Assessment Levels of cytokines and chemokines parameters in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer

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To compare circulating levels of interleukin-17 (IL-17), interleukin-34 (IL-34), and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) between premenopausal and postmenopausal women with breast cancer and age-matched healthy controls. Methods In this case–control study, 130 women were enrolled: 90 patients with breast cancer (45 premenopausal; 45 postmenopausal) and 40 healthy controls (20 premenopausal; 20 postmenopausal). Serum IL-17, IL-34, and CXCL12 concentrations were quantified by ELISA. Group differences were assessed using independent-samples t-tests. Results Mean serum levels of IL-17, IL-34, and CXCL12 were significantly higher in patients than in controls across both menopausal strata (all p < 0.001). The pattern of elevation was consistent in premenopausal and postmenopausal subgroups, indicating that the observed immune perturbations are not restricted by menopausal status. Conclusions IL-17, IL-34, and CXCL12 are markedly elevated in women with breast cancer irrespective of menopausal state and may serve as accessible immune biomarkers for disease detection and monitoring. Validation in larger, longitudinal cohorts is warranted to evaluate diagnostic performance and potential therapeutic relevance. " } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/15-156", "name": "Assessment Levels of cytokines and chemokines parameters in Premenopausal..." } } ] } Home Browse Assessment Levels of cytokines and chemokines parameters in Premenopausal... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Rija FF, Yasseen LQ, A.Alarabi B and Khalaf SD. Assessment Levels of cytokines and chemokines parameters in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :156 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.172278.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Assessment Levels of cytokines and chemokines parameters in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] Firas Faris Rija https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6325-5241 1 , Lina Qays Yasseen 1 , Bilal A.Alarabi 1 , Sarab Dalaf Khalaf https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5367-2105 1 Firas Faris Rija https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6325-5241 1 , Lina Qays Yasseen 1 , Bilal A.Alarabi 1 , Sarab Dalaf Khalaf https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5367-2105 1 PUBLISHED 31 Jan 2026 Author details Author details 1 Department of Biology, Tikrit University College of Science, Tikrit, Saladin Governorate, Iraq Firas Faris Rija Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Lina Qays Yasseen Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Bilal A.Alarabi Roles: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Sarab Dalaf Khalaf Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Oncology gateway. This article is included in the Fallujah Multidisciplinary Science and Innovation gateway. Abstract Background Immune dysregulation—particularly involving cytokines and chemokines—contributes to breast cancer progression and metastasis. To compare circulating levels of interleukin-17 (IL-17), interleukin-34 (IL-34), and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) between premenopausal and postmenopausal women with breast cancer and age-matched healthy controls. Methods In this case–control study, 130 women were enrolled: 90 patients with breast cancer (45 premenopausal; 45 postmenopausal) and 40 healthy controls (20 premenopausal; 20 postmenopausal). Serum IL-17, IL-34, and CXCL12 concentrations were quantified by ELISA. Group differences were assessed using independent-samples t-tests. Results Mean serum levels of IL-17, IL-34, and CXCL12 were significantly higher in patients than in controls across both menopausal strata (all p < 0.001). The pattern of elevation was consistent in premenopausal and postmenopausal subgroups, indicating that the observed immune perturbations are not restricted by menopausal status. Conclusions IL-17, IL-34, and CXCL12 are markedly elevated in women with breast cancer irrespective of menopausal state and may serve as accessible immune biomarkers for disease detection and monitoring. Validation in larger, longitudinal cohorts is warranted to evaluate diagnostic performance and potential therapeutic relevance. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Breast cancer; IL-17; IL-34; CXCL12;Cytokines. Corresponding Author(s) Firas Faris Rija ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Firas Faris Rija Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2026 Rija FF et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Rija FF, Yasseen LQ, A.Alarabi B and Khalaf SD. Assessment Levels of cytokines and chemokines parameters in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :156 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.172278.1 ) First published: 31 Jan 2026, 15 :156 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.172278.1 ) Latest published: 31 Jan 2026, 15 :156 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.172278.1 ) Introduction Breast cancer (BC) remains one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies among women and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. In 2020, an estimated 685,000 women died from the disease, representing a substantial global health burden. 1 Although early detection and advances in therapy have improved survival, outcomes vary significantly across populations, with higher incidence and mortality observed among White women and lower rates among Asian women. 2 , 3 Beyond hormonal and genetic factors, increasing evidence highlights the central role of the immune system in breast cancer initiation, progression, and therapeutic response. The tumor microenvironment is a dynamic ecosystem in which immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines interact to either restrain or promote tumor growth. Dysregulated immune signaling—particularly involving pro-inflammatory mediators—has been implicated in tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Recent research has underscored the importance of immune-related biomarkers in understanding disease heterogeneity and improving risk stratification. Boivin et al. (2020) reported that breast cancer treatment can significantly alter immunological markers, suggesting a close link between cytokine dynamics and patient outcomes. 4 Similarly, Glushkov et al . (2021) identified disruptions in the immuno-hormonal network of postmenopausal women with breast cancer, further emphasizing the influence of immune-endocrine interactions on disease behavior. 5 , 6 Among the numerous immune mediators implicated in breast cancer, the cytokines interleukin-17 (IL-17), interleukin-34 (IL-34), and the chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 12 (CXCL12) have attracted considerable attention. 7 – 9 IL-17, primarily secreted by T helper 17 (Th17) cells, is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine that can facilitate tumor growth, angiogenesis, and immune evasion. IL-34, a pleiotropic cytokine involved in monocyte and macrophage differentiation, has shown dual behavior—acting as both a tumor promoter and an immune modulator depending on the molecular subtype of breast cancer. 10 CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 form a critical chemotactic axis that supports tumor cell migration, organ-specific metastasis, and the formation of an immunosuppressive niche within the tumor microenvironment. Genetic studies reinforce these mechanistic insights. For example, Alijanpour et al. (2024) reported a significant association between the CXCL12 rs1801157 polymorphism and increased breast cancer risk, particularly among hormone receptor–positive subtypes. 11 Similarly, Zins et al. (2018) found that IL-34 expression patterns differ across breast cancer subtypes, correlating with prognosis and immune infiltration profiles. 12 Elevated CXCL12 and IL-17 signaling have also been linked to enhanced tumor invasiveness and reduced responsiveness to immunotherapy. 13 Despite mounting evidence connecting cytokine profiles with tumor behavior, comparative analyses of these immune mediators across menopausal states remain limited. Menopause induces substantial hormonal and immunological changes that may influence cancer pathophysiology and response to treatment. Understanding whether cytokine and chemokine levels differ between premenopausal and postmenopausal patients could provide valuable insight into the immune mechanisms underpinning breast cancer. 14 Accordingly, the present study aims to evaluate serum levels of IL-17, IL-34, and CXCL12 in premenopausal and postmenopausal women with breast cancer relative to healthy controls. By clarifying the immunological landscape across menopausal status, this work seeks to identify potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and immunotherapeutic targeting in breast cancer. 7 , 8 Materials and methods Study design and participants This case–control study was conducted between December 2023 and June 2024 at the Specialized Oncology Center, Salah al-Din Governorate, Iraq. Eligible participants included premenopausal and postmenopausal women newly diagnosed with breast cancer. Exclusion criteria were prior exposure to immunotherapy, a history of autoimmune disorders, previous malignancies, or unwillingness to participate. All participants provided written informed consent before enrollment, and the study protocol adhered to the ethical standards of the institutional review board of Tikrit University, College of Science. A total of 130 women were enrolled and categorized into four subgroups: • Premenopausal patients (n = 45) • Postmenopausal patients (n = 45) • Premenopausal healthy controls (n = 20) • Postmenopausal healthy controls (n = 20) Menopausal status was defined according to standard clinical criteria (cessation of menses for ≥12 months without other pathological or physiological causes). Diagnosis and clinical evaluation Breast cancer diagnosis was confirmed using a combination of clinical examination, mammography, ultrasonography, biopsy, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Tumor classification followed established pathological criteria. None of the participants had received chemotherapy or radiotherapy prior to sample collection to avoid confounding immune responses. Sample collection and processing From each participant, 5 mL of peripheral venous blood was collected into plane tubes. Samples were centrifuged at 2700 rpm for 10 minutes to separate sera, which was aliquoted and stored at −20°C until analysis. Cytokine and chemokine quantification Serum concentrations of IL-17, IL-34, and CXCL12 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (protocol based on M. Saxton et al ., 2014) by SunLong Biotech Co., LTD. 15 Assays were performed in duplicate following the manufacturer’s instructions. Procedures included coating with capture antibodies, incubation with detection antibodies, substrate development, and measurement of optical density (OD) using a microplate reader. Cytokine concentrations were calculated from standard curves and expressed in pg/mL. Data were initially recorded in Excel spreadsheets for statistical processing. Ethical considerations This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of Tikrit university-college of science by Scientific research ethics committee which provided approval and reference/permit numbers (SCITUT 00023) and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all adult participants prior to data collection. Verbal consent was chosen instead of written consent due to cultural considerations, limited literacy and field conditions. All participants were informed about the study’s objectives, procedures, and their right to withdraw at any time without any consequences. Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained throughout the study. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Tikrit university, ensuring that no harm came to the participants during the research process. Statistical analysis Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 26). Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Between-group comparisons were performed using independent-samples t-tests, and statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Graphical visualizations were generated to depict mean cytokine levels with standard deviation error bars. Results Participant characteristics A total of 130 women participated in the study, including 90 patients with breast cancer (45 premenopausal and 45 postmenopausal) and 40 age-matched healthy controls (20 premenopausal and 20 postmenopausal). All participants successfully completed blood sampling and cytokine analysis. Serum cytokine and chemokine levels Serum concentrations of IL-17, IL-34, and CXCL12 were markedly elevated in women with breast cancer compared with healthy controls. These elevations were observed consistently across both premenopausal and postmenopausal subgroups ( Table 1 ). Independent-samples t -tests confirmed statistically significant differences between patient and control groups for all measured parameters ( p < 0.001 for each comparison). Table 1. Mean ± SD values of CXCL12, IL-34, and IL-17 levels among study groups. Data are presented for all patients and controls, as well as stratified by menopausal status (premenopausal and postmenopausal). P values indicate statistical significance between patients and controls for each cytokine/chemokine. CXCL12, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12; IL-34, interleukin-34; IL-17, interleukin-17. Group CXCL12 (pg/mL) IL-34 (pg/mL) IL-17 (pg/mL) Patients (All) 1125.42 ± 224.40 732.52 ± 241.87 143.19 ± 65.02 Controls (All) 846.99 ± 133.22 74.66 ± 17.78 72.49 ± 14.33 P value p < 0.001 p < 0.001 p < 0.001 Premenopausal Patients 1146.98 ± 265.95 749.76 ± 241.83 147.47 ± 75.93 Premenopausal Controls 733.79 ± 123.46 69.62 ± 14.77 68.45 ± 13.21 P value p < 0.001 p < 0.001 p < 0.001 Postmenopausal Patients 1103.87 ± 185.87 715.28 ± 253.68 138.90 ± 55.86 Postmenopausal Controls 789.23 ± 142.25 72.31 ± 15.38 83.65 ± 12.63 P value p < 0.001 p < 0.001 p < 0.001 Group-wise comparisons Among breast cancer patients, premenopausal women exhibited slightly higher mean values of all three analytes than postmenopausal counterparts; however, these within-patient subgroup differences were not statistically significant ( p > 0.05). Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the distribution of mean serum levels of CXCL12, IL-34, and IL-17 across all subgroups, with standard-deviation error bars highlighting interindividual variability. The graphical trends corroborate the numerical results, showing a consistent up-regulation of the studied cytokines in both premenopausal and postmenopausal patients relative to controls. Figures 1 – 3 illustrate the mean cytokine levels with standard deviation error bars across groups. Figure 1. Serum levels of CXCL12 in breast cancer patients and healthy controls. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Comparisons between groups were performed using appropriate statistical tests. *p < 0.05 versus control group. Figure 2. Serum levels of IL-34 in breast cancer patients and healthy controls. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance is indicated for comparisons between patients and controls. *p < 0.05. Figure 3. Serum levels of IL-17 in breast cancer patients and healthy controls. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Comparisons were made between patients and controls. *p < 0.05. Summary of findings Collectively, these results demonstrate a uniform elevation of IL-17, IL-34, and CXCL12 in the circulation of women with breast cancer, independent of menopausal status. The data suggest a shared immune activation or dysregulation pattern that may reflect tumor-associated inflammatory signaling rather than hormonal differences. Discussion The present study demonstrates that serum concentrations of IL-17, IL-34, and CXCL12 are significantly elevated in women with breast cancer compared to healthy controls. This elevation was consistent across both premenopausal and postmenopausal subgroups, indicating that immune dysregulation associated with breast cancer is not confined to hormonal status. Collectively, these findings reinforce the concept that cytokine and chemokine signaling networks play central roles in breast tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis. The observed increase in IL-17 aligns with previous evidence describing its tumor-promoting properties. IL-17, a proinflammatory cytokine primarily secreted by T helper 17 (Th17) cells, can stimulate angiogenesis, enhance tumor cell proliferation, and suppress antitumor immunity Studies such as those by El-Batal et al. (2024) and Yang et al. (2014) reported similar trends, where high circulating IL-17A levels correlated with disease severity and unfavorable prognosis, particularly in aggressive subtypes such as triple-negative breast cancer. Elevated IL-17 may therefore serve as both a biomarker of immune activation and a mediator of chronic inflammation that sustains tumor growth. 13 , 16 IL-34 also displayed a marked rise among patients, supporting its emerging recognition as a multifunctional cytokine in the tumor microenvironment. Previous reports, including Franzè et al. (2019) and Zins et al. (2018), have emphasized IL-34’s dualistic behavior—acting as a pro-tumorigenic factor in some contexts and an immune modulator in others. IL-34 facilitates the recruitment and polarization of tumor-associated macrophages, which in turn foster immunosuppression and angiogenesis. The current findings strengthen the hypothesis that IL-34 contributes to the establishment of a permissive immune microenvironment in breast cancer, particularly through macrophage-driven pathways. 10 , 12 The chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 are well-established mediators of tumor cell migration and metastasis. Our data reveal pronounced elevations in CXCL12 levels among both premenopausal and postmenopausal patients, consistent with findings from Boimel et al. (2012) and Luker and Luker (2006) demonstrating that the CXCL12–CXCR4 axis directs breast cancer cells toward metastatic sites such as bone, lymph nodes, and lungs. Moreover, Alijanpour et al. (2024) identified a significant association between the CXCL12 rs1801157 polymorphism and increased breast cancer susceptibility, lending genetic support to the functional role of this pathway. Taken together, the persistent CXCL12 upregulation observed in this study underscores its value as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for metastasis prevention. 7 , 8 , 11 Although estrogen levels and hormonal fluctuations influence immune regulation, the lack of significant differences between premenopausal and postmenopausal patients in our dataset suggests that cytokine-mediated immune activation may operate independently of menopausal hormonal status. This finding aligns with prior observations by Glushkov et al. (2021) and Cairat et al. (2022), who reported that systemic inflammation and cytokine dysregulation persist regardless of estrogen depletion. Therefore, the immune system’s contribution to breast cancer appears to transcend menopausal boundaries, reflecting fundamental immunopathogenic processes intrinsic to the tumor microenvironment. 5 , 2 The concurrent elevation of IL-17, IL-34, and CXCL12 highlights a convergent inflammatory network that may influence both tumor biology and patient outcomes. Functionally, IL-17 promotes tumor-promoting inflammation, IL-34 supports macrophage recruitment and immune evasion, and CXCL12 drives metastatic dissemination. These coordinated signals likely sustain the chronic inflammatory state that characterizes breast cancer progression. From a clinical perspective, quantifying these cytokines could aid in early disease detection, risk assessment, or treatment monitoring, particularly in settings where molecular profiling resources are limited. 17 , 18 While the current study establishes strong associations between cytokine elevations and breast cancer presence, its cross-sectional design limits causal inference. Longitudinal studies with larger and more diverse cohorts are required to assess how cytokine fluctuations relate to treatment response and survival outcomes. Additionally, integrating cytokine profiling with genomic and immunophenotypic analyses may clarify the mechanistic underpinnings of immune–tumor crosstalk and support the development of targeted immunotherapies. Conclusion In conclusion, the consistent elevation of IL-17, IL-34, and CXCL12 in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women with breast cancer underscores their shared involvement in tumor-promoting inflammation and immune dysregulation. These molecules represent promising candidates for further exploration as non-invasive immune biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in breast cancer management. Data availability The data underlying this article are available on Figshare at the following DOI link: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30555995.v1 . 19 All datasets are released under an open licence (CC BY 4.0) permitting unrestricted reuse. References 1. Arnold M, Morgan E, Rumgay H, et al. : Current and future burden of breast cancer: Global statistics for 2020 and 2040. Breast. 2022; 66 : 15–23. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 2. Cairat M, et al. : Circulating inflammatory biomarkers, adipokines and breast cancer risk—a case-control study nested within the EPIC cohort. BMC Med. 2022; 20 (1): 118. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 3. Al-Zuhayri AK, Rija FF: Assessment of serum levels of ESR-1 and EGFR-2 and human vitamin D3 as potential novel biomarkers in breast cancer patients. Onkol Radioter. 2023; 17 (8). 4. Boivin MJ, Aaron GP, Felt NG, et al. : Preliminary study on the effects of treatment for breast cancer: immunological markers as they relate to quality of life and neuropsychological performance. BMC Womens Health. 2020; 20 (1): 109. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 5. Glushkov A, Polenok E, Gordeeva L, et al. : Immuno-hormonal network in postmenopausal women: disturbance in breast cancer patients. Cent. Eur. J. Immunol. 2021; 46 (1): 68–75. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 6. Greenberg JA, Hohmann SF, James BD, et al. : Hospital volume of immunosuppressed patients with sepsis and sepsis mortality. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2018; 15 (8): 962–969. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 7. Boimel PJ, Smirnova T, Zhou ZN, et al. : Contribution of CXCL12 secretion to invasion of breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res. 2012; 14 (1): R23. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 8. Luker KE, Luker GD: Functions of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in breast cancer. Cancer Lett. 2006; 238 (1): 30–41. PubMed Abstract 9. Muller A, et al. : Multiple functions of CXCL12 in a syngeneic breast cancer model. Int. J. Cancer. 2010; 125 (4): 841–852. 10. Franzè E, et al. : Role of interleukin-34 in cancer: Friend or foe? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019; 20 (19): 5039. 11. Alijanpour A, Golshan A, Vakili-Ojarood M, et al. : Association of the CXCL12 rs1801157 polymorphism with breast cancer risk: A meta-analysis. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2024; 25 (3): 767–776. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 12. Zins K, et al. : Differential prognostic impact of interleukin-34 mRNA expression in molecular breast cancer subtypes. Oncotarget. 2018; 9 (2): 2292–2304. 13. Yang B, Kang H, Fung A, et al. : The role of interleukin 17 in tumour proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Mediat. Inflamm. 2014; 2014 : 623759. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 14. Gereige JD, Maglione PJ: Current understanding and recent developments in common variable immunodeficiency associated autoimmunity. Front. Immunol. 2019; 10 : 2753. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 15. Saxton JM, et al. : Effects of an exercise and hypocaloric healthy eating intervention on indices of psychological health status, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation and immune function after early-stage breast cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Breast Cancer Res. 2014; 16 (2): R39. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 16. El-Batal R, et al. : Evaluation of Interleukin-17A levels in Egyptian breast cancer patients. Egypt. J. Immunol. 2024; 31 : 174–183. PubMed Abstract 17. Harjianti T, Fachruddin A, Minhajat R, et al. : Interleukine-2 serum level in breast cancer patients. NCBI. 2023. 18. Rossi M, Cruz-Reyes N, Vierkant R, et al. : Deciphering the immune landscape in benign breast disease: Implications for risk stratification and breast cancer prevention. J. Clin. Transl. Sci. 2024; 8 (Suppl 1): 126. Publisher Full Text 19. Rija FF, Yasseen LQ, Alarabi BA, et al. : Assessment Levels of Cytokines and Chemokines Parameters in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer. Dataset. Figshare. 2025. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 31 Jan 2026 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Department of Biology, Tikrit University College of Science, Tikrit, Saladin Governorate, Iraq Firas Faris Rija Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Lina Qays Yasseen Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Bilal A.Alarabi Roles: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Sarab Dalaf Khalaf Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 31 Jan 2026, 15:156 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.172278.1 Copyright © 2026 Rija FF et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Rija FF, Yasseen LQ, A.Alarabi B and Khalaf SD. Assessment Levels of cytokines and chemokines parameters in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :156 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.172278.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 31 Jan 2026 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Manoli N. Reviewer Report For: Assessment Levels of cytokines and chemokines parameters in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :156 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189994.r454701 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-156/v1#referee-response-454701 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 21 Feb 2026 Nandini Manoli , JSS Academy of Higher Education Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189994.r454701 The work on the interleukin-17 (IL-17), interleukin-34 (IL-34), and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) between premenopausal and postmenopausal women with breast cancer and age-matched healthy controls.is a good topic An attempt has been made to talk ... Continue reading READ ALL The work on the interleukin-17 (IL-17), interleukin-34 (IL-34), and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) between premenopausal and postmenopausal women with breast cancer and age-matched healthy controls.is a good topic An attempt has been made to talk about the role of the cytokines and chemokines which play a role in tumour survival and metastasis and patient survival. the explanation of the three markers is done comparing premenopausal and postmenopausal women is good the results are explained using the graph and statistical analysis. it is a good attempt. As latest concepts try to bring in disease free survival of patients the work is going in the correct direction. Each markers role in immunoregulation and therapy is explained briefly. Comparisons of results have show about how they are independent of oestrogen levels which plays a role in metastasis. This is a significant finding which needs to be worked on a larger scale. The work is fine and can be indexed in the journal Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: my field of research is breast cytology and study of immunomarkers on breast . diagnostic markers like er, pr, her2neu which i worked on cell block liquid based cytology slides .also metastatic markers which have prognostic significance like il8 and mmp9 extensive work has been done with research publication on these topics I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Manoli N. Reviewer Report For: Assessment Levels of cytokines and chemokines parameters in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :156 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189994.r454701 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-156/v1#referee-response-454701 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Al-Abassi HM. Reviewer Report For: Assessment Levels of cytokines and chemokines parameters in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :156 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189994.r454693 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-156/v1#referee-response-454693 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 12 Feb 2026 Hazima Mossa Al-Abassi , University of Baghdad Department of Biology, Baghdad, Baghdad Governorate, Iraq Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189994.r454693 This is a well- structured, biologically relevant topic. The topic is scientifically meaningful, especially in field where immune biomarker research is still developing. The following point must be taken in a consideration to make this manuscript suitable for indexing; ... Continue reading READ ALL This is a well- structured, biologically relevant topic. The topic is scientifically meaningful, especially in field where immune biomarker research is still developing. The following point must be taken in a consideration to make this manuscript suitable for indexing; - -Title needs to be changed (Serum IL-17, IL-34, CXCL12 levels in menopausal and post-menopausal women with breast cancer; A case -control study. Statistical analysis require review by a specialist (multiple independent t-tests instead of ANOVA, no normality testing reported, no correction for multiple comparisons, no confident intervals, no diagnostic performance analysis (ROC) test. -Incomplete ELISA technical specifications (No catalog number). -Ethical consent inconsistency (written vs verbal). Result: - Figures were referenced but not deeply interpreted. - Add 1-2 sentences interpreting variability and overlap. -Discussion; - Confounders not addressed (BMI, tumor stage, subtype). This unmeasured confounder may have influenced cytokines levels. -The conclusion needs to be changed (The studied biomarkers may represent potential immune biomarkers, pending validation in longitudinal studies). Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: immunology I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Al-Abassi HM. Reviewer Report For: Assessment Levels of cytokines and chemokines parameters in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :156 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189994.r454693 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-156/v1#referee-response-454693 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 31 Jan 2026 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 Version 1 31 Jan 26 read read Hazima Mossa Al-Abassi , University of Baghdad Department of Biology, Baghdad, Iraq Nandini Manoli , JSS Academy of Higher Education Research, Mysuru, India Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Manoli N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 21 Feb 2026 | for Version 1 Nandini Manoli , JSS Academy of Higher Education Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India 0 Views copyright © 2026 Manoli N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The work on the interleukin-17 (IL-17), interleukin-34 (IL-34), and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) between premenopausal and postmenopausal women with breast cancer and age-matched healthy controls.is a good topic An attempt has been made to talk about the role of the cytokines and chemokines which play a role in tumour survival and metastasis and patient survival. the explanation of the three markers is done comparing premenopausal and postmenopausal women is good the results are explained using the graph and statistical analysis. it is a good attempt. As latest concepts try to bring in disease free survival of patients the work is going in the correct direction. Each markers role in immunoregulation and therapy is explained briefly. Comparisons of results have show about how they are independent of oestrogen levels which plays a role in metastasis. This is a significant finding which needs to be worked on a larger scale. The work is fine and can be indexed in the journal Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise my field of research is breast cytology and study of immunomarkers on breast . diagnostic markers like er, pr, her2neu which i worked on cell block liquid based cytology slides .also metastatic markers which have prognostic significance like il8 and mmp9 extensive work has been done with research publication on these topics I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Manoli N. Peer Review Report For: Assessment Levels of cytokines and chemokines parameters in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :156 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189994.r454701) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-156/v1#referee-response-454701 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Al-Abassi H. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 12 Feb 2026 | for Version 1 Hazima Mossa Al-Abassi , University of Baghdad Department of Biology, Baghdad, Baghdad Governorate, Iraq 0 Views copyright © 2026 Al-Abassi H. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions This is a well- structured, biologically relevant topic. The topic is scientifically meaningful, especially in field where immune biomarker research is still developing. The following point must be taken in a consideration to make this manuscript suitable for indexing; - -Title needs to be changed (Serum IL-17, IL-34, CXCL12 levels in menopausal and post-menopausal women with breast cancer; A case -control study. Statistical analysis require review by a specialist (multiple independent t-tests instead of ANOVA, no normality testing reported, no correction for multiple comparisons, no confident intervals, no diagnostic performance analysis (ROC) test. -Incomplete ELISA technical specifications (No catalog number). -Ethical consent inconsistency (written vs verbal). Result: - Figures were referenced but not deeply interpreted. - Add 1-2 sentences interpreting variability and overlap. -Discussion; - Confounders not addressed (BMI, tumor stage, subtype). This unmeasured confounder may have influenced cytokines levels. -The conclusion needs to be changed (The studied biomarkers may represent potential immune biomarkers, pending validation in longitudinal studies). Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise immunology I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Al-Abassi HM. Peer Review Report For: Assessment Levels of cytokines and chemokines parameters in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :156 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189994.r454693) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-156/v1#referee-response-454693 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. 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