A Comparative Large-Signal Stability Analysis of Grid-Following and Grid-Forming Converters

A Comparative Large-Signal Stability Analysis of Grid-Following and Grid-Forming Converters | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A Comparative Large-Signal Stability Analysis of Grid-Following and Grid-Forming Converters Frede Blaabjerg, Guoqing Gao This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6372970/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Large-signal stability analysis of grid-interfaced converters is essential to understand their behavior under significant disturbances such as voltage sags during faults. The different synchronization control methods for converters complicate the large-signal stability analysis. Thus, the dynamic equations for different grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) converters and the corresponding physical analogy are described. Then, a comparative large-signal stability analysis of converters is conducted based on geometric method, Lyapunov method and time-domain simulation, covering voltage-, power-, virtual oscillator-based synchronizations. Geometric method grid-following converter grid-forming converter large-signal stability Lyapunov method virtual oscillator Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6372970","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":438219534,"identity":"7b09cc7b-0267-49b7-8726-c7f6d0f014e3","order_by":0,"name":"Frede Blaabjerg","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA90lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLCCBDDJ2P7jA5BiYydeC/MByRkgLczE28WWIM0D1kpAnXxE8sEbD3fU2vW39xgY2/zaJs/HzMD44WMObi2GN9KSLRLPHE+eceaMQXJu323DNmYGZsmZ2/BomZFjJpHYdiyZ4UaOweHcntuMQC1szLzEaJG/kWPYbNlz256gFnkJsJYaOwOgC5kZftxOJKjFgOcZ0C9tBxIMzxw+xtjbcDu5jZmxGa9f5NuTD9782VZnL3e8sY3hx5/btvPbmw9++IjPlgMMDBIMDIcTG0A8xjYw2YBbPciWBrCWOnsI9w9exaNgFIyCUTBCAQB9PFVo1QkxLwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Frede","middleName":"","lastName":"Blaabjerg","suffix":""},{"id":438219535,"identity":"895c00d5-3f16-41f8-b075-168e6f87dede","order_by":1,"name":"Guoqing Gao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Guoqing","middleName":"","lastName":"Gao","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-04 03:42:48","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6372970/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6372970/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":80020196,"identity":"5a64da46-1629-4a5a-b939-482dcc92b054","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-07 04:39:53","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":743102,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AComparativeLargeSignalStabilityAnalysisof.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6372970/v1_covered_0119b5fe-17da-4e1f-93db-148bf55d5c12.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eA Comparative Large-Signal Stability Analysis of Grid-Following and Grid-Forming Converters\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Aalborg University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Geometric method, grid-following converter, grid-forming converter, large-signal stability, Lyapunov method, virtual oscillator","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6372970/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6372970/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eLarge-signal stability analysis of grid-interfaced converters is essential to understand their behavior under significant disturbances such as voltage sags during faults. 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