Optimal Gold and Oxide Coating Selection for a Novel Dual-Elliptical Channel PCF Sensor for Concurrent Detection of Two Distinct Analytes

Optimal Gold and Oxide Coating Selection for a Novel Dual-Elliptical Channel PCF Sensor for Concurrent Detection of Two Distinct Analytes | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Optimal Gold and Oxide Coating Selection for a Novel Dual-Elliptical Channel PCF Sensor for Concurrent Detection of Two Distinct Analytes Md. Tanvir Hossain, Md. Arafat Rahman, Abror Jawad This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9525972/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Our research introduces a unique refractive index (RI) biosensor utilizing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the detection of cancerous cells. The sensor design incorporates two elliptical channels, two elliptical air holes, and four circular air holes, ensuring manufacturing simplicity. Gold (Au) is employed as the plasmonic layer, while Tantalum Pentoxide (Ta \((_2)\) O \((_5)\) ) is selected as the oxide coating owing to its superior performance in enhancing analyte interaction.The proposed PCF-SPR structure benefits from two large elliptical air holes, reducing fabrication complexity and minimizing light leakage. Its performance is numerically investigated using the finite element method (FEM). Optimized structural parameters yield a maximum wavelength sensitivity (WS) of 10,000 nm/RIU and 19,000 nm/RIU for channels 1 and 2, respectively. The highest amplitude sensitivity (AS) reaches 374.35 RIU \((^{-1})\) and 888.52 RIU \((^{-1})\) , with peak figures of merit (FOM) of 135 RIU \((^{-1})\) in ch-1 and 179 RIU \((^{-1})\) in ch-2 .When both channels are filled with the same analyte, the sensor demonstrates a remarkable WS of 18,000 nm/RIU, angular sensitivity of 1456.29 RIU \((^{-1})\) , and FOM of 274 RIU \((^{-1})\) , along with a broad RI detection range of 1.28–1.42. Furthermore, it efficiently detects malignant cells, achieving a maximum WS of 11,000 nm/RIU with a wavelength resolution of \((9.09 \times 10^{-6})\) RIU for cervical (HeLa) cells. The proposed biosensor, with dual-channel analyte sensing, broad RI range, and outstanding sensitivity, offers potential for simultaneous detection of biomolecules, glucose, carcinogenic substances, and other chemical compounds. Surface Plasmon Resonance Refractive Index Photonic Crystal Fiber Biosensor Surface Plasmon Polariton. Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 27 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 27 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 27 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 25 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9525972","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":630084762,"identity":"ec1bead4-2120-40c3-b623-2d7180951cdb","order_by":0,"name":"Md. Tanvir Hossain","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Tanvir","lastName":"Hossain","suffix":""},{"id":630084763,"identity":"f775a9ef-7d7c-4872-8d03-25307daded3a","order_by":1,"name":"Md. Arafat Rahman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Arafat","lastName":"Rahman","suffix":""},{"id":630084764,"identity":"3c645500-141a-4415-b643-74d93b8abe27","order_by":2,"name":"Abror Jawad","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYgwYPg24DEGg+QoCUhDSyGVwsYIGk5DKbwamFuP2P44Q2DjRw/A+8ziY8/ztutbT8MtKXGJhqnw3pyjCXnMKQZSzawm0nOSLidvO1MIlDLsbTcBpx+yd0gzcNwOHHDATY2aR6gFrMDQC2MDYdxa+l/u/k3D8P/+v0gLX8SziWbnX9IQMuM3G1AWw4kGDAAtTAkHLAzu0HIlhnvv1nOMUg2nHGYjdmyJy05wewG0JYEPH4x7E9LvvGmwk6ev72N8cYPGzt7s/PpDx98qLHBrQUsYQDEzBCBRLBAAg7lICCPLmCPR/EoGAWjYBSMUAAAAPZdaCYQ4XAAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Bangladesh University of Business and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abror","middleName":"","lastName":"Jawad","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-25 13:23:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9525972/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9525972/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":108978063,"identity":"092eaf15-8964-446b-ae6a-1e746d099c45","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-11 11:33:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":24074594,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OptimalGoldandOxideCoatingSelectionforaNovelDualEllipticalChannelPCFSensorforConcurrentDetectionofTwoDistinctAnalytes1.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9525972/v1_covered_7abff126-8242-43e4-8fad-78a6580b4c58.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Optimal Gold and Oxide Coating Selection for a Novel Dual-Elliptical Channel PCF Sensor for Concurrent Detection of Two Distinct Analytes","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"optical-and-quantum-electronics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"oqel","sideBox":"Learn more about [Optical and Quantum Electronics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11082)","snPcode":"11082","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11082/3","title":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Surface Plasmon Resonance, Refractive Index, Photonic Crystal Fiber, Biosensor, Surface Plasmon Polariton.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9525972/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9525972/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eOur research introduces a unique refractive index (RI) biosensor utilizing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the detection of cancerous cells. The sensor design incorporates two elliptical channels, two elliptical air holes, and four circular air holes, ensuring manufacturing simplicity. Gold (Au) is employed as the plasmonic layer, while Tantalum Pentoxide (Ta\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\((_2)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eO\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\((_5)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) is selected as the oxide coating owing to its superior performance in enhancing analyte interaction.The proposed PCF-SPR structure benefits from two large elliptical air holes, reducing fabrication complexity and minimizing light leakage. Its performance is numerically investigated using the finite element method (FEM). Optimized structural parameters yield a maximum wavelength sensitivity (WS) of 10,000 nm/RIU and 19,000 nm/RIU for channels 1 and 2, respectively. The highest amplitude sensitivity (AS) reaches 374.35 RIU\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\((^{-1})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and 888.52 RIU\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\((^{-1})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, with peak figures of merit (FOM) of 135 RIU\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\((^{-1})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e in ch-1 and 179 RIU\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\((^{-1})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e in ch-2 .When both channels are filled with the same analyte, the sensor demonstrates a remarkable WS of 18,000 nm/RIU, angular sensitivity of 1456.29 RIU\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\((^{-1})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, and FOM of 274 RIU\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\((^{-1})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, along with a broad RI detection range of 1.28\u0026ndash;1.42. Furthermore, it efficiently detects malignant cells, achieving a maximum WS of 11,000 nm/RIU with a wavelength resolution of \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\((9.09 \\times 10^{-6})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eRIU for cervical (HeLa) cells. The proposed biosensor, with dual-channel analyte sensing, broad RI range, and outstanding sensitivity, offers potential for simultaneous detection of biomolecules, glucose, carcinogenic substances, and other chemical compounds.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Optimal Gold and Oxide Coating Selection for a Novel Dual-Elliptical Channel PCF Sensor for Concurrent Detection of Two Distinct Analytes","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-05-11 04:49:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9525972/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-27T07:07:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-27T06:11:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-04-27T06:07:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","date":"2026-04-25T13:13:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"optical-and-quantum-electronics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"oqel","sideBox":"Learn more about [Optical and Quantum Electronics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11082)","snPcode":"11082","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11082/3","title":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fa335ec7-d68c-4a12-84cf-d840578a954c","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 11th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-16T00:23:47+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-05-11 04:49:04","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9525972","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9525972","identity":"rs-9525972","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}