Exploring the Nexus: Diversity and carbon Stock Potential of Woody Plants across diverse land uses in Farmscape of South East Oromia, Ethiopia

Exploring the Nexus: Diversity and carbon Stock Potential of Woody Plants across diverse land uses in Farmscape of South East Oromia, Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Exploring the Nexus: Diversity and carbon Stock Potential of Woody Plants across diverse land uses in Farmscape of South East Oromia, Ethiopia Habte Telila, Adam Haji, Ahmed Tilahun, Lemessa Kumsa This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5416615/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Agroforestry Systems → Version 1 posted 14 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The study was taken place in the farmscape of Dallo Manna district, Southeast Ethiopia aimed to understand the connection between the diversity and carbon sequestration potential of woody species. A total of 45 plots (20 m x 20 m) were established along five-line transects to collect woody species within seven land use systems. A total of 50 woody plant (DBH greater than 2.5 cm) species, belonging to 33 families, were recorded in the farmscape. The most frequently encountered woody species was Vachellia abyssinica, followed by Albizia gummifera, and the most abundant species was Coffea arabica followed by Mangifera indica, and Ricinus communis. The dominant land use in the farmscape of the study area was perennial crop and grazing lands. The study area had an average above ground carbon (AGC) stock potential of 49.21 Mg C ha − 1 and a total of 2460.98 21 Mg C ha − 1 . Syzygium guineense, Celtis africana, and Ehretia cymosa, sequestered the highest AGC. Perennial cropland uses showed the highest species richness and diversity and accumulated the highest AGC followed by patches of natural forest. The study highlights the value of farmscapes, which have the potential to be a climate-smart and successful land use strategy by significantly reducing carbon emissions through dense and diverse woody plant communities. Coffee cultivation, which relies on shade trees, plays a particularly important role. The findings suggest that conservation efforts should extend beyond protected areas to encompass Dallo Manna's agricultural lands, promoting biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation alongside sustainable agricultural practices. Carbon stock Diversity Farmscape Woody species Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Introduction Biodiversity, agriculture, and environmental protection are closely related. Food availability has expanded and growth has been phenomenal since the advent of modern industrial agriculture. However, this industrial agriculture also leads to biodiversity loss, habitat destruction, and soil pollution. Human health is harmed, farm profitability is decreased, and less water is available for distribution and storage when biodiversity is lost (Çakmakç et al. 2023 ; Nguyen et al. 2023 ; Tan et al. 2023 ). Nonetheless, farmscapes offer an important area for conservation development, given that 40% of the earth's surface is under agricultural management and that many woody species depend on the quality of the agricultural matrix (Zomer et al. 2016 ; Lescourret et al. 2015 ; FAO 2019). Moreover, based on characteristics that are both beneficial to humans and prone to disturbance, the distribution of woody species in human-controlled farmscapes varies (Fang et al. 2019 ). Combining local ecosystem services with global biodiversity benefits like carbon storage and climate mitigation is crucial for conservation and livelihood demands (Weiskopf et al. 2020 ; Wang et al. 2024 ). Climate change has recently gained international attention as a significant environmental concern, and efforts are being made to understand its complexity, adapt to it, and mitigate its negative effects (IPCC 2018 ; Lawler et al. 2013 ). Forestry, agroforestry, and agricultural practices have been used to reduce CO 2 emissions by storing carbon in long-lived carbon compartments (Soto-Pinto et al. 2010 ; Jose and Bardhan 2012 ). Agroforestry is a top three mitigation pathway for Agriculture, Forestry, and Land Use (AFOLU) in developing countries, with a high potential to sequester carbon by 2040 (Negash and Kanninen 2013; Chapman et al. 2020 ). Above ground carbon (AGC) stock potential varies across different land use systems (Luedeling et al. 2011 ; Ojoatre et al. 2024 ), with some studies showing a positive correlation between species diversity and carbon sequestration (Kirby and Potvin 2007 ; Nair et al. 2009 ; Henry et al. 2009 ; Tesfaye et al. 2016 ; Sintayehu et al. 2020 ; Chemeda et al. 2022 ; Maryo et al. 2023 ). This is supported by the insurance theory, which suggests species diversity stabilizes ecosystem functioning amidst environmental change, and species complementarity may enhance resource utilization in varied groups (Tilman et al. 2001 ). Greater species richness increases the likelihood of significant species impacting ecological functioning more than the overall diversity effect (selection effect) (Loreau and Hector 2001 ). However, some research suggests that species richness and variety of farmscape patterns have little effect on carbon stock (Kirby and Potving 2007; Henry et al. 2009 ; Mandal et al. 2013 ). Therefore, understanding the relationship between AGC stock potential and woody species richness, diversity, and characteristics like size, stem density, and ecological significance is crucial. Farmscape has a great potential to sequester carbon in the Ethiopian environment (Rimhanen et al. 2016 ). However, there is established but insufficient data supporting the relationship between species composition, diversity, richness, and estimations of the carbon sequestration capability of woody species in farmscapes (Gebregeorgs et al. 2018; Birhane et al. 2019 : Gebre et al. 2018 ; Betemariyam et al. 2020 ; Manaye et al. 2021 ; Hagos et al. 2021 ). These relationships are especially fascinating since they could point to possible synergies between GHG reduction and biodiversity conservation. The study was important, particularly in areas like the Dallo Manna District, which is situated in the buffer zone of the Bale Mountains National Park in south-eastern Oromia, a region with a high conservation value of plant and animal species (BMNP 2013) since the fate of biodiversity within protected areas is inseparably linked to the broader landscape context, including how the surrounding agricultural matrix is designed and managed (Vandermeer et al. 2007). Additionally, the lack of empirical estimates of the carbon sequestration potential of farmscape has been argued to be one of the major bottlenecks preventing the introduction of carbon payments to African farmers (Luedeling et al. 2011 ; Kahiluoto et al. 2014 ). Consequently, the study aimed to determine the potential carbon stock of woody species and the relationships between aboveground carbon stock and various biodiversity assessment indicators in the various land use types of Southeastern Ethiopia. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Study area The study was conducted in the southeast Ethiopian district of Dallo Manna, in the Bale Zone of the Oromia National Regional State, located at 6°40′–7°10′ N and longitude 39°30′–40° E (Fig. 1 ). In Dallo Manna, the rainfall pattern is bimodal, with the short rainy season often lasting from September to the end of October and the main rainy season lasting from March to the end of June. The mean annual temperature is 20.7ºC, and the mean yearly rainfall is roughly 720 mm. The district has a mixed pastoral and agro-pastoral production system that emphasizes growing crops and rearing cattle for market and subsistence (EMI 2020). Dallo Manna district is primarily covered by dry evergreen Afromontane Forest, and it is distinguished by an ecotone that lies between the desert and semi-desert scrubland ecosystems and the sub-Afroalpine. The common plant species in the study area are Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) Endl., Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC, and Saxifraga hederifolia Hochst. ex A. Rich. In addition, Senegalia senegal (L.) Britten; Cordia africana Lam; Croton macrostachyus Hochst; Vachellia seyal (Delile) P.J.H. Hurter. Ex Delille, Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman, Annona senegalensis Pers., Ficus vasta Forssk., Ficus sur Forssk., Olea spp., and Prunus aurea (Aiton) Benth exist in the area (Friis et al. 2010). There were 111, 823 people living in the Dallo Manna district at the time of the survey, of which 56, 642 were men and 55, 181 were women. The bulk of people reside in rural regions, where the average population density is about 21 people per km2 (CSA 2024). The most common farming systems are Pastoralism, agro-pastoralism, and mixed agriculture. 2.2 Vegetation data collection Vegetation data collection was focused on purposely selected three sites (i.e. Dayu, Wabaro, and Waltham) in the farmscape of Dallo Manna District because the sites have varieties of agricultural practices. To gather data on the vegetation, five parallel transects, each measuring 2 kilometers, were positioned in each of the chosen locations in seven land use systems (i.e. perennial croplands, annual croplands, patches of natural forest, grazing lands, homesteads, live fences, and fallow lands) (Table 1 ). To account for the geographical heterogeneity of the vegetation and prevent pseudo-replication, transects were spaced one kilometer apart (Waite 2000 ). In each transect, 9 plots totaling forty-five plots measuring twenty meters by twenty meters (400 m 2 ) each were placed 200 meters apart. Systematic random sampling was used to choose the first plot. Table 1 Description of the land uses in Farmscape of Dallo Manna District, Bale Zone Land uses Land uses Description Annual crop A variety of crops that are harvested each year and where the field normally is plowed every year Fallow land Fields that were originally used for annual cropping but currently set aside to rebuild its fertility Grazing land Fields that are primarily used for grazing by livestock Patches of Natural Forest vegetation Areas with remnant or secondary tree or shrub vegetation Perennial crop Areas which contain perennial crop such as coffee, Khat or plantation of trees such as Eucalyptus. Homestead Areas containing houses and nearby gardens Live fence A linear structure of trees and shrubs used for fencing or as boundary marking Source: Modified from Jara et al. ( 2017 ) Using a tree caliper, the diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees and the diameter at stump height (DSH) of shrubs taller than 2.5 cm were measured for every tree and shrub found in the plot. The hypsometer was used to measure height. Data on vegetation was gathered between May 22 and June 30, 2023. The Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea of various volumes were referred to for the identification of all plant species (Hedberg and Edwards 1989 ; Edwards et al. 1995 ; Hedberg et al. 2003). Voucher specimens for any species that proved difficult to identify were taken to the teaching herbarium at Madda Walabu University for additional identification. 2.3 Data analysis Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H') was used to estimate the woody plant diversity. For every species of woody plant, the structural parameters: stem density/ha, basal area (m 2 ), and frequency were calculated. The number of individuals of each woody species was divided by the plot's area to get the density (individuals per hectare). From relative density, relative dominance, and relative frequency, the Importance Value Index (IVI) was constructed to ascertain the overall value of each species. Each plot's biomass carbon stocks (Mg C/ha) were determined by multiplying the carbon content by the dry matter biomass. The allometric equation AGB = 0.0905*DBH2.4718 (Kuyah et al. 2012 ) was used to estimate the aboveground biomass (stem plus bark, branches, and foliage) of the trees and/or shrubs (where AGC is the aboveground biomass (dry mass per tree in kg) and DBH is the diameter at a breast height in cm). This equation was chosen as it can accurately estimate a large number of parameters with the lowest prediction error value ranging from DBH or height to aboveground biomass. Furthermore, this formula was created for trees with a DBH of more than 2.5 cm that are produced under agroforestry. The effects of species richness and diversity as well as species attributes such as basal area, height, frequency, and number of individual trees and shrubs on AGC stock potential throughout the farmscapes were evaluated using the Linear Model (LM). Additionally, one-way ANOVA was used to examine variations of the land uses in the AGC stock potential. To check whether the model fits the assumptions (normality and homoscedasticity) of both in one-way ANOVA and Linear Model, the model diagnostics plots in R using plot function were used. An indicator species analysis, a statistical technique to determine the species that are exclusively linked to particular habitat types was carried out using indval functions within the labdsv package (Roberts 2023 ). All the analyses were performed with the free statistical software R (R Core Team 2022 ). 3. Results 3.1 Species composition A total of 50 woody plant species belonging to 33 families were recorded in the study area. The most frequently encountered woody species across the agricultural landscape of Dallo Manna district was Vachellia abyssinica , followed by Albizia gummifera . The most abundant species was Coffea arabica followed by Mangifera indica , and Ricinus communis (Table 2 ; Appendix 2). The most common family was Fabaceae, and Myrtaceae represented by 3 species each. Eight families were represented by 2 species each whereas the remaining 17 families were represented by one species each. The majority of the species were trees (38 = 76%) and the remaining 12 (24%) were Shrubs in growth form. Table 2 the top 15 abundant and frequent woody plant species in the farmscape of Dallo Manna District, Bale Zone, South East Oromia, Ethiopia Woody species Rabu (%) Rdo (%) RF (%) IVI Syzygium guineense 2.04 11.12 0.63 13.79 Celtis africana 4.53 4.7 3.53 12.76 Ehretia cymosa 3.46 6.63 2.14 12.23 Eucalyptus globulus 3.77 5.95 2.14 11.87 Coffea arabica 8.01 0.29 3.15 11.46 Psidium guajava 3.21 5.95 1.13 10.29 Podocarpus falcatus 3.8 3.6 1.76 9.17 Mangifera indica 5.63 1.84 1.64 9.1 Vachellia abyssinica 1.48 1.69 5.16 8.33 Catha edulis 5.19 0.11 3.02 8.31 Croton macrostachyus 2.48 2.65 2.9 8.03 Canthium Oligocarpum 1.07 2.65 3.78 7.49 Diospyros abyssinica 4.02 0.46 2.9 7.38 Buddleia polystachya 1.73 1.49 4.16 7.37 Filicium decipiens 3.49 1.84 1.76 7.09 3.2 Distribution of land uses in the farmscape The most dominant land use was perennial croplands (PC) (27%) followed by grazing land (GL) (18%), live fences (LF) (15%), homestead (HS) (11%), patches of natural forest (PN) (11%), annual cropland (AC) and fallow land (FL) (9%) each in the farmscape of Dallo Manna district (Fig. 2 ; Appendix 1). 3.3 Species richness and diversity of the land uses The land uses showed significant variations in terms of the number of species (ANOVA, F = 48.77, P < 0.001) and species diversity (ANOVA, F = 176.4, P < 0.001). The highest number of species was recorded in perennial cropland uses (n = 43) followed by patches of natural forest and homesteads (n = 29). The least number of species was recorded in Fallow and grazing land (n = 8). The land use with the highest species diversity was perennial crops followed by Patches of Natural Forest (Fig. 3 ). 3.4 Density of trees and shrubs and the land use The woody species showed significant variations in terms of the number of individuals of trees and shrubs (ANOVA, F = 37.11, p = 0.01). (Fig. 3 ). A total of 13,724 individuals ha − 1 (density) of trees and shrubs were calculated in all the seven land uses in which were shrubs 7, 230 (52.68%), and the remaining 6494 ha − 1 (47.32) % were trees (Appendix1). The highest mean density per ha was calculated in perennial crops (4580 ha − 1 ) followed by PN (2180 ha − 1 ). The least tree and shrub density was calculated in AC land uses (Appendix 2). 3.5 Ecological importance The most ecologically important woody plant species in the farmscape of Dallo Manna district was Syzygium guineense followed by Celtis africana and Ehretia cymosa (Table 3 ; Appendix 1). In contrast, Filicium decipiens had the least ecological importance in the area (Table 3 ). Table 3 Important Value Index (IVI) of the top 15 woody plant species in descending order in the Farmscape of Dallo Manna District, Bale Zone; where Rabu (%) = Relative abundance (%), RDo (%) = Relative dominance (%), RF = Relative frequency (%) Woody species Rabu (%) Rdo (%) RF (%) IVI Syzygium guineense 2.04 11.12 0.63 13.79 Celtis africana 4.53 4.7 3.53 12.76 Ehretia cymosa 3.46 6.63 2.14 12.23 Eucalyptus globulus 3.77 5.95 2.14 11.87 Coffea arabica 8.01 0.29 3.15 11.46 Psidium guajava 3.21 5.95 1.13 10.29 Podocarpus falcatus 3.8 3.6 1.76 9.17 Mangifera indica 5.63 1.84 1.64 9.1 Vachellia abyssinica 1.48 1.69 5.16 8.33 Catha edulis 5.19 0.11 3.02 8.31 Croton macrostachyus 2.48 2.65 2.9 8.03 Canthium Oligocarpum 1.07 2.65 3.78 7.49 Diospyros abyssinica 4.02 0.46 2.9 7.38 Buddleia polystachya 1.73 1.49 4.16 7.37 Filicium decipiens 3.49 1.84 1.76 7.09 3.6 Association of woody plant species with different land uses within a farmscape Most of the woody species significantly preferred PC (n = 42) followed by PN (n = 24), HS (n = 20), and LF (n = 15). However, the majority of the woody species significantly avoided FL, AC, GL (n = 8), and FL (n = 7) each. Species such as Vachellia abyssinica , Bersama abyssinica and Coffea arabica had high sum values ​​and very low p values, being strongly and almost exclusively associated with perennial croplands. While most species had low sum values and high p-values, displayed weaker associations with specific land uses, for example, most tree species were significantly associated with two or more different land uses (n = 37) (Table 4 ). Table 4 The results of indicator species analysis showing the association of woody plant species to the seven land uses across the farmscape of the study are; where Ac = Annual crops, FL = Fallow land, GL = Grazing land, PN = Patches of Natural Forest, PC = Perennial crops, Sum = The total number of land uses where the species was found., and stat = represents a statistical value, a test statistic, associated with the significance of the association Woody Species PC FL AC GL HS LF PN Sum stat p. value Vachellia abyssinica 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 5 0.787 < 0.001 Bersama abyssinica 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.907 < 0.001 Coffea arabica 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.668 0.001 Mangifera indica 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.893 < 0.001 Mimusops kummel 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.893 < 0.001 Persea americana 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.669 0.001 Polyscias fulva 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.849 < 0.001 Ricinus communis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.554 0.01 Strychnos spinosa 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.900 < 0.001 Tamarindus indica 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.883 < 0.001 Trichilia emetica 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.905 < 0.001 Warburgia ugandensis 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.868 < 0.001 Albizia gummifera 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0.798 < 0.001 Anona senegalensis 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0.787 < 0.001 Catha edulis 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0.911 < 0.001 Diospyros abyssinica 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0.905 < 0.001 Eucalyptus globulus 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.904 < 0.001 Ficus vasta 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0.981 < 0.001 Filicium decipiens 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0.933 < 0.001 Grewia bicolour 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0.821 < 0.001 Justicia schimperiana 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0.856 < 0.001 Ocotea kenyensis 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0.892 < 0.001 Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0.907 < 0.001 Podocarpus falcatus 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0.805 < 0.001 Premna schimperi 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0.896 < 0.001 Psidium guajava 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0.819 < 0.001 Teclea nobilis 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0.895 < 0.001 Vernonia leopoldi 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0.875 < 0.001 Syzygium guineense 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0.840 < 0.001 Allophylus abyssinicus 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 0.645 0.001 Pouteria adolfi friedericii 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 0.745 < 0.001 Apodytes dimidiata 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 3 0.764 < 0.001 Calpurnia aurea 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 0.851 < 0.001 Canthium oligocarpum 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 0.812 < 0.001 Carissa spinarum 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 3 0.952 < 0.001 Ehretia cymosa 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 0.748 < 0.001 Euclea racemosa 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 0.947 < 0.001 Ficus sur 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 3 0.592 0.001 Olea capensis subsp. macrocarpa 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 0.562 0.027 Prunus africana 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 0.063 0.001 Buddleia polystachya 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 4 0.892 < 0.001 Combretum molle 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 4 0.882 < 0.001 Grevillea robusta 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 4 0.689 < 0.001 Rhamnus prinoides 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 4 0.913 < 0.001 Rhus glutinosa 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 4 0.927 < 0.001 Vernonia amygdalina 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 4 0.842 < 0.001 Celtis africana 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 5 0.617 0.004 Cordia africana 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 5 0.810 < 0.001 Croton macrostachyus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 0.604 0.004 Total 42 7 8 8 20 15 24 3.6 Above Ground Carbon stock potential of woody species The woody species in the study area showed AGC stock potential of an average of 49.21 Mg C ha − 1 and a total of 2460.98 Mg C ha − 1 (Appendix 2). The Mean AGC stock potential of the farmscape of the study district is 3323.32 Mg C ha − 1 and the overall estimated amount is 166165.94 Mg C ha − 1 . The woody species with the highest Mean AGC stock potential were trees such as Syzygium guineense followed by Ehretia cymosa and Eucalyptus globulus . Catha edulis , Olea europea subsp. cuspidata , and Apodytes dimidiata were the species with the least Mean AGC sequestration potential (Fig. 4 ). 3.7 Above Ground Carbon (AGC) stock potential and species richness and diversity The AGC stock potential of woody plant species in the study area was significantly affected by species richness (F = 571.5, R 2 = 0.95, p < 0.001) and species diversity (F = 487.1, R 2 = 0.92, p < 0.001), (Fig. 5 ). 3.8 AGC stock potential, and species attributes AGC stock potential of the woody species in the farmscape of Dallo Manna district displayed different patterns. For example, the sequestration potential of AGC significantly increased with number of individuals of species (F = 571, R 2 = 092, p < 0.001), basal area (F = 182.9, R 2 = 0.92, p < 0.001), and importance value index (IVI) (Multiple F = 30.58, R 2= 0.37, p < 0.001). Those woody species with a large size and a high number of stems stored high AGC. Additionally, the ecologically important woody species were found to store high AGC. However, the AGC sequestration potential of woody species was not affected by frequency (F = 1.16, R 2 = 0.02, p = 0.286), and height (F = 0.17, R 2 = 0.01, p = 0.286) (Fig. 6 ). 4. Discussions 4.1 Woody plant species composition, richness, and diversity across land uses The diversity in the composition of woody species may result from a complex interaction of ecological, historical, site-specific, and socioeconomic factors, including farmers' preferences for particular tree species and their various uses in various locations (Nair et al. 2009 ; Samuel et al. 2019). The perceived economic value of woody species may be the cause of the variance in the frequency of distribution of tree species in the study area's farmscape. Farmers favor some trees, such as C. macrostachyus, P. falcatus, C. africana, E. capensis, Pouteria adolfi-friederici , and Olea capensis , for coffee shade because of their flat crowns and compound leaves that allow light to pass through (Gole and Senbeta 2008 ). The composition of shade trees probably reflects a combination of a deliberate choice of certain favored species (e.g. Allophylus abyssinicus and Pouteria adolfi-friederici ). Focusing on the perennial crop and homestead land uses, Coffea arabica , Catha edulis, Rhamnus prinoides , Mangifera indica , and Persea americana played an important role in the variation of land use types in species composition. C. macrostachyus , A. abyssinica , and P. falcatus , which could be a legacy of previous forest species with a greater economic or ecological value were found to be abundantly found across the farmscape. The dissimilarity of species composition played a role in the variation and could be contributed to by a human-assisted conservation intervention because of the economic significance of the species. Owning the highest species richness and diversity of perennial cropland uses may be related to coffee cultivation in the area. This is because many shade trees are used in coffee production. Previous studies also reported a positive effect of the shaded coffee system on plant biodiversity (e.g. Perfecto and Vandermeer 2008 ; Gole and Senbeta 2008 ). The results are also consistent with research that found substantial species turnover in Sumatra’s agro-forest plots (Beukema et al. 2007 ).On the other hand, even though it has not been seen for the time being in the study area, the Khat cultivation (going on in the near zone, Hararge), could erode much of the tree species (since Khat is normally grown in sunlight in other agricultural landscapes) if not aware which could be perceived as a worrying trend in terms of their potential impact on the biodiversity of agricultural landscapes (Jara et al. 2017 ). In the farmscape of the current study area, even though they were sparsely distributed, many of the plants recorded were perennial plants. This may be because it is home to a variety of native trees that have adapted to the local ecological conditions. Therefore, approaches to increasing and protecting the species richness of these landscapes should focus on remaining natural vegetation. This has been suggested as an important strategy (Haslem and Bennett 2008 ). Farmland use also relies on a variety of plant species that reflect household needs and preferences (Mbaruku et al. 2024 ). 4.2 Distribution of land uses and woody species preferences across the farmscape The study found that perennial cropland uses were dominant in the farmscape of Dallo Manna, which could be related to coffee cultivation and shade trees (Gole and Senbeta 2008 ; Jara et al. 2017 ; Molla and Kawessa 2015). Other important land uses included grazing land, pastoralism, and agro-pastoralism. Live fences were also common in the farmscape, possibly used by livestock rarer to avoid distraction and protect their livestock from wild beasts. The study found strong correlations between woody species and specific land uses, with perennial croplands being associated with most woody species. However, woody species like Celtis africana and Croton macrostachyus were found in various land uses, demonstrating their resilience to environmental conditions. Understanding the distribution of woody species in farmscape is crucial for biodiversity, as different land use patterns result from habitat loss and forest fragmentation (Manning et al. 2006 ; Harvey et al. 2008 ; Shumi et al. 2016). The Asteraceae and Fabaceae families contain most species found in agroecosystems, aligning with the flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea (Hedberg et al. 2004 ; Hedberg and Edwards 1989 ). The finding that the majority of woody species are found in perennial cropland demonstrates the important role that this land use type plays in maintaining plant biodiversity (Senbeta and Denich 2006 ; Hundera et al. 2013; Oliver and Morecroft 2014 ). Understanding the interconnection between species and their preferred habitats can help develop more effective strategies for conservation (Weiskopf et al. 2020 ; Muluneh 2021 ; Simonson et al. 2021). 4.3 Carbon stock potential of woody plant species The observed differences in carbon storage across various woody species in the study emphasize how crucial species selection is to maximizing the advantages of carbon sequestration. The woody species with the highest mean AGC stock potential were Syzygium guineense , Ehretia cymosa , Eucalyptus globulus, Psidium guava , Celtis africana , Warburgia ugandensis , Podocarpus falcatus , Polyscias fulva , and Euclea racemosa . These species are distinguished by their high DBH, biomass, and effective carbon storage. Generally, species with greater woody densities store more carbon per unit volume. Podocarpus falcatus and Warburgia ugandensis , for instance, are recognized for having thick wood, which enhances their capacity to store carbon. One potential contributing element might be growth rates; research has indicated that species like Eucalyptus , which has been found to have rapid growth and increased capacity for carbon storage, also tend to retain more carbon (Zhang et al. 2012 ). Identifying high-carbon-storing species is crucial for reforestation and agroforestry projects, promoting carbon sequestration, and ecosystem services like shade, soil improvement, and biodiversity protection (Ollinaha and Kröger 2021 ; Yasin et al. 2024 ). However, it is important to consider the trade-offs between carbon sequestration and other ecosystem functions. For example, Eucalyptus globulus is a rapidly growing species with a great potential for storing carbon, yet in some situations, it has been linked to detrimental effects on soil fertility and water availability (Boulmane et al. 2017 ; Hutapea et al. 2023). As a result, a thorough assessment of species compatibility in light of particular site circumstances and management goals is required. On the other hand, the study also found species including Apodytes dimidiata , Olea europa subsp. cuspidata , and Catha edulis to have a lower mean AGC stock potential. Although these species contributed to the overall AGC stock, their DBH was lower. Therefore, concentrating on species that have a greater capacity to sequester carbon could optimize the farmscape's benefits for mitigating climate change. The overall potential of the AGC stock is substantially increased by a wide range of woody species, including trees, shrubs, and bushes (Tetemke et al. 2021 ). This is particularly important in the context of reducing climate change since trees and other woody plants act as carbon sinks, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it in their biomass. The study estimates carbon stocks based on tree sizes, but the results are limited due to the use of general allometric equations. Future studies should use species-specific equations and estimates for wood density and carbon concentration. The study's findings can be used to design conservation plans based on farm practices and species niches. The largest tree species significantly influences carbon stock, suggesting that conserving trees with larger sizes could increase carbon storage. The study also emphasizes how critical it is to take the entire farmscape into account when evaluating the potential of AGC stocks. The average AGC stock potential of the farmscape exceeded the average AGC stock potential of individual woody species, according to the study. In agroforestry systems, the aboveground biomass Carbon stocks varied between 0.25 and 56.56 Mg C ha − 1 (on average 7.9 Mg C ha − 1 ), and the woody species exhibited an average AGC of 49.22 Mg C ha − 1 , which is within the range of worldwide AGC per ha (Nair 2010 ). Several studies in the agroforestry systems in Ethiopia have discovered mean AGC values that are in line with international standards. For example, the mean AGC of woody species in the Dallo Mana district recorded 47.82 Mg C ha − 1 (Molla and Kawessa 2015), the difference with this study could be because of more growth forms of plants i.e. shrubs. A study in the Yabello District of southern Ethiopia reported an average AGC stock of 37.4 Mg C ha − 1 in farmlands with scattered trees (Gebrehiwot et al. 2019 ). This value is lower than the Dallo Manna study, likely due to differences in tree density and species composition. Other studies in Tigray (Northern Ethiopia) reported 11.49 Mg C ha − 1 in agroforestry systems (Gebrewahid and Meressa 2020 ), and 25.4 Mg C ha − 1 in croplands with scattered trees (Tesfaye et al. 2016 ) which is much smaller than this study. The difference could be attributed to the variations in agroecology and the intensity of deforestation of the Ethiopian highlands that could have resulted in less size and density of trees which in turn impacted the AGB of each species. A study in the state of Haryana, India, found an average AGC stock of 52.4 Mg C ha − 1 in agroforestry systems (Yadav et al. 2020 ). This value is slightly higher than the Dallo Manna study, suggesting the potential for even greater carbon sequestration with optimized agroforestry practices. The Global Forest Resources Assessment reported an average AGC stock of 45.4 Mg C ha − 1 for forests worldwide (FAO 2020). This value is comparable to the Dallo Manna study, indicating the potential of the district's agricultural landscape to contribute significantly to global carbon storage. 4.4 AGC stock potential across the land uses The study's findings indicate that perennial cropland and residual natural forest land use types in the Dallo Manna district have much higher AGC stock potential when compared to annual crops, grazing land, fallow land, live fences, and homestead land uses. These results align with previous studies highlighting the role of woody biomass in carbon sequestration (Bhagwat et al. 2008 ; Chazdon 2008 ; Nair et al. 2009 ; Jose 2009 ; Nair 2012; Mengistu and Asfaw 2016 ). Perennial crops have a higher AGC stock potential for several reasons. Diverse plant species are frequently included in the semi-forest coffee agroforestry systems in the study area as a shade for coffee, which improves carbon sequestration by increasing biomass. For instance, Cordia africana, Croton macrostachyus, Ekebergia capensis, Podocarpus falcatus, Pouteria adolfi-friederici , and Diospyros abyssinica , were the most preferred tree species by farmers for coffee shade in addition to their main timber source (Gole and Senbeta 2008 ). The capacity of these six species to supply goods and services to the local people confers upon them both systematic protection against anthropogenic interventions, such as excessive harvesting and pruning, and enhanced restoration through farmer-managed natural regeneration. The perennial cropland used with forest coffee in Dallo Manna accumulated high AGC that could be explained by Coffee being harvested in the wild (without management) in contrast to the low AGC arising from annual thinning that could reduce the average density of woody species per ha that in turn potentially reduces AGC stock potential (Hundera et al. 2013; Hylander et al. 2013 ; Oliver and Morecroft 2014 ). Moreover, total carbon storage was found to be significantly higher on organic farms than on conventional farms (Häger 2012 ). However, further research that includes below ground carbon stock potential would be important to further elaborate on the impact of management. Forest remnants in the area, such as woody species used as shade trees, have a significant AGC stock potential due to their large trees, high biomass density, and diverse plant species (Nair et al. 2012; Pukkala 2018 ). However, due to socio-economic activities like pastoralism and agro-pastoralism, annual crop fields are less common (Nair et al. 2012), resulting in smaller AGC stocks. Grazing fields, fallow areas, and live fences have less biomass buildup and land coverage, but still help sequester carbon (Nair et al. 2012). Land-use changes and deforestation threaten forests, highlighting the need for efficient conservation strategies. Ethiopia's "Food first" approach, which supports agricultural intensification (Jiren et al. 2018), overlooks the importance of woody plant species and ecosystem services for local communities (Kassa et al. 2016 ). Future regional development strategies and land use laws must consider local populations' demands and behaviors for effective management. 4.5 AGC stock potential against species richness, diversity, and species attributes The study showed a direct correlation between farmscape AGC stock potential and species richness/diversity. Compared to earlier studies (Seta and Demissew 2017 ; Gebrewahid and Meressa 2020 ; Enkosa et al. 2023), which found a weaker correlation between AGC stocks and the diversity of woody plant species in coffee agroforestry systems, this relationship in this study is stronger. Previous studies discovered the strong relationship between species diversity and carbon storage stocks in a number of agroforestry systems (Ali and Mattsson 2017; Gebre et al. 2019; Maryo et al. 2023 ). The strong relationship between species richness, diversity, and AGC stock potential might be explained by ecological reasons, such as the complementarity effect (Tilman et al. 2001 ), selection effect (Loreau and Hector 2001 ), and partitioning into niches (Cardinale et al. 2007 ). The results support earlier research that highlighted the importance of plant diversity in carbon sequestration (Pandey 2002 ; Verchot et al. 2007 ; Chazdon 2008 ; Henry et al. 2009 ; Jose 2009 ; Häger et al. 2012; Nair 2012; Negash and Kannien 2013; Mensah et al. 2016 ; Ma et al. 2020 ; Baul et al. 2021 ). Agroforestry systems with a variety of tree species often possess greater carbon stocks compared to monocultures (Nair et al. 2009 ). The study emphasizes the importance of preserving and enhancing the variety of wood plants in farmscape for carbon storage. It supports Williams-Guillén et al. ( 2008 )’s conclusion that agroforestry systems can be a climate-smart method of sequestering carbon through land use. However, some previous research found that species richness and diversity in mosaic farmscape had little effect on carbon stock (Kirby and Potving 2007; Henry et al. 2009 ; Manda et al. 2013). Hence, the relationship between woody species richness and the potential of AGC stock is complex and influenced by factors like tree age and management techniques, necessitating further research to understand their precise contributions to carbon sequestration. A study reveals that trees with larger basal areas and more individuals have greater AGC stores, indicating better carbon sequestration. This finding is consistent with previous studies conducted in agroecosystems of the tropical regions (Mensah et al. 2016 ; Noulèkoun et al. 2023 ). However, some studies reported that the relationship between above-ground forest biomass and wood density within a forest was not generally positive, but varied from negative to null to positive depending on the size of the forest (Stegen et al. 2009 ). The study emphasizes the importance of tree size in carbon sequestration and suggests prioritizing species with high IVI values, large basal areas, and abundant individuals for carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change. Further research should explore species-specific differences and environmental factors influencing AGC stock potential. 5. Conclusions The study emphasized the significance of woody plant species in assessing AGC stock potential. Perennial cropland, homesteads, and remnant patches of natural forest were found to have the highest species richness and diversity. The perennial croplands and patches of natural forest showed the highest AGC stock potential. The study also found that species richness and diversity were significantly correlated with AGC, highlighting the importance of plant biodiversity for sequestering carbon. Additionally, the study found woody species with a high capacity to sequester carbon, which offers important information for conservation and land management strategies. The study underscores the importance of integrating carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation strategies. We can create more efficient strategies to mitigate climate change and advance sustainable land management techniques in farmscape by comprehending the connections among species, land uses, and carbon stock potential. Declarations Funding No funding has been received for this study Author Contribution All authors contributed to the study's conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by HT, AH, AT and LK. The first draft of the manuscript was written by HT and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript Acknowledgement We would like to thank all farmers and the staff of the Dallo Manna District Agriculture Office who provided relevant information Data availability No datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study. References Ali A, Mattson E (2017) Disentangling the effects of species diversity, and intraspecific and interspecific tree size variation on aboveground biomass in dry zone homegarden agroforestry systems. Sci of the Total Environ 598: 38–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.131 Bale Mountains National Park, BMNP (2013) General Management Plan 2007–2017. Pp.1–22. http://www.abdn.ac.uk/bale/BMNP%20 . 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Agroforest Syst 78: 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-009-9247-5 Stegen JC, Swenson NG, Valencia R, Enquist BJ, Thompson J (2009) Above-ground forest biomass is not consistently related to wood density in tropical forests. Global Ecol. Biogeogr 18: 617–625. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00471.x Svob S, Arroyo-Mora JP, Kalacska (2014) A wood density and aboveground biomass variability assessment using pre-felling inventory data in Costa Rica. Carbon Balance and Manage 9: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-014-0009-y Tan D, Adedoyin FF, Alvarado R, Ramzan M, Kayesh MS, Shah MI (2023) Corrigendum to the effects of environmental degradation on agriculture: Evidence from European countries. Gondwan Res 106: 92–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.03.007 Tesfaye MA, Bravo F, Ruiz-Peinado R, Pando V, Bravo-Oviedo A (2016). Carbon stocks and sequestration potential of scattered trees in croplands of the Tigray Region. Geoderm 261:70–79 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.06.022 Tetemke BA, Birhane E, Mekonen M, Eid RT (2021) Species diversity and stand structural diversity of woody plants predominantly determine aboveground carbon stock of a dry Afromontane Forest in Northern Ethiopia. For Ecol Manag 500: 119634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119634 Tilman D, Reich PB., Knops J, Wedin D, Mielke T, Lehman C (2001) Diversity and productivity in a long-term grassland experiment. Sci, 294: 843–84. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11679667/ Vandermeer J, Perfecto I (2007) The Agricultural Matrix and a Future Paradigm for Conservation. Conserv Biol 21: 274–277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00582.x Verchot LV, Van Noordwijk M, Kandji S, Tomich T, Ong C, Albrecht A, Mackensen J, Bantilan C, Anupama KV, Palm C (2007). Climate change: Linking adaptation and mitigation through agroforestry. 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Sci Total Environ 733: 137782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137782 Williams-Guillén K, Perfecto I, Vandermeer J (2008) Bats limit insects in a neotropical agroforestry system. Sci 320: 70–70. https://doi:10.1126/science.1152944 Yadav RK, Lal R, Meena RS, Babu S, Das A, Datta M, Jat HS (2020) Potential of agroforestry systems for soil carbon sequestration and improving soil health in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. J of Environ Manag 268: 110652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110652 Yasin G, Nawaz MF, Sinha D, Qadir I, Altaf M, Ashraf MN, Soufan W, Mammadov A, Zulfiqar W, Rahman SU (2024) Agroforestry status, services, and its role in climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration under semi-arid conditions. Trees, For and People 17: 1006–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100640 Zhang H, Guan D, Song M (2012) Biomass and carbon storage of Eucalyptus and Acacia plantations in the Pearl River Delta, South China. For Ecol Manag 277: 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.04.016 Zomer RJ, Neufeldt H, Xu J, Ahrends A, Bossio D, Trabucco A, van Noordwijk M, Wang M (2016) Global Tree Cover and Biomass Carbon on Agricultural Land: The contribution of agroforestry to global and national carbon budgets. Sci Repor 6: 29987. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep29987 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Suplementarymaterials.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Agroforestry Systems → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 28 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 16 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 Feb, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Feb, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Dec, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Nov, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 11 Nov, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 08 Nov, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 08 Nov, 2024 First submitted to journal 08 Nov, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Telila","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwYeMC3Dxs7A+ICB4QBRWhgbGBIYeNiYGZgNSNPCwMzAJkGUFnP2s8cffPxhx8PHzPysmqfmjhw/A/PDRzfwaLHsyUtsnJGQDHQYm9ltnmPPjCUb2IyNc/A57ECOYTNPAjPIL0AtbIcTNxzgYZPGq+X8G8PmPwn1QC3s34p5/hGj5QbQFoaEw0AtPGbMvG1EaXmXOLMn7ThIS7Hk3L7DxpLNhPxyPvfAhx821XLy7e0bP7z5dliOn7354WN8WlAAEzglMBOrHAQYf5CiehSMglEwCkYMAADM20hu5zhlgQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Madda Walabu University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Habte","middleName":"","lastName":"Telila","suffix":""},{"id":379029739,"identity":"ba93434c-e7ab-4e2f-924e-a9f4545830a3","order_by":1,"name":"Adam Haji","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Dallo Manna District Agricultural Office","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Adam","middleName":"","lastName":"Haji","suffix":""},{"id":379029740,"identity":"25fa83f4-893a-4e29-9b1b-793728b15744","order_by":2,"name":"Ahmed Tilahun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Dallo Manna District Agricultural Office","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmed","middleName":"","lastName":"Tilahun","suffix":""},{"id":379029741,"identity":"f9f5f373-b852-4640-a80d-47732c72032c","order_by":3,"name":"Lemessa Kumsa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Adama Science and Technology University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lemessa","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumsa","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-11-08 12:38:30","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5416615/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5416615/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-025-01383-6","type":"published","date":"2025-11-14T15:57:28+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":69986719,"identity":"5421e258-e729-491d-8e26-93e0db6466f5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-27 08:40:36","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":145721,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of the study area\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5416615/v1/61cf7dc13e8dcc7f86187c8f.png"},{"id":69985081,"identity":"96a9179d-962d-43b6-bbca-e67bbfdffd6d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-27 08:32:36","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":86437,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePie chart showing the proportions of land uses distribution in the farmscape of the study area\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5416615/v1/854cbfd8f5ee2681ab91b015.png"},{"id":69985077,"identity":"9fe1e822-4715-48b7-bf2f-4a305daa0a06","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-27 08:32:36","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":113857,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariations of the seven land uses in the species richness and diversity of the woody species in the study area, where Ac= Annual crops, FL= Fallow land, GL= Grazing land, PNF= Patches of Natural Forest, PC= Perennial crops\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5416615/v1/7e983656b16fbffdd5e16223.png"},{"id":69986720,"identity":"8843899e-4934-47b9-9249-17d739d3324b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-27 08:40:36","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":178571,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMean above Ground Carbon stock potential of woody species across the farmscape of the study district, Dallo Manna District\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSg=Syzygium guineense, Ec=Ehretia cymosa, Eg=Eucalyptus globulus, Pg=Psidium guajava, Ca=Celtis africana, Wu=Warburgia Ugandensis, Af=Podocarpus falcatus, Pf=Polyscias fulva, Er=Euclea racemosa, Gb=Grewia bicolor, Mk=Mimusops kummel, Rg=Rhus glutinosa, Ti=Tamarindus indica, Cm=Combretum molle, Ps=Premna Schimperi, Co=Canthium Oligocarpum, Cm'=Croton macrostachyus, Gr=Grevillea robusta, Pa=Prunus africana, Pa'=Persea americana, Pa'''=Pouteria adolfi-friedericii, Fd=Filicium decipiens, Mi=Mangifera indica, Va=Vachellia abyssinica, Bp=Buddleia polystachya, Fs=Ficus sur forsk, Ag=Albizia gummifera, Ar=Annona reticulate, Ba=Bersama abyssinica, Js=Justicia Schimperiana, Mo=Maytenus obscura, Ok=Ocotea kenyensis, Oc=Olea capensis \u003c/em\u003esubsp\u003cem\u003e. macrocarpa, Te=Trichilia emetic, Ss=Strychnos spinosa, Aa'=Allophylus abyssinicus, Da=Diospyros abyssinca, Rp=Rhamnus prinoides, Rc=Ricinus communis, Tn=Teclea nobilis, Ca'=Calpurnia aurea, Cs=Carissa spinarum, Ca''=Coffea arabica, Ca'''=Cordia africana, Fv=Ficus vasta, Va=Vernonia amygdalina, Vl=Vernonia leopoldi, Ad=Apodytes dimidiata, Oe=Olea europea \u003c/em\u003esubsp\u003cem\u003e. cuapidata, Ce=Catha edulis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5416615/v1/c28a9dc04fcaad2ba177873e.png"},{"id":69985079,"identity":"2137ee86-cf88-4c68-a77b-6f78bb7bd201","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-27 08:32:36","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":107096,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eScatter plots showing the results of Linear Model (LM) that shows the effect of (a) species richness, (b) Species diversity on the mean Above Ground Carbon Stock potential of woody plant species in the study area\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5416615/v1/0cc8e5b0af9a49d26b27e81b.png"},{"id":69985080,"identity":"8527488d-aea4-4c29-b984-1996bffad4f3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-27 08:32:36","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":85881,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eScatter plots showing the results of Linear Model (LM) that shows the effect of (a) Importance Value Index, (b) (Basal area (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), (c) Number of individuals of trees and shrubs on the mean Above Ground Carbon Stock potential of woody plant species in the study area\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5416615/v1/ba32dc45a4c0bdff0f7d5a15.png"},{"id":69985084,"identity":"24595dd4-57d2-4c3b-afa9-34f10dff8e90","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-27 08:32:36","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1348149,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNotch chart, the results of one-way ANOVA that indicates the variations of Mean Above Ground Carbon stock potential in the seven land uses in the study area; where Ac= Annual crops, FL= Fallow land, GL= Grazing land, PNF= Patches of Natural Forest, PC= Perennial crops\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5416615/v1/4a62a81c603878fe5d6f6ca8.png"},{"id":96105111,"identity":"8075bfca-42fb-444f-877c-127554d80172","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-17 16:08:48","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3571332,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5416615/v1/9ebdefe5-7c15-4051-8723-cf53e0f6e370.pdf"},{"id":69985083,"identity":"49227d98-b912-4868-a8c7-6022db800b51","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-27 08:32:36","extension":"docx","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":22619,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Suplementarymaterials.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5416615/v1/e7acf24879fc16a5004eedfa.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Exploring the Nexus: Diversity and carbon Stock Potential of Woody Plants across diverse land uses in Farmscape of South East Oromia, Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBiodiversity, agriculture, and environmental protection are closely related. Food availability has expanded and growth has been phenomenal since the advent of modern industrial agriculture. However, this industrial agriculture also leads to biodiversity loss, habitat destruction, and soil pollution. Human health is harmed, farm profitability is decreased, and less water is available for distribution and storage when biodiversity is lost (\u0026Ccedil;akmak\u0026ccedil; et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Nguyen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Tan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Nonetheless, farmscapes offer an important area for conservation development, given that 40% of the earth's surface is under agricultural management and that many woody species depend on the quality of the agricultural matrix (Zomer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Lescourret et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; FAO 2019). Moreover, based on characteristics that are both beneficial to humans and prone to disturbance, the distribution of woody species in human-controlled farmscapes varies (Fang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombining local ecosystem services with global biodiversity benefits like carbon storage and climate mitigation is crucial for conservation and livelihood demands (Weiskopf et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Climate change has recently gained international attention as a significant environmental concern, and efforts are being made to understand its complexity, adapt to it, and mitigate its negative effects (IPCC \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Lawler et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Forestry, agroforestry, and agricultural practices have been used to reduce CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e emissions by storing carbon in long-lived carbon compartments (Soto-Pinto et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Jose and Bardhan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Agroforestry is a top three mitigation pathway for Agriculture, Forestry, and Land Use (AFOLU) in developing countries, with a high potential to sequester carbon by 2040 (Negash and Kanninen 2013; Chapman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbove ground carbon (AGC) stock potential varies across different land use systems (Luedeling et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Ojoatre et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), with some studies showing a positive correlation between species diversity and carbon sequestration (Kirby and Potvin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Nair et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Henry et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Tesfaye et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Sintayehu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Chemeda et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Maryo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This is supported by the insurance theory, which suggests species diversity stabilizes ecosystem functioning amidst environmental change, and species complementarity may enhance resource utilization in varied groups (Tilman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Greater species richness increases the likelihood of significant species impacting ecological functioning more than the overall diversity effect (selection effect) (Loreau and Hector \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). However, some research suggests that species richness and variety of farmscape patterns have little effect on carbon stock (Kirby and Potving 2007; Henry et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Mandal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, understanding the relationship between AGC stock potential and woody species richness, diversity, and characteristics like size, stem density, and ecological significance is crucial.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmscape has a great potential to sequester carbon in the Ethiopian environment (Rimhanen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). However, there is established but insufficient data supporting the relationship between species composition, diversity, richness, and estimations of the carbon sequestration capability of woody species in farmscapes (Gebregeorgs et al. 2018; Birhane et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e: Gebre et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Betemariyam et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Manaye et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Hagos et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). These relationships are especially fascinating since they could point to possible synergies between GHG reduction and biodiversity conservation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was important, particularly in areas like the Dallo Manna District, which is situated in the buffer zone of the Bale Mountains National Park in south-eastern Oromia, a region with a high conservation value of plant and animal species (BMNP 2013) since the fate of biodiversity within protected areas is inseparably linked to the broader landscape context, including how the surrounding agricultural matrix is designed and managed (Vandermeer et al. 2007). Additionally, the lack of empirical estimates of the carbon sequestration potential of farmscape has been argued to be one of the major bottlenecks preventing the introduction of carbon payments to African farmers (Luedeling et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Kahiluoto et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, the study aimed to determine the potential carbon stock of woody species and the relationships between aboveground carbon stock and various biodiversity assessment indicators in the various land use types of Southeastern Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Study area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in the southeast Ethiopian district of Dallo Manna, in the Bale Zone of the Oromia National Regional State, located at 6\u0026deg;40\u0026prime;\u0026ndash;7\u0026deg;10\u0026prime; N and longitude 39\u0026deg;30\u0026prime;\u0026ndash;40\u0026deg; E (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In Dallo Manna, the rainfall pattern is bimodal, with the short rainy season often lasting from September to the end of October and the main rainy season lasting from March to the end of June. The mean annual temperature is 20.7\u0026ordm;C, and the mean yearly rainfall is roughly 720 mm. The district has a mixed pastoral and agro-pastoral production system that emphasizes growing crops and rearing cattle for market and subsistence (EMI 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDallo Manna district is primarily covered by dry evergreen Afromontane Forest, and it is distinguished by an ecotone that lies between the desert and semi-desert scrubland ecosystems and the sub-Afroalpine. The common plant species in the study area are \u003cem\u003ePodocarpus falcatus\u003c/em\u003e (Thunb.) Endl., \u003cem\u003eSyzygium guineense\u003c/em\u003e (Willd.) DC, and \u003cem\u003eSaxifraga hederifolia\u003c/em\u003e Hochst. ex A. Rich. In addition, \u003cem\u003eSenegalia senegal\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Britten; \u003cem\u003eCordia africana\u003c/em\u003e Lam; \u003cem\u003eCroton macrostachyus\u003c/em\u003e Hochst; \u003cem\u003eVachellia seyal\u003c/em\u003e (Delile) P.J.H. Hurter. Ex Delille, \u003cem\u003ePrunus africana\u003c/em\u003e (Hook. f.) Kalkman, \u003cem\u003eAnnona senegalensis\u003c/em\u003e Pers., \u003cem\u003eFicus vasta\u003c/em\u003e Forssk., \u003cem\u003eFicus sur\u003c/em\u003e Forssk., \u003cem\u003eOlea\u003c/em\u003e spp., and \u003cem\u003ePrunus aurea\u003c/em\u003e (Aiton) Benth exist in the area (Friis et al. 2010). There were 111, 823 people living in the Dallo Manna district at the time of the survey, of which 56, 642 were men and 55, 181 were women. The bulk of people reside in rural regions, where the average population density is about 21 people per km2 (CSA 2024). The most common farming systems are Pastoralism, agro-pastoralism, and mixed agriculture.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Vegetation data collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eVegetation data collection was focused on purposely selected three sites (i.e. Dayu, Wabaro, and Waltham) in the farmscape of Dallo Manna District because the sites have varieties of agricultural practices. To gather data on the vegetation, five parallel transects, each measuring 2 kilometers, were positioned in each of the chosen locations in seven land use systems (i.e. perennial croplands, annual croplands, patches of natural forest, grazing lands, homesteads, live fences, and fallow lands) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). To account for the geographical heterogeneity of the vegetation and prevent pseudo-replication, transects were spaced one kilometer apart (Waite \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). In each transect, 9 plots totaling forty-five plots measuring twenty meters by twenty meters (400 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) each were placed 200 meters apart. Systematic random sampling was used to choose the first plot.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription of the land uses in Farmscape of Dallo Manna District, Bale Zone Land uses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLand uses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnnual crop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA variety of crops that are harvested each year and where the field normally is plowed every year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFallow land\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFields that were originally used for annual cropping but currently set aside to rebuild its fertility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrazing land\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFields that are primarily used for grazing by livestock\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatches of Natural Forest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003evegetation Areas with remnant or secondary tree or shrub vegetation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerennial crop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAreas which contain perennial crop such as coffee, Khat or plantation of trees such as Eucalyptus.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomestead\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAreas containing houses and nearby gardens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLive fence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA linear structure of trees and shrubs used for fencing or as boundary marking\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003eSource: Modified from Jara et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing a tree caliper, the diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees and the diameter at stump height (DSH) of shrubs taller than 2.5 cm were measured for every tree and shrub found in the plot. The hypsometer was used to measure height. Data on vegetation was gathered between May 22 and June 30, 2023. The Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea of various volumes were referred to for the identification of all plant species (Hedberg and Edwards \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Edwards et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e; Hedberg et al. 2003). Voucher specimens for any species that proved difficult to identify were taken to the teaching herbarium at Madda Walabu University for additional identification.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Data analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eShannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H') was used to estimate the woody plant diversity. For every species of woody plant, the structural parameters: stem density/ha, basal area (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), and frequency were calculated. The number of individuals of each woody species was divided by the plot's area to get the density (individuals per hectare). From relative density, relative dominance, and relative frequency, the Importance Value Index (IVI) was constructed to ascertain the overall value of each species. Each plot's biomass carbon stocks (Mg C/ha) were determined by multiplying the carbon content by the dry matter biomass. The allometric equation AGB\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0905*DBH2.4718 (Kuyah et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) was used to estimate the aboveground biomass (stem plus bark, branches, and foliage) of the trees and/or shrubs (where AGC is the aboveground biomass (dry mass per tree in kg) and DBH is the diameter at a breast height in cm). This equation was chosen as it can accurately estimate a large number of parameters with the lowest prediction error value ranging from DBH or height to aboveground biomass. Furthermore, this formula was created for trees with a DBH of more than 2.5 cm that are produced under agroforestry. The effects of species richness and diversity as well as species attributes such as basal area, height, frequency, and number of individual trees and shrubs on AGC stock potential throughout the farmscapes were evaluated using the Linear Model (LM). Additionally, one-way ANOVA was used to examine variations of the land uses in the AGC stock potential. To check whether the model fits the assumptions (normality and homoscedasticity) of both in one-way ANOVA and Linear Model, the model diagnostics plots in R using plot function were used. An indicator species analysis, a statistical technique to determine the species that are exclusively linked to particular habitat types was carried out using indval functions within the labdsv package (Roberts \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). All the analyses were performed with the free statistical software R (R Core Team \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Species composition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 50 woody plant species belonging to 33 families were recorded in the study area. The most frequently encountered woody species across the agricultural landscape of Dallo Manna district was \u003cem\u003eVachellia abyssinica\u003c/em\u003e, followed by \u003cem\u003eAlbizia gummifera\u003c/em\u003e. The most abundant species was \u003cem\u003eCoffea arabica\u003c/em\u003e followed by \u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eRicinus communis\u003c/em\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e; Appendix 2). The most common family was Fabaceae, and Myrtaceae represented by 3 species each. Eight families were represented by 2 species each whereas the remaining 17 families were represented by one species each. The majority of the species were trees (38\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;76%) and the remaining 12 (24%) were Shrubs in growth form.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ethe top 15 abundant and frequent woody plant species in the farmscape of Dallo Manna District, Bale Zone, South East Oromia, Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWoody species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRabu (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRdo (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRF (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIVI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSyzygium guineense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeltis africana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEhretia cymosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus globulus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoffea arabica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsidium guajava\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePodocarpus falcatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVachellia abyssinica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCatha edulis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCroton macrostachyus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCanthium Oligocarpum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiospyros abyssinica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBuddleia polystachya\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFilicium decipiens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Distribution of land uses in the farmscape\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most dominant land use was perennial croplands (PC) (27%) followed by grazing land (GL) (18%), live fences (LF) (15%), homestead (HS) (11%), patches of natural forest (PN) (11%), annual cropland (AC) and fallow land (FL) (9%) each in the farmscape of Dallo Manna district (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e; Appendix 1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Species richness and diversity of the land uses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe land uses showed significant variations in terms of the number of species (ANOVA, F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;48.77, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and species diversity (ANOVA, F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;176.4, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). The highest number of species was recorded in perennial cropland uses (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;43) followed by patches of natural forest and homesteads (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;29). The least number of species was recorded in Fallow and grazing land (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8). The land use with the highest species diversity was perennial crops followed by Patches of Natural Forest (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Density of trees and shrubs and the land use\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe woody species showed significant variations in terms of the number of individuals of trees and shrubs (ANOVA, F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;37.11, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01). (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). A total of 13,724 individuals ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (density) of trees and shrubs were calculated in all the seven land uses in which were shrubs 7, 230 (52.68%), and the remaining 6494 ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (47.32) % were trees (Appendix1). The highest mean density per ha was calculated in perennial crops (4580 ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) followed by PN (2180 ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). The least tree and shrub density was calculated in AC land uses (Appendix 2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Ecological importance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most ecologically important woody plant species in the farmscape of Dallo Manna district was \u003cem\u003eSyzygium guineense\u003c/em\u003e followed by \u003cem\u003eCeltis africana\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eEhretia cymosa\u003c/em\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e; Appendix 1). In contrast, \u003cem\u003eFilicium decipiens\u003c/em\u003e had the least ecological importance in the area (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Value Index (IVI) of the top 15 woody plant species in descending order in the Farmscape of Dallo Manna District, Bale Zone; where Rabu (%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Relative abundance (%), RDo (%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Relative dominance (%), RF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Relative frequency (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWoody species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRabu (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRdo (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRF (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIVI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSyzygium guineense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeltis africana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEhretia cymosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus globulus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoffea arabica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsidium guajava\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePodocarpus falcatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVachellia abyssinica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCatha edulis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCroton macrostachyus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCanthium Oligocarpum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiospyros abyssinica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBuddleia polystachya\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFilicium decipiens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.6 Association of woody plant species with different land uses within a farmscape\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost of the woody species significantly preferred PC (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;42) followed by PN (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24), HS (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20), and LF (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15). However, the majority of the woody species significantly avoided FL, AC, GL (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8), and FL (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7) each. Species such as \u003cem\u003eVachellia abyssinica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eBersama abyssinica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCoffea arabica\u003c/em\u003e had high sum values ​​and very low p values, being strongly and almost exclusively associated with perennial croplands. While most species had low sum values and high p-values, displayed weaker associations with specific land uses, for example, most tree species were significantly associated with two or more different land uses (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;37) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of indicator species analysis showing the association of woody plant species to the seven land uses across the farmscape of the study are; where Ac\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Annual crops, FL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Fallow land, GL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Grazing land, PN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Patches of Natural Forest, PC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Perennial crops, Sum\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;The total number of land uses where the species was found., and stat\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;represents a statistical value, a test statistic, associated with the significance of the association\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWoody Species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep. value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVachellia abyssinica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.787\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBersama abyssinica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.907\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoffea arabica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.668\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.893\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMimusops kummel\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.893\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePersea americana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.669\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePolyscias fulva\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.849\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRicinus communis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.554\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStrychnos spinosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarindus indica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.883\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichilia emetica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.905\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWarburgia ugandensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.868\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlbizia gummifera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.798\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnona senegalensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.787\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCatha edulis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.911\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiospyros abyssinica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.905\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus globulus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.904\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFicus vasta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.981\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFilicium decipiens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.933\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGrewia bicolour\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.821\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJusticia schimperiana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.856\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOcotea kenyensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOlea europaea\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003ecuspidata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.907\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePodocarpus falcatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.805\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePremna schimperi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.896\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsidium guajava\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.819\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTeclea nobilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.895\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVernonia leopoldi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.875\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSyzygium guineense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.840\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAllophylus abyssinicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.645\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePouteria adolfi friedericii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.745\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eApodytes dimidiata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.764\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCalpurnia aurea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.851\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCanthium oligocarpum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.812\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCarissa spinarum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.952\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEhretia cymosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.748\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEuclea racemosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.947\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFicus sur\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.592\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOlea capensis\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003emacrocarpa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.562\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrunus africana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBuddleia polystachya\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCombretum molle\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.882\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGrevillea robusta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.689\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhamnus prinoides\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.913\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhus glutinosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.927\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVernonia amygdalina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.842\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeltis africana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.617\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCordia africana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.810\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCroton macrostachyus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.604\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.6 Above Ground Carbon stock potential of woody species\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe woody species in the study area showed AGC stock potential of an average of 49.21 Mg C ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and a total of 2460.98 Mg C ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Appendix 2). The Mean AGC stock potential of the farmscape of the study district is 3323.32 Mg C ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and the overall estimated amount is 166165.94 Mg C ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The woody species with the highest Mean AGC stock potential were trees such as \u003cem\u003eSyzygium guineense\u003c/em\u003e followed by \u003cem\u003eEhretia cymosa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus globulus\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eCatha edulis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eOlea europea\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003ecuspidata\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eApodytes dimidiata\u003c/em\u003e were the species with the least Mean AGC sequestration potential (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.7 Above Ground Carbon (AGC) stock potential and species richness and diversity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe AGC stock potential of woody plant species in the study area was significantly affected by species richness (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;571.5, R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.95, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and species diversity (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;487.1, R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.92, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.8 AGC stock potential, and species attributes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGC stock potential of the woody species in the farmscape of Dallo Manna district displayed different patterns. For example, the sequestration potential of AGC significantly increased with number of individuals of species (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;571, R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;092, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), basal area (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;182.9, R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.92, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and importance value index (IVI) (Multiple F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30.58, R\u003csup\u003e2=\u003c/sup\u003e0.37, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Those woody species with a large size and a high number of stems stored high AGC. Additionally, the ecologically important woody species were found to store high AGC. However, the AGC sequestration potential of woody species was not affected by frequency (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.16, R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.02, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.286), and height (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.17, R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.286) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussions","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Woody plant species composition, richness, and diversity across land uses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe diversity in the composition of woody species may result from a complex interaction of ecological, historical, site-specific, and socioeconomic factors, including farmers' preferences for particular tree species and their various uses in various locations (Nair et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Samuel et al. 2019). The perceived economic value of woody species may be the cause of the variance in the frequency of distribution of tree species in the study area's farmscape. Farmers favor some trees, such as \u003cem\u003eC. macrostachyus, P. falcatus, C. africana, E. capensis, Pouteria adolfi-friederici\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eOlea capensis\u003c/em\u003e, for coffee shade because of their flat crowns and compound leaves that allow light to pass through (Gole and Senbeta \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). The composition of shade trees probably reflects a combination of a deliberate choice of certain favored species (e.g. \u003cem\u003eAllophylus abyssinicus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePouteria adolfi-friederici\u003c/em\u003e). Focusing on the perennial crop and homestead land uses, \u003cem\u003eCoffea arabica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCatha edulis, Rhamnus prinoides\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePersea americana\u003c/em\u003e played an important role in the variation of land use types in species composition. \u003cem\u003eC. macrostachyus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. abyssinica\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eP. falcatus\u003c/em\u003e, which could be a legacy of previous forest species with a greater economic or ecological value were found to be abundantly found across the farmscape. The dissimilarity of species composition played a role in the variation and could be contributed to by a human-assisted conservation intervention because of the economic significance of the species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOwning the highest species richness and diversity of perennial cropland uses may be related to coffee cultivation in the area. This is because many shade trees are used in coffee production. Previous studies also reported a positive effect of the shaded coffee system on plant biodiversity (e.g. Perfecto and Vandermeer \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Gole and Senbeta \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). The results are also consistent with research that found substantial species turnover in Sumatra\u0026rsquo;s agro-forest plots (Beukema et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).On the other hand, even though it has not been seen for the time being in the study area, the Khat cultivation (going on in the near zone, Hararge), could erode much of the tree species (since Khat is normally grown in sunlight in other agricultural landscapes) if not aware which could be perceived as a worrying trend in terms of their potential impact on the biodiversity of agricultural landscapes (Jara et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the farmscape of the current study area, even though they were sparsely distributed, many of the plants recorded were perennial plants. This may be because it is home to a variety of native trees that have adapted to the local ecological conditions. Therefore, approaches to increasing and protecting the species richness of these landscapes should focus on remaining natural vegetation. This has been suggested as an important strategy (Haslem and Bennett \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Farmland use also relies on a variety of plant species that reflect household needs and preferences (Mbaruku et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Distribution of land uses and woody species preferences across the farmscape\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study found that perennial cropland uses were dominant in the farmscape of Dallo Manna, which could be related to coffee cultivation and shade trees (Gole and Senbeta \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Jara et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Molla and Kawessa 2015). Other important land uses included grazing land, pastoralism, and agro-pastoralism. Live fences were also common in the farmscape, possibly used by livestock rarer to avoid distraction and protect their livestock from wild beasts. The study found strong correlations between woody species and specific land uses, with perennial croplands being associated with most woody species. However, woody species like \u003cem\u003eCeltis africana\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCroton macrostachyus\u003c/em\u003e were found in various land uses, demonstrating their resilience to environmental conditions. Understanding the distribution of woody species in farmscape is crucial for biodiversity, as different land use patterns result from habitat loss and forest fragmentation (Manning et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Harvey et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Shumi et al. 2016).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Asteraceae and Fabaceae families contain most species found in agroecosystems, aligning with the flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea (Hedberg et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Hedberg and Edwards \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e). The finding that the majority of woody species are found in perennial cropland demonstrates the important role that this land use type plays in maintaining plant biodiversity (Senbeta and Denich \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Hundera et al. 2013; Oliver and Morecroft \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Understanding the interconnection between species and their preferred habitats can help develop more effective strategies for conservation (Weiskopf et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Muluneh \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Simonson et al. 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Carbon stock potential of woody plant species\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe observed differences in carbon storage across various woody species in the study emphasize how crucial species selection is to maximizing the advantages of carbon sequestration. The woody species with the highest mean AGC stock potential were \u003cem\u003eSyzygium guineense\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEhretia cymosa\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus globulus, Psidium guava\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCeltis africana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eWarburgia ugandensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePodocarpus falcatus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePolyscias fulva\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eEuclea racemosa\u003c/em\u003e. These species are distinguished by their high DBH, biomass, and effective carbon storage. Generally, species with greater woody densities store more carbon per unit volume. \u003cem\u003ePodocarpus falcatus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eWarburgia ugandensis\u003c/em\u003e, for instance, are recognized for having thick wood, which enhances their capacity to store carbon. One potential contributing element might be growth rates; research has indicated that species like \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus\u003c/em\u003e, which has been found to have rapid growth and increased capacity for carbon storage, also tend to retain more carbon (Zhang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentifying high-carbon-storing species is crucial for reforestation and agroforestry projects, promoting carbon sequestration, and ecosystem services like shade, soil improvement, and biodiversity protection (Ollinaha and Kr\u0026ouml;ger \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Yasin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). However, it is important to consider the trade-offs between carbon sequestration and other ecosystem functions. For example, \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus globulus\u003c/em\u003e is a rapidly growing species with a great potential for storing carbon, yet in some situations, it has been linked to detrimental effects on soil fertility and water availability (Boulmane et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Hutapea et al. 2023). As a result, a thorough assessment of species compatibility in light of particular site circumstances and management goals is required.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, the study also found species including \u003cem\u003eApodytes dimidiata\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eOlea europa\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003ecuspidata\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eCatha edulis\u003c/em\u003e to have a lower mean AGC stock potential. Although these species contributed to the overall AGC stock, their DBH was lower. Therefore, concentrating on species that have a greater capacity to sequester carbon could optimize the farmscape's benefits for mitigating climate change. The overall potential of the AGC stock is substantially increased by a wide range of woody species, including trees, shrubs, and bushes (Tetemke et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This is particularly important in the context of reducing climate change since trees and other woody plants act as carbon sinks, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it in their biomass.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study estimates carbon stocks based on tree sizes, but the results are limited due to the use of general allometric equations. Future studies should use species-specific equations and estimates for wood density and carbon concentration. The study's findings can be used to design conservation plans based on farm practices and species niches. The largest tree species significantly influences carbon stock, suggesting that conserving trees with larger sizes could increase carbon storage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study also emphasizes how critical it is to take the entire farmscape into account when evaluating the potential of AGC stocks. The average AGC stock potential of the farmscape exceeded the average AGC stock potential of individual woody species, according to the study. In agroforestry systems, the aboveground biomass Carbon stocks varied between 0.25 and 56.56 Mg C ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (on average 7.9 Mg C ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), and the woody species exhibited an average AGC of 49.22 Mg C ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, which is within the range of worldwide AGC per ha (Nair \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Several studies in the agroforestry systems in Ethiopia have discovered mean AGC values that are in line with international standards. For example, the mean AGC of woody species in the Dallo Mana district recorded 47.82 Mg C ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Molla and Kawessa 2015), the difference with this study could be because of more growth forms of plants i.e. shrubs. A study in the Yabello District of southern Ethiopia reported an average AGC stock of 37.4 Mg C ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in farmlands with scattered trees (Gebrehiwot et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). This value is lower than the Dallo Manna study, likely due to differences in tree density and species composition. Other studies in Tigray (Northern Ethiopia) reported 11.49 Mg C ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in agroforestry systems (Gebrewahid and Meressa \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), and 25.4 Mg C ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003ein croplands with scattered trees (Tesfaye et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) which is much smaller than this study. The difference could be attributed to the variations in agroecology and the intensity of deforestation of the Ethiopian highlands that could have resulted in less size and density of trees which in turn impacted the AGB of each species. A study in the state of Haryana, India, found an average AGC stock of 52.4 Mg C ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in agroforestry systems (Yadav et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). This value is slightly higher than the Dallo Manna study, suggesting the potential for even greater carbon sequestration with optimized agroforestry practices. The Global Forest Resources Assessment reported an average AGC stock of 45.4 Mg C ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for forests worldwide (FAO 2020). This value is comparable to the Dallo Manna study, indicating the potential of the district's agricultural landscape to contribute significantly to global carbon storage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4 AGC stock potential across the land uses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study's findings indicate that perennial cropland and residual natural forest land use types in the Dallo Manna district have much higher AGC stock potential when compared to annual crops, grazing land, fallow land, live fences, and homestead land uses. These results align with previous studies highlighting the role of woody biomass in carbon sequestration (Bhagwat et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Chazdon \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Nair et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Jose \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Nair 2012; Mengistu and Asfaw \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Perennial crops have a higher AGC stock potential for several reasons. Diverse plant species are frequently included in the semi-forest coffee agroforestry systems in the study area as a shade for coffee, which improves carbon sequestration by increasing biomass. For instance, \u003cem\u003eCordia africana, Croton macrostachyus, Ekebergia capensis, Podocarpus falcatus, Pouteria adolfi-friederici\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eDiospyros abyssinica\u003c/em\u003e, were the most preferred tree species by farmers for coffee shade in addition to their main timber source (Gole and Senbeta \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). The capacity of these six species to supply goods and services to the local people confers upon them both systematic protection against anthropogenic interventions, such as excessive harvesting and pruning, and enhanced restoration through farmer-managed natural regeneration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe perennial cropland used with forest coffee in Dallo Manna accumulated high AGC that could be explained by Coffee being harvested in the wild (without management) in contrast to the low AGC arising from annual thinning that could reduce the average density of woody species per ha that in turn potentially reduces AGC stock potential (Hundera et al. 2013; Hylander et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Oliver and Morecroft \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, total carbon storage was found to be significantly higher on organic farms than on conventional farms (H\u0026auml;ger \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). However, further research that includes below ground carbon stock potential would be important to further elaborate on the impact of management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForest remnants in the area, such as woody species used as shade trees, have a significant AGC stock potential due to their large trees, high biomass density, and diverse plant species (Nair et al. 2012; Pukkala \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). However, due to socio-economic activities like pastoralism and agro-pastoralism, annual crop fields are less common (Nair et al. 2012), resulting in smaller AGC stocks. Grazing fields, fallow areas, and live fences have less biomass buildup and land coverage, but still help sequester carbon (Nair et al. 2012).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLand-use changes and deforestation threaten forests, highlighting the need for efficient conservation strategies. Ethiopia's \"Food first\" approach, which supports agricultural intensification (Jiren et al. 2018), overlooks the importance of woody plant species and ecosystem services for local communities (Kassa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Future regional development strategies and land use laws must consider local populations' demands and behaviors for effective management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.5 AGC stock potential against species richness, diversity, and species attributes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study showed a direct correlation between farmscape AGC stock potential and species richness/diversity. Compared to earlier studies (Seta and Demissew \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Gebrewahid and Meressa \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Enkosa et al. 2023), which found a weaker correlation between AGC stocks and the diversity of woody plant species in coffee agroforestry systems, this relationship in this study is stronger. Previous studies discovered the strong relationship between species diversity and carbon storage stocks in a number of agroforestry systems (Ali and Mattsson 2017; Gebre et al. 2019; Maryo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The strong relationship between species richness, diversity, and AGC stock potential might be explained by ecological reasons, such as the complementarity effect (Tilman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e), selection effect (Loreau and Hector \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e), and partitioning into niches (Cardinale et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). The results support earlier research that highlighted the importance of plant diversity in carbon sequestration (Pandey \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Verchot et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Chazdon \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Henry et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Jose \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; H\u0026auml;ger et al. 2012; Nair 2012; Negash and Kannien 2013; Mensah et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Ma et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Baul et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Agroforestry systems with a variety of tree species often possess greater carbon stocks compared to monocultures (Nair et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study emphasizes the importance of preserving and enhancing the variety of wood plants in farmscape for carbon storage. It supports Williams-Guill\u0026eacute;n et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e)\u0026rsquo;s conclusion that agroforestry systems can be a climate-smart method of sequestering carbon through land use. However, some previous research found that species richness and diversity in mosaic farmscape had little effect on carbon stock (Kirby and Potving 2007; Henry et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Manda et al. 2013). Hence, the relationship between woody species richness and the potential of AGC stock is complex and influenced by factors like tree age and management techniques, necessitating further research to understand their precise contributions to carbon sequestration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA study reveals that trees with larger basal areas and more individuals have greater AGC stores, indicating better carbon sequestration. This finding is consistent with previous studies conducted in agroecosystems of the tropical regions (Mensah et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Noul\u0026egrave;koun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). However, some studies reported that the relationship between above-ground forest biomass and wood density within a forest was not generally positive, but varied from negative to null to positive depending on the size of the forest (Stegen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). The study emphasizes the importance of tree size in carbon sequestration and suggests prioritizing species with high IVI values, large basal areas, and abundant individuals for carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change. Further research should explore species-specific differences and environmental factors influencing AGC stock potential.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study emphasized the significance of woody plant species in assessing AGC stock potential. Perennial cropland, homesteads, and remnant patches of natural forest were found to have the highest species richness and diversity. The perennial croplands and patches of natural forest showed the highest AGC stock potential. The study also found that species richness and diversity were significantly correlated with AGC, highlighting the importance of plant biodiversity for sequestering carbon. Additionally, the study found woody species with a high capacity to sequester carbon, which offers important information for conservation and land management strategies. The study underscores the importance of integrating carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation strategies. We can create more efficient strategies to mitigate climate change and advance sustainable land management techniques in farmscape by comprehending the connections among species, land uses, and carbon stock potential.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo funding has been received for this study\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study's conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by HT, AH, AT and LK. The first draft of the manuscript was written by HT and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank all farmers and the staff of the Dallo Manna District Agriculture Office who provided relevant information\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAli A, Mattson E (2017) Disentangling the effects of species diversity, and intraspecific and interspecific tree size variation on aboveground biomass in dry zone homegarden agroforestry systems. 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Sci Repor 6: 29987. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1038/srep29987\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1038/srep29987\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"agroforestry-systems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"agfo","sideBox":"Learn more about [Agroforestry Systems](http://link.springer.com/journal/10457)","snPcode":"10457","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10457/3","title":"Agroforestry Systems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Carbon stock, Diversity, Farmscape, Woody species","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5416615/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5416615/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eThe study was taken place in the farmscape of Dallo Manna district, Southeast Ethiopia aimed to understand the connection between the diversity and carbon sequestration potential of woody species. A total of 45 plots (20 m x 20 m) were established along five-line transects to collect woody species within seven land use systems. A total of 50 woody plant (DBH greater than 2.5 cm) species, belonging to 33 families, were recorded in the farmscape. The most frequently encountered woody species was Vachellia abyssinica, followed by Albizia gummifera, and the most abundant species was Coffea arabica followed by Mangifera indica, and Ricinus communis. The dominant land use in the farmscape of the study area was perennial crop and grazing lands. The study area had an average above ground carbon (AGC) stock potential of 49.21 Mg C ha\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003eand a total of 2460.98 21 Mg C ha\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. \u003cem\u003eSyzygium guineense, Celtis africana, and Ehretia cymosa, sequestered the highest AGC. Perennial cropland uses showed the highest species richness and diversity and accumulated the highest AGC followed by patches of natural forest. The study highlights the value of farmscapes, which have the potential to be a climate-smart and successful land use strategy by significantly reducing carbon emissions through dense and diverse woody plant communities. Coffee cultivation, which relies on shade trees, plays a particularly important role. The findings suggest that conservation efforts should extend beyond protected areas to encompass Dallo Manna's agricultural lands, promoting biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation alongside sustainable agricultural practices.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Exploring the Nexus: Diversity and carbon Stock Potential of Woody Plants across diverse land uses in Farmscape of South East Oromia, Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-27 08:32:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5416615/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-04-28T09:06:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-25T13:30:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"99310638847478490765479796967665494944","date":"2025-04-25T13:26:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-16T17:56:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"207917434127976231626649088548308944555","date":"2025-04-16T08:38:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"327982034041490951208989508947943346556","date":"2025-04-11T12:06:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-02-24T14:36:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"69940264813087625405020405512633894676","date":"2025-02-16T13:25:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"79453298097248182720079449531128344233","date":"2024-12-22T11:55:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"260355418415871600041006885643257569897","date":"2024-11-13T13:46:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-11-11T13:26:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-11-08T17:57:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-11-08T16:35:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Agroforestry Systems","date":"2024-11-08T12:28:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"agroforestry-systems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"agfo","sideBox":"Learn more about [Agroforestry Systems](http://link.springer.com/journal/10457)","snPcode":"10457","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10457/3","title":"Agroforestry Systems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ad9f3294-69e3-46ce-ba33-b344dacae192","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 27th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-17T16:03:53+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5416615","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-025-01383-6","journal":{"identity":"agroforestry-systems","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Agroforestry Systems"},"publishedOn":"2025-11-14 15:57:28","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 14th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-27 08:32:31","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10457-025-01383-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-025-01383-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5416615","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5416615","identity":"rs-5416615","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}