Influence of microbiota awareness in first trimester on high risk pregnancy in Turkish women: cross-sectional study

Influence of microbiota awareness in first trimester on high risk pregnancy in Turkish women: cross-sectional study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Influence of microbiota awareness in first trimester on high risk pregnancy in Turkish women: cross-sectional study Tuğba Küçükkasap Cömert, Sinan Karadeniz, Funda Akpınar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3225779/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Nov, 2023 Read the published version in BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth → Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: It is suggested that pregnancy risks may be related to microbial dysbiosis, and it is known that knowledge on this subject is reflected in behaviors. The aim of this study was to investigate whether microbiota awareness in the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with pregnancy-related risks. Methods: Within the scope of the study, the microbiota awareness scale was administered to 426 individuals in the first trimester of pregnancy, and information on any diagnosis related to high-risk pregnancy, gestational age, birth weight, and birth height of the newborn was obtained from their file records. Results: The mean total microbiota awareness score of individuals was 61.38±11.00 (26.00-91.00). The microbiota awareness score (56.85±11.65) was found to be lower in individuals diagnosed with high-risk pregnancy (p<0.05) than in healthy subjects (63.64±9.94). Moreover, in individuals with high-risk pregnancies, a positive correlation was found between the microbiota awareness score and newborn birth weight and height (p<0.05). Conclusion: The microbiota awareness level in pregnant women is associated with high-risk pregnancy and neonatal growth status. Introduction Hormonal changes, modulation of the immune system, and metabolic adaptations that occur during pregnancy affect the microbiome directly and indirectly [1]. It has been found that progesterone hormone especially affects Bifidobacterium levels, and increased Bifidobacteria levels are directly associated with progesterone in human and animal studies [2]. In the last period of pregnancy, an increase in beta-diversity and a decrease in alpha-diversity levels were determined, and the deterioration in the abundance of opportunistic pathogens that would affect the immune system of the newborn was also noted [3]. In addition to pregnancy-related changes, it is well documented that factors such as prepregnancy obesity [4] and inflammatory bowel disease [5] can also change the microbial composition, affect the neonatal microbiota and are associated with increased disease risks [6,7]. Prepregnancy factors cause microbial dysbiosis, and microbial dysbiosis predisposes patients to pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, infection, and premature delivery [1]. A high body mass index (BMI) value before pregnancy and excessive body weight gain during pregnancy may result in maternal obesity [7,8]. Lower Bifidobacterium levels were determined in obese women and those who gained excessive weight during pregnancy compared with those who started their pregnancy with normal body weight and gained normal weight [9]. In another study, lower Bacteroides , higher Staphylococcus , and proinflammatory Escherichia coli levels were shown in obese pregnant women compared with the group with normal body weight [8]. In gestational diabetic individuals, microbial dysbiosis was determined, and an increase in Ruminococcaceae levels was shown [10]. Likewise, in individuals diagnosed with preeclampsia, different microbial diversity was found compared with healthy pregnant women, and higher levels of Bulleidia moorei and Clostridium perfringens and lower levels of Coprococcus catus were determined [11]. It has been suggested that the presence or absence of certain bacteria may directly affect maternal and newborn health [12]; for example, Prevotella has been associated with a reduced likelihood of newborn food allergies [13]. Studies have shown that individuals who have an understanding of the interactions between their microbiota and their health can make healthier lifestyle choices, such as consuming more dietary fiber [14], exercising regularly [15], or rationally using antibiotics. [16]. This is also supported by studies that measure knowledge on health-related issues such as antibiotic use or preventive measures against infectious diseases and show that knowledge on a particular issue is usually manifested in behaviors and attitudes [17,18]. It is expected that knowledge of microbiological concepts, including microbiota, in pregnant individuals can guide decision-makers [19]. Studies on microbiota knowledge mainly focus on the therapeutic aspects of microbiota, such as probiotics [20, 21] and fecal microbiota transplantation [22, 23], and the sample mostly consists of health professionals and students. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, we aimed to measure the knowledge levels of individuals who were followed up with the diagnosis of pregnancy to understand how they perceive the microbiota and to reveal the effect of their attitudes toward the subject on high-risk pregnancy. Methods Sampling and participant recruitment The study sample consisted of individuals who were followed up with a diagnosis of pregnancy, were in the first trimester of pregnancy, were >18 years of age. The sample size was determined with the calculation formula used in cases where the population was not known, and the formula was based on t: 1.96, p: 0.50, q: 0.50, and d: 0.05 (95% reliability). Accordingly, with the formula n=t² pq/d² (1.96)²× (0.50)×(0.50) ÷ (0.05)²= at least 386 people were determined, and 426 individuals were reached within the scope of the study. Study design Anthropometric measurements (body weight, height) of individuals were taken by methods in accordance with the standards. Information on general characteristics (14 items) and microbiota awareness scale (20 items) questions were asked to the individuals who applied to the obstetrics and gynecology outpatient clinic in the first trimester of their pregnancy, while waiting for their appointment or after the appointment, by the researchers using a face-to-face interview technique and recorded in the questionnaire. All measurements were performed in accordance with the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) [24, 25]. Body mass index (BMI) classification was made according to the WHO recommendations [26]. Individuals with a BMI of <18.50 kg/m 2 were classified as underweight, those with a BMI of 18.50–24.99 kg/m 2 were classified as having a healthy weight, those with a BMI of 25.0–29.9 kg/m 2 were classified as having mild obesity, those with a BMI of 30.00–34.99 kg/m 2 were classified as having type I obesity, those with a BMI of 35.00–39.99 kg/m 2 were classified as having type II obesity, and those with a BMI of ≥40 kg/m 2 were classified as having type III obesity. Based on the Institute of Medicine criteria [27], the recommended values for gestational weight gain based on prepregnancy BMI are 12.5–18 kg for women who are underweight, 11.5–16 kg for women who have a healthy weight, 7–11.5 kg for women who are overweight, and 5–9 kg for women who are obese before pregnancy. The “Microbiota Awareness Scale”, developed by Külcü [28], for which Turkish validity and reliability studies were conducted, was used to evaluate microbiota awareness. With a minimum score of 18 and a maximum score of 100, the scale consists of 20 items and four subdimensions (general information, product information, chronic diseases, probiotics, and prebiotics). The scale does not have a cutoff score, and a high score was considered to indicate a high level of microbiota awareness. Individuals were followed through their file numbers during their pregnancy, and the status of being diagnosed with high-risk pregnancy from the file records (gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, preterm birth, oligohydroamnionicity), gestational age, birth weight, and height of the newborn were obtained. Statistical analysis Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics for Mac, version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) was used for the statistical analysis. The normality distribution was evaluated using the Kolmogorov‒Smirnov test. Descriptive statistics are presented as numbers (n), percentages, and means±standard deviations (SDs). Independent sample t tests were used to evaluate differences between age, prepregnancy BMI, the total number of pregnancies, number of live births, number of miscarriages/stillbirths of the pregnant women and gestational age, birth weight, and birth height of the newborn with and without risky pregnancy. Differences between the education level, profession, prepregnancy BMI, smoking status, insomnia, and mode of delivery with and without risky pregnancy were evaluated with Pearson's chi-square test. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether there were any statistically significant differences between the means of the microbiota awareness score according to educational status, profession, prepregnancy BMI, appropriate weight gain according to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) criteria, smoking status, insomnia, mode of delivery, and risky pregnancy status. Correlations between the age, prepregnancy BMI, total number of pregnancies, number of live births, number of miscarriages/stillbirths of the pregnant women and gestational age, birth weight, birth height of the newborn, and pregnant women microbiota awareness score were evaluated using multiple linear regression analysis. The level of significance was determined to be p<0.05. Results At the beginning of the study, 455 pregnant women were included, but 6 of them had to terminate their pregnancy in the early period, 21 planned to give birth in another center, and 23 of them continued their pregnancy follow-up in another center. Thus, the study was conducted on 426 individuals in the first trimester of pregnancy who applied to the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital in Ankara and were followed up with a diagnosis of pregnancy. The mean age was 28.28 ± 5.42 years (17.0-43.0 years), and the mean prepregnancy BMI was 26.69 ± 4.87 kg/m 2 . A total of 33.3% of the individuals were diagnosed with high-risk pregnancies. The mean gestational age, birth weight, and height of the newborns were determined to be 37.91 ± 1.10 weeks, 3410.93 ± 445.15 gr, and 51.08 ± 3.12 cm, respectively. The total number of pregnancies and live births were higher, and neonatal gestational age (weeks), birth weight (g), and birth height (cm) measurements were lower in individuals with high-risk pregnancies than in healthy pregnant women (p<0.05) (Table 1). Table 1. Data on the sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics of pregnant women and their newborns Variable Min-Max Values (n:426) High-risk pregnant (n=142) Healthy pregnant (n=284) p value X̅ ±SD X̅ ±SD Age (years) 17.00-43.00 28.92±5.89 27.96±5.15 .100 Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m 2 ) 17.00-41.80 25.64±4.69 25.01±4.38 .226 Number of pregnancies 0.00-7.00 2.71±1.54 2.28±1.33 .005* Live births 0.00-6.00 1.27±1.18 0.90±1.01 .001* Number of miscarriages/stillbirths 0.00-4.00 0.42±0.72 0.39±0.72 .598 Gestastional age of newborn (week) 29.00-41.00 37.73±0.76 38.26±1.52 .000* Newborn birth weight (gr) 1270.00-4980.00 3134.85±571.60 3548.97±278.28 .000* Newborn birth height (cm) 43.00-55.00 48.74±3.68 52.25±1.94 .000* BMI: Body mass index, *p<0.05 A total of 2.8% of the individuals were literate, 10.3% were primary school graduates, 22.1% were secondary school graduates, 38.0% were high school graduates, 26.8% were undergraduate/graduate, 5.2% were self-employed, 80.8% were housewives, 6.3% were civil servants, and 7.7% were workers. According to prepregnancy BMI (kg/m 2 ) values, 3.1% were underweight, 51.2% were normal, 31.2% were overweight, 11.0% were type I obese, 2.3% were type II obese, 1.2% were type III obese, 21.6% gained body weight below the recommendations, 49.8% gained body weight in accordance with the recommendations, and 28.6% gained body weight above the recommendations during pregnancy. When their smoking status was analyzed, it was determined that 9.4% smoked, 84.7% did not smoke, 5.9% quit smoking, 41.1% had sleeping problems, and 58.9% did not have sleeping problems. It was found that 53.5% of the individuals had a normal delivery and 46.5% had a cesarean section. Compared with healthy pregnant women, high-risk pregnant women had higher levels of primary school education (12.0% vs. 9.5%) and secondary school education (32.4% vs. 16.9%) and lower levels of undergraduate/graduate education (14.1% vs. 33.1%). These individuals gained inadequate body weight at a higher frequency (38% vs. 3.4%) and gained appropriate body weight at a lower level (28.2% vs. 60.6%). In addition, the incidence of normal delivery (37.3% vs. 61.6%) was lower and the incidence of cesarean section (62.7% vs. 38.4%) was higher in high-risk pregnant women than in healthy pregnant women (p<0.05) (Table 2). Table 2. Data on the sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics of pregnant women based on risky pregnancy status Variable High risk pregnant (n=142) Healthy pregnant (n=284) p value n % n % Age (years) .113 17-21 16 11.3 24 8.5 22-26 37 26.1 100 35.2 27-31 39 27.5 85 29.9 ≥32 50 35.2 75 26.4 Education level .000* Literate 5 3.5 7 2.5 Primary school 17 12.0 a 27 9.5 b Secondary school 46 32.4 a 48 16.9 b High school 54 38.0 108 38.0 Undergraduate/graduate 20 14.1 a 94 33.1 b Profession .060 Self-employed 8 5.6 14 4.9 Housewife 123 86.6 221 77.8 Civil servant 6 4.2 21 7.4 Worker 5 3.5 28 9.9 Prepregnancy BMI .683 Underweight 5 3.5 8 2.8 Normal 66 46.5 152 53.5 Overweight 46 32.4 87 30.6 Type I obese 20 14.1 27 9.5 Type II obese 3 2.1 7 2.5 Type III obese 2 1.4 3 1.1 Body weight gain status in accordance with the recommendations during pregnancy .000* Below 54 38.0 a 38 3.4 b Normal 40 28.2 a 172 60.6 b Above 48 33.8 74 26.1 Smoking status Yes 14 9.9 26 9.2 .243 No 123 86.6 238 83.8 Quit 5 3.5 20 7.0 Sleeping problems Yes 51 35.9 124 43.7 .076 No 91 64.1 160 56.3 Birth mode Normal delivery 53 37.3 a 175 61.6 b .000* Cesarean section 89 62.7 a 109 38.4 b BMI: Body mass index, a,b : different letters indicate that the difference between groups is significant. The distribution of individuals by their responses to the microbiota awareness scale is presented in Table 3. Individuals mostly responded as 'undecided' to the following statements (40.1%, 33.8%, 36.2%, 20.7%, and 37.8%, respectively): "The gut microbiota begins to form when the baby is in the womb", "I know what probiotic products are", "Antibiotic use negatively affects the gut microbiota", "Deteriorations in the gut microbiota cause obesity", "Diet is one of the important factors affecting gut microbiota", and "I know what prebiotic products are"; 87.3% of the individuals stated tea as a probiotic, and 71.1% stated banana as a prebiotic food (Table 3). Table 3. Distribution of individuals by their responses to the microbiota awareness scale (n: 426) Strongly disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly agree n % n % n % n % n % 1. The human body contains numerous microorganisms. 48 11.3 32 7.5 83 19.5 193 45.3 70 16.4 2. The gut microbiota begins to form when the baby is in the womb. 27 6.3 41 9.6 171 40.1 144 33.8 43 10.1 3. I know what prebiotic products are. 43 10.1 69 16.2 144 33.8 126 29.6 44 10.3 4. Antibiotic use negatively affects the gut microbiota. 34 8.0 45 10.6 140 32.9 139 32.6 68 16.0 5. Deteriorations in the gut microbiota cause obesity. 35 8.2 33 7.7 154 36.2 153 35.9 51 12.0 6. Diet is one of the important factors affecting the gut microbiota. 32 7.5 33 7.7 88 20.7 197 46.2 76 17.8 7. I know what probiotic products are. 34 8.0 46 10.8 161 37.8 149 35.0 36 8.5 8. Changes in the microbiota are associated with bowel cancer. 17 4.0 59 13.8 252 59.2 78 18.3 20 4.7 9. Probiotics should be consumed regularly. 34 8.0 44 10.3 108 25.4 191 44.8 49 11.5 10. Deteriorations in the gut microbiota cause diabetes. 28 6.6 43 10.1 207 48.6 119 27.9 29 6.8 11. I think the use of probiotics can solve the problem of diarrhea. 22 5.2 41 9.6 170 39.9 163 38.3 30 7.0 12. An increase in the number of harmful bacteria in the intestines can cause nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. 26 6.1 60 14.1 192 45.1 111 26.1 37 8.7 13. Breastfeeding positively affects the baby's gut microbiota. 33 7.7 23 5.4 80 18.8 154 36.2 136 31.9 14. Changes in the gut microbiota are associated with celiac disease. 22 5.2 47 11.0 283 66.4 53 12.4 21 4.9 15. I think the use of probiotics can solve the problem of constipation. 24 5.6 32 7.5 153 35.9 152 35.7 65 15.3 16. There is a relationship between gut microbiota and depression and Alzheimer's disease. 24 5.6 68 16.0 258 60.6 56 13.1 20 4.7 17 Put the probiotic ones from the following foods in the box. Kefir Tea Vinegar Boza Egg 10 2.3 372 87.3 44 10.3 - - - - Put the probiotic ones from the following foods in the box. Almond Banana Oat Onion Red meat 122 28.6 303 71.1 1 0.2 - - - - The mean total microbiota awareness score of individuals was 61.38 ± 11.00 (26.00-91.00), the mean general information subscale score was 20.91 ± 4.68 (6.00-30.00), the mean product information subscale score was 4.69 ± 1.43 (2.00-12.00), the chronic diseases subscale score was 15.37 ± 2.92 (5.00-25.00), and the probiotic and prebiotic subscale score was 16.60 ± 3.84 (5.00-25.00). A positive correlation was found between subscales and the total microbiota awareness score (p<0.05). When evaluated according to age groups, the microbiota awareness score of individuals aged between 17-21 was lower than that of individuals aged between 22-26 and 27-31 (p<0.05). Microbiota awareness scores of primary, secondary, and high school graduates were lower than those with undergraduate/postgraduate education (p<0.05), microbiota awareness scores of self-employed individuals were higher than those of homemakers, and those of civil servants were higher than those of homemakers (p<0.05). When evaluated according to the body weight gain status in accordance with the recommendations during pregnancy, it was found that individuals with insufficient body weight gain had a lower microbiota awareness score than those with appropriate body weight gain (p<0.05), whereas individuals with appropriate body weight gain were found to have a higher microbiota awareness score (p<0.05) than those with excess body weight gain. Furthermore, the microbiota awareness scores of individuals who had normal delivery were found to be higher than those who had a cesarean delivery, and those who had pregnancy risks were found to have higher microbiota awareness scores than those who did not (p<0.05) (Table 4). Table 4. Microbiota awareness scores according to sociodemographic and obsetric characteristics of pregnant women (n: 426) Variable Microbiota awareness score (n=426) n X̅ ±SD p Age (years) .022* 17-21 40 56.32±9.46 a,c 22-26 137 61.75±10.89 b 27-31 124 61.63±11.22 d ≥32 125 62.32±11.07 Education level .000* Literate 12 53.33±9.38 Primary school 44 55.09±9.86 a Secondary school 94 58.46±8.74 c High school 162 60.53±10.58 e Undergraduate/graduate 114 68.05±10.75 b,d,f Profession .000* Self-employed 22 67.81±10.11 a Housewife 344 60.01±10.77 b,c Civil servant 27 70.55±9.83 d Worker 33 63.78±9.73 Prepregnancy BMI .066 Underweight 13 56.53±11.66 Normal 218 62.15±10.68 Overweight 133 62.10±11.28 Type I obese 47 57.44±10.62 Type II obese 10 60.40±13.41 Type III obese 5 60.00±7.24 Body weight gain status in accordance with the recommendations during pregnancy .000* Below 92 55.83±10.77 a Normal 212 67.64±8.75 b,c Above 122 56.99±9.33 d Smoking status .753 Yes 40 60.15±10.58 No 361 61.48±11.01 Quit 25 61.80±11.87 Sleeping problems .904 Yes 175 61.30±10.51 No 251 61.43±11.36 Birth mode .000* Normal delivery 228 65.43±8.40 a Cesarean section 198 56.71±11.79 b Risky pregnancy status .000* Yes 142 56.85±11.65 a No 284 63.64±9.94 b In individuals with high-risk pregnancy, the microbiota awareness score was positively correlated with newborn birth weight and birth height (p<0.05), whereas in individuals without pregnancy risk, the microbiota awareness score was positively correlated with age and newborn birth weight (p<0.05) (Table 5). Table 5. Multiple linear regression analysis of the effect of sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics on microbiota awareness score according to the presence of pregnancy risk Variable Pregnancy risk status B t p 95% confidence interval Age (years) Yes .050 .511 .610 -.281 .477 No .249 3.866 .000* .235 .723 Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) Yes -.148 -1.700 .091 -.800 .060 No .011 .185 .854 -.234 .282 Total number of pregnancies Yes 1.019 1.325 .187 -3.793 19.177 No 1.152 1.514 .131 -2.578 19.747 Number of live births Yes -.766 -1.290 .199 -19.099 4.018 No -1.128 -1.970 .060 -22.105 -0.10 Number of stillbirths/miscarriages Yes -.488 -1.336 .184 -19.366 3.754 No -.652 -1.552 .122 -20.359 2.410 Newborn gestational age (weeks) Yes .010 .093 .926 -1.566 1.721 No -.073 -1.259 .209 -2.433 .535 Newborn birth weight (gr) Yes .459 3.108 .003* .015 .003 No .118 2.037 .043* .008 .000 Newborn birth height (cm) Yes .688 4.253 .000* 1.163 3.186 No .033 .571 .568 -.410 .745 Discussion One of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is to improve maternal health by reducing the global maternal mortality rate (MMR) to below 70 per 100,000 by 2030 [29]. In this regard, it is thought that the level of knowledge about the health effects of microbiota in pregnant individuals may also affect lifestyle choices [30]. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between microbiota awareness in the first trimester and the diagnosis of high-risk pregnancy. It is well known that a high birth frequency increases pregnancy risks such as anemia, postpartum hemorrhage, and fetal malpresentation [31], and low gestational age, birth weight, and height constitute the basic elements of risky pregnancies [32]. Moreover, it is also known that inadequate body weight gain during pregnancy increases the risk of preterm birth and small for gestational age [33]. Similarly, in our study, it was found that the number of births was higher in high-risk pregnant women, the gestational ages, birth weights, and heights of the newborns of these individuals were lower, and those who gained insufficient body weight were found to be higher in high-risk pregnant women than in healthy pregnant women. In a study in which 3262 pregnant individuals from the Netherlands were evaluated, it was found that gestational hypertension was observed more frequently in individuals with a low level of education [34], and in another study, it was found that a low level of education in pregnant women was associated with an increased incidence of gestational diabetes [35]. Likewise, in our study, a lower education level was found in high-risk pregnant women. In a Canadian study in which the knowledge of 413 mothers about probiotics was analyzed, it was shown that the proportion of mothers who have heard of probiotics and know that probiotics are composed of bacteria (87.0%) is high [36], and in Zimbabwe, more than 90% of those responsible for the nutrition of children under 5 years of age stated that fermented milk [lacto], yogurt, and fermented corn porridge were probiotics [37]. Similarly, in our country, the level of probiotic knowledge was evaluated in 519 mothers with children aged 6 months-2 years, and it was shown that individuals do not have sufficient knowledge about what probiotics are, which products contain probiotics, whether there are probiotics in breast milk, and regular probiotic use [38]. Moreover, in a study evaluating the probiotic knowledge level of health professionals in our country, it was shown that 67.4% of individuals defined their knowledge level as moderate and 16.3% as "poor" or "very poor" [39]. Similarly, in our study, the majority of pregnant individuals marked the expression "undecided" in response to the statement "I know what probiotic products are" and stated that tea is a probiotic food. In our country, probiotic teas have been produced and offered for sale in the market recently, and they have been widely promoted in the media. Natural tea does not have probiotic properties, and it is possible to interpret the reasons why individuals specify tea as probiotic as the effect of recent advertisements. In our study findings, the microbiota awareness scores of pregnant individuals were generally found to be moderate. Probiotic knowledge levels are generally low in our country. In another study conducted on mothers in Turkey, it was found that the level of education and occupation of the mother were associated with the level of probiotic knowledge [40]. Similarly, in another study evaluating adult individuals, it was shown that the level of probiotic knowledge increased as the level of education increased [41]. Another study found that there was no difference in educational level between mothers who gave probiotics to their children and those who did not [42]. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the media is a key source of information about probiotics [43,44]. There is a need for study results in which sociocultural factors such as education level and occupation are evaluated, as well as factors such as media and advertisements. In our study, it was found that the microbiota awareness score was higher in individuals with undergraduate/graduate education levels and in self-employed or civil servant pregnant women than in housewives. There are studies evaluating the level of probiotic knowledge rather than studies evaluating the level of microbiota knowledge [40-44]. In these studies, it was frequently pointed out that individuals between the ages of 18-29 [45] and 18-25 [46] had the highest level of knowledge. In our study, the relationship between age and the microbiota awareness score in healthy pregnant women was determined. The microbiota awareness score increased with age, and it was also shown that the age range of 17-21 years had a lower level of knowledge than the age ranges of 22-26 and 27-31 years. After studies evaluating the gut microbial composition in obese individuals, dysbiosis was emphasized, and it was reported that gut microbiota may be an environmental factor associated with obesity [3,6,7]. Furthermore, in a study conducted in our country, it was determined that prepregnancy obesity and body weight gain above the recommended levels were determinants of microbial diversity, with the Bacteroides phylum being more prevalent among these individuals [47]. In another study, a negative correlation was found between prepregnancy BMI and alpha diversity indices [48]. In a study evaluating 1497 individuals in the United States, the probiotic awareness status of individuals with normal body weight was found to be higher than those with low or overweight [49]. It has been suggested that providing adequate information on microbiota and explaining evidence-based data will guide behavioral decisions [50]. Additionally, in this study, it was found that those whose weight gain complied with the recommended guidelines during pregnancy had a higher level of microbiota awareness than those whose weight gain was inadequate or excessive. The mode of delivery is considered a critical factor affecting the intestinal microbiota [51], and it has been reported that microorganism transmission from the mother during vaginal delivery is essential for the acquisition of bacterial species in the early stages of life [52]. It has been reported that Bifidobacteria, which support intestinal health and provide defense against pathogenic microorganisms, are more abundant in newborns of mothers who had a vaginal delivery [53]. The results of this study demonstrated that women who gave birth vaginally scored higher on the microbiota awareness scale than those who delivered by cesarean section. Similarly, the microbiota awareness score of healthy pregnant women was higher than that of high-risk pregnant women. Since cesarean delivery is a preferred method in risky pregnancies, both findings confirm each other. It is thought that the presence of appropriate nutritional behaviors in parallel with the level of knowledge in individuals with a high awareness of microbiota helps to avoid risk factors that negatively affect the microbiota. Upon reviewing the literature, it is seen that there are studies evaluating microbiota knowledge in health professionals and university students [38, 54], but there are no studies conducted on pregnant women. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in which the level of microbiota knowledge was determined in pregnant women in the first trimester, and the relationship between the individuals being followed up during pregnancy and the diagnosis of pregnancy risk was evaluated. Maternal microbial composition changes due to metabolic and physiologic factors occurring during pregnancy, and this may alter fetal growth directly or through its effects on gestational body weight gain [55]. In a study evaluating the effect of prepregnancy obesity status on maternal and meconium microbiota and fetal growth in our country, it was shown that neonatal birth weight and birth weight/birth height ratio were associated with maternal intestinal microbiota alpha diversity indices [47]. Likewise, in the present study, a correlation was found between neonatal birth weight and the microbiota awareness score in both groups diagnosed with healthy and high-risk pregnancies, and birth height was also shown to be correlated with the microbiota awareness score in high-risk pregnancies. The fact that age, prepregnancy BMI, and smoking status, which were defined as important risk factors, were not different between the healthy and risky pregnant groups strengthened our data in terms of analyzing the effect of microbiota awareness status. Knowledge is an essential component of decision making, choice making, and behavior shaping. It is evident that education on this subject and initiatives to increase microbiota awareness will make a significant contribution. Given the high frequency of cesarean sections in our country, pregnancy risks are associated with fetal and maternal mortality, and newborns with fetal growth retardation result in high health costs. Effective education plans that include women of childbearing age are required from the prepregnancy period onward. Abbreviations BMI Body mass index WHO World Health Organization SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SDs Standard deviations ANOVA One-way analysis of variance IOM Institute of Medicine SDGs Sustainable Development Goals MMR Maternal mortality rate Declarations Acknowledgements We are grateful to all participants of the study. Authors’ contributions Study design: T.K.C. and F.A. Data collection and data analysis: T.K.C, F.A., and S.K. Manuscript writing and editing: T.K.C, F.A., and S.K. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding Not applicable. Data Availability Data used and analyzed in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request Ethics approval Ethics committee approval to conduct the present study was obtained from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee [No. 2022/55, dated April 20, 2022]. The purpose and method of the study were explained to the participants before its commencement. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. References Di Simone N, Santamaria Ortiz A, Specchia M, Tersigni C, Villa P, Gasbarrini A, et al. Recent Insights on the Maternal Microbiota: Impact on Pregnancy Outcomes. Front Immunol. 2020;23(11):528202. Turjeman S, Collado MC, Koren O. The gut microbiome in pregnancy and pregnancy complications. Curr Opin Endocr Metab Res. 2021;18:133–138. Koren O, Goodrich JK, Cullender TC, Spor A, Laitinen K, Bäckhed HK, et al. Host remodeling of the gut microbiome and metabolic changes during pregnancy. Cell 2012;150(3):470-80. Zacarías MF, Collado MC, Gómez-Gallego C, Flinck H, Aittoniemi J, Isolauri E, et al. Pregestational overweight and obesity are associated with differences in gut microbiota composition and systemic inflammation in the third trimester. PLoS One 2018;13(7):e0200305. van der Giessen J, Binyamin D, Belogolovski A, Frishman S, Tenenbaum-Gavish K, Hadar E, et al. Modulation of cytokine patterns and microbiome during pregnancy in IBD. Gut 2020;69(3):473-486. Torres J, Hu J, Seki A, Eisele C, Nair N, Huang R, et al. Infants born to mothers with IBD present with altered gut microbiome that transfers abnormalities of the adaptive immune system to germ-free mice. Gut 2020;69(1):42-51. Collado MC, Isolauri E, Laitinen K, Salminen S. Effect of mother’s weight on infant’s microbiota acquisition, composition, and activity during early infancy: a prospective follow up study initiated in early pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92(5):1023-30. Santacruz A, Collado MC, García-Valdés L, Segura MT, Martín-Lagos JA, Anjos T, et al. Gut microbiota composition is associated with body weight, weight gain and biochemical parameters in pregnant women. Br J Nutr 2010;104(1):83-92. Collado MC, Isolauri E, Laitinen K, Salminen S. 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Dietary Fiber, Gut Microbiota, and Metabolic Regulation-Current Status in Human Randomized Trials. Nutrients. 2020;23;12(3):859. Quiroga R, Nistal E, Estébanez B, Porras D, Juárez-Fernández M, Martínez-Flórez S, et al. Exercise training modulates the gut microbiota profile and impairs inflammatory signaling pathways in obese children. Exp Mol Med. 2020;52(7):1048-1061. Zimmermann P, Curtis N. The effect of antibiotics on the composition of the intestinal microbiota—A systematic review. J. Infect. 2019;79(6):471-489. Salem MR, Hanafy SHA, Bayad AT, Abdel-Aziz SB, Shaheen D, Amin TT. Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and precautionary actions against COVID-19 among medical students in Egypt. J Infect Public Health. 2021;14(10):1427-1434. Shah P, Shrestha R, Mao Z, Chen Y, Chen Y, Koju P, et al. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Associated with Antibiotic Use among University Students: A Survey in Nepal. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;18;16(20):3996. Timmis K, Cavicchioli R, Garcia JL, Nogales B, Chavarría M, Stein L, et al. The urgent need for microbiology literacy in society. Environ. Microbiol. 2019;21(5):1513-1528. Fijan S, Frauwallner A, Varga L, Langerholc T, Rogelj I, Lorber M, et al. Health Professionals' Knowledge of Probiotics: An International Survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;28;16(17):3128. Rahmah PA, Khairani AF, Atik N, Arisanti N, Fatimah SN. Correlation of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Toward Probiotics for the Digestive System Among Health Science Students. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2021;19;14:1135-1144. Madar PC, Petre O, Baban A, Dumitrascu DL. Dumitrascu. Medical students’ perception on fecal microbiota transplantation. BMC Med. Educ. 2019;11;19(1):368. Paramsothy S, Walsh AJ, Borody T, Samuel D, van den Bogaerde J, Leong RW, et al. Gastroenterologist perceptions of fecal microbiota transplantation. World J. Gastroenterol. 2015;14;21(38):10907-14 World Health Organization. Physical Status: the use of and interpretation of anthropometry, report of a WHO Expert Committee. WHO, Geneva, 1995 Pekcan G. Diyet El Kitabı. 5. In Baskı. Beslenme durumunun saptanması. Hatipoğlu Yayınları, Ankara, 2008, pp. 67–142. World Health Organization. 2000. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic: report of a WHO consultation. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42330 accessed 13 February 2023 Institute of Medicine (US) and National Research Council (US) Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines. Weight gain during pregnancy: reexamining the guidelines. National Academies Press, 2009, Washington. Külcü A, Önal Ö. Microbiota Awareness Scale Validity and Reliability Study. Med J SDU 2022;29(2):205-212. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2022, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2022.pdf accessed 18 February 2023 Elliott SL. The Microbiology Effect: A Call for Education Research. J Microbiol Biol Educ. 2016;2;17(3):325-326 Ndiaye K, Portillo E, Ouedraogo D, Mobley A, Babalola S. High-Risk Advanced Maternal Age and High Parity Pregnancy: Tackling a Neglected Need Through Formative Research and Action. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2018;29;6(2):372-383. Goisis A, Remes H, Barclay K, Martikainen P, Myrskylä M. Advanced Maternal Age and the Risk of Low Birth Weight and Preterm Delivery: a Within-Family Analysis Using Finnish Population Registers. Am J Epidemiol. 2017;186(11):1219-1226.. Wang L, Zhang X, Chen T, Tao J, Gao Y, Cai L, et al. Association of Gestational Weight Gain With Infant Morbidity and Mortality in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(12):e2141498.. Silva L, Coolman M, Steegers E, Jaddoe V, Moll H, Hofman A, et al. Maternal educational level and risk of gestational hypertension: the Generation R Study. J Hum Hypertens. 2008;22(7):483-92.. Bouthoorn SH, Silva LM, Murray SE, Steegers EA, Jaddoe VW, Moll H, et al. Low-educated women have an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: the Generation R Study. Acta Diabetol. 2015;52(3):445-52. Bridgman SL, Azad MB, Field CJ, Letourneau N, Johnston DW, Kaplan BJ, et al. Maternal perspectives on the use of probiotics in infants: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;29;14:366. Gumede S, Chelule PK. The level of knowledge, usage patterns and perceptions of fermented foods for feeding children underfive years in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe: child nutrition and feeding practices. Afr J Phys Health Educ Recreation Dance 2014;20(1):244–252, Cevik UG, Kissal A. Mothers' knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding probiotic use during pregnancy and for their infants in Turkey. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24(13):4297-4304. Altındiş M, İnci MB, Elmas B, Şahin EÖ, E.P. Kahraman, R. Karagöz, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and behaviors about probiotic activities of family doctors, Pediatrician and Pharmacists in Turkey. J Biotechnol Strategic Health Res 2 2018;108–116. Cevik Guner U, Kissal A. Mothers' knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding probiotic use during pregnancy and for their infants in Turkey. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24 (13):4297-4304. Aslan S, Kara R, Yaman H. Determining the consumption habits related to probiotic products. Turk J Food Agric Sci. 7 (6) (2019) 861-865. Bridgman SL, Azad MB, Field CJ, Letourneau N, Johnston DW, Kaplan BJ, et al. Maternal perspectives on the use of probiotics in infants: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014;14:366. Betz M, Uzueta A, Rasmussen H, Gregoire M, Vanderwall C, Witowich G. Knowledge, use and perceptions of probiotics and prebiotics in hospitalized patients. Nutr Diet 2015;72:261–266. Alissa NA. Saudi Arabian Women's Knowledge of Probiotics and Prebiotics. Progress in Nutrition 2021;23:e2021154. Barqawi HJ, Adra SF, Ramzi HR, Abouaggour MA, Almehairi SK. Evaluating the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the UAE community on microbiota composition and the main factors affecting it: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(8):e047869. Allah HAA, Prarthana S. The knowledge and perceptions regarding probiotics among the people of Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. In: Journal of Health and Medical Sciences 2019;2(3):344-350. Cömert TK, Akpinar F, Erkaya S, Durmaz B, Durmaz R. The effect of gestational weight gain on serum total oxidative stress, total antioxidant capacity and gut microbiota. Bioscience of Microbiota, Food and Health 2022;41(4):160–167. Cömert TK, Akpinar F, Erkaya S, Durmaz B, Durmaz R. The effect of prepregnancy obesity on gut and meconium microbiome and relationship with fetal growth. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022;35(26):10629-10637. Kolady D, Kattelmann K, Vukovich C, Scaria J. Awareness and use of probiotics among the millennials in the United States: Drivers and implications. Funct. Foods Health Dis. 2018;8(10):505-518. Timmis K, Cavicchioli R, Garcia JL, Nogales B, Chavarría M, Stein L, et al. The urgent need for microbiology literacy in society. Environmental Microbiology 2019;21(5):1513–1528. Chu DM, Ma J, Prince AL, Antony KM, Seferovic MD, Aagaard KM. Maturation of the infant microbiome community structure and function across multiple body sites and in relation to mode of delivery. Nat Med. 2017;23(3):314-326. Li N, Liang S, Chen Q, Zhao L, Li B, Huo G. Distinct gut microbiota and metabolite profiles induced by delivery mode in healthy Chinese infants. J Proteomics. 2021;10(232):104071. Dominguez-Bello MG, Jesus-Laboy KMD, Shen N, Cox LM, Amir A, Gonzalez A, et al. Partial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer. Nat. Med. 2016;22:250–253. Hamurcu P, İslamoğlu Ö. Microbiota Awareness: A Study on Nutrition and Dietetics Students. J Immunol Clin Microbiol. 2022;7(1):5-18. Ethan GK, Thaddeus JE, Geum HM, Baharmand I, Gill SK, Robertson RC, et al. Maternal fecal microbiome predicts gestational age, birth weight and neonatal growth in rural Zimbabwe. EBioMedicine. 2021;68:103421. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Nov, 2023 Read the published version in BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 15 Sep, 2023 Reviews received at journal 04 Sep, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Aug, 2023 Reviewers invited by journal 24 Aug, 2023 Editor assigned by journal 24 Aug, 2023 Editor invited by journal 24 Aug, 2023 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Aug, 2023 First submitted to journal 01 Aug, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3225779","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":228617179,"identity":"e1cf8ceb-2790-4147-a26b-24ab7dd6b8d6","order_by":0,"name":"Tuğba Küçükkasap Cömert","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA40lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNgTzA4jLTkA9D5IWxsYZIC3MpGhp5gFRhLTYS6Rfe/Cjxk5Ot733+WObX9vk+ZgZGD98zMFji0ROuWHPsWRjszPHDZtz+24btjEzMEvO3IZXS5oEb8OBxG030hibc3tuMwK1sDHzEtAi+Rek5f4zxmbLntv2RGhJPyYNsYWNsZnhx+1EwlrOvGE3lgH7JY1xZm/D7eQ2ZsZmvH5hb09/9vANMMTMjh9j+PDjz23b+e3NBz98xKMFaI8Bgs3YBiYb8KkH2fMAifOHgOJRMApGwSgYkQAADsNPx9sVdBUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Health Sciences Turkey","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tuğba","middleName":"Küçükkasap","lastName":"Cömert","suffix":""},{"id":228617180,"identity":"88913cf9-3520-4a5f-8844-bc9ce789a64b","order_by":1,"name":"Sinan Karadeniz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ankara Etlik City Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sinan","middleName":"","lastName":"Karadeniz","suffix":""},{"id":228617181,"identity":"91cf9895-3c8a-4ede-a795-41cbefcfde20","order_by":2,"name":"Funda Akpınar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ankara Etlik City Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Funda","middleName":"","lastName":"Akpınar","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-08-01 21:29:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3225779/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3225779/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-06121-3","type":"published","date":"2023-11-21T15:01:45+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":47146358,"identity":"67a6ae7d-55b9-4d20-977e-622c90c28fdf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-11-27 15:07:39","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":675179,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3225779/v1/40a33b49-0579-4437-9a28-fb26cb6c2e25.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Influence of microbiota awareness in first trimester on high risk pregnancy in Turkish women: cross-sectional study","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eHormonal changes, modulation of the immune system, and metabolic adaptations that occur during pregnancy affect the microbiome directly and indirectly [1]. It has been found that progesterone hormone especially affects \u003cem\u003eBifidobacterium\u003c/em\u003e levels, and increased Bifidobacteria levels are directly associated with progesterone in human and animal studies [2]. In the last period of pregnancy, an increase in beta-diversity and a decrease in alpha-diversity levels were determined, and the deterioration in the abundance of opportunistic pathogens that would affect the immune system of the newborn was also noted [3].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to pregnancy-related changes, it is well documented that factors such as prepregnancy obesity [4] and inflammatory bowel disease [5] can also change the microbial composition, affect the neonatal microbiota and are associated with increased disease risks [6,7]. Prepregnancy factors cause microbial dysbiosis, and microbial dysbiosis predisposes patients to pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, infection, and premature delivery [1].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA high body mass index (BMI) value before pregnancy and excessive body weight gain during pregnancy may result in maternal obesity [7,8]. Lower \u003cem\u003eBifidobacterium\u003c/em\u003e levels were determined in obese women and those who gained excessive weight during pregnancy compared with those who started their pregnancy with normal body weight and gained normal weight [9]. In another study, lower \u003cem\u003eBacteroides\u003c/em\u003e, higher \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus\u003c/em\u003e, and proinflammatory \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003elevels were shown in obese pregnant women compared with the group with normal body weight [8].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn gestational diabetic individuals, microbial dysbiosis was determined, and an increase in \u003cem\u003eRuminococcaceae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003elevels was shown [10]. Likewise, in individuals diagnosed with preeclampsia, different microbial diversity was found compared with healthy pregnant women, and higher levels of \u003cem\u003eBulleidia moorei\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eClostridium perfringens\u003c/em\u003e and lower levels of \u003cem\u003eCoprococcus catus\u003c/em\u003e were determined [11].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt has been suggested that the presence or absence of certain bacteria may directly affect maternal and newborn health [12]; for example, \u003cem\u003ePrevotella\u003c/em\u003e has been associated with a reduced likelihood of newborn food allergies [13].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudies have shown that individuals who have an understanding of the interactions between their microbiota and their health can make healthier lifestyle choices, such as consuming more dietary fiber [14], exercising regularly [15], or rationally using antibiotics. [16]. This is also supported by studies that measure knowledge on health-related issues such as antibiotic use or preventive measures against infectious diseases and show that knowledge on a particular issue is usually manifested in behaviors and attitudes [17,18]. It is expected that knowledge of microbiological concepts, including microbiota, in pregnant individuals can guide decision-makers [19].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudies on microbiota knowledge mainly focus on the therapeutic aspects of microbiota, such as probiotics [20, 21] and fecal microbiota transplantation [22, 23], and the sample mostly consists of health professionals and students. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, we aimed to measure the knowledge levels of individuals who were followed up with the diagnosis of pregnancy to understand how they perceive the microbiota and to reveal the effect of their attitudes toward the subject on high-risk pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSampling and participant recruitment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study sample consisted of individuals who were followed up with a diagnosis of pregnancy, were in the first trimester of pregnancy, were \u0026gt;18 years of age.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size was determined with the calculation formula used in cases where the population was not known, and the formula was based on t: 1.96, p: 0.50, q: 0.50, and d: 0.05 (95% reliability). Accordingly, with the formula n=t² pq/d² (1.96)²× (0.50)×(0.50) ÷ (0.05)²= at least 386 people were determined, and 426 individuals were reached within the scope of the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnthropometric measurements (body weight, height) of individuals were taken by methods in accordance with the standards. Information on general characteristics (14 items) and microbiota awareness scale (20 items) questions were asked to the individuals who applied to the obstetrics and gynecology outpatient clinic in the first trimester of their pregnancy, while waiting for their appointment or after the appointment, by the researchers using a face-to-face interview technique and recorded in the questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll measurements were performed in accordance with the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) [24, 25]. Body mass index (BMI) classification was made according to the WHO recommendations [26]. Individuals with a BMI of \u0026lt;18.50 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e were classified as underweight, those with a BMI of 18.50–24.99 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e were classified as having a healthy weight, those with a BMI of 25.0–29.9 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e were classified as having mild obesity, those with a BMI of 30.00–34.99 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e were classified as having type I obesity, those with a BMI of 35.00–39.99 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e were classified as having type II obesity, and those with a BMI of ≥40 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e were classified as having type III obesity. Based on the Institute of Medicine criteria [27], the recommended values for gestational weight gain based on prepregnancy BMI are 12.5–18 kg for women who are underweight, 11.5–16 kg for women who have a healthy weight, 7–11.5 kg for women who are overweight, and 5–9 kg for women who are obese before pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;“Microbiota Awareness Scale”, developed by Külcü [28], for which Turkish validity and reliability studies were conducted, was used to evaluate microbiota awareness. With a minimum score of 18 and a maximum score of 100, the scale consists of 20 items and four subdimensions (general information, product information, chronic diseases, probiotics, and prebiotics). The scale does not have a cutoff score, and a high score was considered to indicate a high level of microbiota awareness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndividuals were followed through their file numbers during their pregnancy, and the status of being diagnosed with high-risk pregnancy from the file records (gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, preterm birth, oligohydroamnionicity), gestational age, birth weight, and height of the newborn were obtained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics for Mac, version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) was used for the statistical analysis. The normality distribution was evaluated using the Kolmogorov‒Smirnov test. Descriptive statistics are presented as numbers (n), percentages, and means±standard deviations (SDs). Independent sample t tests were used to evaluate differences between age, prepregnancy BMI, the total number of pregnancies, number of live births, number of miscarriages/stillbirths of the pregnant women and gestational age, birth weight, and birth height of the newborn with and without risky pregnancy. Differences between the education level, profession, prepregnancy BMI, smoking status, insomnia, and mode of delivery with and without risky pregnancy were evaluated with Pearson's chi-square test. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether there were any statistically significant differences between the means of the microbiota awareness score according to educational status, profession, prepregnancy BMI, appropriate weight gain according to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) criteria, smoking status, insomnia, mode of delivery, and risky pregnancy status. Correlations between the age, prepregnancy BMI, total number of pregnancies, number of live births, number of miscarriages/stillbirths of the pregnant women and gestational age, birth weight, birth height of the newborn, and pregnant women microbiota awareness score were evaluated using multiple linear regression analysis. The level of significance was determined to be p\u0026lt;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eAt the beginning of the study, 455 pregnant women were included, but 6 of them had to terminate their pregnancy in the early period, 21 planned to give birth in another center, and 23 of them continued their pregnancy follow-up in another center. Thus, the study was conducted on 426 individuals in the first trimester of pregnancy who applied to the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital in Ankara and were followed up with a diagnosis of pregnancy. The mean age was 28.28\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e5.42 years (17.0-43.0 years), and the mean prepregnancy BMI was 26.69\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e4.87 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. A total of 33.3% of the individuals were diagnosed with high-risk pregnancies. The mean gestational age, birth weight, and height of the newborns were determined to be 37.91\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e1.10 weeks, 3410.93\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e445.15 gr, and 51.08\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e3.12 cm, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe total number of pregnancies and live births were higher, and neonatal gestational age (weeks), birth weight (g), and birth height (cm) measurements were lower in individuals with high-risk pregnancies than in healthy pregnant women (p\u0026lt;0.05) (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eData on the sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics of pregnant women and their newborns\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"716\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.312849162011176%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.83240223463687%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMin-Max Values (n:426)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.45810055865922%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh-risk pregnant (n=142)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.178770949720672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealthy pregnant (n=284)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.217877094972067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.312849162011176%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.83240223463687%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.45810055865922%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX̅ \u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.178770949720672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX̅ \u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.217877094972067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.312849162011176%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge (years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.83240223463687%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.00-43.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.45810055865922%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.92\u0026plusmn;5.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.178770949720672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.96\u0026plusmn;5.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.217877094972067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.312849162011176%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrepregnancy BMI (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.83240223463687%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.00-41.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.45810055865922%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.64\u0026plusmn;4.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.178770949720672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.01\u0026plusmn;4.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.217877094972067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.312849162011176%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of pregnancies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.83240223463687%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00-7.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.45810055865922%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.71\u0026plusmn;1.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.178770949720672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.28\u0026plusmn;1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.217877094972067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.005*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.312849162011176%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLive births\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.83240223463687%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00-6.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.45810055865922%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.27\u0026plusmn;1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.178770949720672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90\u0026plusmn;1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.217877094972067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.312849162011176%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of miscarriages/stillbirths\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.83240223463687%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00-4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.45810055865922%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u0026plusmn;0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.178770949720672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u0026plusmn;0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.217877094972067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.598\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.312849162011176%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGestastional age of newborn (week)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.83240223463687%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.00-41.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.45810055865922%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.73\u0026plusmn;0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.178770949720672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.26\u0026plusmn;1.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.217877094972067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.312849162011176%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNewborn birth weight (gr)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.83240223463687%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1270.00-4980.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.45810055865922%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3134.85\u0026plusmn;571.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.178770949720672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3548.97\u0026plusmn;278.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.217877094972067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.312849162011176%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNewborn birth height (cm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.83240223463687%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.00-55.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.45810055865922%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.74\u0026plusmn;3.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.178770949720672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.25\u0026plusmn;1.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.217877094972067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBMI:\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBody mass index, *p\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 2.8% of the individuals were literate, 10.3% were primary school graduates, 22.1% were secondary school graduates, 38.0% were high school graduates, 26.8% were undergraduate/graduate, 5.2% were self-employed, 80.8% were housewives, 6.3% were civil servants, and 7.7% were workers. According to prepregnancy BMI (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) values, 3.1% were underweight, 51.2% were normal, 31.2% were overweight, 11.0% were type I obese, 2.3% were type II obese, 1.2% were type III obese, 21.6% gained body weight below the recommendations, 49.8% gained body weight in accordance with the recommendations, and 28.6% gained body weight above the recommendations during pregnancy. When their smoking status was analyzed, it was determined that 9.4% smoked, 84.7% did not smoke, 5.9% quit smoking, 41.1% had sleeping problems, and 58.9% did not have sleeping problems. It was found that 53.5% of the individuals had a normal delivery and 46.5% had a cesarean section.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompared with healthy pregnant women, high-risk pregnant women had higher levels of primary school education (12.0% vs. 9.5%) and secondary school education (32.4% vs. 16.9%) and lower levels of undergraduate/graduate education (14.1% vs. 33.1%). These individuals gained inadequate body weight at a higher frequency (38% vs. 3.4%) and gained appropriate body weight at a lower level (28.2% vs. 60.6%). In addition, the incidence of normal delivery (37.3% vs. 61.6%) was lower and the incidence of cesarean section (62.7% vs. 38.4%) was higher in high-risk pregnant women than in healthy pregnant women (p\u0026lt;0.05) (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eData on the sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics of pregnant women based on risky pregnancy status\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"633\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.07570977917981%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh risk pregnant \u0026nbsp;(n=142)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.813880126182966%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealthy pregnant \u0026nbsp;(n=284)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.830985915492956%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.953051643192488%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.953051643192488%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.953051643192488%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.309859154929576%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge (years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.07570977917981%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.813880126182966%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;17-21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;22-26\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;27-31\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026ge;32\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation level\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.07570977917981%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.813880126182966%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Literate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Primary school\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Secondary school\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.4\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.9\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High school\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Undergraduate/graduate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProfession\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.07570977917981%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.813880126182966%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Self-employed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Housewife\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Civil servant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Worker\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrepregnancy BMI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.07570977917981%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.813880126182966%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.683\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Underweight\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Normal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Overweight\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Type I obese\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Type II obese\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Type III obese\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBody weight gain status in accordance with the recommendations during pregnancy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Below\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Normal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.6\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Above\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.07570977917981%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.813880126182966%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Quit\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSleeping problems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.07570977917981%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.813880126182966%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBirth mode\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.07570977917981%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.813880126182966%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Normal delivery\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 61.6\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.80757097791798%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Cesarean section\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.668769716088327%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.7\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.406940063091483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 38.4\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.302839116719243%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBMI:\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBody mass index, \u003csup\u003ea,b\u003c/sup\u003e: different letters indicate that the difference between groups is significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe distribution of individuals by their responses to the microbiota awareness scale is presented in Table 3. Individuals mostly responded as \u0026apos;undecided\u0026apos; to the following statements (40.1%, 33.8%, 36.2%, 20.7%, and 37.8%, respectively): \u0026quot;The gut microbiota begins to form when the baby is in the womb\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;I know what probiotic products are\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;Antibiotic use negatively affects the gut microbiota\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;Deteriorations in the gut microbiota cause obesity\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;Diet is one of the important factors affecting gut microbiota\u0026quot;, and \u0026quot;I know what prebiotic products are\u0026quot;; 87.3% of the individuals stated tea as a probiotic, and 71.1% stated banana as a prebiotic food (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDistribution of individuals by their responses to the microbiota awareness scale (n: 426)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"626\" style=\"margin-right: calc(33%); width: 67%;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.68%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7274%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.68%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrongly disagree\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.68%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.9797%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisagree\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.68%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.3095%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUndecided\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.68%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7599%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAgree\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.68%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4844%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrongly agree\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.760956175298805%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.760956175298805%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.760956175298805%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.760956175298805%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.760956175298805%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.760956175298805%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.760956175298805%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.760956175298805%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.760956175298805%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0774%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.760956175298805%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.517%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.48%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9675%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.2%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe human body contains numerous microorganisms.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0774%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.517%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.48%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9675%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.2%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe gut microbiota begins to form when the baby is in the womb.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0774%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.517%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.48%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9675%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.2%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI know what prebiotic products are.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0774%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.517%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.48%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9675%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.2%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntibiotic use negatively affects the gut microbiota.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0774%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.517%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.48%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9675%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.2%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeteriorations in the gut microbiota cause obesity.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0774%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.517%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.48%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9675%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.2%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiet is one of the important factors affecting the gut microbiota.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0774%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.517%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.48%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9675%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.2%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI know what probiotic products are.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0774%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.517%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.48%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9675%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.2%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChanges in the microbiota are associated with bowel cancer.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e252\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0774%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.517%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.48%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9675%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.2%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProbiotics should be consumed regularly.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0774%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.517%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.48%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9675%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.2%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeteriorations in the gut microbiota cause diabetes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0774%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.517%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.48%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9675%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.2%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI think the use of probiotics can solve the problem of diarrhea.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0774%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.517%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.48%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9675%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.2%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAn increase in the number of harmful bacteria in the intestines can cause nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0774%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.517%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.48%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9675%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.2%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreastfeeding positively affects the baby\u0026apos;s gut microbiota.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0774%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.517%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.48%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9675%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.2%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChanges in the gut microbiota are associated with celiac disease.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e283\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0774%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.517%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.48%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9675%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.2%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI think the use of probiotics can solve the problem of constipation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0774%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.517%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.48%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9675%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.2%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere is a relationship between gut microbiota and depression and Alzheimer\u0026apos;s disease.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0774%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.517%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.48%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9675%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.2%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePut the probiotic ones from the following foods in the box.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.68%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKefir\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.68%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.9797%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.68%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.3095%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVinegar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.68%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7599%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoza\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.68%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4844%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEgg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.48%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9675%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.2%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e372\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0774%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.517%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.48%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9675%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.2%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePut the probiotic ones from the following foods in the box.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.68%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlmond\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.68%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.9797%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBanana\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.68%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.3095%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.68%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7599%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOnion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.68%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4844%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRed meat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.48%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9675%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.2%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e303\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.0448%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1547%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.825%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.9349%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.0774%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.84%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.517%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean total microbiota awareness score of individuals was 61.38\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e11.00\u0026nbsp;(26.00-91.00), the mean general information subscale score was 20.91\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e4.68\u0026nbsp;(6.00-30.00), the mean product information subscale score was 4.69\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e1.43 (2.00-12.00), the chronic diseases subscale score was 15.37\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e2.92 (5.00-25.00), and the probiotic and prebiotic subscale score was 16.60\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e3.84 (5.00-25.00). A positive correlation was found between subscales and the total microbiota awareness score (p\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen evaluated according to age groups, the microbiota awareness score of individuals aged between 17-21 was lower than that of individuals aged between 22-26 and 27-31 (p\u0026lt;0.05). Microbiota awareness scores of primary, secondary, and high school graduates were lower than those with undergraduate/postgraduate education (p\u0026lt;0.05), microbiota awareness scores of self-employed individuals were higher than those of homemakers, and those of civil servants were higher than those of homemakers (p\u0026lt;0.05). When evaluated according to the body weight gain status in accordance with the recommendations during pregnancy, it was found that individuals with insufficient body weight gain had a lower microbiota awareness score than those with appropriate body weight gain (p\u0026lt;0.05), whereas individuals with appropriate body weight gain were found to have a higher microbiota awareness score (p\u0026lt;0.05) than those with excess body weight gain. Furthermore, the microbiota awareness scores of individuals who had normal delivery were found to be higher than those who had a cesarean delivery, and those who had pregnancy risks were found to have higher microbiota awareness scores than those who did not (p\u0026lt;0.05) (Table 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMicrobiota awareness scores according to sociodemographic and obsetric characteristics of pregnant women\u0026nbsp;(n: 426)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"657\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicrobiota awareness score (n=426)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX̅ \u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge (years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.022*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;17-21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.32\u0026plusmn;9.46\u003csup\u003ea,c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;22-26\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.75\u0026plusmn;10.89\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;27-31\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.63\u0026plusmn;11.22\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026ge;32\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.32\u0026plusmn;11.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation level\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Literate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.33\u0026plusmn;9.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Primary school\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.09\u0026plusmn;9.86\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Secondary school\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.46\u0026plusmn;8.74\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; High school\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.53\u0026plusmn;10.58\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Undergraduate/graduate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.05\u0026plusmn;10.75\u003csup\u003eb,d,f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProfession\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Self-employed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.81\u0026plusmn;10.11\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Housewife\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e344\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.01\u0026plusmn;10.77\u003csup\u003eb,c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Civil servant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.55\u0026plusmn;9.83\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Worker\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.78\u0026plusmn;9.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrepregnancy BMI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Underweight\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.53\u0026plusmn;11.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Normal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e218\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.15\u0026plusmn;10.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Overweight\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.10\u0026plusmn;11.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Type I obese\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.44\u0026plusmn;10.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Type II obese\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.40\u0026plusmn;13.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Type III obese\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.00\u0026plusmn;7.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBody weight gain status in accordance with the recommendations during pregnancy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Below\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.83\u0026plusmn;10.77\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Normal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.64\u0026plusmn;8.75\u003csup\u003eb,c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Above\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.99\u0026plusmn;9.33\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.753\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.15\u0026plusmn;10.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e361\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.48\u0026plusmn;11.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Quit\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.80\u0026plusmn;11.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSleeping problems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.904\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.30\u0026plusmn;10.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e251\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.43\u0026plusmn;11.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBirth mode\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Normal delivery\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.43\u0026plusmn;8.40\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Cesarean section\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.71\u0026plusmn;11.79\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRisky pregnancy status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.85\u0026plusmn;11.65\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.926829268292686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.28048780487805%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e284\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.03658536585366%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.64\u0026plusmn;9.94\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn individuals with high-risk pregnancy, the microbiota awareness score was positively correlated with newborn birth weight and birth height\u0026nbsp;(p\u0026lt;0.05), whereas in individuals without pregnancy risk, the microbiota awareness score was positively correlated with age and newborn birth weight (p\u0026lt;0.05) (Table 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMultiple linear regression analysis of the effect of sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics on\u0026nbsp;microbiota awareness score according to the presence of pregnancy risk\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"643\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.0811232449298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Variable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.792511700468019%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePregnancy risk status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.556942277691107%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% confidence interval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.0811232449298%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge (years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.792511700468019%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.511\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.610\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.480499219968799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.281\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076443057722308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.477\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.787418655097614%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.249\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.866\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.35357917570499%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.235\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.401301518438178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.723\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.0811232449298%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrepregnancy BMI (kg/m2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.792511700468019%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.091\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.480499219968799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076443057722308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.787418655097614%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.854\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.35357917570499%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.401301518438178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.0811232449298%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal number of pregnancies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.792511700468019%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.325\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.480499219968799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.793\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076443057722308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.787418655097614%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.514\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.35357917570499%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.578\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.401301518438178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.747\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.0811232449298%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of live births\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.792511700468019%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.766\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.290\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.199\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.480499219968799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-19.099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076443057722308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.787418655097614%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.970\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.35357917570499%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-22.105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.401301518438178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.0811232449298%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of stillbirths/miscarriages\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.792511700468019%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.336\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.480499219968799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-19.366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076443057722308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.754\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.787418655097614%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.652\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.552\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.35357917570499%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-20.359\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.401301518438178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.410\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.0811232449298%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNewborn gestational age (weeks)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.792511700468019%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.093\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.926\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.480499219968799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.566\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076443057722308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.721\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.787418655097614%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.259\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.209\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.35357917570499%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.433\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.401301518438178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.535\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.0811232449298%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNewborn birth weight (gr)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.792511700468019%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.459\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.003*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.480499219968799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076443057722308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.787418655097614%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.043*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.35357917570499%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.401301518438178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.0811232449298%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNewborn birth height (cm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.792511700468019%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.688\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.253\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.856474258970358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.480499219968799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.076443057722308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.787418655097614%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.571\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.485900216919738%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.568\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.35357917570499%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.410\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.401301518438178%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.745\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is to improve maternal health by reducing the global maternal mortality rate (MMR) to below 70 per 100,000 by 2030 [29].\u0026nbsp;In this regard, it is thought that the level of knowledge about the health effects of microbiota in pregnant individuals may also affect lifestyle choices [30]. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between microbiota awareness in the first trimester and the diagnosis of high-risk pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is well known that a high birth frequency increases pregnancy risks such as anemia, postpartum hemorrhage, and fetal malpresentation [31], and low gestational age, birth weight, and height constitute the basic elements of risky pregnancies [32]. Moreover, it is also known that inadequate body weight gain during pregnancy increases the risk of preterm birth and small for gestational age [33].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, in our study, it was found that the number of births was higher in high-risk pregnant women, the gestational ages, birth weights, and heights of the newborns of these individuals were lower, and those who gained insufficient body weight were found to be higher in high-risk pregnant women than in healthy pregnant women.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn a study in which 3262 pregnant individuals from the Netherlands were evaluated, it was found that gestational hypertension was observed more frequently in individuals with a low level of education [34], and in another study, it was found that a low level of education in pregnant women was associated with an increased incidence of gestational diabetes [35]. Likewise, in our study, a lower education level was found in high-risk pregnant women.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn a Canadian study in which the knowledge of 413 mothers about probiotics was analyzed, it was shown that the proportion of mothers who have heard of probiotics and know that probiotics are composed of bacteria (87.0%) is high [36], and in Zimbabwe, more than 90% of those responsible for the nutrition of children under 5 years of age stated that fermented milk [lacto], yogurt, and fermented corn porridge were probiotics [37].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, in our country, the level of probiotic knowledge was evaluated in 519 mothers with children aged 6 months-2 years, and it was shown that individuals do not have sufficient knowledge about what probiotics are, which products contain probiotics, whether there are probiotics in breast milk, and regular probiotic use [38]. Moreover, in a study evaluating the probiotic knowledge level of health professionals in our country, it was shown that 67.4% of individuals defined their knowledge level as moderate and 16.3% as \"poor\" or \"very poor\" [39]. Similarly, in our study, the majority of pregnant individuals marked the expression \"undecided\" in response to the statement \"I know what probiotic products are\" and stated that tea is a probiotic food. In our country, probiotic teas have been produced and offered for sale in the market recently, and they have been widely promoted in the media. Natural tea does not have probiotic properties, and it is possible to interpret the reasons why individuals specify tea as probiotic as the effect of recent advertisements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our study findings, the microbiota awareness scores of pregnant individuals were generally found to be moderate. Probiotic knowledge levels are generally low in our country. In another study conducted on mothers in Turkey, it was found that the level of education and occupation of the mother were associated with the level of probiotic knowledge [40]. Similarly, in another study evaluating adult individuals, it was shown that the level of probiotic knowledge increased as the level of education increased [41].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother study found that there was no difference in educational level between mothers who gave probiotics to their children and those who did not [42]. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the media is a key source of information about probiotics [43,44]. There is a need for study results in which sociocultural factors such as education level and occupation are evaluated, as well as factors such as media and advertisements. In our study, it was found that the microbiota awareness score was higher in individuals with undergraduate/graduate education levels and in self-employed or civil servant pregnant women than in housewives.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are studies evaluating the level of probiotic knowledge rather than studies evaluating the level of microbiota knowledge [40-44]. In these studies, it was frequently pointed out that individuals between the ages of 18-29 [45] and 18-25 [46] had the highest level of knowledge. In our study, the relationship between age and the microbiota awareness score in healthy pregnant women was determined. The microbiota awareness score increased with age, and it was also shown that the age range of 17-21 years had a lower level of knowledge than the age ranges of 22-26 and 27-31 years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter studies evaluating the gut microbial composition in obese individuals, dysbiosis was emphasized, and it was reported that gut microbiota may be an environmental factor associated with obesity [3,6,7]. Furthermore, in a study conducted in our country, it was determined that prepregnancy obesity and body weight gain above the recommended levels were determinants of microbial diversity, with the Bacteroides phylum being more prevalent among these individuals [47]. In another study, a negative correlation was found between prepregnancy BMI and alpha diversity indices [48]. In a study evaluating 1497 individuals in the United States, the probiotic awareness status of individuals with normal body weight was found to be higher than those with low or overweight [49]. It has been suggested that providing adequate information on microbiota and explaining evidence-based data will guide behavioral decisions [50].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, in this study, it was found that those whose weight gain complied with the recommended guidelines during pregnancy had a higher level of microbiota awareness than those whose weight gain was inadequate or excessive.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mode of delivery is considered a critical factor affecting the intestinal microbiota [51], and it has been reported that microorganism transmission from the mother during vaginal delivery is essential for the acquisition of bacterial species in the early stages of life [52]. It has been reported that Bifidobacteria, which support intestinal health and provide defense against pathogenic microorganisms, are more abundant in newborns of mothers who had a vaginal delivery [53].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study demonstrated that women who gave birth vaginally scored higher on the microbiota awareness scale than those who delivered by cesarean section. Similarly, the microbiota awareness score of healthy pregnant women was higher than that of high-risk pregnant women. Since cesarean delivery is a preferred method in risky pregnancies, both findings confirm each other. It is thought that the presence of appropriate nutritional behaviors in parallel with the level of knowledge in individuals with a high awareness of microbiota helps to avoid risk factors that negatively affect the microbiota.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUpon reviewing the literature, it is seen that there are studies evaluating microbiota knowledge in health professionals and university students [38, 54], but there are no studies conducted on pregnant women. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in which the level of microbiota knowledge was determined in pregnant women in the first trimester, and the relationship between the individuals being followed up during pregnancy and the diagnosis of pregnancy risk was evaluated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMaternal microbial composition changes due to metabolic and physiologic factors occurring during pregnancy, and this may alter fetal growth directly or through its effects on gestational body weight gain [55]. In a study evaluating the effect of prepregnancy obesity status on maternal and meconium microbiota and fetal growth in our country, it was shown that neonatal birth weight and birth weight/birth height ratio were associated with maternal intestinal microbiota alpha diversity indices [47].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLikewise, in the present study, a correlation was found between neonatal birth weight and the microbiota awareness score in both groups diagnosed with healthy and high-risk pregnancies, and birth height was also shown to be correlated with the microbiota awareness score in high-risk pregnancies. The fact that age, prepregnancy BMI, and smoking status, which were defined as important risk factors, were not different between the healthy and risky pregnant groups strengthened our data in terms of analyzing the effect of microbiota awareness status.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKnowledge is an essential component of decision making, choice making, and behavior shaping. It is evident that education on this subject and initiatives to increase microbiota awareness will make a significant contribution. Given the high frequency of cesarean sections in our country, pregnancy risks are associated with fetal and maternal mortality, and newborns with fetal growth retardation result in high health costs. Effective education plans that include women of childbearing age are required from the prepregnancy period onward.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eBMI \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Body mass index\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWHO \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;World Health Organization\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSPSS \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Statistical Package for the Social Sciences\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSDs \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Standard deviations\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eANOVA \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;One-way analysis of variance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIOM \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Institute of Medicine\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSDGs \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Sustainable Development Goals\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMMR \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Maternal mortality rate\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are grateful to all participants of the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy design: T.K.C. and F.A. Data collection and data analysis: T.K.C, F.A., and S.K. Manuscript writing and editing: T.K.C, F.A., and S.K. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData used and analyzed in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics committee approval to conduct the present study was obtained from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee [No. 2022/55, dated April 20, 2022]. The purpose and method of the study were explained to the participants before its commencement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDi Simone N, Santamaria Ortiz A, Specchia M, Tersigni C, Villa P, Gasbarrini A, et al. Recent Insights on the Maternal Microbiota: Impact on Pregnancy Outcomes. Front Immunol. 2020;23(11):528202.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTurjeman S, Collado MC, Koren O. The gut microbiome in pregnancy and pregnancy complications. Curr Opin Endocr Metab Res. 2021;18:133\u0026ndash;138.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKoren O, Goodrich JK, Cullender TC, Spor A, Laitinen K, B\u0026auml;ckhed HK, et al. 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Medical students\u0026rsquo; perception on fecal microbiota transplantation. BMC Med. Educ. 2019;11;19(1):368.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eParamsothy S, Walsh AJ, Borody T, Samuel D, van den Bogaerde J, Leong RW, et al. Gastroenterologist perceptions of fecal microbiota transplantation. World J. Gastroenterol. 2015;14;21(38):10907-14\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization. Physical Status: the use of and interpretation of anthropometry, report of a WHO Expert Committee. WHO, Geneva, 1995\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePekcan G. Diyet El Kitabı. 5. In Baskı. Beslenme durumunun saptanması. Hatipoğlu Yayınları, Ankara, 2008, pp. 67\u0026ndash;142.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization. 2000. 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EBioMedicine. 2021;68:103421.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pregnancy-and-childbirth","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"prch","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth](http://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/prch/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3225779/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3225779/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e It is suggested that pregnancy risks may be related to microbial dysbiosis, and it is known that knowledge on this subject is reflected in behaviors. The aim of this study was to investigate whether microbiota awareness in the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with pregnancy-related risks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e Within the scope of the study, the microbiota awareness scale was administered to 426 individuals in the first trimester of pregnancy, and information on any diagnosis related to high-risk pregnancy, gestational age, birth weight, and birth height of the newborn was obtained from their file records.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e The mean total microbiota awareness score of individuals was 61.38±11.00 (26.00-91.00). The microbiota awareness score (56.85±11.65) was found to be lower in individuals diagnosed with high-risk pregnancy (p\u0026lt;0.05) than in healthy subjects (63.64±9.94). Moreover, in individuals with high-risk pregnancies, a positive correlation was found between the microbiota awareness score and newborn birth weight and height (p\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e The microbiota awareness level in pregnant women is associated with high-risk pregnancy and neonatal growth status.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Influence of microbiota awareness in first trimester on high risk pregnancy in Turkish women: cross-sectional study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-08-29 02:32:42","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3225779/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2023-09-15T12:55:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2023-09-04T22:52:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"0e88f7c7-c65a-4896-aa81-db95f1f85527","date":"2023-08-24T15:49:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2023-08-24T15:15:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2023-08-24T15:08:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2023-08-24T10:53:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2023-08-24T10:50:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth","date":"2023-08-01T21:24:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pregnancy-and-childbirth","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"prch","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth](http://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/prch/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"690bd03a-b882-4b3e-b2e2-aae3a55f6fe4","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 29th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-11-27T15:05:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3225779","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-06121-3","journal":{"identity":"bmc-pregnancy-and-childbirth","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"},"publishedOn":"2023-11-21 15:01:45","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 21st, 2023"},"versionCreatedAt":"2023-08-29 02:32:42","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12884-023-06121-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-06121-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3225779","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3225779","identity":"rs-3225779","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}