Evaluation of the Effect of Nanoparticles Coating (ZnO) on the Frictional Resistance of Self-ligating and Conventional Ceramic Brackets: An In Vitro Study

Evaluation of the Effect of Nanoparticles Coating (ZnO) on the Frictional Resistance of Self-ligating and Conventional Ceramic Brackets: An In Vitro Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluation of the Effect of Nanoparticles Coating (ZnO) on the Frictional Resistance of Self-ligating and Conventional Ceramic Brackets: An In Vitro Study Amal Abdo, Reham Ibrahim El-Gazzar, Hagag Mohammed, Ahmed Maher Fouda This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7309143/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective This study investigated the influence of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle coating on the frictional resistance of conventional and self-ligating ceramic orthodontic brackets. Methods A total of 120 ceramic brackets (60 conventional, 60 self-ligating) were allocated equally into six groups (n = 20). Groups included ZnO-coated and uncoated brackets for both bracket types, with and without artificial saliva. ZnO coating was verified using scanning electron microscopy. Brackets were bonded to acrylic blocks with standardized curvature, and 0.019 × 0.025-inch stainless steel archwires were engaged. Frictional resistance was measured using a universal testing machine, and data were statistically analyzed at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results A significant interaction was found between bracket type and coating condition regarding maximum load (F = 67.722, p < 0.001). Conventional brackets demonstrated greater maximum load than self-ligating brackets in both the uncoated (mean difference = 1.36, p < 0.001) and coated groups (mean difference = 0.46, p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed between bracket types in artificial saliva (p = 0.427). Among self-ligating brackets, ZnO coating significantly increased frictional resistance compared to uncoated (mean difference = 0.353, p < 0.001) and saliva conditions (mean difference = 0.488, p < 0.001). In contrast, ZnO coating reduced frictional resistance in conventional brackets. Conclusion ZnO nanoparticle coating exerts opposite effects on bracket systems: it increases friction in self-ligating ceramic brackets but reduces friction in conventional ceramic brackets. The presence of artificial saliva mitigates frictional forces in both bracket designs. Ceramic bracket Coating bracket Friction Nanoparticle ZnO self-ligating bracket Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7309143","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":508580926,"identity":"9c472298-c0cb-49c9-82c7-12e425c38c98","order_by":0,"name":"Amal Abdo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9klEQVRIie3RsarCMBSA4VMLvUukq+Ve9BWOdBZfxSLURVBwEXRoEHQJzi6+g75B5ICTs1yog1Xo5OAkDiKmII41o2B+CGQ4HyEcAJPpA3MALAldCdYkCvYA8j1xIRtDRYQ8ohbxoieBUpCWtAhuaS+vuKvYgsIBG+7KLtjJ4T+PxCGuBKZVPhmHMVunvhc5vt/OJQ2UDMniYqOIQ8FCMuc3j9Tj1nl1Q6rzWefSY3cNgnEbSb0S8FkjtItjPdKlP6QmF7Lpzafke6O3f2ktk1Ofaku1yvPpQmX3Z5Qc88iragRQYNnN1hnPqqhjXXWnTSaT6at6ALY+XicNWleXAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Mansoura University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amal","middleName":"","lastName":"Abdo","suffix":""},{"id":508580927,"identity":"d468f608-8678-4c1b-b495-6b5fe3ee1d3a","order_by":1,"name":"Reham Ibrahim El-Gazzar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mansoura University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Reham","middleName":"Ibrahim","lastName":"El-Gazzar","suffix":""},{"id":508580928,"identity":"d10b491c-fa02-473b-a7e4-1c3543db1784","order_by":2,"name":"Hagag Mohammed","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mansoura University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hagag","middleName":"","lastName":"Mohammed","suffix":""},{"id":508580929,"identity":"7373d11d-0f03-4e11-b36c-3e63ddc78493","order_by":3,"name":"Ahmed Maher Fouda","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mansoura University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmed","middleName":"Maher","lastName":"Fouda","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-06 11:08:37","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7309143/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7309143/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":99312089,"identity":"5acefc2b-f196-413c-bcce-39f073cbab0c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:17:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":796195,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"mainfilePMCCopyNEW.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7309143/v1_covered_4531eb28-80d1-4fa1-b0fb-b50e2b5878a2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eEvaluation of the Effect of Nanoparticles Coating (ZnO) on the Frictional Resistance of Self-ligating and Conventional Ceramic Brackets: An In Vitro Study\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Ceramic bracket, Coating bracket, Friction, Nanoparticle ZnO, self-ligating bracket","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7309143/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7309143/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the influence of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle coating on the frictional resistance of conventional and self-ligating ceramic orthodontic brackets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 120 ceramic brackets (60 conventional, 60 self-ligating) were allocated equally into six groups (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20). Groups included ZnO-coated and uncoated brackets for both bracket types, with and without artificial saliva. ZnO coating was verified using scanning electron microscopy. Brackets were bonded to acrylic blocks with standardized curvature, and 0.019 \u0026times; 0.025-inch stainless steel archwires were engaged. Frictional resistance was measured using a universal testing machine, and data were statistically analyzed at a significance level of p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA significant interaction was found between bracket type and coating condition regarding maximum load (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;67.722, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Conventional brackets demonstrated greater maximum load than self-ligating brackets in both the uncoated (mean difference\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.36, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and coated groups (mean difference\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.46, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). No significant difference was observed between bracket types in artificial saliva (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.427). Among self-ligating brackets, ZnO coating significantly increased frictional resistance compared to uncoated (mean difference\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.353, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and saliva conditions (mean difference\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.488, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). In contrast, ZnO coating reduced frictional resistance in conventional brackets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eZnO nanoparticle coating exerts opposite effects on bracket systems: it increases friction in self-ligating ceramic brackets but reduces friction in conventional ceramic brackets. The presence of artificial saliva mitigates frictional forces in both bracket designs.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluation of the Effect of Nanoparticles Coating (ZnO) on the Frictional Resistance of Self-ligating and Conventional Ceramic Brackets: An In Vitro Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-04 14:25:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7309143/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6217ba5f-2b98-4d3e-9b07-61a21797fb07","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 4th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-25T08:39:17+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-04 14:25:04","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7309143","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7309143","identity":"rs-7309143","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}