Simulated Aging Studies on Porcelain Restoration Adhesives for Conservation in Chinese Museums | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Simulated Aging Studies on Porcelain Restoration Adhesives for Conservation in Chinese Museums Kaixun Chen, Yanting Zhong, Zihan Li, Maolin Zhang, Yuan Feng This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8487891/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The advancement of archaeology in China has led to the excavation of numerous fragmented porcelain artifacts. In the conservation and restoration of these artifacts, the long-term stability of adhesives is a critical factor. This study selected four representative adhesives widely used in conservation units across China (epoxy resin Hezhong AAA, epoxy resin Hongxing 509, acrylic resin B-72, and cyanoacrylate 502) to investigate their aging performance.. A multi-analytical approach was adopted, including ultra-depth-of-field microscopy, colorimetric analysis, pencil hardness testing, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).The results demonstrate distinct aging behaviors among the adhesive types. Epoxy resins exhibit high mechanical hardness and structural stability; however, the formation of chromophoric groups during aging can lead to noticeable color changes. Paraloid B-72 shows superior color stability and reversibility, yet it possesses relatively poor thermal stability. Cyanoacrylate adhesive cures rapidly and resists discoloration effectively, making it suitable for temporary on-site assembly. Nevertheless, it is prone to embrittlement and adhesive interface failure over time, posing a potential risk to long-term preservation integrity.The study elucidates the aging mechanisms and performance evolution patterns of different adhesives, providing a scientific basis for the selection, removal of aged adhesives, and long-term preservation in the restoration of porcelain artifacts. Furthermore, it offers theoretical reference for practical conservation and restoration practices related to porcelain cultural relic. Porcelain Restoration Aging Studies FTIR Cultural Relics Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8487891","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":567707302,"identity":"db9b5212-fcb4-4904-a71f-bf653ec8e7d7","order_by":0,"name":"Kaixun Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ancient Ceramic Research Centre, Jingdezhen Ceramic University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kaixun","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":567707303,"identity":"7d596cb0-943b-4a90-8a14-8340dad80b1e","order_by":1,"name":"Yanting Zhong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ancient Ceramic Research Centre, Jingdezhen Ceramic University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yanting","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhong","suffix":""},{"id":567707304,"identity":"69101e7a-ac7f-4700-9c79-b092596c4588","order_by":2,"name":"Zihan Li","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA10lEQVRIie3RsQrCMBCA4ZOAXU67nqj0FQqBUqjgq6QIuog4dnAICHXs2sepCE51L+jsLDgKYtPiGuMmmH8IBO5LAgGw2X4xhmoN0QUQamtMCAfSmEBLwC/aEz4Db9fb39dAI36WV4IkiqVzKrSks+3Phnn9sOBSzAnKRSxxJbSEMfSHqEgl5tRJD7Ek9LWky5A/FOG5Ik8DggyD5hafFJEGhGoS1fNIlZiF4rjgKS71xMtKfsZkMnXzZVzdNtE4c0o9aWtmUDSf2TWYf+cUXwzbbDbbP/UCSgky3mfRYVUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Archaeology, Cultural Heritage, and Chinese Civilization, Nanjing University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zihan","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":567707305,"identity":"b0a9b78a-4f12-4f59-b1ab-dd497a0fb1d8","order_by":3,"name":"Maolin Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ancient Ceramic Research Centre, Jingdezhen Ceramic University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maolin","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":567707312,"identity":"c72e532d-2d83-4fde-9e8f-62488a55592d","order_by":4,"name":"Yuan Feng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ancient Ceramic Research Centre, Jingdezhen Ceramic University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Feng","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-31 08:51:33","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8487891/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8487891/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":99606554,"identity":"f1dc81d1-4e66-4b7f-a075-6375f14c90bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 11:33:09","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1479285,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"file.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/f3360e11d9ee75faae7e479a.docx"},{"id":99792406,"identity":"3ad3b0af-a737-417d-8389-002efe308c82","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:19:20","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":342,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rs8487891.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/acabc678c2b48e2e2f24c208.json"},{"id":99793875,"identity":"7776d50a-6a00-4f7d-9bf8-633daf3ddf4a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:33:24","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":149260,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rs84878910enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/406c55217463dc6c8b0799dd.xml"},{"id":99794254,"identity":"7f464fd2-0e76-4e24-aed0-b13948d02bf4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:34:22","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":88171,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/c828707b9d54acbfa8741d42.png"},{"id":99793576,"identity":"56405407-a1b6-4983-a37f-21a37d8722d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:31:53","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":140992,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/db12d0d9b0dcc07153adfc03.jpeg"},{"id":99793286,"identity":"7af37b6f-d526-4f28-a285-225343fa4490","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:31:20","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":99492,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/f0b232e9979245c18c7f0869.jpeg"},{"id":99793856,"identity":"86bbddea-11d6-4caf-9aa7-029c89c4bd43","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:33:24","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":80114,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/f086de78b6f396f201b7fd32.jpeg"},{"id":99793139,"identity":"35568493-b988-4e99-98d0-6e340b87863d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:31:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":105072,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/9f144a15f5fb4aaae69a3d65.jpeg"},{"id":99793478,"identity":"268266c8-42c5-4447-835d-8264174e62a9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:31:40","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":214061,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/ef5417febe23da39ae391357.jpeg"},{"id":99792413,"identity":"01047a1b-f82e-4979-aabd-6d16fc9b7d78","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:19:23","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":262112,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/07e639e1b6e98c89e798d2e3.png"},{"id":99606577,"identity":"f4e0b392-ddaa-4b19-bf82-a758de34fd6f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 11:33:11","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":154962,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/f335637b4ef3a1566057f356.jpeg"},{"id":99792389,"identity":"ee77a011-41d1-4391-a33f-ade87e9d7938","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:19:15","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":83088,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/a330f851a098d252a15d6fa6.png"},{"id":99792845,"identity":"9d09a277-d2bd-4ae8-92c5-6e6d8e08e169","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:26:51","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":136024,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/a666ff1af23ca8994ea68080.jpeg"},{"id":99793055,"identity":"2b9fd77b-aa9b-4927-b5cd-48a09c69db24","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:30:57","extension":"wmf","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2152,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image3.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/26b1590432a42a75b5fcaf5e.wmf"},{"id":99794284,"identity":"0da0a0f9-4de5-426d-8821-fd65b1c5872c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:34:28","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":11575,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/f8fe2f438ca36bec7cc93b5a.png"},{"id":99793541,"identity":"1080a4e9-c7b5-46dd-94d3-9747a1ed3a57","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:31:50","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":42058,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/221a5ccaed701da6fd0a4b56.png"},{"id":99792441,"identity":"8bf1d144-04f3-450d-813a-427c0685963e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:19:56","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":63605,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/cee228d6a4e4c38e52137b0e.png"},{"id":99794115,"identity":"c09df9c2-27cc-46b5-989a-c8356edd05ef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:34:00","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":43208,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/81ebb81f243b475ab1a13820.png"},{"id":99606581,"identity":"66842a37-20cf-419a-ad89-99558d1187ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 11:33:11","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":90767,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/9eb6954f173a55aa18000986.png"},{"id":99793953,"identity":"665cb615-5d55-43bd-b381-b2e6adc20fa0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:33:37","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":192451,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/ee8999e41c5d32a7e63528bd.png"},{"id":99606574,"identity":"e9d59927-3869-45f2-a3b3-c33d5cfa0d06","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 11:33:11","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":50907,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/d3f341614b7b9d36a651857d.png"},{"id":99606578,"identity":"c1e163c1-43bd-412f-8049-1e38065864d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 11:33:11","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":50121,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/f9c8eb3c64736397542eaa6d.png"},{"id":99794551,"identity":"0abe6193-edab-44a7-bb4e-068228e97c46","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:35:21","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":10962,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/b7922e944f8d01f9eaeef8e9.png"},{"id":99794420,"identity":"653b472e-8795-449a-9500-0fbdf83a10ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:34:56","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":40372,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/a88640d4a63fa904d605594c.png"},{"id":99606580,"identity":"c2d24675-e06c-4c03-985c-2ef83ecf3bb6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 11:33:11","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1117,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/e27f1e202a4b8886c358a450.png"},{"id":99793045,"identity":"a08a0779-737f-4c35-850e-f40e2d012563","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:30:55","extension":"xml","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":147504,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rs84878910structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/e0edcd481e7237c1a8ebccab.xml"},{"id":99606575,"identity":"31bbb571-15e1-4788-b976-b8cab25b4ac4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 11:33:11","extension":"html","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":158112,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1/62dd007c35ebdddc1156f29c.html"},{"id":99804273,"identity":"ab053a35-acde-47a3-a953-891be59fffe0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 14:12:56","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":923874,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"file.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8487891/v1_covered_529caf55-becd-45f7-84ee-1ad75d85e008.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eSimulated Aging Studies on Porcelain Restoration Adhesives for Conservation in Chinese Museums\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"
[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Porcelain Restoration, Aging Studies, FTIR, Cultural Relics","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8487891/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8487891/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe advancement of archaeology in China has led to the excavation of numerous fragmented porcelain artifacts. In the conservation and restoration of these artifacts, the long-term stability of adhesives is a critical factor. This study selected four representative adhesives widely used in conservation units across China (epoxy resin Hezhong AAA, epoxy resin Hongxing 509, acrylic resin B-72, and cyanoacrylate 502) to investigate their aging performance.. A multi-analytical approach was adopted, including ultra-depth-of-field microscopy, colorimetric analysis, pencil hardness testing, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).The results demonstrate distinct aging behaviors among the adhesive types. Epoxy resins exhibit high mechanical hardness and structural stability; however, the formation of chromophoric groups during aging can lead to noticeable color changes. Paraloid B-72 shows superior color stability and reversibility, yet it possesses relatively poor thermal stability. Cyanoacrylate adhesive cures rapidly and resists discoloration effectively, making it suitable for temporary on-site assembly. Nevertheless, it is prone to embrittlement and adhesive interface failure over time, posing a potential risk to long-term preservation integrity.The study elucidates the aging mechanisms and performance evolution patterns of different adhesives, providing a scientific basis for the selection, removal of aged adhesives, and long-term preservation in the restoration of porcelain artifacts. Furthermore, it offers theoretical reference for practical conservation and restoration practices related to porcelain cultural relic.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Simulated Aging Studies on Porcelain Restoration Adhesives for Conservation in Chinese Museums","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-06 11:33:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8487891/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"
[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7aef73d4-c68e-48d5-83c6-e62899220a50","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 6th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-06T11:33:05+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-06 11:33:04","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8487891","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8487891","identity":"rs-8487891","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}
Text is read by the "Ask this paper" AI Q&A widget below.
Extraction quality varies by source — PMC NXML preserves structure
cleanly, OA-HTML may include some navigation residue, and OA-PDF can
have broken hyphenation. The publisher copy
(via DOI)
is the canonical version.