Cosmic Ionizing Radiation Exposures on Aircraft and its Impact depending on some definite selected paths

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Shams, Safwat Salama This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3704632/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Feb, 2024 Read the published version in Japanese Journal of Medical Science → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The assessment of the exposure to cosmic radiation onboard aircraft is one of the preoccupations of bodies responsible for radiation protection. Cosmic particle flux is significantly higher onboard aircraft than at ground level and its intensity depends on the solar activity. The dose is usually estimated using codes validated by the experimental data. In this paper, a comparison of the radiation dose on 30 one-way flights between Kuwait and Egypt was organized. A survey meter IMI Inspector Alert model (IA-V2) Geiger Counter, as well as personal dosimeter detectors [(EPD) and (RAD-60S / RADOS)], were used in this work. Good agreement was observed for instruments determining the different components of the radiation field; the mean ambient dose equivalent for the one-way flying was 8.4 µSv and Absorbed Dose rate was 3.6 µSv/hr. The agreement of values obtained for the total dose obtained by measurements and by calculations is very satisfying. Cosmic Rays Electronic Personal dosimeter Passengers Aircraft crew Hazards Equivalent Dose Rates Commercial Aviation Radiation Protection Ionizing radiation Human Risks Air Travel Radiation Exposure Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1. Introduction You would possibly guess that a common traveler’s radiation dose is coming from the airport security checkpoints, with their body scanners and baggage x-ray machines, however you’d be wrong. The radiation doses to passengers from those protection approaches are slight. The flight itself is the primary source of radiation exposure from air travel. This is because the air becomes thinner at higher altitudes. The number of molecules of gas per volume of space decreases as one moves away from the Earth's surface. Thinner air means fewer molecules to block cosmic rays, or radiation from space. With less atmospheric shielding, there is more exposure to radiation. Ionizing radiation, which includes x-rays, gamma rays, and ultraviolet waves, is characterized by high frequencies and energies strong enough to knock electrons out of their atoms [1] . When ionizing radiation interacts with the human body, it can disrupt the molecular architecture of human cells and tissues, resulting in life-threatening illnesses. Avionics and communication devices on aircraft may potentially be compromised [2] . 1.1 Radiation's Influence on Altitude and Latitude The great majority of radiation sources on the Earth's surface are non-ionizing, and even ionizing sources generate very little non-hazardous radiation Crew and passengers who fly at cruising altitudes above 30,000 feet, on the other hand, are exposed to solar radiation and galactic or cosmic radiation, both of which are kinds of ionizing radiation. At 35,000 feet above sea level, the radiation level could be up to ten times higher than at sea level [3] . The magnetospheric shielding of the Earth, which shields against solar radiation, is strongest at the equator and declines with rising latitude until becoming feeble at the poles; thus, radiation impacts worsen with increasing latitude. Because of these consequences, the United Nations assessed in 2000 that working in an airline exposed people to more radiation than working in a nuclear power plant. Radiation exposure threatens not only passengers and crew members, but also aircraft systems and other equipment when flying at high altitudes [4] . 1.2 Human Risks Ionizing radiation exposure causes cancer and reproductive difficulties, including miscarriages. It can also result in genetic abnormalities and ocular problems such as cataracts. Cancer is predicted to kill 200 persons per 1,000 in the United States alone, but for airline crew members, radiation exposure from 20 years of high-altitude flying boosts the risk to 225 per 1,000 according to the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) [5] . 1.3 Passengers and Flight Crew The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is the primary body in charge of radiation protection and recommends an individual's effective dose limit of 20 mSv per year, averaged over defined 5-year periods (100 mSv in 5 years), with the additional restriction that the effective dose not exceed 50 mSv in any single year. Furthermore, pregnant crew members should get 1 mSv from the time of pregnancy discovery until birth, with a monthly limit of 0.5 mSv. For the general public (passengers), the annual limit is 1 mSv [6] . Pregnant passengers and Flight Crew members might consider trip-trading or delaying a flight to reduce their risk of miscarriage. Miscarriage risk increases when women are exposed to cosmic radiation of at least 0.36 mSv during the first trimester, according to a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) study [7] . Furthermore, the Personnel Licensing Regulation Part 138 requires pregnant pilots and cabin crew to be evaluated and barred from flying duties between the time of pregnancy discovery and the end of the 12th week of gestation, as well as between the end of the 26th week of gestation and delivery, to protect them from the effects of radiation exposure and other effects [8] . 1.4 Airlines and Aircrafts After receiving a solar radiation alerts, airlines adopt a route and altitude that lowers radiation exposure for moderate, intense, and severe transient solar radiation occurrences (20 µSv/hr and above). A solar radiation alert is broadcast worldwide and is accompanied by a message containing radiation level estimations at altitudes ranging from 20,000ft to 80,000ft at specified latitudes [9] . In addition, using a downloadable computer program called CARI-6 or CARI-6M developed at the FAA's Civil Aerospace Medical Institute; an individual can determine the effective dosage of ionizing radiation received in each flight. According to ICAO Annex 6, Provision 6.12, all aircraft built to fly over 15,000m (49,000ft) must carry technology that can monitor and continuously display the dosage rate of all cosmic radiation received as well as the cumulative dose for each trip. The operator is required by ICAO Annex 6 regulation 4.2.11.5 to maintain track of all flights exceeding 15,000 meters (49,000 feet) in order to compute the cumulative cosmic radiation dosage received by each crew member over a 12-month period [10, 11] . 1.5 Amount of Radiation can I get from flying The amount dose of radiation you receive when flying is modest, but it varies on a few factors. These quantities of radiation are insignificant and unlikely to harm human health. 1. The Flight's Duration The longer you remain in the air, the more radiation you will receive. 2. Altitude The higher the altitude, the greater the exposure of radiation. This is due to the atmosphere's lower ability to screen cosmic radiation at higher altitudes. 3. Latitude The farther north or south you are from the Equator, the more radiation you will receive. The Earth's magnetic field deflects some cosmic radiation away from the equator and toward the North and South poles. Whether you fly or not, the average dose from cosmic radiation is 0.33 mSv (33 mrem), or 11% of our total yearly radiation exposure from all natural sources [12] . 2. Experimental Part and Results The radiation dose on 30 flights between Kuwait and Egypt was recorded and as shown in the map of Fig. (2). In this study, the authors used a digital Survey meter and personal dosimeter with high sensitivity and accuracy [survey meter IMI Inspector Alert model (IA-V2) Geiger Counter, as well as personal dosimeter detectors (EPD) and (RAD-60S / RADOS)] to determine the actual radiation dose throughout the entire flight from the time of take-off to landing. Most flights between Egypt and Kuwait were organized at an altitude of approximately 36,000 feet, with short-haul flights of up to 3 hours in duration at different times of the year. Example of calculation of dose from cosmic radiation used by computer codes as shown in Fig. (1). The Doses and flights information were recorded as shown in Table (1). Table 1 The Ionizing Radiation Absorbed Dose rate received by passengers and aircrew during direct airplane travel. Flight Details Flight Duration Dose (µSv) Absorbed Dose Rate (µSv/hr) From To Cairo (CAI), Egypt Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait 2:30 8.101 3.522 Assiut (ATZ), Egypt Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait 2:40 8.750 3.646 Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait Cairo (CAI), Egypt 2:30 8.301 3.609 Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait Cairo (CAI), Egypt 2:30 7.887 3.429 Sphinx (SPX), Cairo, Egypt Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait 2:40 8.700 3.625 Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait Alexandria (HBE), Egypt 2:50 9.228 3.691 Sharm elSheikh (SSH), Egypt Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait 2:25 7.832 3.481 Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait Cairo (CAI), Egypt 2:30 8.163 3.549 Assiut (ATZ), Egypt Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait 2:40 8.750 3.646 Cairo (CAI), Egypt Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait 2:30 8.121 3.531 Sphinx (SPX), Cairo, Egypt Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait 2:40 8.839 3.683 Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait Alexandria (HBE), Egypt 2:50 9.380 3.752 Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait Cairo (CAI), Egypt 2:30 7.974 3.467 Cairo (CAI), Egypt Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait 2:30 8.018 3.486 Luxor (LXR), Egypt Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait 2:25 7.783 3.459 Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait Cairo (CAI), Egypt 2:30 8.059 3.504 Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait Sharm elSheikh (SSH), Egypt 2:25 7.810 3.471 Cairo (CAI), Egypt Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait 2:30 8.202 3.566 Assiut (ATZ), Egypt Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait 2:40 8.762 3.651 Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait Assiut (ATZ), Egypt 2:40 9.221 3.842 Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait Luxor (LXR), Egypt 2:25 7.880 3.502 Cairo (CAI), Egypt Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait 2:30 7.659 3.33 Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait Sphinx (SPX), Cairo, Egypt 2:40 8.801 3.667 Cairo (CAI), Egypt Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait 2:30 7.887 3.429 Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait Cairo (CAI), Egypt 2:30 7.930 3.448 Assiut (ATZ), Egypt Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait 2:40 8.808 3.67 Cairo (CAI), Egypt Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait 2:30 7.953 3.458 Alexandria (HBE), Egypt Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait 2:50 9.285 3.714 Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait Cairo (CAI), Egypt 2:30 7.956 3.459 Kuwait (KWI), Kuwait Alexandria (HBE), Egypt 2:50 9.343 3.737 3. Discussion and Conclusion Aircrew and frequent flyers receive higher radiation doses from cosmic radiation than the general public. Astronauts receive even higher radiation doses. Depending on the altitude reached and time spent there. From the results in table (1), we conclude the following: The mean ambient dose equivalent for the one-way flying was 8.4 µSv and Absorbed Dose rate was 3.6 µSv/hr. The agreement of values obtained for the total dose is very satisfying, and very similar to its global counterpart in the field of cosmic radiation exposure in short-haul flights. Taking into account the preventive safety measures for passengers and aircrew, we should clarify that: 1- The extent of additional radiation exposure on a flight depends primarily on duration, altitude, route of the flight and the solar activity. 2- For people who fly only occasionally, as most holiday travelers do, the additional radiation exposure from flying is very low and has no adverse health effects; this applies also to pregnant women and infants. Declarations Author Contribution Dr. Mohamed Saad Seoud : Corresponding author and wrote the main manuscript textDr. Hasan M. Shams : Reviewed the data collected and analysed it and prepared the figuresProf Dr. Safwat Salama : Supervisor and reviewed the main manuscript Acknowledgement The authors would like to express their thanks and appreciation to [Radiation Protection Department, Kuwait] and [Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority], for giving them the opportunity to carry out this work, for their helping during the measurement, useful comments and assistance. Nothing can be compared with this honorable work and effort to show it in this honorable way. References International Civil Aviation Organization-ICAO, Manual of Civil Aviation Medicine-Doc 8984, page II-1-13. Matthias M. Meier , Kyle Copeland, Klara E. J. Klöble, Daniel Matthiä,Mona C. Plettenberg,Kai Schennetten,Michael Wirtz, and Christine E. Hellweg, Radiation in the Atmosphere—A Hazard to Aviation Safety?, Page 14. International Civil Aviation Organization-ICAO, Manual of Civil Aviation Medicine-Doc 8984, page II-1-14. International Civil Aviation Organization-ICAO, Manual of Civil Aviation Medicine-Doc 8984, page II-1-15. Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority-TCAA, The Civil Aviation Personnel Licencing Regulations, 2017 part 138, page 230. International Civil Aviation Academy-ICAO, Annex 6 Operation of Aircraft, Part I – International Commercial Air Transport – Aeroplanes, Ninth edition, July 2010, pages 6-13. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. NCRP Report No. 160, Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States. https://ncrponline.org/publications/reports/ncrp-report-160 https://hps.org/publicinformation/ate/faqs/commercialflights.html Feng YJ, Chen WR, Sun TP, Duan SY, Jia BS, Zhang HL. Estimated cosmic radiation doses for flight personnel. Space Med Med Eng 15(4):265–269; 2002. Bottollier-Depois JF, Chau Q, Bouisset P, Kerlau G, Plawinski L, Lebaron-Jacobs L. Assessing exposure to cosmic radiation during long-haul flights. Radiat Res 153(5 Pt. 1):526–532; 2000. Waters M, Bloom TF, Grajewski B. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health/Federal Aviation Administration (NIOSH/FAA) working women's health study: Evaluation of the cosmic-radiation exposures of flight attendants. Health Phys 79(5):553–559; 2000. Friedberg W, Copeland K, Duke FE, O'Brien K 3 rd , Darden EB Jr. Radiation exposure during air travel: Guidance provided by the FAA for air carrier crews. Health Phys 79(5):591–595; 2000. Oksanen PJ. Estimated individual annual cosmic radiation doses for flight crews. Aviat Space Environ Med 69(7):621–625; 1998. Bottollier-Depois J.F., Blanchard P., Clairand I. Radiological Protection from Cosmic Radiation in Aviation. ICRP Publication 132; 2007. Frasch G., Kammerer L., Karofsky R., Schlosser A., Spiesl J., Stegemann R. 2011 Die berufliche Strahlenexposition des fliegenden Personals in Deutschland 2004 – 2009, BfS-SG-15/11, p. 42, Salzgitter August 2011. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Feb, 2024 Read the published version in Japanese Journal of Medical Science → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3704632","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":256215795,"identity":"711333c3-1a65-4bde-a23a-4506362a4c53","order_by":0,"name":"Mohamed Saad Seoud","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABD0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCD0CcAGJIADFjP4iVUIBXB+MMFC0zG0BcA1K0bDgAYuLRYi59+GADY45NHv+0wwdv/qixk918fnXihwcGDPL8YgewarHsS0tsYNyWVixxOy3ZmudYsvG2G283SwAdZjhzdgJWLQZneMwfMG47nNhwO8dMmoGNOXHbjbMbQFoSDG7j1GLYANIy/3b+N8kf/+oTN884u/kHUVo23M5hk+BtAzL4e7fhtcWyhy2xIXFbWuLG22nG1rx9x41n3ODdZpFgIIHTL+Y8zAcbPm6zSZx3O/nhzR/fqmX7+89uvvmjwkaeXxqHw0AEqpQEmCuBVTlcCyrgP4BT9SgYBaNgFIxMAACfHmgWHO07cQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Ministry of Health","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"Saad","lastName":"Seoud","suffix":""},{"id":256215796,"identity":"914f232d-6497-40f8-a372-4f35138173ac","order_by":1,"name":"Hasan M. 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Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eYou would possibly guess that a common traveler\u0026rsquo;s radiation dose is coming from the airport security checkpoints, with their body scanners and baggage x-ray machines, however you\u0026rsquo;d be wrong. The radiation doses to passengers from those protection approaches are slight.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe flight itself is the primary source of radiation exposure from air travel. This is because the air becomes thinner at higher altitudes. The number of molecules of gas per volume of space decreases as one moves away from the Earth's surface. Thinner air means fewer molecules to block cosmic rays, or radiation from space. With less atmospheric shielding, there is more exposure to radiation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIonizing radiation, which includes x-rays, gamma rays, and ultraviolet waves, is characterized by high frequencies and energies strong enough to knock electrons out of their atoms \u003cb\u003e[1]\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen ionizing radiation interacts with the human body, it can disrupt the molecular architecture of human cells and tissues, resulting in life-threatening illnesses. Avionics and communication devices on aircraft may potentially be compromised \u003cb\u003e[2]\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.1 Radiation's Influence on Altitude and Latitude\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe great majority of radiation sources on the Earth's surface are non-ionizing, and even ionizing sources generate very little non-hazardous radiation Crew and passengers who fly at cruising altitudes above 30,000 feet, on the other hand, are exposed to solar radiation and galactic or cosmic radiation, both of which are kinds of ionizing radiation. At 35,000 feet above sea level, the radiation level could be up to ten times higher than at sea level \u003cb\u003e[3]\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe magnetospheric shielding of the Earth, which shields against solar radiation, is strongest at the equator and declines with rising latitude until becoming feeble at the poles; thus, radiation impacts worsen with increasing latitude.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBecause of these consequences, the United Nations assessed in 2000 that working in an airline exposed people to more radiation than working in a nuclear power plant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiation exposure threatens not only passengers and crew members, but also aircraft systems and other equipment when flying at high altitudes \u003cb\u003e[4]\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.2 Human Risks\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIonizing radiation exposure causes cancer and reproductive difficulties, including miscarriages. It can also result in genetic abnormalities and ocular problems such as cataracts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCancer is predicted to kill 200 persons per 1,000 in the United States alone, but for airline crew members, radiation exposure from 20 years of high-altitude flying boosts the risk to 225 per 1,000 according to the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) \u003cb\u003e[5]\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.3 Passengers and Flight Crew\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is the primary body in charge of radiation protection and recommends an individual's effective dose limit of 20 mSv per year, averaged over defined 5-year periods (100 mSv in 5 years), with the additional restriction that the effective dose not exceed 50 mSv in any single year.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, pregnant crew members should get 1 mSv from the time of pregnancy discovery until birth, with a monthly limit of 0.5 mSv. For the general public (passengers), the annual limit is 1 mSv \u003cb\u003e[6]\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePregnant passengers and Flight Crew members might consider trip-trading or delaying a flight to reduce their risk of miscarriage. Miscarriage risk increases when women are exposed to cosmic radiation of at least 0.36 mSv during the first trimester, according to a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) study \u003cb\u003e[7]\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the Personnel Licensing Regulation Part 138 requires pregnant pilots and cabin crew to be evaluated and barred from flying duties between the time of pregnancy discovery and the end of the 12th week of gestation, as well as between the end of the 26th week of gestation and delivery, to protect them from the effects of radiation exposure and other effects \u003cb\u003e[8]\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.4 Airlines and Aircrafts\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter receiving a solar radiation alerts, airlines adopt a route and altitude that lowers radiation exposure for moderate, intense, and severe transient solar radiation occurrences (20 \u0026micro;Sv/hr and above).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA solar radiation alert is broadcast worldwide and is accompanied by a message containing radiation level estimations at altitudes ranging from 20,000ft to 80,000ft at specified latitudes \u003cb\u003e[9]\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, using a downloadable computer program called CARI-6 or CARI-6M developed at the FAA's Civil Aerospace Medical Institute; an individual can determine the effective dosage of ionizing radiation received in each flight.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to ICAO Annex 6, Provision 6.12, all aircraft built to fly over 15,000m (49,000ft) must carry technology that can monitor and continuously display the dosage rate of all cosmic radiation received as well as the cumulative dose for each trip.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe operator is required by ICAO Annex 6 regulation 4.2.11.5 to maintain track of all flights exceeding 15,000 meters (49,000 feet) in order to compute the cumulative cosmic radiation dosage received by each crew member over a 12-month period \u003cb\u003e[10, 11]\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.5 Amount of Radiation can I get from flying\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe amount dose of radiation you receive when flying is modest, but it varies on a few factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese quantities of radiation are insignificant and unlikely to harm human health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1. The Flight's Duration\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe longer you remain in the air, the more radiation you will receive.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2. Altitude\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe higher the altitude, the greater the exposure of radiation. This is due to the atmosphere's lower ability to screen cosmic radiation at higher altitudes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3. Latitude\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe farther north or south you are from the Equator, the more radiation you will receive. The Earth's magnetic field deflects some cosmic radiation away from the equator and toward the North and South poles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhether you fly or not, the average dose from cosmic radiation is 0.33 mSv (33 mrem), or 11% of our total yearly radiation exposure from all natural sources \u003cb\u003e[12]\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental Part and Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe radiation dose on 30 flights between Kuwait and Egypt was recorded and as shown in the map of Fig.\u0026nbsp;(2). In this study, the authors used a digital Survey meter and personal dosimeter with high sensitivity and accuracy [survey meter IMI\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInspector Alert model (IA-V2) Geiger Counter, as well as personal dosimeter detectors (EPD) and (RAD-60S / RADOS)] to determine the actual radiation dose throughout the entire flight from the time of take-off to landing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost flights between Egypt and Kuwait were organized at an altitude of approximately 36,000 feet, with short-haul flights of up to 3 hours in duration at different times of the year. Example of calculation of dose from cosmic radiation used by computer codes as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;(1). The Doses and flights information were recorded as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;(1).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ionizing Radiation Absorbed Dose rate received by passengers and aircrew during direct airplane travel.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlight Details\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlight Duration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDose\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;Sv)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbsorbed Dose Rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;Sv/hr)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCairo (CAI), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.522\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssiut (ATZ), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.750\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.646\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCairo (CAI), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.301\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.609\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCairo (CAI), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.887\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.429\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSphinx (SPX), Cairo, Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.625\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlexandria (HBE), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.228\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.691\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSharm elSheikh (SSH), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.832\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.481\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCairo (CAI), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.549\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssiut (ATZ), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.750\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.646\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCairo (CAI), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.531\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSphinx (SPX), Cairo, Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.839\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.683\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlexandria (HBE), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.380\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.752\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCairo (CAI), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.974\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.467\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCairo (CAI), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.486\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLuxor (LXR), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.783\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.459\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCairo (CAI), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.504\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSharm elSheikh (SSH), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.810\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.471\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCairo (CAI), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.566\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssiut (ATZ), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.762\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.651\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssiut (ATZ), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.842\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLuxor (LXR), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.880\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.502\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCairo (CAI), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.659\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSphinx (SPX), Cairo, Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.801\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCairo (CAI), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.887\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.429\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCairo (CAI), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.930\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.448\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssiut (ATZ), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.808\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCairo (CAI), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.953\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.458\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlexandria (HBE), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.285\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.714\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCairo (CAI), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.956\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.459\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuwait (KWI), Kuwait\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlexandria (HBE), Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.343\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.737\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"3. Discussion and Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAircrew and frequent flyers receive higher radiation doses from cosmic radiation than the general public. Astronauts receive even higher radiation doses. Depending on the altitude reached and time spent there.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the results in table (1), we conclude the following:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean ambient dose equivalent for the one-way flying was \u003cb\u003e8.4\u003c/b\u003e \u0026micro;Sv and Absorbed Dose rate was \u003cb\u003e3.6\u003c/b\u003e \u0026micro;Sv/hr. The agreement of values obtained for the total dose is very satisfying, and very similar to its global counterpart in the field of cosmic radiation exposure in short-haul flights.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaking into account the preventive safety measures for passengers and aircrew, we should clarify that:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e1-\u003c/b\u003e The extent of additional radiation exposure on a flight depends primarily on duration, altitude, route of the flight and the solar activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e2-\u003c/b\u003e For people who fly only occasionally, as most holiday travelers do, the additional radiation exposure from flying is very low and has no adverse health effects; this applies also to pregnant women and infants.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDr. Mohamed Saad Seoud : Corresponding author and wrote the main manuscript textDr. Hasan M. Shams : Reviewed the data collected and analysed it and prepared the figuresProf Dr. Safwat Salama : Supervisor and reviewed the main manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to express their thanks and appreciation to [Radiation Protection Department, Kuwait] and [Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority], for giving them the opportunity to carry out this work, for their helping during the measurement, useful comments and assistance. Nothing can be compared with this honorable work and effort to show it in this honorable way.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInternational Civil Aviation Organization-ICAO, Manual of Civil Aviation Medicine-Doc 8984, page II-1-13.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMatthias M. Meier , Kyle Copeland, Klara E. J. Kl\u0026ouml;ble, Daniel Matthi\u0026auml;,Mona C. Plettenberg,Kai Schennetten,Michael Wirtz, and Christine E. Hellweg, Radiation in the Atmosphere\u0026mdash;A Hazard to Aviation Safety?, Page 14.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInternational Civil Aviation Organization-ICAO, Manual of Civil Aviation Medicine-Doc 8984, page II-1-14.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInternational Civil Aviation Organization-ICAO, Manual of Civil Aviation Medicine-Doc 8984, page II-1-15.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTanzania Civil Aviation Authority-TCAA, The Civil Aviation Personnel Licencing Regulations, 2017 part 138, page 230.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInternational Civil Aviation Academy-ICAO, Annex 6 Operation of Aircraft, Part I \u0026ndash; International Commercial Air Transport \u0026ndash; Aeroplanes, Ninth edition, July 2010, pages 6-13.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNational Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. \u003cem\u003eNCRP Report No. 160, Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States.\u003c/em\u003e https://ncrponline.org/publications/reports/ncrp-report-160 https://hps.org/publicinformation/ate/faqs/commercialflights.html\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFeng YJ, Chen WR, Sun TP, Duan SY, Jia BS, Zhang HL. Estimated cosmic radiation doses for flight personnel. Space Med Med Eng 15(4):265\u0026ndash;269; 2002.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBottollier-Depois JF, Chau Q, Bouisset P, Kerlau G, Plawinski L, Lebaron-Jacobs L. Assessing exposure to cosmic radiation during long-haul flights. Radiat Res 153(5 Pt. 1):526\u0026ndash;532; 2000.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWaters M, Bloom TF, Grajewski B. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health/Federal Aviation Administration (NIOSH/FAA) working women\u0026apos;s health study: Evaluation of the cosmic-radiation exposures of flight attendants. Health Phys 79(5):553\u0026ndash;559; 2000.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFriedberg W, Copeland K, Duke FE, O\u0026apos;Brien K 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e, Darden EB Jr. Radiation exposure during air travel: Guidance provided by the FAA for air carrier crews. Health Phys 79(5):591\u0026ndash;595; 2000.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOksanen PJ. Estimated individual annual cosmic radiation doses for flight crews. Aviat Space Environ Med 69(7):621\u0026ndash;625; 1998.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBottollier-Depois J.F., Blanchard P., Clairand I. Radiological Protection from Cosmic Radiation in Aviation. ICRP Publication 132; 2007.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFrasch G., Kammerer L., Karofsky R., Schlosser A., Spiesl J., Stegemann R. 2011 Die berufliche Strahlenexposition des fliegenden Personals in Deutschland 2004 \u0026ndash; 2009, BfS-SG-15/11, p. 42, Salzgitter August 2011.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Cosmic Rays, Electronic Personal dosimeter, Passengers, Aircraft crew, Hazards, Equivalent Dose Rates, Commercial Aviation, Radiation Protection, Ionizing radiation, Human Risks, Air Travel, Radiation Exposure","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3704632/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3704632/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe assessment of the exposure to cosmic radiation onboard aircraft is one of the preoccupations of bodies responsible for radiation protection. Cosmic particle flux is significantly higher onboard aircraft than at ground level and its intensity depends on the solar activity. The dose is usually estimated using codes validated by the experimental data. In this paper, a comparison of the radiation dose on 30 one-way flights between Kuwait and Egypt was organized. A survey meter IMI Inspector Alert model (IA-V2) Geiger Counter, as well as personal dosimeter detectors [(EPD) and (RAD-60S / RADOS)], were used in this work. Good agreement was observed for instruments determining the different components of the radiation field; the mean ambient dose equivalent for the one-way flying was \u003cb\u003e8.4\u003c/b\u003e \u0026micro;Sv and Absorbed Dose rate was \u003cb\u003e3.6\u003c/b\u003e \u0026micro;Sv/hr. The agreement of values obtained for the total dose obtained by measurements and by calculations is very satisfying.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Cosmic Ionizing Radiation Exposures on Aircraft and its Impact depending on some definite selected paths","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-12-06 17:39:26","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3704632/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b8d7c8d7-c179-4a4d-be2b-5c7e3de590ab","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 6th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-05T00:17:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3704632","link":"https://doi.org/10.33140/JJMS.02.01.04","journal":{"identity":"japanese-journal-of-medical-science","isVorOnly":true,"title":"Japanese Journal of Medical Science"},"publishedOn":"2024-03-01 00:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 1st, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2023-12-06 17:39:26","video":"","vorDoi":"10.33140/JJMS.02.01.04","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/JJMS.02.01.04","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3704632","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3704632","identity":"rs-3704632","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}