2.56) 0.004 -2.62 (-4.50, -0.75) 0.006 HbA1C (≥ 6.5 mg%) -6.20 (-8.40, -4.00) < 0.001 -3.88 (-5.99, -1.77) < 0.001 -4.29 (-6.31, -2.28) 60, 1 = 20–40, 2 = 41–60); Ethnic group (0 = Mien, 1 = Lee So, 2 = Hmong, 3 = Indigenous); Education (0 = no, 1 = yes); Occupation (0 = no, 1 = yes); Annual physical examination (0 = no, 1 = yes); Chronic condition (0 = no, 1 = yes); Diabetes (0 = no, 1 = yes); Hypertension (0 = no, 1 = yes); Asthma (no = 0, yes = 1); COPD (0 = no, 1 = yes); Smoking (no = 0, yes = 1); Audit scores (0 = Low risk drinker, 1 = Hazardous drinker, 2 = Harmful use, 3 = Alcohol dependence); ALT (0 = normal, 1 = abnormal); HbA1C (0 = < 6.5 mg%, 1 = ≥ 6.5 mg%) Discussion This study aimed to assess alcohol consumption and its association with demographic variables, biochemical markers, and quality of life among adults living in rural northern Thailand.This study found that 32.8% of participants engaged in harmful alcohol use, most commonly among males, individuals with no formal education, and the Lee So ethnic group. This may be explained by the ethnic context of rural northern Thailand, where cultural beliefs and practices related to alcohol consumption persist, such as its use in traditional rituals and community gatherings 22 . These findings are consistent with the lifestyle of rural labor groups, where alcohol is used as a means of relaxation and social bonding 23 . Beliefs about alcohol use were also observed among men, who perceived drinking after work to relieve fatigue. This finding aligns with the concept that modifying factors serve as underlying determinants influencing perceptions and behaviors, whereby demographic, social, psychological, personality, and cultural values play critical roles in shaping individual practices 24 . These findings are consistent with a previous study in Brazil, which reported a prevalence of alcohol consumption of 32.0%. Most drinkers were male, over 40 years of age, married, with low education and income, limited access to basic sanitation, and a high prevalence of common mental disorders 6 . Several studies have also indicated that alcohol exerts a gradual linear effect on various liver enzymes, even at low to moderate levels of consumption, suggesting that alcohol-related risks may be associated with impaired liver function 8 , 9 . Analysis of biochemical indicators revealed that participants with HbA1c ≥ 6.5% had higher proportions of harmful alcohol use and alcohol dependence compared with those with normal HbA1c levels. This finding is consistent with scientific evidence showing that heavy alcohol consumption is associated with impaired glycemic control and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, particularly among individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 25 . Furthermore, analysis of the liver biochemical marker alanine aminotransferase (ALT) showed that females with ALT ≥ 35 U/L and males with ALT ≥ 45 U/L had higher proportions of harmful alcohol use and alcohol dependence compared with those with normal ALT levels. This aligns with scientific evidence demonstrating that heavy drinkers have elevated levels of ALT, AST, GGT, ferritin, and albumin compared with moderate drinkers or abstainers 26 . It was also found that binge drinking significantly increased ALT and GGT levels, even among light drinkers 27 . Most abnormalities were observed in male farmers. In addition, abnormal blood pressure (SBP ≥ 130 mmHg and DBP ≥ 85 mmHg) and moderate-to-low QoL levels were noted. This can be explained by the impact of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), particularly hypertension, on work capacity and daily functioning, which in turn reduces QoL. These findings are consistent with previous studies showing that hypertension and other chronic diseases impair physical performance and daily activities, thereby lowering quality of life 28 , 29 . Analysis revealed that education, occupation, and annual physical examination were associated with AUDIT, ALT (female), HbA1c, SBP, and QoL, reflecting the influence of social, economic, and health behavior factors. Higher education levels are linked to greater health literacy, enabling individuals to modify health behaviors and reduce the risk of NCDs 24 , 30 . In contrast, occupation affects lifestyle, diet, and stress, which are related to alcohol consumption behaviors and liver function (ALT) 31 . Annual health examinations serve as an important mechanism for detecting early abnormalities in the body and have been reported to help reduce metabolic risk factors such as blood pressure and HbA1c levels 32 . The findings of this study are consistent with previous research indicating that higher education levels and participation in annual health check-ups are associated with better health status and improved quality of life in the general population 33 . An important finding was that underlying diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, depression, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as smoking, were significantly associated with AUDIT, ALT (female and male), HbA1c, SBP, DBP, and QoL. Smokers had higher AUDIT and ALT scores but lower QoL compared with non-smokers. This suggests that comorbidities and smoking act as synergistic factors that increase health risks, contribute to physical decline, and reduce quality of life in the long term 34 . This is consistent with studies reporting that smoking is associated with harmful alcohol use 35 as well as with abnormal liver function (ALT), which complicates the management of NCDs 36 and adversely affects overall quality of life 34 . Several studies have shown that NCDs such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and chronic liver disease are associated with harmful alcohol use. Heavy and prolonged alcohol consumption can exacerbate NCDs through mechanisms including liver damage, promotion of insulin resistance, increased blood pressure, and stimulation of chronic inflammatory processes 37 , 38 . Some studies have further reported that elevated blood pressure is significantly associated with higher HbA1c levels 39 . Previous studies have found that patients with diabetes and hypertension often exhibit poor glycemic control, which is significantly associated with alcohol consumption 40 , 41 . Furthermore, alcohol use has been linked to reduced quality of life, particularly among patients with NCDs, due to its combined physical and psychological impacts 22 , 23 . Correlation analysis stratified by sex revealed that, among females, AUDIT scores showed a strong positive correlation with ALT enzyme levels (r s = 0.802) and were also associated with blood pressure. This finding reflects the linkage between alcohol consumption behavior, impaired liver function as indicated by ALT, and overall health deterioration 6 , 22 , 23 . In addition, Quality of Life (QoL) was found to be significantly and negatively correlated with AUDIT scores. This aligns with previous reviews indicating that heavy alcohol consumption is associated with reduced quality of life across physical, psychological, and social domains 42 , 43 . Previous studies consistently demonstrate that heavy alcohol consumption is associated with elevated ALT levels and an increased risk of chronic liver disease 37 , 38 , 44 . Evidence further suggests a link between alcohol intake and elevated blood pressure in both sexes, with women appearing more susceptible to its adverse health effects 38 . Among males, AUDIT risk scores showed a strong positive correlation with ALT levels (r s = 0.718) and were significantly associated with both blood pressure and HbA1c. These findings highlight the detrimental effects of alcohol consumption on men’s overall health and quality of life 22 , 23 . Men are particularly vulnerable, as they tend to consume alcohol in larger quantities and engage in drinking patterns that confer greater risks of health complications compared with women 45 . This aligns with prior evidence demonstrating that heavy alcohol use is associated with elevated ALT, increased blood pressure, and impaired HbA1c regulation 37 , 38 . A noteworthy finding of this study is that ALT levels in both men and women were significantly associated with AUDIT scores, particularly at the levels of harmful use and alcohol dependence. This highlights the utility of ALT as a biochemical marker of alcohol-related liver damage and its strong linkage to patterns of heavy drinking 6 . In the rural Thai context, alcohol consumption has become a socially accepted practice, which may further reinforce risky drinking behaviors 22 , 46 . Research in comparable settings has shown that harmful alcohol use is highly prevalent, particularly among ethnic minority groups, where the production and consumption of traditional homemade alcohol is widespread 46 . These findings align with evidence that ALT serves as a reliable indicator of alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) and demonstrates a positive association with harmful drinking behaviors 47 . Moreover, several studies have confirmed the direct impact of alcohol consumption on liver function, as reflected by elevated ALT levels, thereby increasing the risk of chronic liver disease 38 . This study further revealed a significant positive association between HbA1c, smoking, and diabetes mellitus (DM). Prior reviews have shown that smoking impairs glycemic control by promoting insulin resistance and triggering inflammatory pathways 48 . Supporting this, a study from Korea reported that smokers exhibited significantly higher HbA1c levels than non-smokers, with the relationship demonstrating a clear dose-dependent effect 49 . Evidence suggests that smoking increases the risk of complications and further diminishes quality of life among individuals with diabetes 39 . This aligns with prior research demonstrating that risky health behaviors, particularly alcohol consumption and smoking, are closely linked to key health indicators and serve as major accelerators in the progression of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) 37 , 38 . Our findings indicate that elevated blood pressure, including both SBP and DBP, was most prevalent among individuals aged 41–60 years and those with diagnosed hypertension. This pattern likely reflects physiological changes and the accumulation of risk factors that emerge during midlife 50 , 51 . Consistent with previous evidence, the risk of elevated SBP increases progressively from around age 35 and becomes particularly pronounced after age 40 in both men and women 52 . This study also revealed a significant negative association between QoL and NCDs, including diabetes and hypertension, as well as abnormal ALT and HbA1c levels. These findings suggest that individuals with such conditions or elevated biochemical markers tend to experience poorer QoL 22 , 23 . Consistent evidence from Ghana showed that adults with diabetes, hypertension, or obesity had significantly lower QoL scores in the physical health domain 53 . Similarly, a study in Sweden reported that diabetic patients with elevated HbA1c levels exhibited significantly lower QoL scores across multiple dimensions 54 . Limitations This study is subject to several limitations. First, its cross-sectional design precludes the establishment of causal relationships. Additionally, the study population was drawn exclusively from ethnic communities in Phayao Province, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other populations. Second, alcohol use was assessed using the self-administered AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test), which is prone to reporting bias, as the accuracy of responses depends on participants’ honesty and recall. This may have led to underreporting of alcohol consumption. Furthermore, although AUDIT is an internationally standardized tool, it may not fully capture the linguistic and cultural nuances of ethnic minority groups. Consequently, the interpretation of findings should be approached with caution. Finally, several potential confounders—such as nutritional status, physical activity, stress, and the use of medications that may affect ALT, HbA1c, and blood pressure—were not fully controlled in this study. Future research should incorporate psychosocial factors, including stress assessment, to better account for these influences. Moreover, qualitative investigations are needed to gain deeper insights into the cultural context, beliefs, and alcohol consumption behaviors of ethnic groups. Longitudinal studies are also warranted to establish causal pathways between harmful alcohol use, liver dysfunction, glycemic control, blood pressure regulation, and the long-term effects on quality of life. Conclusion This study highlights that harmful alcohol dependence is significantly associated with elevated ALT, HbA1c, increased blood pressure, and lower quality of life. Individual characteristics such as sex, age, educational attainment, occupation, risky health behaviors, or statuses (e.g., smoking, neglecting annual health check-ups, and chronic conditions) were associated with harmful alcohol dependence. These findings underscore the need for integrated strategies to address alcohol-related problems in ethnic and rural communities. Efforts should incorporate systematic screening and monitoring of biochemical indicators, health status, and sociocultural factors to ensure context-specific interventions. Community empowerment is critical for enhancing knowledge and fostering behavioral change regarding the impact of alcohol consumption on liver function, blood pressure, glycemic control, and quality of life. Finally, policy actions and practice guidelines involving local administrative organizations, primary healthcare units, and social and cultural agencies are needed to regulate and monitor alcohol accessibility in high-risk areas. Declarations Data Sharing Statement The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study will be available upon reasonable request from the first author. Email: [email protected] Ethical Approval and Information Consent The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the University of Phayao Human Ethics Committee, Thailand (HREC-UP-HSST 1.2/074/67, approved May 2024). The trial was registered participants gave a written informed consent prior to data collection. Funding The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Fundamental Fund Unit of Excellence at the Division 1: 2026 for the financial support of this research. Author Contributions All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. Acknowledgments We would like to express our gratitude to the staff at district Health Promoting Hospital in the sub-district (Ban Huai Khian) and the community leaders of Ban Mae Tam Noi (Village No. 18) Muang district, Phayao Province for their assistance with data collection in the study areas. We would also like to thank all of the volunteers who helped with this research. Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work. References World Health Organization. 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Life Outcomes . 17 (141), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-019-1212-z (2019). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":314392,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLegend not included with this version.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7958784/v1/aec45ecf931666d818924686.png"},{"id":106343724,"identity":"00d2d2f8-94ea-44e2-ab9d-9601b87688f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-07 16:08:15","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2520799,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7958784/v1/03688627-c4a6-4377-97f9-be8d14aabc9b.pdf"},{"id":95810034,"identity":"a35d7138-1d43-4d62-9be4-59aa1ab2b321","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:51:41","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":19073,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Authors.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7958784/v1/321866e4b0e0b157bde36f91.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Alcohol Consumption and Its Association with Biochemical Indicators and Quality of Life Among Rural Adults in Northern Thailand","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eExcessive alcohol consumption is a major global public health concern. As an addictive psychoactive substance, alcohol contributes to severe health outcomes, including cirrhosis, multiple cancers, and pancreatitis\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Beyond physical harm, it adversely affects mental well-being and quality of life, while also increasing the risk of accidents and injuries\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Alcohol-related deaths and disabilities impose a substantial economic burden on healthcare systems worldwide. In 2019, 38% of individuals aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;15 years were current drinkers, with an estimated 400\u0026nbsp;million (7%) experiencing alcohol-related problems, of whom 209\u0026nbsp;million (3.7% of adults globally) suffered from alcohol dependence\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Thailand, alcohol consumption among individuals aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;15 years has fluctuated between 2007 and 2024. Prevalence increased steadily until 2015, declined to 28.4% in 2017, and rose again to 35.2% in 2024. Regionally, the North reported the highest prevalence (42.0%), with Lampang (59.5%), Chiang Rai (53.7%), and Phayao (53.6%) ranking among the top three provinces\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Previous studies have estimated that alcohol-related deaths in Thailand account for approximately 17,726 men (6.50%) and 2,312 women (1.11%) of all annual deaths\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Similarly, a study in Brazil reported an average of 6,633 alcohol-related deaths per year, with alcohol consumption exceeding the global average of 6.4 liters\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These findings highlight that the causes of chronic alcoholism are multifactorial and may occur simultaneously, influenced by genetic, social, cultural, psychological, and personality-related factors\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Several studies have highlighted the physiological harms of alcohol and its association with impaired intentional control and behavior\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Previous research has shown that alcohol exerts a progressive linear effect on various liver enzymes, even at low to moderate levels of consumption, suggesting that alcohol-related risks may be linked to liver function\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Excessive alcohol intake increases morbidity and mortality rates by contributing to disease development and reduces overall quality of life\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuality of life (QoL), as defined by the World Health Organization, is \u0026ldquo;an individual\u0026rsquo;s perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live, and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards, and concerns.\u0026rdquo; This concept provides a framework for understanding how individuals perceive their own health\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. A review has indicated that health-related quality of life (HRQoL) refers to a multidimensional subjective assessment of both positive and negative aspects of life that influence health\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Thus, the concept of quality of life and health extends health evaluation beyond morbidity and mortality to encompass physical, psychological, and social well-being\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Studies conducted in hospitals and primary care settings have reported that individuals who consume alcohol exhibit significantly reduced quality of life, particularly in mental health and social functioning\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These studies evaluated factors such as severity of alcohol dependence, drinking intensity, employment status, age, gender, and psychiatric history as predictors of quality of life\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Some studies have indicated that alcohol misuse and dependence severely impair quality of life\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. A previous review highlighted that barriers to accessing alcohol treatment in rural areas\u0026mdash;such as inconvenient geographic distance and long waiting times\u0026mdash;further contribute to reduced quality of life\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, investigating alcohol consumption and its association with personal or demographic variables, biochemical variables, and quality of life is essential for improving interventions and advancing the debate to date. No previous study has focused on this relationship in Northern Thailand, which is a major gap in the literature, since the highest prevalence of alcohol dependence is in this region of Thailand. Moreover, there is a paucity of research assessing the relationship between men and women. Since alcohol consumption patterns differ between men and women, a comparative analysis of the relationship between men and women would yield policy implications. A consideration of biochemical markers in this study is novel, since these measures are objective. Our statistical analysis aims to inform efforts to improve the quality of life in Northern Thailand. Such efforts can help reduce the risks and illnesses associated with excessive alcohol consumption in a more effective and context-appropriate manner.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy design and setting\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e This study employed a cross-sectional design under the Unit of Excellence Division 2 project: \u0026ldquo;Survey of Biomarkers, Herbal Use Behaviors, and Self-care Practices for Reducing Pesticide Exposure among Farmers in Rural Areas of Phayao Province\u0026rdquo;. The research was conducted between June 2024 and April 2025 in the highland border areas of Phayao Province, adjacent to Lampang Province in northern Thailand. The distance from the village to the secondary-level city hospital is 39.2 kilometers, requiring approximately 1 hour and 30 minutes of travel due to limited accessibility. The study area was purposively selected based on the presence of ethnic minority populations, limited access to healthcare services, and the cooperation of local community leaders. This research employed a simple random sampling technique. Phayao Province comprises nine districts, from which one district (Mueang District) was randomly selected. Within its 15 sub-districts, Mae Ka Sub-district was chosen by lottery, and subsequently, one village was randomly selected from its 18 villages \u003cb\u003e(see Fig.\u0026nbsp;1\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity leaders announced and facilitated recruitment through loudspeaker broadcasts in the morning and evening. The minimum sample size of 405 participants was determined using Daniel\u0026rsquo;s formula\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, consistent with our previous study. Eligible participants were men and women aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;20 years, belonging to ethnic groups who had resided in the study area for at least one year, were able to communicate in the local language, and provided written informed consent. Screening was conducted using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). To facilitate recruitment, five trained village health volunteers, fluent in both local and ethnic languages and familiar with community culture, served as research assistants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDue to the cultural diversity of the ethnic communities, permission to conduct the study was first obtained from local authorities, with research objectives clearly explained. Community access was then facilitated through coordination with village leaders, community representatives, and village health volunteers, who helped communicate the study purpose at the local level. Before data collection, a two-hour training session was conducted for local research assistants to standardize questionnaire administration, interview scheduling, and protection of participants\u0026rsquo; rights. Study information was communicated to the community in the local language via morning loudspeaker announcements by village leaders, supported by village health volunteers. Participants were instructed to fast for at least 12 hours before blood collection and questionnaire administration. After providing written informed consent, blood samples were drawn, followed by interviews conducted between 9:00 and 12:00 at the community multipurpose hall. Trained research assistants administered the questionnaire, with each session lasting approximately 10\u0026ndash;15 minutes. A small token of appreciation was given to the participants upon completion.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInterviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Content validity was reviewed by three experts in public health, and the questionnaire consisted of several parts. Part 1 presented socio-demographic questions such as gender, age, ethnicity, marital status, education level, occupation, and income. Primary measures included physical examination history, underlying diseases, smoking status, and alcohol use assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The 10-item AUDIT (score range 0\u0026ndash;40) classifies drinking behavior into four risk levels: low risk (0\u0026ndash;7), hazardous (8\u0026ndash;15), harmful (16\u0026ndash;19), and alcohol dependence (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;20). Biochemical assessments included blood pressure, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), alanine transaminase (ALT), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePart 2 utilized the WHOQOL-BREF, developed by the World Health Organization\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Specifically, the abbreviated Thai version (WHOQOL-BREF-THAI) was adopted from previous research\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The 26-item instrument is divided into four domains: physical health (7 items, DOM1), psychological health (6 items, DOM2), social relationships (3 items, DOM3), and environmental health (8 items, DOM4). Each WHOQOL-BREF item was rated on a 5-point scale, with total scores categorized as poor (26\u0026ndash;60), moderate (61\u0026ndash;95), or good quality of life (96\u0026ndash;130). The instrument demonstrated acceptable reliability, with a Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha of 0.80.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn data collection, the participants were instructed to fast for at least 12 hours after 8:00 PM prior to blood sampling. At 7:00 AM, 5 cc of venous blood was collected by medical technologists and registered nurses, analyzed by a private laboratory, and the results were reported according to the participant list.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 21.0 (IBM, USA). Descriptive statistics (percentages, means, standard deviations) summarized socio-demographic variables, AUDIT scores, biochemical indicators, and quality of life. Group differences were assessed using independent samples t-tests and one-way ANOVA or their nonparametric alternatives. Associations between AUDIT scores, biochemical markers, blood pressure markers, and quality of life were examined using Spearman\u0026rsquo;s rank correlation. Linear regression was further applied to evaluate relationships between dependent variables (i.e., ALT, HbA1c, systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP], and quality of life [QoL]) and independent variables (i.e., gender, age, ethnic group, education, occupation, annual physical examination, chronic condition, diabetes, hypertension, asthma, COPD, smoking, and AUDIT scores). The statistical significance of the results was detected at a minimum of p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAUDIT scores, biochemical markers, blood pressure, and quality of life of the participants\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eALT was associated with a higher risk of drinking. Females reported ALT\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35 U/L, and 50.0% of them were harmful users, whereas 33.3% were alcohol dependent. Males reported ALT\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;45 U/L, and 66.1% of them were harmful users, whereas 32.3% of them were alcohol dependent. Participants with HbA1c\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;6.5 mg% also showed higher rates of harmful use (45.8%) and alcohol dependence (13.9%) compared with those with normal HbA1c. Similarly, individuals with elevated blood pressure (SBP\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;130 mmHg, DBP\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;85 mmHg) were more likely to be alcohol dependent than those with normal blood pressure. Interestingly, participants with low QoL scores (26\u0026ndash;60) were predominantly low-risk drinkers (61.9%) with no alcohol dependence, whereas those with good QoL scores (96\u0026ndash;130) reported higher proportions of harmful use (41.9%) and alcohol dependence (16.1%) \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescriptive analysis of AUDIT scores, biochemical markers, blood pressure, and quality of life of the participants (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;405).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOutcome\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAudit, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow-risk drinker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHazardous\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003edrinker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHarmful\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003euse\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlcohol\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003edependence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e151 (37.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78 (19.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133 (32.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43 (10.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlanine Aminotransferase (ALT-female) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;226)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;35 U/L\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120 (61.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59 (30.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (8.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;35 U/L\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (6.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (10.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlanine Aminotransferase (ALT-male) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;179)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;45 U/L\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29 (24.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (12.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60 (51.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (11.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;45 U/L\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41 (66.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (32.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGlycated Hemoglobin (HbA1C)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;6.5 mg%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e131 (39.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69 (20.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100 (30.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (9.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;6.5 mg%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (27.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (45.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (13.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSystolic Blood Pressure (SBP)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;130 mm/Hg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78 (42.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43 (23.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44 (23.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (10.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;130 mm/Hg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73 (33.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35 ((15.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89 (40.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24 (10.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;85 mm/Hg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102 (39.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54 (21.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76 (29.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24 (9.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;85 mm/Hg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49 (32.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24 (16.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57 (38.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (12.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eQuality of Life (QoL)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor (score 26\u0026ndash;60)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (61.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (23.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (14.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate (score 61\u0026ndash;95)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119 (37.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66 (20.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104 (32.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (10.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood (score 96\u0026ndash;130)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (30.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (11.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26 (41.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (16.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAssociation of alcohol dependence with AUDIT scores, biochemical markers, blood pressure, and quality of life of the participants\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMales had significantly lower mean AUDIT, HbA1c, DBP, and QoL scores compared with females. Using nonparametric one-way ANOVA, age was associated with AUDIT, ALT (in females), SBP, DBP, and QoL, with the 20\u0026ndash;40 age group reporting the highest QoL. Ethnicity was significantly related to SBP, with indigenous participants showing the highest mean values. No significant associations were found between alcohol dependence and marital status, income, and hyperlipidemia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom the nonparametric one-way ANOVA analysis, education level was significantly associated with AUDIT, ALT (female), HbA1c, and SBP, while occupation was related to SBP. Annual physical examination was associated with both AUDIT and QoL. Underlying diseases (diabetes, hypertension, depression, asthma, COPD) were associated with multiple variables, including QoL. Smoking was strongly associated with AUDIT, ALT (male and female), HbA1c, SBP, DBP, and QoL; smokers had higher AUDIT and ALT scores but lower QoL than non-smokers \u003cb\u003e(see\u003c/b\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe demographic variables associated with AUDIT scores, biochemical markers, blood pressure, and quality of life of the participants (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;405).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"15\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAudit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALT-female (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;226)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALT-male (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;179)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHbA1C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSBP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDBP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQoL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e135.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.063\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e132.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;40 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003csup\u003e**,\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e**,\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.166\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003csup\u003e**,\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e**,\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.027\u003csup\u003e**,\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e**,\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;60 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e139.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;60 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthnic group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLee So\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.559\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.167\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.628\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.194\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e131.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003csup\u003e**,\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.591\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.105\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMien\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHmong\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndigenous\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e137.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle/widowed/\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003edivorced/\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eseparated\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.675\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.680\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.375\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.859\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.525\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.488\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.091\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo educated\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.040\u003csup\u003e**,\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.057\u003csup\u003e**,\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.426\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.022\u003csup\u003e**,\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e132.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003csup\u003e**,\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.085\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.107\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e137.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary/higher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e132.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccupation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.752\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.067\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.605\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.383\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.046\u003csup\u003e**,\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.810\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.912\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeneral laborer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncome\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInsufficient\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.746\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.095\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.543\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.792\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.674\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.729\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.327\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSufficient\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnnual physical examination\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.590\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.915\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.744\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.649\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.827\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.008\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChronic condition\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.970\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.395\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e132.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.220\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e136.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiabetes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.247\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.409\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.089\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.233\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.643\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.008\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e136.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHypertension\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.383\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.605\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e132.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.028\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e139.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHyperlipidemia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.212\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.240\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.249\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.429\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.114\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.412\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.073\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e136.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDepression\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.020\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.985\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.262\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.956\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.985\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.693\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.265\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAsthma\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.022\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.403\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.370\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.163\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.043\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.208\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.572\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e127.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.641\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.708\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.826\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.600\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.842\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.670\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.037\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSmoking\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.011\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e*,\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e136.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"15\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNotes\u003c/b\u003e: *Independent Samples T-Test: The significance level is 0.05. **One-way ANOVA. The significance level is 0.05.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"15\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e Welch ' T-Test\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"15\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e Welch ' ANOVA\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAUDIT scores were strongly correlated with ALT in both females (r\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e = 0.802, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and males (r\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e = 0.718, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). Among females, AUDIT was significantly associated with SBP and DBP, while its negative correlation with QoL was not significant. In males, AUDIT was also positively correlated with HbA1c (r\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e = 0.303, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and negatively correlated with QoL (r\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.306, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). These results suggest that higher alcohol consumption is linked to impaired liver function, elevated blood sugar, and reduced quality of life in men \u003cb\u003e(see\u003c/b\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBivariate correlation among AUDIT scores, biochemical, blood pressure markers, and quality of life of the participants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;226)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Audit scores\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. ALT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.802**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. HbA1C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4. SBP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.161*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5. DBP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.172**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.575**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6. QoL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.099\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.345**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.186**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.048\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMale (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;179)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Audit scores\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. ALT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.718**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. HbA1C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.303**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.430**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4. SBP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.234**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.237**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5. DBP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.163*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.234**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.159*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.632**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6. QoL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.306**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.384**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.408**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.194**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.071\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultivariable linear regression showed that ALT was significantly associated with AUDIT scores in both sexes, particularly at harmful use and dependence levels. HbA1c was positively associated with smoking and diabetes, while females had lower HbA1c than males. Elevated SBP and DBP were observed among participants aged 41\u0026ndash;60 years and those with hypertension. QoL was negatively associated with non-communicable diseases (diabetes, hypertension, abnormal ALT/HbA1c), whereas females and those who had undergone a physical examination reported higher QoL \u003cb\u003e(see\u003c/b\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactors associated with biochemical markers, blood pressure, and quality of life among the participants by linear regression analysis (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;405).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOutcome\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnivariable analysis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultivariable analysis, Full model\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultivariable analysis, Final model\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eALT (female)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;40 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.30 (4.71, 13.89)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.13 (-2.09, 4.36)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.489\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;60 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.63 (3.56, 11.71)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.94 (-0.61, 4.49)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.76 (-6.37, 4.85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.790\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07 (-3.07, 3.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.963\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary/higher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.98 (-1.13, 9.08)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.126\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.46 (-0.81, 5.72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.139\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSmoking (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.36 (16.93, 43.79)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.79 (-6.33, 9.92)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.664\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAudit scores\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHazardous drinker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.46 (8.09, 12.83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.65 (7.22, 12.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.46 (8.09, 12.83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHarmful use\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.57 (21.55, 27.59)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.64 (20.58, 26.71)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.57 (21.55, 27.59)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlcohol dependence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.90 (40.90, 50.90)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.19 (39.83, 50.55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.90 (40.90, 50.90)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e = 0.707\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e = 0.699\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eALT (male)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChronic condition (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.30 (4.15, 14.45)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.12 (-3.96, 3.72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.950\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHypertension (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.22 (6.86, 21.57)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.89 (1.48, 12.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.80 (2.19, 11.40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSmoking (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.45 (11.07, 19.83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.39 (2.13, 8.66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.37 (2.16, 8.59)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAudit scores\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHazardous drinker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.19 (10.84, 23.55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.43 (9.26, 21.60)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.41 (9.28, 21.55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHarmful use\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.67 (26.38, 34.97)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.00 (22.53, 31.46)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.99 (22.55, 31.42)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlcohol dependence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.13 (35.94, 46.32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.05 (31.76, 42.33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.03 (31.78, 42.29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e = 0.653\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e = 0.655\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHbA1C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender (female)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.23 (-0.39, -0.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02 (-0.18, 0.21)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.848\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;40 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.37 (-0.57, -0.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.30 (-0.54, -0.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.29 (-0.46, -0.13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;60 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.16 (-0.35, 0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.11 (-0.30, 0.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.268\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14 (-0.12, 0.39)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.300\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11 (-0.14, 0.36)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.396\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary/higher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.12 (-0.35, 0.11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.289\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03 (-0.22, 0.27)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.842\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChronic condition (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23 (0.09, 0.42)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.03 (-0.24, 0.27)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.816\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiabetes (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.47 (0.17, 0.77)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.37 (0.25, 0.68)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41 (0.13, 0.70)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHypertension (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33 (0.11, 0.54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20 (-0.06, 0.46)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSmoking (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57 (0.38, 0.76)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48 (0.25, 0.72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.60 (0.41, 0.78)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAudit scores\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHazardous drinker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.10 (-0.32, 0.12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.358\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.05 (-0.27, 0.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.644\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHarmful use\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34 (0.15, 0.53)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17 (-0.05, 0.38)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.131\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlcohol dependence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14 (-0.01, 0.53)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17 (-0.13, 0.46)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.263\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e = 0.127\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e = 0.124\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSBP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;40 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.61 (-4.19, 0.97)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.221\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.68 (-3.92, 2.56)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.681\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;60 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.03 (6.63, 11.43)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.31 (5.56, 11.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.07 (6.96, 11.18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEthnic group\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLee So\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.61 (-5.05, 1.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.246\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.29 (-3.13, 2.55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.841\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHmong\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14 (-2.84, 3.13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.926\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38 (-2.31, 3.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.781\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndigenous\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.37 (1.33, 7.40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.30 (0.41, 6.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.83 (0.46, 5.19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.25 (1.67, 8.83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.68 (-0.58, 5.94)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary/higher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92 (-2.27, 4.11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.570\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.20 (-3.45, 3.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.950\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeneral laborer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.04 (0.56, 7.52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.22 (-1.95, 4.39)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.450\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.33 (0.77, 7.89)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01 (-2.26, 4.27)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.544\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChronic condition (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.05 (1.76, 6.35)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.13 (-0.55, 4.82)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.119\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHypertension (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.55 (3.55, 9.56)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.09 (-0.30, 6.48)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsthma (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-7.04 (-13.86, -0.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6.10 (-12.49, 0.29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSmoking (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.54 (0.83, 6.26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.98 (-0.86, 4.82)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.171\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAudit scores\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHazardous drinker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.34 (-3.43, 2.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.827\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.53 (-3.32, 2.27)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.712\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHarmful use\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.90 (1.27, 6.54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.81 (0.15, 5.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.15 (1.01, 5.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlcohol dependence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.96 (-0.87, 6.79)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.44 (-1.31, 6.18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e = 0.247\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e = 0.195\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDBP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender (female)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.43 (-2.57, -0.29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.52 (-1.99, 0.95)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.490\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;40 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.01 (-1.45, 1.43)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.988\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.05 (-1.55, 1.45)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.947\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;60 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.59 (0.25, 2.93)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.52 (0.17, 2.88)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.53 (0.37, 2.69)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHypertension (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.75 (0.19, 3.31)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.64 (0.05, 3.23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.64 (0.09, 3.19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSmoking (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.75 (0.36, 3.13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64 (-1.09, 2.36)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.469\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAudit scores\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHazardous drinker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02 (-1.56, 1.60)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.983\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.05 (-1.65, 1.56)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.955\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHarmful use\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.63 (0.28, 2.98)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01 (-0.61, 2.62)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.222\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlcohol dependence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.59 (0.62, 4.54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.01 (-0.18, 4.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e = 0.040\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e = 0.023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eQoL\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender (female)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.94 (2.23, 5.66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.23 (1.38, 5.08)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.83 (1.23, 4.43)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;40 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.46 (2.28, 6.65)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.31 (0.22, 4.39)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;60 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.81 (0.77, 4.84)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.21 (0.35, 4.06)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnnual physical examination (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.58 (3.55, 9.62)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.41 (2.62, 8.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.15 (3.42, 8.88)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChronic condition (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6.54 (-8.25, -4.84)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.65 (-8.07, -3.23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6.54 (-8.13, -4.96)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiabetes (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.50 (-7.80, -1.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.43 (-2.89, 3.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.799\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHypertension (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6.23 (-8.56, -3.91)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.31 (-4.11, 1.48)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.356\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCOPD (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.26 (-8.27, -0.26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.01 (-4.04, 4.03)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSmoking (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.24 (-7.32, -3.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16 (-2.24, 2.56)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.895\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALT (abnormal)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.62 (-6.65, -2.58)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.96 (-2.24, 2.56)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.62 (-4.50, -0.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHbA1C (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;6.5 mg%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6.20 (-8.40, -4.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.88 (-5.99, -1.77)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.29 (-6.31, -2.28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e = 0.269\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e = 0.265\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNotes\u003c/b\u003e: variables: Gender (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;male, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;female); Age (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;60, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20\u0026ndash;40, 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;41\u0026ndash;60); Ethnic group (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Mien, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Lee So, 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Hmong, 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Indigenous); Education (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;no, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;yes); Occupation (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;no, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;yes); Annual physical examination (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;no, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;yes); Chronic condition (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;no, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;yes); Diabetes (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;no, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;yes); Hypertension (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;no, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;yes); Asthma (no\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0, yes\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1); COPD (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;no, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;yes); Smoking (no\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0, yes\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1); Audit scores (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Low risk drinker, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Hazardous drinker, 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Harmful use, 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Alcohol dependence); ALT (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;normal, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;abnormal); HbA1C (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;6.5 mg%, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;6.5 mg%)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to assess alcohol consumption and its association with demographic variables, biochemical markers, and quality of life among adults living in rural northern Thailand.This study found that 32.8% of participants engaged in harmful alcohol use, most commonly among males, individuals with no formal education, and the Lee So ethnic group. This may be explained by the ethnic context of rural northern Thailand, where cultural beliefs and practices related to alcohol consumption persist, such as its use in traditional rituals and community gatherings\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These findings are consistent with the lifestyle of rural labor groups, where alcohol is used as a means of relaxation and social bonding\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Beliefs about alcohol use were also observed among men, who perceived drinking after work to relieve fatigue. This finding aligns with the concept that modifying factors serve as underlying determinants influencing perceptions and behaviors, whereby demographic, social, psychological, personality, and cultural values play critical roles in shaping individual practices\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These findings are consistent with a previous study in Brazil, which reported a prevalence of alcohol consumption of 32.0%. Most drinkers were male, over 40 years of age, married, with low education and income, limited access to basic sanitation, and a high prevalence of common mental disorders\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Several studies have also indicated that alcohol exerts a gradual linear effect on various liver enzymes, even at low to moderate levels of consumption, suggesting that alcohol-related risks may be associated with impaired liver function \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of biochemical indicators revealed that participants with HbA1c\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;6.5% had higher proportions of harmful alcohol use and alcohol dependence compared with those with normal HbA1c levels. This finding is consistent with scientific evidence showing that heavy alcohol consumption is associated with impaired glycemic control and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, particularly among individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, analysis of the liver biochemical marker alanine aminotransferase (ALT) showed that females with ALT\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35 U/L and males with ALT\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;45 U/L had higher proportions of harmful alcohol use and alcohol dependence compared with those with normal ALT levels. This aligns with scientific evidence demonstrating that heavy drinkers have elevated levels of ALT, AST, GGT, ferritin, and albumin compared with moderate drinkers or abstainers\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. It was also found that binge drinking significantly increased ALT and GGT levels, even among light drinkers\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Most abnormalities were observed in male farmers. In addition, abnormal blood pressure (SBP\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;130 mmHg and DBP\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;85 mmHg) and moderate-to-low QoL levels were noted. This can be explained by the impact of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), particularly hypertension, on work capacity and daily functioning, which in turn reduces QoL. These findings are consistent with previous studies showing that hypertension and other chronic diseases impair physical performance and daily activities, thereby lowering quality of life\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalysis revealed that education, occupation, and annual physical examination were associated with AUDIT, ALT (female), HbA1c, SBP, and QoL, reflecting the influence of social, economic, and health behavior factors. Higher education levels are linked to greater health literacy, enabling individuals to modify health behaviors and reduce the risk of NCDs\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In contrast, occupation affects lifestyle, diet, and stress, which are related to alcohol consumption behaviors and liver function (ALT)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Annual health examinations serve as an important mechanism for detecting early abnormalities in the body and have been reported to help reduce metabolic risk factors such as blood pressure and HbA1c levels\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The findings of this study are consistent with previous research indicating that higher education levels and participation in annual health check-ups are associated with better health status and improved quality of life in the general population \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn important finding was that underlying diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, depression, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as smoking, were significantly associated with AUDIT, ALT (female and male), HbA1c, SBP, DBP, and QoL. Smokers had higher AUDIT and ALT scores but lower QoL compared with non-smokers. This suggests that comorbidities and smoking act as synergistic factors that increase health risks, contribute to physical decline, and reduce quality of life in the long term\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This is consistent with studies reporting that smoking is associated with harmful alcohol use\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e as well as with abnormal liver function (ALT), which complicates the management of NCDs\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and adversely affects overall quality of life\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Several studies have shown that NCDs such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and chronic liver disease are associated with harmful alcohol use. Heavy and prolonged alcohol consumption can exacerbate NCDs through mechanisms including liver damage, promotion of insulin resistance, increased blood pressure, and stimulation of chronic inflammatory processes\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Some studies have further reported that elevated blood pressure is significantly associated with higher HbA1c levels\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Previous studies have found that patients with diabetes and hypertension often exhibit poor glycemic control, which is significantly associated with alcohol consumption\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, alcohol use has been linked to reduced quality of life, particularly among patients with NCDs, due to its combined physical and psychological impacts\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorrelation analysis stratified by sex revealed that, among females, AUDIT scores showed a strong positive correlation with ALT enzyme levels (r\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e = 0.802) and were also associated with blood pressure. This finding reflects the linkage between alcohol consumption behavior, impaired liver function as indicated by ALT, and overall health deterioration\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In addition, Quality of Life (QoL) was found to be significantly and negatively correlated with AUDIT scores. This aligns with previous reviews indicating that heavy alcohol consumption is associated with reduced quality of life across physical, psychological, and social domains\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Previous studies consistently demonstrate that heavy alcohol consumption is associated with elevated ALT levels and an increased risk of chronic liver disease\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Evidence further suggests a link between alcohol intake and elevated blood pressure in both sexes, with women appearing more susceptible to its adverse health effects\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Among males, AUDIT risk scores showed a strong positive correlation with ALT levels (r\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e = 0.718) and were significantly associated with both blood pressure and HbA1c. These findings highlight the detrimental effects of alcohol consumption on men\u0026rsquo;s overall health and quality of life\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Men are particularly vulnerable, as they tend to consume alcohol in larger quantities and engage in drinking patterns that confer greater risks of health complications compared with women\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This aligns with prior evidence demonstrating that heavy alcohol use is associated with elevated ALT, increased blood pressure, and impaired HbA1c regulation\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA noteworthy finding of this study is that ALT levels in both men and women were significantly associated with AUDIT scores, particularly at the levels of harmful use and alcohol dependence. This highlights the utility of ALT as a biochemical marker of alcohol-related liver damage and its strong linkage to patterns of heavy drinking\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In the rural Thai context, alcohol consumption has become a socially accepted practice, which may further reinforce risky drinking behaviors\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Research in comparable settings has shown that harmful alcohol use is highly prevalent, particularly among ethnic minority groups, where the production and consumption of traditional homemade alcohol is widespread\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These findings align with evidence that ALT serves as a reliable indicator of alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) and demonstrates a positive association with harmful drinking behaviors\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Moreover, several studies have confirmed the direct impact of alcohol consumption on liver function, as reflected by elevated ALT levels, thereby increasing the risk of chronic liver disease\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This study further revealed a significant positive association between HbA1c, smoking, and diabetes mellitus (DM). Prior reviews have shown that smoking impairs glycemic control by promoting insulin resistance and triggering inflammatory pathways\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Supporting this, a study from Korea reported that smokers exhibited significantly higher HbA1c levels than non-smokers, with the relationship demonstrating a clear dose-dependent effect\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Evidence suggests that smoking increases the risk of complications and further diminishes quality of life among individuals with diabetes\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This aligns with prior research demonstrating that risky health behaviors, particularly alcohol consumption and smoking, are closely linked to key health indicators and serve as major accelerators in the progression of non-communicable diseases (NCDs)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur findings indicate that elevated blood pressure, including both SBP and DBP, was most prevalent among individuals aged 41\u0026ndash;60 years and those with diagnosed hypertension. This pattern likely reflects physiological changes and the accumulation of risk factors that emerge during midlife\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Consistent with previous evidence, the risk of elevated SBP increases progressively from around age 35 and becomes particularly pronounced after age 40 in both men and women\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This study also revealed a significant negative association between QoL and NCDs, including diabetes and hypertension, as well as abnormal ALT and HbA1c levels. These findings suggest that individuals with such conditions or elevated biochemical markers tend to experience poorer QoL\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Consistent evidence from Ghana showed that adults with diabetes, hypertension, or obesity had significantly lower QoL scores in the physical health domain\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Similarly, a study in Sweden reported that diabetic patients with elevated HbA1c levels exhibited significantly lower QoL scores across multiple dimensions\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study is subject to several limitations. First, its cross-sectional design precludes the establishment of causal relationships. Additionally, the study population was drawn exclusively from ethnic communities in Phayao Province, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other populations. Second, alcohol use was assessed using the self-administered AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test), which is prone to reporting bias, as the accuracy of responses depends on participants\u0026rsquo; honesty and recall. This may have led to underreporting of alcohol consumption. Furthermore, although AUDIT is an internationally standardized tool, it may not fully capture the linguistic and cultural nuances of ethnic minority groups. Consequently, the interpretation of findings should be approached with caution. Finally, several potential confounders\u0026mdash;such as nutritional status, physical activity, stress, and the use of medications that may affect ALT, HbA1c, and blood pressure\u0026mdash;were not fully controlled in this study. Future research should incorporate psychosocial factors, including stress assessment, to better account for these influences. Moreover, qualitative investigations are needed to gain deeper insights into the cultural context, beliefs, and alcohol consumption behaviors of ethnic groups. Longitudinal studies are also warranted to establish causal pathways between harmful alcohol use, liver dysfunction, glycemic control, blood pressure regulation, and the long-term effects on quality of life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study highlights that harmful alcohol dependence is significantly associated with elevated ALT, HbA1c, increased blood pressure, and lower quality of life. Individual characteristics such as sex, age, educational attainment, occupation, risky health behaviors, or statuses (e.g., smoking, neglecting annual health check-ups, and chronic conditions) were associated with harmful alcohol dependence. These findings underscore the need for integrated strategies to address alcohol-related problems in ethnic and rural communities. Efforts should incorporate systematic screening and monitoring of biochemical indicators, health status, and sociocultural factors to ensure context-specific interventions. Community empowerment is critical for enhancing knowledge and fostering behavioral change regarding the impact of alcohol consumption on liver function, blood pressure, glycemic control, and quality of life. Finally, policy actions and practice guidelines involving local administrative organizations, primary healthcare units, and social and cultural agencies are needed to regulate and monitor alcohol accessibility in high-risk areas.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Sharing Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study will be available upon reasonable request from the first author. Email: [email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval and Information Consent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the University of Phayao Human Ethics Committee, Thailand (HREC-UP-HSST 1.2/074/67, approved\u0026nbsp;May 2024). The trial was registered participants gave a written informed consent prior to data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Fundamental Fund Unit of Excellence at the\u0026nbsp;Division 1: 2026\u0026nbsp;for the financial support of this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to express our gratitude to the staff at\u0026nbsp;district Health Promoting Hospital in the sub-district (Ban Huai Khian) and the community leaders of Ban Mae Tam Noi (Village No. 18) Muang district, Phayao Province for their assistance with data collection in the study areas. We would also like to thank all of the volunteers who helped with this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclosure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization. \u003cem\u003eGlobal status report on alcohol and health 2014\u003c/em\u003e (WHO, 2014). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21884/13/WHO2014_1.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21884/13/WHO2014_1.pdf\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eColaco, A. S., Mayya, A., Noronha, C. \u0026amp; Mayya, S. S. 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Life Outcomes\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cb\u003e17\u003c/b\u003e (141), 1\u0026ndash;11. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-019-1212-z\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12955-019-1212-z\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2019).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Alcohol Consumption Risks, Biochemical Indicators, Quality of Life, Rural Adults, Northern Thailand","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7958784/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7958784/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is rising in Thailand, but there is still a lack of adequate diagnosis, reporting, and management. This study aimed to assess alcohol consumption and its association with demographic variables, biochemical markers, and quality of life among adults living in rural northern Thailand. A cross-sectional design was adopted, and the participants were 405 adult participants aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;20 years from ethnic groups in Phayao Province, Northern Thailand. Participants were selected using a random sampling technique. Two standardized questionnaires translated into Thai were employed: the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL\u0026ndash;BREF\u0026ndash;THAI). The biochemical indicators were Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1C) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), which were measured objectively through blood sample tests. The mean age of participants was 50.9 years. A total of 43 individuals (10.6%) had a high level of alcohol consumption risk, whereas 37.3% had a low level of risk. The Spearman\u0026rsquo;s rank correlation coefficient analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between ALT enzyme levels and AUDIT scores among female participants (r\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e = 0.802, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). Among male participants, AUDIT scores were positively correlated with ALT levels (r\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e = 0.718, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and HbA1c levels (r\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e = 0.303, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) but negatively correlated with QoL scores (r\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.306, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). Linear regression analysis showed statistically significant associations between alcohol consumption risk and ALT levels in both females and males. Alcohol consumption was not significantly associated with HbA1c levels in the adjusted model. Additionally, abnormal ALT (B = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2.62) and abnormal HbA1c (B = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4.29) were significantly associated with lower QoL scores in the adjusted model. Patterns of alcohol consumption were associated with biochemical indicators and quality of life among residents, with sex-specific differences observed. Community empowerment and the development of practical approaches by public health agencies and local policy makers are essential for reducing alcohol-related health problems.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Alcohol Consumption and Its Association with Biochemical Indicators and Quality of Life Among Rural Adults in Northern Thailand","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-13 08:32:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7958784/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-03T11:54:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-26T07:39:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-18T07:18:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"300794682647259745914625974262014728436","date":"2025-11-06T04:33:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"76522219287225115175924457364391190713","date":"2025-11-06T01:34:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"221747673887379448221235281844223614280","date":"2025-11-05T06:44:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-03T13:56:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-30T17:39:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-28T05:07:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-28T05:06:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-10-27T06:36:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"62052f8f-9942-4d34-bc30-18d0c9b8ee5a","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":57600086,"name":"Health sciences/Biomarkers"},{"id":57600087,"name":"Health sciences/Diseases"},{"id":57600088,"name":"Health sciences/Endocrinology"},{"id":57600089,"name":"Health sciences/Health care"},{"id":57600090,"name":"Health sciences/Medical research"},{"id":57600091,"name":"Health sciences/Risk factors"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-07T16:04:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7958784","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-46837-8","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-02 15:58:22","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 2nd, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-13 08:32:36","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-026-46837-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-46837-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7958784","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7958784","identity":"rs-7958784","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}