Applicability of Reddish Orange Light Emitting Samarium (III) Complexes For Biomedical and Multifunctional Optoelectronic Devices

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B. Taxak, R. K. Malik, Savita Khatri, Poonam Kumari, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1087950/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 Jan, 2022 Read the published version in Journal of Fluorescence → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Six crimson samarium (III) complexes based on β-ketone carboxylic acid and ancillary ligands were synthesized by adopting grinding technique. All synthesized complexes were investigated via employing elemental analysis, infrared, UV-Vis, NMR, TG/DTG and photoluminescence studies. Optical properties of these photostimulated samarium (III) complexes exhibit reddish-orange luminescence due to 4 G 5/2 → 6 H 7/2 transition at 606 nm of samarium (III) ions. Further, energy band gap, color purity, CIE color coordinates, CCT and quantum yield of all complexes were determined accurately. Replacement of water molecules by ancillary ligands enriched the complexes (S2-S6) with decay time, quantum yield, luminescence, energy band gap and biological properties than parent complex (S1). Interestingly, these efficient properties of complexes may find their applications in optoelectronic and lighting systems. In addition to these the antioxidant and antimicrobial assays were also investigated to explore the application in biological assays. Spectroscopy General Biochemistry Photostimulated CCT refractive index reddish-orange samarium (III) complex Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Introduction From last few decades, lanthanide materials gathered the special attention due to their versatile applications in various fields like lasers[1], OLEDs[2], display devices[3], LED bulbs [4] and biological systems[5]. Hence, synthesis of lanthanides complexes with prominent high quantum yield, large stock shifts and long luminescence decay time has become a hot research topic at present time. Lanthanide complexes possess luminescence due to 4f-4f transitions, which are Laporte forbidden according to spin parity rule [6]. Hence, direct excitation in lanthanides is not beneficial as it results in low molar absorptivity and weak luminescence[7, 8]. In order to overcome this catastrophe, a light harvesting chromophore was incorporated in coordination sphere which absorb energy from external source and transfer to lanthanides via antenna effect[9]. Generally, β-hydroxy ketone, β-keteocarboxylic acid and aromatic carboxylic acid are vigilantly studied due to their significant ability to transfer the absorbed energy from external source to lanthanides[10, 11]. However, β-keteocarboxylic acid is an excellent chromophore to generated excellent reddish orange emission for display devices and other applications. Further, specially Eu (III), Tb (III) and Sm (III) having unique optical properties such as narrow emission bands, long decay time, large stock shifts and high luminescence due to electronic transitions in emission spectra[12]. Out of these, samarium (III) complexes grab significant attention due to their ability to emit reddish orange (606 nm) emission utilized in high quality display devices. Currently, six scarlet samarium (III) complexes have been prepared by utilizing 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-ylquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (L), bathophenanthroline (batho), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), neocuproine (neo), 2,2’-bipyridyl (bipy) and 5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dmph) ligands via grinding technique. All synthesized complexes were investigated via utilizing UV-Vis, 13 C-NMR, 1 H-NMR and IR spectroscopy. The information regarding elemental composition and thermal stability can be achieved by using elemental and thermogravimetric analysis. The photoluminescent spectra and decay time are executed effectively for reporting the photoluminescent aspects of samarium (III) complexes. The emitting color of complexes is confirmed by colorimetric parameters (color purity and CIE) of complexes. The sensitization of samarium ion by ligand can be well illustrated by investigation of energy transfer process in detail. To assess the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, complexes are screened for DPPH and tube dilution techniques respectively. Experimental 2.1 Reagents and instruments All solvents and chemicals were of analytical reagent grade with a stated purity 99% acquired from commercial source named Sigma Aldrich and used as such without further purification. The photoluminescence spectra were executed on spectrophotometer (Hitachi F-7000) equipped with xenon lamp. The elemental analyses enquired on Perkin Elmer 2400 CHN elemental analyser. Thermal stability was checked up to 800 o C temperature on SDT Q 600 analyzer with 20 o C/min in nitrogen atmosphere. 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra were performed on Bruker Avance II spectrophotometer in DMSO at 400 MHz frequency. IR spectra were obtained by perkin Elmer 400 spectrophotometer using KBr pellet in 4000 cm −1 to 400 cm −1 . The decay time value was determined via the FL solutions software F-7000 by monitoring 4 G 5/2 → 6 H 7/2 emission line of Sm 3+ in solid state. The UV-Vis absorption spectra were executed on Shimadzu-2450 spectrophotometer. DPPH and tube dilution technique were used to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities respectively. 2.2 Preparation of complexes To synthesize the complex S1, ligand (0.498 g) and samarium nitrate hexahydrate (0.222 g) were placed in mortar and grinded properly. In order to mix all contents appropriately few drops of water added and pH of solution was adjusted at 7 with the help of NaOH (0.01 M) solution. Resulting paste was purified by dissolving in 10 mL water and centrifuged for 2 minutes, moreover, same procedure was repeated for 2-3 times and dried the resultant sample in oven at 50 o C. Same steps were repeated by adding ancillary ligands such as bipy (0.078 g) S 2, neo (0.104 g) S 3, dmph (0.104 g) S 4, batho (0.161 g) S 5 and phen (0.09 g) S 6 supplemented to the mortar having L and Sm(NO 3 ).6H 2 O. To portray the energy transfer dynamics triplet state of ligands were considered, for which same procedure repeated to prepare corresponding gadolinium complexes. The synthetic route and structure of all samarium complexes via utilizing grinding technique was displayed in scheme 1 [ 13 ]. 2.3 Evaluation of biological Activities 2.3.1 Antioxidant activities DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) protocol was adopted to compute the antioxidant activities of all referred complexes. The stable free radical DPPH lost its violet color and change into pale yellow due to association with antioxidants moiety, which results a significant drop in absorption at 517 nm on spectrophotometer. In order to prepare numerous concentrations such as 25, 50, 75 and 100 µg/mL, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was used as a solvent. Further, 1 mL DPPH solution was added to the 1mL solution of each test samples in their corresponding flasks. The absorbance was recorded after 30 minute incubation in dark at 25 o C by taking ascorbic acid as a standard. All tests were performed in triplicate to get concordant values and the scavenging activity of DPPH is expressed in IC 50 (50% of maximum scavenging activity) values. The IC 50 value was determined by graph plotting between scavenging activity (SCA) and numerous concentrations of test samples. By using equation 1 the DPPH scavenging activity of all test samples was determined[ 14 ]: (1) Where A t and A c refers to the absorbance test samples and control reaction respectively. 2.3.2 Antimicrobial activities Antimicrobial assays were executed for all title complexes by employing tube dilution protocol[ 15 ]. Antibacterial activities of these samples were carried out against the following in vitro gram negative bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC1688), Escherichia coli (MTCC 443) and in vitro gram positive bacteria: Streptococcus pyogenes (MTCC442), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96). Antifungal activities of these complexes were screened against the fungal strain takes Candida albicans (MTCC 227), Aspergillus clavatus (MTCC 1323) and Aspergillus niger (MTCC 282). The reference drugs norfloxacin and greseofulvin were used for antibacterial and antifungal activities respectively. All samples (reference + ligand + complexes) were dissolved in DMSO to give concentration of 200µg/mL. The incubation period for antibacterial activities is 24h at 37 o C and for antifungal activities is 7 days at 24 o C for Aspergillus avatus and Candida albicans but 48h at 37 o C for Aspergillus niger [ 16 ]. The zone of inhibition of antimicrobial activities has been recorded in MIC values. Results And Discussion 3.1 Elemental analysis Table 1 displays the elemental analytic data from CHN elemental analyser, which had been estimated to be in complete harmony with the calculated values and recommend [Sm(L) 3 .(H 2 O) 2 ].6H 2 O (S1), [Sm(L) 3 .bipy].6H 2s O (S2), [Sm(L) 3 .neo].6H 2 O (S3), [Sm(L) 3 .dmph].6H 2 O (S4), [Sm(L) 3 .batho].6H 2 O (S5) and [Sm(L) 3 .phen].6H 2 O (S6) respectively as the proposed formula. Table 1 The elemental analytical data for all S1-S6 Samarium (III) complexes. Complexes C (%) found (cal.) H (%) found (cal.) N (%) found (cal.) Sm(%) found(cal.) S 1 42.74 (42.76) 5.98 (6.01) 8.78 (8.80) 10.46 (10.48) S 2 47.42 (47.46) 5.72 (5.77) 9.58 (9.66) 9.40 (9.41) S 3 47.64 (46.65) 5.84 (5.86) 9.79 (9.81) 9.54 (9.56) S 4 51.56 (1.57) 5.70 (5.73) 8.79 (8.82) 8.58 (8.59) S 5 48.09 (48.11) 5.90 (5.92) 9.47 (9.50) 9.23 (9.25) S 6 48.03 (48.11) 5.89 (5.92) 9.48 (9.50) 9.22 (9.25) 3.2 Spectral analysis Figure 1 represents the infrared spectrum of complex S1 and free ligand (L), to evaluate the chelation site in bonding. The IR spectra of S 2- S 6 complexes show that all complexes have almost identical IR spectra as displayed in Figure S1 in supplementary file. The position and intensity of some guide peaks are changed from ligand to complexes, which help to find the binding site in complexes. The broad band scrutinized at 3410 cm −1 depicts the presence of aqua molecule in all synthesized (S1-S6) complexes[ 17 ]. In ligand spectra the band noted at 1711 cm −1 and 1625 cm −1 reflects the existence of carboxylic and ketonic group respectively. It is important to note that the band due to carboxylic acid (1711cm −1 ) completely disappeared in synthesized complexes, peak in all S1-S6 complexes signalize the chelation through carboxylato group. Additionally, bands due to ketonic group (1625 cm −1 ) shift in all S1-S6 complexes (Table 2 ) revealing that the second chelation site is through ketonic oxygen. The asymmetric and symmetric vibrations of carboxylato group appears at 1585-1592 cm −1 and 1370-1375 cm −1 respectively which are absent in ligand spectra[ 18 ]. Further, carboxylate group is a bidentate ligand, hence, can bind either as unidentate or as bidentate by producing change in relative vibrational positions of asymmetric and symmetric stretching. Complexes exhibits ∆ν > 200 cm −1 [∆ν = ∆ν as (COO − )− ∆ν s (COO − )], this demonstrates the unidentate linkage of carboxylic group[ 19 ]. The observed ∆ν values for all synthesized S1-S6 complexes are found to be 210-220 cm −1 as enlisted in Table 2 , suggesting the unidentate attraction of carboxylato group. Further, the new band appeared at 459-464 cm −1 , 539-548 cm −1 and 1481-1486 cm −1 in S2-S6 complexes assigned for stretching vibrations of ν Sm−O , ν Sm−N and ν C−N respectively in all synthesized complexes as elucidated in Table 2 . Table 2 The characteristic IR bands (cm −1 ) for ligand and its samarium (III) complexes. Compounds ⱱ O-H ⱱ - COOH ⱱ Sm-O ⱱ Sm-N ⱱ C=N ⱱ C=O ⱱ as (COO-) ⱱ s (COO-) ∆ⱱ COO - (ⱱ as− ⱱ s ) L - 3530(S) - - - 1625(S) - - - S 1 3410(B) - 464(W) - - 1624(S) 1590(S) 1370(S) 220 S 2 3410(B) - 463(W) 548(W) 1483(W) 1620(S) 1588(S) 1372(S) 216 S 3 3410(B) - 462(W) 547(W) 1481(W) 1622(S) 1589(S) 1374(S) 215 S 4 3410(B) - 459(W) 539(W) 1482(W) 1623(S) 1585(S) 1375(S) 210 S 5 3410(B) - 460(W) 545(W) 1486(W) 1622(S) 1590(S) 1372(S) 218 S 6 3410(B) - 461(W) 546(W) 1484(W) 1623(S) 1592(S) 1373(S) 219 B = broad, S = strong, W = weak Figure 2 represents the 1 H-NMR spectrum of free ligand and synthesized complex (S1) carried out in DMSO as a solvent. It is evident from the figure that some significant changes take place when the spectrum of complex is compared with the ligand. The anisotropic property of samarium ions is responsible for upfield and downfield shifts in complexes [20]. The peak observed at 15 ppm manifest the presence of carboxylic group in ligand, which completely disappeared in synthesized complexes, confirming the chelation of ligand through deprotonated carboxylic acid[21]. In the ligand spectra the peaks observed at 7.56 - 9.39 ppm (aromatic -CH 2 ), 3.26-3.98 ppm (aliphatic -CH 2 ) and 1.19-1.33 ppm (-CH 3 ) are shifted to 7.54 – 8.66 ppm (upfield), 2.39-2.90 ppm (upfield) and 1.18-1.31 ppm (upfield) in complexes respectively. The paramagnetism nature of samarium (III) ions causes upfield shifting of all protons in complexes[22]. Figure S2 in supplementary file portrays the 13 C-NMR spectrum of L and S1 complex, t he carbon values noticed at 176.33 (C=O), 165.81(COOH), 139-153 (aromatic C=C), 106-118 (aromatic C-C) and 35.93-46.26 (-C- C- C-) shifted upfield in corresponding samarium (III) complexes due to paramagnetism of Sm 3+ ion. It is evident from the figure that the peak of carboxylic group in ligand was completely disappeared in complex and the peak of ketonic group in ligand shifts by 7.74 - 7.86 in all synthesized complexes, which depicts that chelation of L in complexes through ketonic (C=O) and carboxylic group (COO − ) respectively[23]. Figure 3 depicts the UV-Vis absorption spectra of all S1-S6 synthesized complexes and L (1×10 -5 mol/L) by taking DMSO as a solvent. Ligand acts as key absorption for all S1-S6 complexes because absorption displayed by these complexes is weak in 200-500 cm -1 region. It is evident from the figure that absorption maxima observed at 280 nm wavelength is assigned to π – π * electronic transitions[24]. Further, the encapsulation of ancillary ligand in S2-S6 complexes upsurge the absorbance as well as saturates the coordination framework. All results observed from spectroscopic measurements are in good agreement with each other and certifies that the chelation of ligand with samarium (III) ions through carboxylato (COO − ) and ketone groups in the coordination. 3.3 Thermal analysis Figure 4 reveal the thermal decomposition pattern for S1 complex, since thermal decomposition pattern exhibited by all synthesized complexes are in similar nature, so, S1 was taken as a representative. The complex S1 exhibits 18% mass loss attributed to decomposition of 15 water molecules present outside of coordination sphere up to 88 o C. The next loss in mass is 71% accredited to collapsing of complex and removal of two water molecules and three ligand molecules up to 242 o C to 557 o C present in coordination sphere (i.e. complex start decomposing) [ 25 ]. At last, the oxide of samarium (III) ion remains as residue, which was further confirmed through analysis of DTG curves. Theoretical and computed values are in good agreement with total loss of mass in complex. The complexes posses’ optimum stability, hence, can be employed as luminescent materials in optoelectronic devices. 3.4 Optical band gap & refractive index Figure 5 (a) and (b) describe the plot between photon energy and absorption coefficient of all samples (L, S1-S6) and the inset denotes the diffused reflectance (DR) spectra of L and corresponding complexes in their respective figures. Kubelka and Munk states that the optical band gap (E g ) for solid samples can be calculated by transformation of DR[ 26 ]. The equation 2 denotes the relationship between Kubelka and Munk (F(R ∞ )) and energy band gap as given below: [F(R ∞ ) hν] n = C (hυ –E g ) (2) Where, E g represent energy band gap, hυ shows energy of incident photon and values of n are variable having values 3, 2, 1.5 and 0.5 assigned for indirect forbidden transitions, direct allowed transitions, direct forbidden transitions and indirect allowed transitions respectively. Herein, the value of n is equals to 2 for direct allowed transition and the equation is written as follows: [F(R ∞ ) hν] 2 = C (hυ –E g ) (3) F(R ∞ ) denotes the Kubelka-Munk function and can be derived as follows: F(R ∞ ) = \(\frac{{(1-\text{R}{\infty })}^{2}}{2\text{R}{\infty }}\) = \(\frac{K}{S}\) (4) Where, S denotes scattering coefficient, K represents absorption coefficient and R ∞ refers to ratio of R normal to R standard . The optical band gap values for L and all synthesized samarium (III) complexes are determined by extrapolation of a tangent up to x-axis in Tauc plot. The observed values for all S1-S6 complexes and L are catalogued in Table 3 . As the table illustrate that the value of energy band gap is less for complexes in comparison to the ligands, resulting a number of extra electronic states between samarium (III) ions, hence reinforcement of energy transfer increases, so photoluminescence also increase[ 27 ]. Therefore, the property of large energy band gap values makes them a promising candidate for semiconductor power appliance. Table 3 The energy band gap and refractive indices for ligand and all S1-S6 complexes. Compounds Energy band gap (E g ) Refractive Index L 3.14 2.012 S 1 3.04 2.035 S 2 2.81 2.081 S 3 2.93 2.056 S 4 2.97 2.048 S 5 2.91 2.061 S 6 2.94 2.054 Further, in order to find out the refractive index (n) of all S1-S6 complexes precisely, the energy band values are employed by the following relation [ 28 ]: $$\frac{ ({n}^{2}-1)}{ ({n}^{2}+1)}=1-\sqrt{\frac{{E}_{g}}{20}}{(5)}$$ Where, n represent the refractive index and E g signifies energy band gap values, the estimated value for all synthesized are epitomized in Table 3 . The refractive index values enable these complexes as a promising candidate in optoelectronic devices. 3.7 Photoluminescence features Figure 6 (a) indicates the excitation spectra of all S1-S6 complexes by monitoring the 4 G 5/2 → 6 H 7/2 electronic transition at 606 nm. Formation of complex extend the π- conjugation, hence, the intramolecular energy transfer from L to Sm 3+ increases by antenna effect, this results in broadening of excitation spectra. The peak found at 360 nm, 374 nm, 404 nm, 453 nm, 472 nm and 495 nm attributed to the electronic transitions arising from ground state 6 H 5/2 to excited state 4 F 9/2 , 4 D 5/2 , 6 P 7/2 , 4 F 5/2 + 4 I 13/2 , 4 G 7/2 , 4 I 7/2 + 4 M 15/2 in samarium (III) ions respectively[ 29 , 30 ] Figure 6 (b) represents the three dimensional emission spectra of all S1-S6 complexes monitored at excitation wavelength (356 nm) in solid state. The luminescence spectra displays mainly three peaks at 566 nm, 606 nm and 651 nm which belongs to 4 G 5/2 → 6 H j (where j = 5/2, 7/2, 9/2) electronic transition of samarium (III) ions in all synthesized complexes respectively. Out of these, first transition, 4 G 5/2 → 6 H 5/2 , is magnetic dipole transition, which follows the selection rule of ∆J = 0, where J is total angular momentum, hence intensity of this peak does not depend on coordination environment around Sm 3+ . 4 G 5/2 → 6 H 7/2 is mixed transition with (partly magnetic and partly electric dipole) but has dominating electric dipole character whereas 4 G 5/2 → 6 H 9/2 is purely electric dipole transitions. The most intense peak of spectra at 606 nm due to hypersensitive 4 G 5/2 → 6 H 7/2 transition is responsible for vermillion emission of complexes and makes them suitable for orange light emitting devices. This transition complies with the selection rule of ∆J = ±1, The electric dipole transition at 651 nm represent immensely asymmetrical surroundings around Sm3+ ion[ 31 , 32 ]. The upsurge the photoluminescence from S1 complex to S2-S6 complexes is explained by introduction of ancillary ligands in place of water which results increase in radiative rate by diminished the vibrational quenching caused by water molecules. 3.8 Luminescence decay curves and quantum yield The average environment surrounding samarium (III) ion is investigated by observing decay time curves under 356 nm excitation and 606 nm emission wavelengths respectively as depicted in Figure 6 (c). The luminescence decay time curves are well fitted by monoexponential function and it is derived from the equation given [ 33 ]: I= I 0 exp (-t/τ) (6) Herein, τ represents the decay time for radiative transitions while I 0 and I represent the integrated intensity of peaks at time 0 and t, respectively. Luminescence decay time curves are best fitted in mono-exponential function, which specifies the homogenous environment around samarium (III) ion in complexes. Further, the total decay time depends upon both radiative and nonradiative as given by the following relation: A total = 1/τ = (A rad + A nrad ) (7) The observed values of decay time for S 1 (0.72), S 2(1.40), S 3(1.78), S4 (2.02), S 5 (2.41) and S 6 (2.15) are embodied in Table 4 . The observed order for decay time in complexes is found to be S1<S2<S3<S4<S6<S5, the higher value of decay time in S2-S6 complexes than that of S1 was credited to extended conjugation by introduction of ancillary ligands. The decay time of complexes purses single exponential behaviour which is responsible for homogenous coordination environment and single luminescent centre around central metal ion. Table 4 Estimated quantum yield, decay time values, CIE color coordinates, color purity and CCT of all samarium (III) complexes. Complexes Quantum yield τ (ms) CIE coordinates (x, y) % Color purity CCT(K) S 1 22.22 0.72 0.5542, 0.4447 98.01 2002.15 S 2 43.20 1.40 0.5560, 0.4430 98.53 1980.13 S 3 54.93 1.78 0.5702, 0.4288 98.28 1836.01 S 4 62.34 2.02 0.5521, 0.4468 98.89 2027.39 S 5 74.38 2.41 0.5558, 0.4432 98.44 1984.02 S 6 66.35 2.15 0.5573, 0.4417 99.04 1966.83 Quantum yield is an important parameter, utilized to observe the luminescence of samarium (III) ion in complexes[ 34 ]. It can be described as the ratio of numerical quantity of photons emitted to photons absorbed. However it can be calculated using following equation: ɸ (%) = \(\frac{\tau }{{\tau }_{rad}}\) ×100 (8) Where, ɸ represent quantum yield, τ and τ rad represent the total decay time and decay time for radiative transition. The decay time for radiative transition (τ rad ) of samarium (III) complexes was found to be 3.24ms for transition 6 G 5/2 manifold for Sm 3+ . The observed values reveal increase in quantum yield for S2 – S6, relative to S1. This can be interpreted due to synergistic effect of ancillary ligand and lesser nonradiative transition which leads to increase in luminescence. It is noteworthy to emphasise that the luminescence decay time of the synthesised complexes is higher than most of the reported- [Sm(ligand) 3 .ancillary] complexes in literature, while life time was fetched by observing 4 G 5/2 → 6 H 7/2 emissive transition, as mentioned in Table 5 . Table 5 Comparison of decay time of our synthesized complexes with other [Sm(ligand) 3 .ancillary] complexes when decay time was calculated by monitoring 4 G 5/2 → 6 H 7/2 electronic transition Complex Decay time (ms) Reference Sm(L) 3 . 2 H 2 O 0.72 This work [Sm(L) 3 .bipy] 1.40 This work [Sm(L) 3 .neo] 1.78 This work [Sm(L) 3 .dmph] 2.02 This work [Sm(L) 3 .batho] 2.41 This work [Sm(L) 3 .phen] 2.15 This work [Sm(HDMPE) 3 .phen] 0.99 [ 35 ] [Sm(HDMPE) 3 .biq] 0.90 [ 36 ] [Sm(L) 3 .mphen] 0.56 [ 37 ] Sm(L) 3 . 2 H 2 O 0.44 [ 38 ] 3.7 Colorimetric analysis The emission spectra of luminescence investigation used to determine the color coordinates (x, y) of all S1-S6 complexes by utilizing MATLAB software. CIE (Commission International de I’Elclairge) color coordinates of all S1-S6 complexes are found to be 0.5542, 0.4447 (S1), 0.5560, 0.4430 (S2), 0.5702, 0.4288 (S3), 0.5521, 0.4468 (S4), 0.5558, 0.4432 (S5) and 0.5573, 0.4417 (S6) respectively, enlisted in Table 4 . CIE color triangle (Figure 7 ), displays the observed color coordinates of all S1-S6 complexes, which authenticate the effective sensitization of Sm 3+ ions by the L in reddish-orange zone [ 39 ]. Amazingly, these bright reddish-orange colors of complexes can be explored in color indicator diodes. Color purity (CP) of all complexes is ascertained by employing CIE color coordinates with respect to white light, which shows how actively a meticulous complex act as reddish orange color emitter. CP of all complexes was calculated by using the following relation: $$CP =\sqrt{\frac{{({x}_{s }-{x}_{i})}^{2}+{({y}_{s }-{y}_{i})}^{2}}{{({x}_{d }-{x}_{i})}^{2}{+ ({y}_{d }-{y}_{i})}^{2}}}{(9)}$$ In aforementioned equation, (x s , y s ) represents color coordinates of S1-S6 complexes, (x i , y i ) refers to white light color coordinates (x i = 0.33, y i = 0.33) and (x d , y d ) represents the dominated color coordinates. CP determined by equation 9 is reported in Table 4 , which specify that the color purity of S2-S6 is significantly higher as compared to S1. This fact is explained on the basis of synergic effect of ancillary ligands in place of solvent molecules. Hence, these complexes are proved to be bright orange color emitting materials to be utilized in OLEDs. Further, an important parameter CCT (correlated color temperature) helps to investigation the quality and nature of light emitted from a light source. Depending on their CCT values, the complexes are cool light source (above 4000K), warm light source (below 3200K) and neutral light source (3200-4000K)[ 34 ]. The CCT can be evaluated by applying the Mc-Camy equation: CCT = - 437 n 3 + 3601n 2 -6861n + 5514.31 (10) Where n can be written as: n = \(\frac{x-{x}_{e}}{y-{y}_{e}}\) (11) Here, (x, y) displays the CIE color coordinates of all S1-S6 complexes and (x e , y e ) stands for chromaticity epicentre (0.3320, 0.1858). Observed values of CCT for all S1-S6 complexes are found to be below 3200K (Table 4 ) indicating the applicability of these complexes in home appliances as a warm light source. 3.8 Energy transfer dynamics The photosensitization is a multistep phenomenon that manifest the excitation of L from ground state to singlet excited state, thereafter energy is transferred to triplet state by intersystem crossing and then to emitting levels of samarium (III) ions via nonradiative process. Further, energy transfer from emitting levels to ground levels of samarium (III) ions is responsible for luminescence as portrayed in Figure 8 . It is important to note that there must be suitable energy gap between ligands and metal ions for effective sensitization, the smaller or larger energy gap leads to weak luminescence due to either back energy transfers or inadequate overlaps among acceptor energy levels. The overlap between the absorption spectrum of ligand and excitation spectrum of complex (S1) displayed in Figure S3 put in supplementary file, which indicates the effective sensitization of samarium (III) ions by the L. In order to investigate the energy transfer mechanism the singlet and triplet state of ligand and ancillary ligands are calculated by referring the edge wavelength of absorption spectrum and shortest emission of phosphorescence spectrum of gadolinium complexes respectively. The absorbance spectrum of dmph and neo is shown in Figure S4 and S5 in supplementary file and their inset represent phosphorescence spectra of gadolinium complexes respectively. The absorbance spectrum of L is displayed in Figure 9 and phosphorescence spectrum of gadolinium complex of ligand is shown in inset of this figures. The photoluminescence acquired by gadolinium complexes is 32,000 cm −1 (lowest possible excitation), which is much higher than the photoluminescence of ligands, hence the peak due to gadolinium complex is not observed in spectrum. The energy difference between singlet and triplet state of L is found to be 3320cm −1 , hence intersystem crossing is not much effective (Empirical rule), which results in internal conversion of energy from ligand to metal ion [ 40 ]. Further, Latva’s rule state that the energy difference between ligand and lanthanides ions must be 2000-5000cm −1 for effective energy transfer[ 41 ]. Energy difference between singlet and triplet states of ligand and ancillary ligands are found to be 4719 cm −1 (L), 4433 cm −1 (phen), 5233 cm −1 (bipy), 3430 cm −1 (dmph), 4957 cm −1 (neo) and 3333 cm −1 (batho) as tabulated in Table 6 with respect to samarium ion, which as optimum to efficient transfer of energy. Table 6 The energies of L, phen, bipy, dmph, neo and batho ancillary ligands. Ligands Energy levels ∆E (S 1 →T 1 ) (cm −1 ) ∆E (T 1 → 4 G 5/2 ) (cm −1 ) Singlet (cm −1 ) Triplet (cm −1 ) L 25,706 22,386 3320 4719 Phen 31,000 22,100 8900 4433 Bipy 29,900 22,900 7000 5233 Dmph 31,250 21,097 10154 3430 Neo 30,750 22,624 8126 4957 Bathophen 29,000 21,000 8000 3333 3.9 Evaluation of Biological properties 3.9.1 Antioxidant features Figure 10 (a) represents the percentage scavenging activities of all title complexes with respect to the standard ascorbic acid at 517nm. The IC 50 values are observed from the plot between scavenging activity (SCA) and different concentration of samples are portrayed in figure 10 (b) and enlisted in Table 7 . Larger value of SCA leads to lower value of IC 50 , results higher antioxidant capacity of synthesized complexes. The stable free radical of DPPH adopt diamagnetic character by accepting a proton from antioxidant moiety, hence show decrease in absorbance so scavenging activity increases[ 36 ]. The antioxidant activities of all S1-S6 complexes are good as compared to ligand, due to donation of electrons from L→Sm 3+ , which increase the capability of complexes to oxidise. Further, it is evident from the table that the antioxidant activities of S2 - S6 complexes are higher than S1, explained on the basis of synergic effect produced by ancillary ligands. These complexes have excellent antioxidant activities so can be used as antioxidant agent in pharmaceutical field. Table 7 IC 50 values for antioxidant activities of L and all S1-S6 samarium (III) complexes Compounds Concentration (µg/mL) 100 50 25 12.25 IC 50 L 86.20 69.25 55.59 36.35 44.42 S 1 88.00 69.40 57.00 40.32 40.61 S 2 88.62 70.67 56.46 41.21 39.79 S 3 88.73 72.34 56.43 42.72 38.09 S 4 89.36 71.07 57.42 43.41 37.35 S 5 89.57 74.02 59.13 44.98 34.05 S 6 87.01 70.33 57.59 43.07 37.49 STD 88.79 76.22 64.49 52.89 19.39 3.9.2 Antimicrobial activities Figure 10 (c) symbolize the antibacterial activities of all S1-S6 complexes in their corresponding minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against both in vitro gram positive or in vitro gram negative bacteria. Further, Table 8 embodied the results observed form antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) activities of all test samples with respect to standard by using tube dilution technique[ 35 ]. The antimicrobial activities of all synthesized complexes are higher than that of ligand due to delocalization of π electrons, which results to increase in lipid attraction tendency of L towards Sm 3+ ion. So, Sm 3+ ion can access to deeper extent of microorganism cell and improve the antimicrobial activities by slow down the growth of microorganism [ 42 ]. On the basis of this fact, one can easily see that these complexes employed as good bactericidal and fungicidal agent in pharmaceutical field. Table 8 Antimicrobial activities of L and all S1-S6 samarium (III) complexes. Compounds Anti bacterial activities in term of their MIC values Antifungal activities in term of their MIC values E. Coli P. Aeruginosa S. Aureus S. Pyogenus C. Albicans A. Niger A. Clavatus L 145 270 180 260 200 800 800 S 1 115 220 120 180 150 210 220 S 2 105 190 115 150 150 220 180 S 3 90 130 125 100 150 180 190 S 4 80 120 62.5 90 140 220 120 S 5 50 90 40 70 120 130 180 S 6 65 110 50 80 130 140 90 STD 10 10 10 10 500 1000 1000 Conclusions Six ternary complexes of samarium (III) ions by utilizing ketocarboxylic acid and ancillary ligands were synthesized and characterized. The proposed composition of complexes is confirmed by elemental analysis and TGA/DTG investigation of complexes. Investigation of IR, UV-visible and NMR ( 1 H & 13 C) spectra of ligand and complexes in details confirm the formation of complexes. Besides, photoluminescence spectral studies shows that under 356 nm excitation, all synthesized complex exhibits the characteristics peaks at 566 nm, 606nm and 651 nm which can be credited to ( 4 G 5/2 → 6 H 5/2 ), ( 4 G 5/2 → 6 H 7/2 ) and ( 4 G 5/2 → 6 H 9/2 ) electronic transitions of Sm 3+ respectively. The energy band gap and refractive index of all complexes and ligand are determined precisely, which enables the applicability of them in semiconductor devices. Investigation of luminescence decay time in detail provide the homogenous environment around samarium (III) ion with excellent intrinsic lifetime (0.7 2-2.42) of all synthesized complexes. CIE colors coordinates, quantum yield (22.22-74.38) and color purity (98.01-99.04) of all S1-S6 complexes were determined accurately. According to CCT, these complexes are warm in appearance. Energy transfer dynamics validates the successfull transfer of energy from ligand (triplet energy state) to samarium (III) ion (resonating energy states). Biological activities of these complexes display the potential use of these complexes in pharmaceutical field. All results validate that these samarium (III) complexes can be utilized in lasers, display devices, OLED’s, semiconductors and biological assays. Declarations Authors Declarations Acknowledgement One of authors, Pooja Hooda gratefully acknowledges the Department of Chemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak for providing instrumental facilities. Funding Pooja Hooda, One of these authors appreciates the financial support from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in New Delhi, India in form of senior research fellowship (SRF) (Award No: 09/ 382(0207)/2019-EMR-1) to complete this research work. Data Availability All data analysed during this study are included in this article and its supplementary information. Code Availability No software or any computational study was not used for this study. Authors’ contributions Pooja Hooda performed experimental works, data collection, analysis, validation, interpretation and wrote the original manuscript. Savita Khatri and Poonam Kumari contributed to the experimental, reviewed and edited manuscript. V. B. Taxak, R. K. Malik, S. P. Khatkar, and Rajesh Kumar contribute to supervision, technical support, editing functions and manuscript review. Ethics Declarations Ethics Approval/Declarations Not Applicable Consent to Participate Not Applicable Consent for Publication Not Applicable Conflicts of Interest/Competing Interests The authors say no conflicts of interest regarding this research work. 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complex.","description":"","filename":"fig1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1087950/v1/033b1043cca7654b2f4084b0.png"},{"id":16016728,"identity":"7b141f03-8bc6-4e9f-8ec5-054e2d27bfd7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-11-30 15:15:35","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":31991,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The 1H-NMR spectrum of ligand L and its S1 complex.","description":"","filename":"fig2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1087950/v1/8ee5358ae41144caa7651084.png"},{"id":16016083,"identity":"3cd36876-f5d0-42dc-bcab-e90eb4e7804e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-11-30 15:12:35","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":319000,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"UV-Vis absorption spectra of ligand and all synthesized S1-S6 complexes.","description":"","filename":"fig3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1087950/v1/84dbd1241e20128bc44cec2d.png"},{"id":16015494,"identity":"59c53c64-359e-439b-a35e-7d7fac65ea07","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-11-30 15:09:35","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":224056,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"TG/DTG curve of S1 complex of samarium in nitrogen atmosphere.","description":"","filename":"fig4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1087950/v1/fe9da20f425b3acc55868885.png"},{"id":16015500,"identity":"d08bce72-ebe4-4eab-bedf-bd41c21f3cd7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-11-30 15:09:35","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":385564,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"(a) The diffused reflectance spectrum of ligand and inset represent the corresponding reflectance spectrum. \n(b) The diffused reflectance spectra of S1-S6 complexes and inset displays its corresponding reflectance spectra.","description":"","filename":"fig5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1087950/v1/dd319f4dcb02fb1de4aa41da.png"},{"id":16015495,"identity":"65c18a8a-4a01-4d65-8bc3-27daef8fb97c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-11-30 15:09:35","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":659785,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"(a) The excitation spectra of all S1-S6 complexes monitored at 606 nm.\n(b) the emission spectra of all S1-S6 complexes monitored at 356 nm.\n(c) Luminescence decay curves for all S1-S6 complexes monitored at ʎEM = 606nm and ʎEX = 356nm.","description":"","filename":"fig6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1087950/v1/70123dd53d5814e19bb85ef3.png"},{"id":16016729,"identity":"a2397af0-91f1-4980-b864-bfffbb5d606a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-11-30 15:15:35","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":549983,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"CIE color coordinates representation of all S1-S6 complexes.","description":"","filename":"fig7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1087950/v1/02dd7560588e950a3b5525cd.png"},{"id":16016084,"identity":"f382ea83-0c23-43fe-8497-121229c7b93d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-11-30 15:12:35","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":103685,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The systematic energy transfer pathway for [Sm(L)3.bipy].6H2O complex.","description":"","filename":"fig8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1087950/v1/1c98f9111e7ba304e6f16bcc.png"},{"id":16015499,"identity":"8823fa07-b6a3-429d-9011-a32968d10e80","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-11-30 15:09:35","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":72779,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The absorbance of ligand spectrum and inset represent the phosphorescence spectrum of corresponding gadolinium complex.","description":"","filename":"fig9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1087950/v1/db064a4e057c6660363d9583.png"},{"id":16015501,"identity":"3b823c85-1b75-48ee-8fb2-c6042616bf02","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-11-30 15:09:35","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":281412,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"(a) Percentage scavenging activity of L and S1-S6 complexes with respect to standard drugs.\n(b) The IC50 values of ligand and all synthesized complexes with respect to standard drugs.\n(c) The antibacterial activities of L and all S1-S6 complexes with respect to standard drugs.","description":"","filename":"fig10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1087950/v1/a7f90308b16a7abbcc03c37d.png"},{"id":17245886,"identity":"e0fd7b5a-4c1c-41fe-bba8-d59f65908b74","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-01-12 14:50:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2694210,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1087950/v1/4fb06061-5f09-471d-99b5-cd226edc501e.pdf"},{"id":16015497,"identity":"27cdcfb6-5457-4bf9-9712-2b1aef4fa760","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-11-30 15:09:35","extension":"docx","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":554262,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplimentryMaterial.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1087950/v1/4c6ea0615618e6e53b8f9d16.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eApplicability of Reddish Orange Light Emitting Samarium (III) Complexes For Biomedical and Multifunctional Optoelectronic Devices\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eFrom last few decades, lanthanide materials gathered the special attention due to their versatile applications in various fields like lasers[1], OLEDs[2], display devices[3], LED bulbs [4] and biological systems[5]. Hence, synthesis of lanthanides complexes with prominent high quantum yield, large stock shifts and long luminescence decay time has become a hot research topic at present time. Lanthanide complexes possess luminescence due to 4f-4f transitions, which are Laporte forbidden according to spin parity rule [6]. Hence, direct excitation in lanthanides is not beneficial as it results in low molar absorptivity and weak luminescence[7, 8]. In order to overcome this catastrophe, a light harvesting chromophore was incorporated in coordination sphere which absorb energy from external source and transfer to lanthanides via antenna effect[9]. Generally, \u0026beta;-hydroxy ketone, \u0026beta;-keteocarboxylic acid and aromatic carboxylic acid are vigilantly studied due to their significant ability to transfer the absorbed energy from external source to lanthanides[10, 11]. However, \u0026beta;-keteocarboxylic acid is an excellent chromophore to generated excellent reddish orange emission for display devices and other applications. Further, specially Eu (III), Tb (III) and Sm (III) having unique optical properties such as narrow emission bands, long decay time, large stock shifts and high luminescence due to electronic transitions in emission spectra[12]. Out of these, samarium (III) complexes grab significant attention due to their ability to emit reddish orange (606 nm) emission utilized in high quality display devices. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Currently, six scarlet samarium (III) complexes have been prepared by utilizing 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-ylquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (L), bathophenanthroline (batho), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), neocuproine (neo), 2,2\u0026rsquo;-bipyridyl (bipy) and 5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dmph) ligands via grinding technique. All synthesized complexes were investigated via utilizing UV-Vis, \u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC-NMR, \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eH-NMR and IR spectroscopy. The information regarding elemental composition and thermal stability can be achieved by using elemental and thermogravimetric analysis. The photoluminescent spectra and decay time are executed effectively for reporting the photoluminescent aspects of samarium (III) complexes. The emitting color of complexes is confirmed by colorimetric parameters (color purity and CIE) of complexes. The sensitization of samarium ion by ligand can be well illustrated by investigation of energy transfer process in detail. To assess the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, complexes are screened for DPPH and tube dilution techniques respectively. \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Experimental","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Reagents and instruments\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll solvents and chemicals were of analytical reagent grade with a stated purity 99% acquired from commercial source named Sigma Aldrich and used as such without further purification. The photoluminescence spectra were executed on spectrophotometer (Hitachi F-7000) equipped with xenon lamp. The elemental analyses enquired on Perkin Elmer 2400 CHN elemental analyser. Thermal stability was checked up to 800\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC temperature on SDT Q 600 analyzer with 20\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC/min in nitrogen atmosphere. \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eH and \u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC NMR spectra were performed on Bruker Avance II spectrophotometer in DMSO at 400 MHz frequency. IR spectra were obtained by perkin Elmer 400 spectrophotometer using KBr pellet in 4000 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e to 400 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The decay time value was determined via the FL solutions software F-7000 by monitoring \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eG\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003eH\u003csub\u003e7/2\u003c/sub\u003e emission line of Sm\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e in solid state. The UV-Vis absorption spectra were executed on Shimadzu-2450 spectrophotometer. DPPH and tube dilution technique were used to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Preparation of complexes\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo synthesize the complex S1, ligand (0.498 g) and samarium nitrate hexahydrate (0.222 g) were placed in mortar and grinded properly. In order to mix all contents appropriately few drops of water added and pH of solution was adjusted at 7 with the help of NaOH (0.01 M) solution. Resulting paste was purified by dissolving in 10 mL water and centrifuged for 2 minutes, moreover, same procedure was repeated for 2-3 times and dried the resultant sample in oven at 50 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. Same steps were repeated by adding ancillary ligands such as bipy (0.078 g) S 2, neo (0.104 g) S 3, dmph (0.104 g) S 4, batho (0.161 g) S 5 and phen (0.09 g) S 6 supplemented to the mortar having L and Sm(NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e).6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO. To portray the energy transfer dynamics triplet state of ligands were considered, for which same procedure repeated to prepare corresponding gadolinium complexes. The synthetic route and structure of all samarium complexes via utilizing grinding technique was displayed in scheme \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec4\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Evaluation of biological Activities\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec5\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3.1 Antioxidant activities\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) protocol was adopted to compute the antioxidant activities of all referred complexes. The stable free radical DPPH lost its violet color and change into pale yellow due to association with antioxidants moiety, which results a significant drop in absorption at 517 nm on spectrophotometer. In order to prepare numerous concentrations such as 25, 50, 75 and 100 \u0026micro;g/mL, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was used as a solvent. Further, 1 mL DPPH solution was added to the 1mL solution of each test samples in their corresponding flasks. The absorbance was recorded after 30 minute incubation in dark at 25\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC by taking ascorbic acid as a standard. All tests were performed in triplicate to get concordant values and the scavenging activity of DPPH is expressed in IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e (50% of maximum scavenging activity) values. The IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value was determined by graph plotting between scavenging activity (SCA) and numerous concentrations of test samples. By using equation \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e the DPPH scavenging activity of all test samples was determined[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Equation\" id=\"Equ1\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; (1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere A\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e and A\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e refers to the absorbance test samples and control reaction respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec6\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3.2 Antimicrobial activities\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial assays were executed for all title complexes by employing tube dilution protocol[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Antibacterial activities of these samples were carried out against the following in vitro gram negative bacteria: \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (MTCC1688), \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e (MTCC 443) and in vitro gram positive bacteria: \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus pyogenes\u003c/em\u003e (MTCC442), \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (MTCC 96). Antifungal activities of these complexes were screened against the fungal strain takes \u003cem\u003eCandida albicans\u003c/em\u003e (MTCC 227), \u003cem\u003eAspergillus clavatus\u003c/em\u003e (MTCC 1323) and \u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u003c/em\u003e (MTCC 282). The reference drugs norfloxacin and greseofulvin were used for antibacterial and antifungal activities respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll samples (reference + ligand + complexes) were dissolved in DMSO to give concentration of 200\u0026micro;g/mL. The incubation period for antibacterial activities is 24h at 37\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC and for antifungal activities is 7 days at 24\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for \u003cem\u003eAspergillus avatus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCandida albicans\u003c/em\u003e but 48h at 37\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for \u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u003c/em\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The zone of inhibition of antimicrobial activities has been recorded in MIC values.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results And Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"Heading\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Elemental analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e displays the elemental analytic data from CHN elemental analyser, which had been estimated to be in complete harmony with the calculated values and recommend [Sm(L)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.(H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e].6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO (S1), [Sm(L)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.bipy].6H\u003csub\u003e2s\u003c/sub\u003eO (S2), [Sm(L)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.neo].6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO (S3), [Sm(L)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.dmph].6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO (S4), [Sm(L)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.batho].6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO (S5) and [Sm(L)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.phen].6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO (S6) respectively as the proposed formula.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe elemental analytical data for all S1-S6 Samarium (III) complexes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComplexes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC (%) found (cal.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH (%) found (cal.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%) found (cal.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSm(%) found(cal.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.74 (42.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.98 (6.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.78 (8.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.46 (10.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.42 (47.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.72 (5.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.58 (9.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.40 (9.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.64 (46.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.84 (5.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.79 (9.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.54 (9.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.56 (1.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.70 (5.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.79 (8.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.58 (8.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.09 (48.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.90 (5.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.47 (9.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.23 (9.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.03 (48.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.89 (5.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.48 (9.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.22 (9.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec9\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Spectral analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e represents the infrared spectrum of complex S1 and free ligand (L), to evaluate the chelation site in bonding. The IR spectra of S 2- S 6 complexes show that all complexes have almost identical IR spectra as displayed in Figure S1 in supplementary file. The position and intensity of some guide peaks are changed from ligand to complexes, which help to find the binding site in complexes. The broad band scrutinized at 3410 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e depicts the presence of aqua molecule in all synthesized (S1-S6) complexes[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. In ligand spectra the band noted at 1711 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1625 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e reflects the existence of carboxylic and ketonic group respectively. It is important to note that the band due to carboxylic acid (1711cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e) completely disappeared in synthesized complexes, peak in all S1-S6 complexes signalize the chelation through carboxylato group. Additionally, bands due to ketonic group (1625 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e) shift in all S1-S6 complexes (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) revealing that the second chelation site is through ketonic oxygen. The asymmetric and symmetric vibrations of carboxylato group appears at 1585-1592 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1370-1375 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e respectively which are absent in ligand spectra[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Further, carboxylate group is a bidentate ligand, hence, can bind either as unidentate or as bidentate by producing change in relative vibrational positions of asymmetric and symmetric stretching. Complexes exhibits ∆\u0026nu;\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;200 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e [∆\u0026nu; = ∆\u0026nu;\u003csub\u003eas\u003c/sub\u003e(COO\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026minus; ∆\u0026nu;\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e(COO\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e)], this demonstrates the unidentate linkage of carboxylic group[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. The observed ∆\u0026nu; values for all synthesized S1-S6 complexes are found to be 210-220 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e as enlisted in Table\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, suggesting the unidentate attraction of carboxylato group. Further, the new band appeared at 459-464 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 539-548 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1481-1486 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e in S2-S6 complexes assigned for stretching vibrations of \u0026nu;\u003csub\u003eSm\u0026minus;O\u003c/sub\u003e, \u0026nu;\u003csub\u003eSm\u0026minus;N\u003c/sub\u003e and \u0026nu;\u003csub\u003eC\u0026minus;N\u003c/sub\u003e respectively in all synthesized complexes as elucidated in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab2\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe characteristic IR bands (cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e) for ligand and its samarium (III) complexes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompounds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eⱱ\u003csub\u003eO-H\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eⱱ\u003csub\u003e- COOH\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eⱱ\u003csub\u003eSm-O\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eⱱ\u003csub\u003eSm-N\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eⱱ\u003csub\u003eC=N\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eⱱ\u003csub\u003eC=O\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eⱱ\u003csub\u003eas (COO-)\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eⱱ\u003csub\u003es (COO-)\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e∆ⱱ\u003csub\u003eCOO\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ⱱ\u003csub\u003eas\u0026minus;\u003c/sub\u003eⱱ\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3530(S)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1625(S)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3410(B)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e464(W)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1624(S)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1590(S)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1370(S)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3410(B)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e463(W)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e548(W)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1483(W)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1620(S)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1588(S)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1372(S)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e216\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3410(B)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e462(W)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e547(W)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1481(W)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1622(S)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1589(S)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1374(S)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e215\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3410(B)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e459(W)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e539(W)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1482(W)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1623(S)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1585(S)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1375(S)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3410(B)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e460(W)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e545(W)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1486(W)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1622(S)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1590(S)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1372(S)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e218\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3410(B)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e461(W)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e546(W)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1484(W)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1623(S)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1592(S)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1373(S)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eB = broad, S = strong, W = weak\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure 2 represents the \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eH-NMR spectrum of free ligand and synthesized complex (S1) carried out in DMSO as a solvent. It is evident from the figure that some significant changes take place when the spectrum of complex is compared with the ligand. The anisotropic property of samarium \u0026nbsp;ions is responsible for upfield and downfield shifts in complexes [20]. The peak observed at 15 ppm manifest the presence of carboxylic group in ligand, which completely disappeared in synthesized complexes, confirming the chelation of ligand \u0026nbsp;through deprotonated carboxylic acid[21]. In the ligand spectra the peaks observed at 7.56 - 9.39 ppm (aromatic -CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), 3.26-3.98 ppm (aliphatic -CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) and 1.19-1.33 ppm (-CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) are shifted to 7.54 \u0026ndash; 8.66 ppm (upfield), 2.39-2.90 ppm (upfield) and 1.18-1.31 ppm (upfield) in complexes respectively. The paramagnetism nature of samarium (III) ions causes upfield shifting of all protons in complexes[22].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure S2 in supplementary file portrays the \u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC-NMR spectrum of L and S1 complex, \u003cstrong\u003et\u003c/strong\u003ehe carbon values noticed at 176.33 (C=O), 165.81(COOH), 139-153 (aromatic C=C), 106-118 (aromatic C-C) and 35.93-46.26 (-C- C- C-) shifted upfield in corresponding samarium (III) complexes due to paramagnetism of Sm\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e ion. It is evident from the figure \u0026nbsp;that the peak of carboxylic group in ligand was completely disappeared in complex and the peak of ketonic group in ligand shifts by 7.74 - 7.86 in all synthesized complexes, which depicts that chelation of L in complexes through ketonic (C=O) and carboxylic group (COO\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e) respectively[23]. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure 3 depicts the UV-Vis absorption spectra of all S1-S6 synthesized complexes and L (1\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e mol/L) by taking DMSO as a solvent. Ligand acts as key absorption for all S1-S6 complexes because absorption displayed by these complexes is weak in 200-500 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eregion. It is evident from the figure that absorption maxima observed at 280 nm wavelength is assigned to \u0026pi; \u0026ndash; \u0026pi;\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e electronic transitions[24]. Further, the encapsulation of ancillary ligand in S2-S6 complexes upsurge the absorbance as well as saturates the coordination framework. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003eAll results observed from spectroscopic measurements are in good agreement with each other and certifies that the chelation of ligand with samarium (III) ions through carboxylato (COO\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e) and ketone groups in the coordination.\u0026nbsp;\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec10\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Thermal analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e reveal the thermal decomposition pattern for S1 complex, since thermal decomposition pattern exhibited by all synthesized complexes are in similar nature, so, S1 was taken as a representative. The complex S1 exhibits 18% mass loss attributed to decomposition of 15 water molecules present outside of coordination sphere up to 88\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. The next loss in mass is 71% accredited to collapsing of complex and removal of two water molecules and three ligand molecules up to 242\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC to 557\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC present in coordination sphere (i.e. complex start decomposing) [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. At last, the oxide of samarium (III) ion remains as residue, which was further confirmed through analysis of DTG curves. Theoretical and computed values are in good agreement with total loss of mass in complex. The complexes posses\u0026rsquo; optimum stability, hence, can be employed as luminescent materials in optoelectronic devices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec11\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Optical band gap \u0026amp; refractive index\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e (a) and (b) describe the plot between photon energy and absorption coefficient of all samples (L, S1-S6) and the inset denotes the diffused reflectance (DR) spectra of L and corresponding complexes in their respective figures. Kubelka and Munk states that the optical band gap (E\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e) for solid samples can be calculated by transformation of DR[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. The equation 2 denotes the relationship between Kubelka and Munk (F(R\u003csub\u003e\u0026infin;\u003c/sub\u003e)) and energy band gap as given below:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[F(R\u003csub\u003e\u0026infin;\u003c/sub\u003e) h\u0026nu;]\u003csup\u003en\u003c/sup\u003e = C (h\u0026upsilon; \u0026ndash;E\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e) (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere, E\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e represent energy band gap, h\u0026upsilon; shows energy of incident photon and values of n are variable having values 3, 2, 1.5 and 0.5 assigned for indirect forbidden transitions, direct allowed transitions, direct forbidden transitions and indirect allowed transitions respectively. Herein, the value of n is equals to 2 for direct allowed transition and the equation is written as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[F(R\u003csub\u003e\u0026infin;\u003c/sub\u003e) h\u0026nu;]\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = C (h\u0026upsilon; \u0026ndash;E\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e) (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF(R\u003csub\u003e\u0026infin;\u003c/sub\u003e) denotes the Kubelka-Munk function and can be derived as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF(R\u003csub\u003e\u0026infin;\u003c/sub\u003e) = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{{(1-\\text{R}{\\infty })}^{2}}{2\\text{R}{\\infty }}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{K}{S}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere, S denotes scattering coefficient, K represents absorption coefficient and R\u003csub\u003e\u0026infin;\u003c/sub\u003e refers to ratio of R \u003csub\u003enormal\u003c/sub\u003e to R \u003csub\u003estandard\u003c/sub\u003e. The optical band gap values for L and all synthesized samarium (III) complexes are determined by extrapolation of a tangent up to x-axis in Tauc plot. The observed values for all S1-S6 complexes and L are catalogued in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. As the table illustrate that the value of energy band gap is less for complexes in comparison to the ligands, resulting a number of extra electronic states between samarium (III) ions, hence reinforcement of energy transfer increases, so photoluminescence also increase[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, the property of large energy band gap values makes them a promising candidate for semiconductor power appliance. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab3\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe energy band gap and refractive indices for ligand and all S1-S6 complexes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompounds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnergy band gap (E\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRefractive Index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFurther, in order to find out the refractive index (n) of all S1-S6 complexes precisely, the energy band values are employed by the following relation [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Equation\" id=\"Equ2\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\frac{ ({n}^{2}-1)}{ ({n}^{2}+1)}=1-\\sqrt{\\frac{{E}_{g}}{20}}{(5)}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere, n represent the refractive index and E\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e signifies energy band gap values, the estimated value for all synthesized are epitomized in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The refractive index values enable these complexes as a promising candidate in optoelectronic devices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec12\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.7 Photoluminescence features\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e(a) indicates the excitation spectra of all S1-S6 complexes by monitoring the \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eG\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026rarr;\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003eH\u003csub\u003e7/2\u003c/sub\u003e electronic transition at 606 nm. Formation of complex extend the \u0026pi;- conjugation, hence, the intramolecular energy transfer from L to Sm\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e increases by antenna effect, this results in broadening of excitation spectra. The peak found at 360 nm, 374 nm, 404 nm, 453 nm, 472 nm and 495 nm attributed to the electronic transitions arising from ground state \u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003eH\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e to excited state \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eF\u003csub\u003e9/2\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eD\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003eP\u003csub\u003e7/2\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eF\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e+\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eI\u003csub\u003e13/2\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eG\u003csub\u003e7/2\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eI\u003csub\u003e7/2\u003c/sub\u003e + \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eM\u003csub\u003e15/2\u003c/sub\u003e in samarium (III) ions respectively[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e(b) represents the three dimensional emission spectra of all S1-S6 complexes monitored at excitation wavelength (356 nm) in solid state. The luminescence spectra displays mainly three peaks at 566 nm, 606 nm and 651 nm which belongs to \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eG\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003eH\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e (where j = 5/2, 7/2, 9/2) electronic transition of samarium (III) ions in all synthesized complexes respectively. Out of these, first transition, \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eG\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026rarr; \u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003eH\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e, is magnetic dipole transition, which follows the selection rule of ∆J = 0, where J is total angular momentum, hence intensity of this peak does not depend on coordination environment around Sm\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e. \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eG\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026rarr; \u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003eH\u003csub\u003e7/2\u003c/sub\u003e is mixed transition with (partly magnetic and partly electric dipole) but has dominating electric dipole character whereas \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eG\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026rarr; \u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9/2\u003c/sub\u003e is purely electric dipole transitions. The most intense peak of spectra at 606 nm due to hypersensitive \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eG\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026rarr; \u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003eH\u003csub\u003e7/2\u003c/sub\u003e transition is responsible for vermillion emission of complexes and makes them suitable for orange light emitting devices. This transition complies with the selection rule of ∆J = \u0026plusmn;1, The electric dipole transition at 651 nm represent immensely asymmetrical surroundings around Sm3+ ion[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. The upsurge the photoluminescence from S1 complex to S2-S6 complexes is explained by introduction of ancillary ligands in place of water which results increase in radiative rate by diminished the vibrational quenching caused by water molecules.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec13\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.8 Luminescence decay curves and quantum yield\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe average environment surrounding samarium (III) ion is investigated by observing decay time curves under 356 nm excitation and 606 nm emission wavelengths respectively as depicted in Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e(c). The luminescence decay time curves are well fitted by monoexponential function and it is derived from the equation given [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Equation\" id=\"Equ3\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ3\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003eI= I\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003eexp\u0026thinsp;(-t/\u0026tau;) (6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerein, \u0026tau; represents the decay time for radiative transitions while I\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e and I represent the integrated intensity of peaks at time 0 and t, respectively. Luminescence decay time curves are best fitted in mono-exponential function, which specifies the homogenous environment around samarium (III) ion in complexes. Further, the total decay time depends upon both radiative and nonradiative as given by the following relation:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003etotal\u003c/sub\u003e = 1/\u0026tau; = (A\u003csub\u003erad\u003c/sub\u003e + A\u003csub\u003enrad\u003c/sub\u003e) (7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe observed values of decay time for S 1 (0.72), S 2(1.40), S 3(1.78), S4 (2.02), S 5 (2.41) and S 6 (2.15) are embodied in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The observed order for decay time in complexes is found to be S1\u0026lt;S2\u0026lt;S3\u0026lt;S4\u0026lt;S6\u0026lt;S5, the higher value of decay time in S2-S6 complexes than that of S1 was credited to extended conjugation by introduction of ancillary ligands. The decay time of complexes purses single exponential behaviour which is responsible for homogenous coordination environment and single luminescent centre around central metal ion. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab4\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimated quantum yield, decay time values, CIE color coordinates, color purity and CCT of all samarium (III) complexes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComplexes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuantum yield\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026tau; (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCIE coordinates (x, y)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% Color purity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCT(K)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5542, 0.4447\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2002.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5560, 0.4430\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1980.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5702, 0.4288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1836.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5521, 0.4468\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2027.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5558, 0.4432\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1984.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5573, 0.4417\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1966.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuantum yield is an important parameter, utilized to observe the luminescence of samarium (III) ion in complexes[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. It can be described as the ratio of numerical quantity of photons emitted to photons absorbed. However it can be calculated using following equation:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eɸ (%) = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{\\tau }{{\\tau }_{rad}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u0026times;100 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere, ɸ represent quantum yield, \u0026tau; and \u0026tau;\u003csub\u003erad\u003c/sub\u003e represent the total decay time and decay time for radiative transition. The decay time for radiative transition (\u0026tau;\u003csub\u003erad\u003c/sub\u003e) of samarium (III) complexes was found to be 3.24ms for transition \u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003eG\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e manifold for Sm\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e. The observed values reveal increase in quantum yield for S2 \u0026ndash; S6, relative to S1. This can be interpreted due to synergistic effect of ancillary ligand and lesser nonradiative transition which leads to increase in luminescence. It is noteworthy to emphasise that the luminescence decay time of the synthesised complexes is higher than most of the reported- [Sm(ligand)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.ancillary] complexes in literature, while life time was fetched by observing \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eG\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026rarr; \u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003eH\u003csub\u003e7/2\u003c/sub\u003e emissive transition, as mentioned in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab5\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComparison of decay time of our synthesized complexes with other [Sm(ligand)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.ancillary] complexes when decay time was calculated by monitoring \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eG\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003eH\u003csub\u003e7/2\u003c/sub\u003e electronic transition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComplex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDecay time (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSm(L)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis work\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[Sm(L)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.bipy]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis work\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[Sm(L)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.neo]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis work\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[Sm(L)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.dmph]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis work\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[Sm(L)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.batho]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis work\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[Sm(L)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.phen]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis work\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[Sm(HDMPE)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.phen]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[Sm(HDMPE)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.biq]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[Sm(L)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.mphen]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSm(L)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec14\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.7 Colorimetric analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe emission spectra of luminescence investigation used to determine the color coordinates (x, y) of all S1-S6 complexes by utilizing MATLAB software. CIE (Commission International de I\u0026rsquo;Elclairge) color coordinates of all S1-S6 complexes are found to be 0.5542, 0.4447 (S1), 0.5560, 0.4430 (S2), 0.5702, 0.4288 (S3), 0.5521, 0.4468 (S4), 0.5558, 0.4432 (S5) and 0.5573, 0.4417 (S6) respectively, enlisted in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. CIE color triangle (Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e), displays the observed color coordinates of all S1-S6 complexes, which authenticate the effective sensitization of Sm\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e ions by the L in reddish-orange zone [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. Amazingly, these bright reddish-orange colors of complexes can be explored in color indicator diodes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eColor purity (CP) of all complexes is ascertained by employing CIE color coordinates with respect to white light, which shows how actively a meticulous complex act as reddish orange color emitter. CP of all complexes was calculated by using the following relation:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Equation\" id=\"Equ4\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ4\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$CP =\\sqrt{\\frac{{({x}_{s }-{x}_{i})}^{2}+{({y}_{s }-{y}_{i})}^{2}}{{({x}_{d }-{x}_{i})}^{2}{+ ({y}_{d }-{y}_{i})}^{2}}}{(9)}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn aforementioned equation, (x\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e, y\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e) represents color coordinates of S1-S6 complexes, (x\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e, y\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e) refers to white light color coordinates (x\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e = 0.33, y\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e = 0.33) and (x\u003csub\u003ed\u003c/sub\u003e, y\u003csub\u003ed\u003c/sub\u003e) represents the dominated color coordinates. CP determined by equation \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e is reported in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, which specify that the color purity of S2-S6 is significantly higher as compared to S1. This fact is explained on the basis of synergic effect of ancillary ligands in place of solvent molecules. Hence, these complexes are proved to be bright orange color emitting materials to be utilized in OLEDs.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFurther, an important parameter CCT (correlated color temperature) helps to investigation the quality and nature of light emitted from a light source. Depending on their CCT values, the complexes are cool light source (above 4000K), warm light source (below 3200K) and neutral light source (3200-4000K)[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. The CCT can be evaluated by applying the Mc-Camy equation:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCT = - 437 n\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e + 3601n\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e-6861n + 5514.31 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere n can be written as:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{x-{x}_{e}}{y-{y}_{e}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHere, (x, y) displays the CIE color coordinates of all S1-S6 complexes and (x\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e, y\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e) stands for chromaticity epicentre (0.3320, 0.1858). Observed values of CCT for all S1-S6 complexes are found to be below 3200K (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) indicating the applicability of these complexes in home appliances as a warm light source.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec15\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.8 Energy transfer dynamics\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe photosensitization is a multistep phenomenon that manifest the excitation of L from ground state to singlet excited state, thereafter energy is transferred to triplet state by intersystem crossing and then to emitting levels of samarium (III) ions via nonradiative process. Further, energy transfer from emitting levels to ground levels of samarium (III) ions is responsible for luminescence as portrayed in Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. It is important to note that there must be suitable energy gap between ligands and metal ions for effective sensitization, the smaller or larger energy gap leads to weak luminescence due to either back energy transfers or inadequate overlaps among acceptor energy levels. The overlap between the absorption spectrum of ligand and excitation spectrum of complex (S1) displayed in Figure S3 put in supplementary file, which indicates the effective sensitization of samarium (III) ions by the L. In order to investigate the energy transfer mechanism the singlet and triplet state of ligand and ancillary ligands are calculated by referring the edge wavelength of absorption spectrum and shortest emission of phosphorescence spectrum of gadolinium complexes respectively. The absorbance spectrum of dmph and neo is shown in Figure S4 and S5 in supplementary file and their inset represent phosphorescence spectra of gadolinium complexes respectively. The absorbance spectrum of L is displayed in Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e and phosphorescence spectrum of gadolinium complex of ligand is shown in inset of this figures. The photoluminescence acquired by gadolinium complexes is 32,000 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e(lowest possible excitation), which is much higher than the photoluminescence of ligands, hence the peak due to gadolinium complex is not observed in spectrum. The energy difference between singlet and triplet state of L is found to be 3320cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e, hence intersystem crossing is not much effective (Empirical rule), which results in internal conversion of energy from ligand to metal ion [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. Further, Latva\u0026rsquo;s rule state that the energy difference between ligand and lanthanides ions must be 2000-5000cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e for effective energy transfer[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. Energy difference between singlet and triplet states of ligand and ancillary ligands are found to be 4719 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e (L), 4433 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e (phen), 5233 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e (bipy), 3430 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e (dmph), 4957 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e (neo) and 3333 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e (batho) as tabulated in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e with respect to samarium ion, which as optimum to efficient transfer of energy. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab6\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe energies of L, phen, bipy, dmph, neo and batho ancillary ligands.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLigands\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnergy levels\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e∆E (S\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026rarr;T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e) (cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e∆E (T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eG\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e) (cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSinglet (cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTriplet (cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25,706\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22,386\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3320\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4719\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22,100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4433\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBipy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29,900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22,900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDmph\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31,250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21,097\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3430\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30,750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22,624\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4957\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBathophen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3333\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec16\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.9 Evaluation of Biological properties\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec17\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.9.1 Antioxidant features\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e(a) represents the percentage scavenging activities of all title complexes with respect to the standard ascorbic acid at 517nm. The IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values are observed from the plot between scavenging activity (SCA) and different concentration of samples are portrayed in figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e(b) and enlisted in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. Larger value of SCA leads to lower value of IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e, results higher antioxidant capacity of synthesized complexes. The stable free radical of DPPH adopt diamagnetic character by accepting a proton from antioxidant moiety, hence show decrease in absorbance so scavenging activity increases[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. The antioxidant activities of all S1-S6 complexes are good as compared to ligand, due to donation of electrons from L\u0026rarr;Sm\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e, which increase the capability of complexes to oxidise. Further, it is evident from the table that the antioxidant activities of S2 - S6 complexes are higher than S1, explained on the basis of synergic effect produced by ancillary ligands. These complexes have excellent antioxidant activities so can be used as antioxidant agent in pharmaceutical field. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab7\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values for antioxidant activities of L and all S1-S6 samarium (III) complexes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompounds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConcentration (\u0026micro;g/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSTD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec18\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.9.2 Antimicrobial activities\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e(c) symbolize the antibacterial activities of all S1-S6 complexes in their corresponding minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against both in vitro gram positive or in vitro gram negative bacteria. Further, Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e embodied the results observed form antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) activities of all test samples with respect to standard by using tube dilution technique[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. The antimicrobial activities of all synthesized complexes are higher than that of ligand due to delocalization of \u0026pi; electrons, which results to increase in lipid attraction tendency of L towards Sm\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e ion. So, Sm\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e ion can access to deeper extent of microorganism cell and improve the antimicrobial activities by slow down the growth of microorganism [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. On the basis of this fact, one can easily see that these complexes employed as good bactericidal and fungicidal agent in pharmaceutical field. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab8\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial activities of L and all S1-S6 samarium (III) complexes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompounds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnti bacterial activities in term of their MIC values\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntifungal activities in term of their MIC values\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. Coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. Aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. Aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. Pyogenus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. Albicans\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. Niger\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. Clavatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSTD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eSix ternary complexes of samarium (III) ions by utilizing ketocarboxylic acid and ancillary ligands were synthesized and characterized. The proposed composition of complexes is confirmed by elemental analysis and TGA/DTG investigation of complexes. Investigation of IR, UV-visible and NMR (\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eH \u0026amp; \u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC) spectra of ligand and complexes in details confirm the formation of complexes. Besides, photoluminescence spectral studies shows that under 356 nm excitation, all synthesized complex exhibits the characteristics peaks at 566 nm, 606nm and 651 nm which can be credited to (\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eG\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003eH\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e), (\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eG\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003eH\u003csub\u003e7/2\u003c/sub\u003e) and (\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eG\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9/2\u003c/sub\u003e) electronic transitions of Sm\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e respectively. The energy band gap and refractive index of all complexes and ligand are determined precisely, which enables the applicability of them in semiconductor devices. Investigation of luminescence decay time in detail provide the homogenous environment around samarium (III) ion with excellent intrinsic lifetime (0.7 2-2.42) of all synthesized complexes. CIE colors coordinates, quantum yield (22.22-74.38) and color purity (98.01-99.04) of all S1-S6 complexes were determined accurately. According to CCT, these complexes are warm in appearance. Energy transfer dynamics validates the successfull transfer of energy from ligand (triplet energy state) to samarium (III) ion (resonating energy states). Biological activities of these complexes display the potential use of these complexes in pharmaceutical field. All results validate that these samarium (III) complexes can be utilized in lasers, display devices, OLED\u0026rsquo;s, semiconductors and biological assays.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors Declarations\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of authors, Pooja Hooda gratefully acknowledges the Department of Chemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak for providing instrumental facilities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePooja Hooda, One of these authors appreciates the financial support from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in New Delhi, India in form of senior research fellowship (SRF) (Award No: 09/ 382(0207)/2019-EMR-1) to complete this research work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eData Availability\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data analysed during this study are included in this article and its supplementary information.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCode Availability\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo software or any computational study was not used for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePooja Hooda performed experimental works, data collection, analysis, validation, interpretation and wrote the original manuscript. Savita Khatri and Poonam Kumari contributed to the experimental, reviewed and edited manuscript. \u0026nbsp; V. B. Taxak, R. K. Malik, S. P. Khatkar, and Rajesh Kumar contribute to supervision, technical support, editing functions and manuscript review.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Declarations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthics Approval/Declarations\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConsent to Participate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConflicts of Interest/Competing Interests\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors say no conflicts of interest regarding this research work.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhatkar SP, Kumar R, Khatkar A, Taxak VB (2015) Synthesis, characterization, enhanced photoluminescence and biological activity of Eu (III) complexes with organic ligands.J Mater Sci Mater Electron26:7086\u0026ndash;7095\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhanagwal J, Khatkar SP, Dhankhar P et al (2020) Synthesis and photoluminescence analysis of europium (III) complexes with pyrazole acid and nitrogen containing auxiliary ligands.Spectrosc Lett53:625\u0026ndash;647\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu Y, Tu D, Zhu H, Chen X (2013) Lanthanide-doped luminescent nanoprobes: controlled synthesis, optical spectroscopy, and bioapplications.Chem Soc Rev42:6924\u0026ndash;6958\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang D, Zheng C, Fan L et al (2014) Photoluminescence behavior of europium (III) complexes containing 1-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-3-(2-naphthyl)-propane-1, 3-dione ligand.Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc117:245\u0026ndash;249\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRefat MS, El-Hawary WF, Moussa MAA (2011) IR, 1H NMR, mass, XRD and TGA/DTA investigations on the ciprofloxacin/iodine charge-transfer complex.Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc78:1356\u0026ndash;1363\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTaxak VB, Khatkar SP (2012) Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of M 2 V 2 O 7: Eu (M= Sr, Ba) Nanophosphors.J Fluoresc22:891\u0026ndash;897\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLeonzio M, Melchior A, Faura G et al (2018) A chiral lactate reporter based on total and circularly polarized Tb (III) luminescence.New J Chem42:7931\u0026ndash;7939\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDevi R, Chahar S, Khatkar SP et al (2017) Relative study of luminescent properties with Judd-Ofelt characterization in trivalent europium complexes comprising ethyl-(4-fluorobenzoyl) acetate.J Fluoresc27:1349\u0026ndash;1358\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChahar S, Taxak VB, Dalal M et al (2016) Structural and photoluminescence investigations of Sm3+ doped BaY2ZnO5 nanophosphors.Mater Res Bull77:91\u0026ndash;100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang Z, Tang R (2012) Synthesis and fluorescence properties of Tb (III) complex with a novel β-diketone ligand as well as spectroscopic studies on the interaction between Tb (III) complex and bovine serum albumin.J Mol Struct1010:116\u0026ndash;122\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKumar R, Boora P, Khatkar A et al (2016) Synthesis, photoluminescence and biological properties of terbium (III) complexes with hydroxyketone and nitrogen containing heterocyclic ligands.Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc152:304\u0026ndash;310\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSarıoğlu AO, Yal\u0026ccedil;ın ŞP, Ceylan \u0026Uuml; et al (2020) Photoluminescence properties of samarium (III)-based complexes: Synthesis, characterization and single crystal X-ray.J Lumin227:117537\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKumar R, Makrandi JK, Singh I, Khatkar SP (2008) Preparation and photoluminescent properties of europium complexes with methoxy derivatives of 2\u0026prime;-hydroxy-2-phenylacetophenones.J Lumin128:1297\u0026ndash;1302\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKassim NK, Lim PC, Ismail A, Awang K (2019) Isolation of antioxidative compounds from Micromelum minutum guided by preparative thin layer chromatography-2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (PTLC-DPPH) bioautography method.Food Chem272:185\u0026ndash;191\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRieckmann KH, Sax LJ, Campbell GH, Mrema JE (1978) Drug sensitivity of P. falciparum. 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All synthesized complexes were investigated via employing elemental analysis, infrared, UV-Vis, NMR, TG/DTG and photoluminescence studies. Optical properties of these photostimulated samarium (III) complexes exhibit reddish-orange luminescence due to \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eG\u003csub\u003e5/2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003eH\u003csub\u003e7/2\u003c/sub\u003e transition at 606 nm of samarium (III) ions. Further, energy band gap, color purity, CIE color coordinates, CCT and quantum yield of all complexes were determined accurately. Replacement of water molecules by ancillary ligands enriched the complexes (S2-S6) with decay time, quantum yield, luminescence, energy band gap and biological properties than parent complex (S1). Interestingly, these efficient properties of complexes may find their applications in optoelectronic and lighting systems. In addition to these the antioxidant and antimicrobial assays were also investigated to explore the application in biological assays.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Applicability of Reddish Orange Light Emitting Samarium (III) Complexes For Biomedical and Multifunctional Optoelectronic Devices","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-11-30 15:09:33","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1087950/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-11-23T02:41:41+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2021-11-22T19:37:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2021-11-19T02:30:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Fluorescence","date":"2021-11-17T01:21:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-fluorescence","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jofl","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Fluorescence](https://www.springer.com/journal/10895)","snPcode":"10895","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10895/3","title":"Journal of Fluorescence","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0a993f62-8784-4720-ba6f-43f82acd026f","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 30th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":8741177,"name":"Spectroscopy"},{"id":8741178,"name":"General Biochemistry"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-01-12T14:49:56+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-1087950","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-021-02887-x","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-fluorescence","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Fluorescence"},"publishedOn":"2022-01-12 14:49:56","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 12th, 2022"},"versionCreatedAt":"2021-11-30 15:09:33","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10895-021-02887-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-021-02887-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1087950","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1087950","identity":"rs-1087950","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}