Advancements in FR4 Dielectric Analysis: Free Space Approach and Measurement Validation

Advancements in FR4 Dielectric Analysis: Free Space Approach and Measurement Validation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Advancements in FR4 Dielectric Analysis: Free Space Approach and Measurement Validation Syed Zeeshan Ali, Kamran Ahsan, danish ul Khairi Khairi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3838882/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this study, the free space approach is utilized to calculate the relative per-mittivity of FR4 by utilizing the Nicholson-Ross-Weir Conversion. By examining the scattering characteristics, the free space technique offers a practical tool for describing dielectric materials. The simulations were run on CST-2019, and the frequency range of 8.5 GHz to 11.5 GHz was chosen. Experimental measurements were carried out utilizing a Vector Network Analyzer, To further reduce outside influences and assure accurate measurements in a controlled setting, an anechoic chamber was used. The outcomes of the simulations and actual measurements show the significance of the Nicholson-Ross-Weir Conversion and free space approach in calculating the relative permittivity of FR4. The correctness and dependability of the suggested technique are confirmed by the good agreement between the simulated and measured outcomes. This study makes a contribution to the field of electromagnetic characterization and offers a useful method for figuring out FR4’s dielectric characteristics. The results of this study have substantial effects on PCB design and optimization as well as other high-frequency electronic devices that operate in the frequency band under consideration. Free space method Nicholson-Ross-Weir Conversion relative permittivity FR4 dielectric properties S-parameters experimental validation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3838882","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":265899998,"identity":"dbe08aab-a9a1-432f-9a97-307d6a2bebcb","order_by":0,"name":"Syed Zeeshan Ali","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA50lEQVRIie2PvwrCMBCHUwNxOemaUmhfIRDo+4iQqYPgqKBQqIs418F38BEqB3kGoR38A06CQkGcxDi6tHUTzAd3/Ib7uDtCLJYfhZoKWIjbPSF5e0W6nA3EV0p/lUHEWynhPMFqOCmdTZGqMUzKwCX0cNzVKM5CKz/TZypK1AXos/RmTMq47igeRxQYMpErVZjQ3+TA/DqFhdeqgieCyONoZEKzAhyI30uRe5lZZ0KzwkFFfm+JwgU98NZLlF7S8Es4x1MFd5ym3WR7u9wxcLvJ4VSnfNCBd6dtx984j2+mLRaL5W94Af0eTgRm3HSHAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Federal Urdu University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Syed","middleName":"Zeeshan","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""},{"id":265899999,"identity":"903466e7-fa4f-4aa1-bdd2-5ecb1b02ab09","order_by":1,"name":"Kamran Ahsan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal Urdu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kamran","middleName":"","lastName":"Ahsan","suffix":""},{"id":265900000,"identity":"ed4fc578-ab27-4d1a-a57e-cfa2291ba604","order_by":2,"name":"danish ul Khairi Khairi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal Urdu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"danish","middleName":"ul Khairi","lastName":"Khairi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-06 05:29:17","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3838882/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3838882/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":51305826,"identity":"878d0d29-3bc2-40d0-a1e4-44eb1e4180ce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-19 08:53:13","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":924708,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Submitted05jan2024WPCFindPermittivitybylensofFR4.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3838882/v1_covered_bd3be9b6-3056-4371-b956-68f8f887c3ab.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Advancements in FR4 Dielectric Analysis: Free Space Approach and Measurement Validation","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Free space method, Nicholson-Ross-Weir Conversion, relative permittivity, FR4, dielectric properties, S-parameters, experimental validation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3838882/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3838882/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"In this study, the free space approach is utilized to calculate the relative per-mittivity of FR4 by utilizing the Nicholson-Ross-Weir Conversion. 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