Fear-avoidance beliefs are associated with exercise adherence: Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) among female healthcare workers with recurrent low back pain

Fear-avoidance beliefs are associated with exercise adherence: Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) among female healthcare workers with recurrent low back pain | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research article Fear-avoidance beliefs are associated with exercise adherence: Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) among female healthcare workers with recurrent low back pain Annika Taulaniemi, Markku Kankaanpää, Marjo Rinne, Kari Tokola, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.2.15890/v4 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 04 May, 2020 Read the published version in BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation → Version 4 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Background : Exercise is recommended for the treatment and management of low back pain (LBP) and the prevention of chronicity. Exercise adherence has been only modest in intervention studies among people with musculoskeletal pain. Fear-avoidance beliefs (FABs) are known to affect exercise adherence. The purpose was twofold: to examine which bio-psycho-social factors contributed to exercise adherence during a 6-month neuromuscular exercise intervention among female healthcare workers with recurrent LBP, and to investigate how exercising affects FABs at 6 and 12 months’ follow-up. Methods : Some 219 healthcare workers aged 30–55 years with mild-to-moderate re-current non-specific LBP were originally allocated into: 1) exercise, 2) counselling, 3) combined exercise and counselling, and 4) control groups. In the present secondary analysis, groups 1 and 3 (exercise only and exercise+counselling) were merged to be exercisers and groups 2 and 4 were merged to be non-exercisers. Baseline variables of the exercise compliers (≥24 times over 24 weeks; n=58) were compared to those of the non-compliers (<1 time/week, 0–23 times; n=52). The effects of the exercise programme on FABs were analysed by a generalised linear mixed model according to the intention-to-treat principle (exercisers; n= 110 vs non-exercisers; n=109) at three measurement points (baseline, 6, and 12 months). A per-protocol analysis compared the more exercised to the less exercised and non-exercisers. Results : A low education level ( p =0.026), shift work ( p =0.023), low aerobic (p =0.048) and musculoskeletal ( p =0.043) fitness, and high baseline physical activity-related FABs ( p =0.019) were related to low exercise adherence. The exercise programme reduced levels of both physical activity- and work-related FABs, and there was a dose response: FABs reduced more in persons who exercised ≥24 times compared to those who exercised 0-23 times. Conclusion : Healthcare workers who had lower education and fitness levels, worked shifts, and had high physical activity-related FABs had a lower adherence to the 6-month neuromuscular exercise programme. Exercising with good adherence reduced levels of FABs, which have been shown to be linked with prolonged LBP. Motivational strategies should be targeted at persons with low education and fitness levels and high FABs in order to achieve better exercise adherence. Sports Medicine and Kinesiology exercise compliance Pilates fear of pain lumbar pain nursing personnel Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Background Low back pain (LBP) is common among people in all ages, but disability from LBP is highest in working-age groups [ 1 ]. Among healthcare workers, LBP is the leading musculoskeletal disorder[ 2 ] and it has been reported to be the most costly and common self-reported disease [ 3 ]. Major contributors to the high incidence of LBP among healthcare workers are physically heavy nursing duties, such as lifting and transferring patients, and working in awkward positions[ 2 , 4 , 5 ]. In physically demanding work duties, maintaining a healthy back requires adequate aerobic and musculoskeletal fitness level [ 6-8 ]. Low ratings of self-reported physical capacity have been shown to be a predictor for future LBP in female healthcare workers [ 9 ]. Female nurses with a recent back injury also show more impairment in lumbar movement control [ 10 ], which has also been suggested to play an important role in maintaining a healthy back [ 11 , 12 ]. A systematic review on efficacy of interventions for LBP in nursing personnel [ 13 ] revealed no strong evidence of efficacy for any intervention in preventing or treating LBP in healthcare workers. Exercise is the most often recommended treatment for increasing fitness levels [ 14 ], lumbar movement control [ 12 ], and for the management and prevention of LBP [ 15-19 ]. Thus, in the management of spinal pain exercise adherence is important to realise the beneficial effects of exercising. Adherence is a key link between the process and outcome of exercise interventions among people with musculoskeletal pain, and poor exercise adherence compromises the effectiveness of treatment[ 20 ]. Barriers to exercise adherence, such as pain with exercise [ 21 ], fear of movement and pain aggravation [ 22 ], low self-efficacy [ 21 ], psychological dysfunction [ 21 ], poor social support [ 21 ], lack of time [ 23 ], and uncertainty about the benefits of exercise [ 24 ], have been reported among people with musculoskeletal pain [ 21 , 22 , 24 , 25 ]. Aforementioned studies have been conducted among older adults [ 25 ], people with chronic LBP [ 26 ]or other chronic musculoskeletal pain [ 22 , 24 ] or among people receiving physiotherapy[ 21 ]. To our knowledge, similar studies which concern exercise adherence among people with heavy physical work and non-chronic LBP have not been conducted. Fear avoidance is the belief that activities should be avoided to reduce pain [ 27 ]. Fear of pain develops as a result of a cognitive interpretation of nociseption as something threatening, and this fear affects attention processes (hypervigilance) and leads to the avoidance of behaviours, like physical activity and exercise, which are expected to cause pain [ 27 ]. Fear-avoidance beliefs (FABs) influence treatment effects and are prognostic to poor outcomes in subacute LBP [ 28 ]. Cognitive behavioural therapy is recommended to reduce FABs among people with LBP [ 29 , 30 ], but effects of exercise interventions on FABs among people with sub-acute or recurrent LBP are less clear. Besides FABs, there are probably several other internal factors (like a lack of interest [ 31 ], and low self-efficacy [ 32 ]) that compromise adherence to exercise among people with LBP. Exercise might be avoided, because it is believed to cause pain, one is uncertain about the benefits of exercising, and one’s capabilities to perform and manage the instructed exercises [ 32 ]. If those internal factors are combined with external barriers (like lack of time, environment, and transfer), exercise adherence might be challenging. Among people with chronic LBP, improvements in physical functioning are more strongly associated with adherence to exercise than with the type of exercise [ 26 ]. Some 50–70% of people with chronic LBP are non-adherent to prescribed home exercise [ 33 ]. Thus, factors associated with adherence to exercise in LBP require more investigation [ 33 ]. Exercise adherence among people with musculoskeletal pain in general is a poorly studied subject [ 20 ]. In a previously reported study, we found that a 6-month modified Pilates-type neuromuscular exercise intervention, which focused on controlling the neutral lumbar spine posture and developing the muscle strength and endurance needed in heavy nursing tasks, was effective in reducing lumbar pain and lumbar movement control impairments among a sample of nursing personnel with sub-acute or recurrent LBP [ 34 ]. In the 6-month intervention, the target was to exercise twice a week, i.e. 48 times in 24 weeks. Exercise adherence was only modest; the mean attendance rate was 26.1 (of the targeted 48). The reduction of LBP intensity and lumbar movement control impairment was significantly better in those who exercised once a week or more compared to the less exercised and non-exercisers [ 34 ]. Thus, factors affecting exercise adherence needed more investigation. Our hypothesis was that pain intensity, psychological, and environmental factors compromise exercise adherence, and that the modified Pilates-type exercise reduces FABs-PA. The purpose of this study was to (1) investigate the effects of baseline bio-psychosocial factors on exercise adherence among female healthcare personnel with sub-acute or recurrent LBP. Furthermore, we sought to (2) examine the effects of the exercise intervention on the development of FABs over time (at 6 and 12 months’ follow-up). Methods Study design This study is based on the data of a four-arm randomised controlled trial (RCT) among female healthcare personnel (NURSE-RCT, clinical trial registration NCT01465698) [ 35 ], in which healthcare personnel with sub-acute or recurrent LBP were randomised to participate in neuromuscular exercise/non-exercise and to receive/not receive back care counselling for 6 months [ 36 ]. In the secondary analysis, those receiving exercise (combined exercise + counselling, and exercise only) were merged to be exercisers, and non-exercisers (counselling only and controls) were merged to be the controls [ 34 ]. The study was conducted in the form of three identical consecutive sub-studies. The participants were female healthcare workers in physically demanding duties: in old people’s homes and geriatric wards (in the first sub-study in 2011, n=56); in home service, public healthcare units, and community hospital wards (in the second sub-study in 2012; n=80); and in university hospital wards (in the third sub-study in 2013; n=83) in the city of Tampere, Finland. The protocol and time frame of each sub-study are presented in the study protocol [ 35 ]. The recruitment of participants, eligibility criteria, and reasons for exclusion have been previously described in detail [ 36 ]. Briefly, 30–55-year-old female healthcare workers were eligible if they had worked in their current job for at least 12 months and had experienced LBP of an intensity of 2 or above on a numeric rating scale (NRS; 0–10) [ 37 ] during the previous four weeks. The exclusion criteria were a specific or serious earlier back condition (disc protrusion, fracture, surgery), chronic LBP (pain duration ≥7 months), pregnancy or recent delivery (<12 months), and engagement in a neuromuscular-type exercise (NME) more than once a week. The power calculations, recruitment process, randomisation, and ethical issues of the NURSE-RCT have been presented previously [ 35 ], as have the contents of the exercise intervention [ 34 ]. The study design and flow of the participants are shown in Figure 1. Participants The participants were female healthcare workers who engaged in physically demanding work (including lifting, patient transfer and working in awkward positions) and suffered from sub-acute or recurrent LBP. The mean age of the participants was 46 years, and they had worked in their current job on average for 11 years [ 7 ]. Some 87% were nurses or nursing assistants, and 70% did shift work [ 7 ]. In the pre-study screening, most of the study subjects (82%) experienced LBP on a few or most days of the week, but not daily, while 18% had LBP daily [ 7 ]. At the baseline, the mean of the pain intensity measured on a visual analogue scale (VAS; 0–100) [ 38 ] during the previous 4 weeks was 36.2 (SD 22.6) [ 7 ]. The majority (77 %) of the study sample can be described as having sub-acute, mild-to-moderate, recurrent or fluctuating non-specific LBP (4). Among those with daily pain (18%), the pain intensity was higher the mean in VAS being 55.7 (25.3). Measurements A wide range of measurements was taken at the baseline. In addition to background factors (age, education level, marital status, occupation, number of working years in the current job, working hours, smoking, perceived health and perceived fitness in comparison to persons of the same age and gender, current use of medication, high blood pressure (yes/no), and hormonal status); LBP intensity (VAS; 0–100) during the previous 4 weeks [ 38 ]; the frequency of LBP; the number of musculoskeletal pain sites [ 7 ]; quality of life (RAND 36) with eight sub-scales [ 39 , 40 ]; depression (using the modified Finnish version of the Patient Health Questionnaire; PHQ-9)[ 41 ]; the short form of the workability index [ 42 ]; physical functioning in nursing tasks [ 35 ]; tiredness, sleepiness, and difficulties in recovering from work [ 43 ]; work-induced exertion in different body parts [ 44 ]; and psychosocial factors at work (Finnish work satisfaction questionnaire) [ 45 ] were investigated by questionnaires. FABs were measured with a questionnaire assessing FABs related to work (FAB-W) and physical activity (FAB-PA) [ 46 ]. Three questions considering long-term sick leave were removed from the original FABs questionnaire, because the participants were still in work [ 35 ]. Physical measurements included body mass index (BMI), movement control of the low back [ 47 , 48 ], and performance tests for physical fitness, namely aerobic fitness by the 6-minute walk test [ 49 ], muscular strength (modified push-up [ 50 ], one-legged squat with progressively increasing external load (10% of body weight after each performance up to 40%) [ 50 ], vertical jump [ 50 ], modified sit-ups [ 51 ]), agility by running a figure-of-eight [ 52 ], flexibility by trunk lateral side bending [ 50 ], and rhythm coordination [ 52 ]. More precise information on the measurements is given in the study protocol article [ 35 ], the article on the repeatability of the physical measurements [ 48 ], and the baseline analysis of the study sample [ 7 ]. Exercise interventions in the NURSE-RCT The contents of the 6-month exercise intervention have been described previously [ 34 ]. The modified 6-month Pilates-type exercise intervention programme, which focused on controlling the neutral spine posture, started with light and easier exercises, and it was progressive in terms of demands for coordination, balance, and muscular strength over three stages. The goal was to exercise twice a week; during the first 2 months (stage I) in supervised neuromuscular exercise (NME) classes (lasting 60 minutes) and during the next 4 months (stages II and III) in one supervised class and one home session with the help of a DVD (lasting 50 minutes) or booklet produced for the study [ 34 ]. During stages II and III, the participants were also allowed to exercise in supervised group sessions more than once a week if exercise at home was inconvenient, and also only at home if the group sessions were difficult to attend. During the progression (stages II and III), the participants were allowed and/or advised to do easier exercises from the previous stage if the more challenging exercises proved too demanding. The leaders of the neuromuscular exercise groups were all certified Pilates instructors with a background in physiotherapy, a master’s degree in health sciences, or both [ 34 ]. Supervised exercise groups were organised in facilities near the workplaces of the healthcare personnel. Group sessions were provided on weekdays starting 15 minutes after the typical work shifts ended. The exercise classes, videos, and booklets were free for the participants, but they exercised in their own time [ 36 ]. Adherence to exercise The instructors monitored the participation of supervised group exercise, and study subjects kept an exercise diary of their home practice. The structured exercise diaries were returned at the end of stage II (week 16) and stage III (week 24). Attendance of the supervised exercise sessions and the number of home exercise sessions were added together to determine the total exercise attendance rate. Motivational strategies All participants in the exercise group received an information letter at the beginning of the exercise intervention about the goals and principles of the exercise programme. During the 4 th week of the first-stage exercise period, those who had not participated in any group-based exercise sessions received a telephone call from a research nurse (not involved in the exercise intervention or measurements), who encouraged them to start to exercise. All participants received two material packages (between stages I and II, and between stages II and III), which included an exercise DVD, exercise booklet, exercise diary for home practice, and a letter including information about the study and the importance of regular exercise. They also received two e-mails during stage II in order to encourage exercise, and a letter before the 6-month follow-up measurements from the principal investigator (JS). To avoid any contamination to the back care counselling intervention (in the original four-arm setting), and to ensure exactly the same information to all who were allocated to the exercise group, the exercise instructors focused on instructing the standardised exercise programme (individual modifications due to musculoskeletal problems other than LBP were allowed). All other kinds of counselling (e.g. lifestyle, pain management, and ergonomics) were avoided in the exercise classes. Statistical methods: Power calculations (at least 160 subjects needed) for the original NURSE-RCT have been reported previously [ 35 ], as has the randomisation of the participants [ 36 ]. Partial correlation analysis was conducted between all background and baseline variables and the adherence rate to determine which of the 60 different variables could have an association with the exercise adherence. Those variables showing a statistically significant association with the exercise adherence rate were selected for bivariate analysis with the adherence rate; the analytical methods were Spearman’s correlation for continuous variables and the Kruskall–Wallis test for the categorical variables. The median (24 times) was used to split the exercise group into the compliers (those who exercised once a week or more; ≥24 times during the 24 weeks) and non-compliers (those who exercised 0–23 times) We examined the baseline characteristics of the participants randomised to the exercisers by the adherence status for those variables showing statistically significant associations with the adherence rate in the bivariate analysis. The analytical methods were the independent samples t -test, the χ 2 test, or the Mann–Whitney U test as applicable. To analyse the effects of the exercise programme on FABs, the mean differences in time (at three measurement points: baseline, 6 months, and 12 months) between the two groups (exercisers vs non-exercisers) were tested using a generalised linear mixed model (GLMM) (Fig. 1). To take the interaction between back counselling and exercise into consideration, all analyses were first adjusted for counselling. Second, the sub-study was included as a random effect in all the GLLM analysis models to indicate the possible heterogeneity between the study sites and study time in the three consecutive sub-studies. Other confounding factors were background variables (age, civil status, education), work-related factors (shift work/regular work, psycho-social factors at work [ 45 ], perceived work-induced lumbar exertion [ 44 ]), and health-related factors (BMI, hormonal status, perceived health, perceived fitness, blood pressure, current medication, self-reported physical activity and fitness components). Only those confounding factors that improved the model in the second stage in the sense of Bayesian information criteria were included in the final adjusted model. After analysis according to the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle (Fig. 1), the study sample was assigned into two groups in order to investigate the effectiveness of the exercise on FABs, based on a per-protocol (PP) analysis. The mean difference in time (0, 6, 12 months) of exercise compliers (≥24 exercise sessions) were estimated and compared to the results of a combined group of non-compliers and non-exercisers (0–23 exercise sessions + controls). The correlation between the change in LBP intensity from the baseline to 6 months [ 34 ] and the change in the results of the FAB measurements after the intervention period were calculated by Spearman’s correlation coefficient (r s ). Associations between professional status and fear avoidance at the baseline were analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). All the analyses were conducted using SPSS (IBM Corp. Released 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0 Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Results Exercise adherence The target was for the participants to exercise twice a week – i.e. 48 sessions over 24 weeks. The mean attendance rate was 26.3 (12.2) exercise sessions. Some 53% of the participants exercised 1–2 times/week. The mean attendance rate was 1.1 times/week during the whole intervention. During the last 8 weeks, the mean attendance rate of the group-based exercise decreased, but the home-based exercise rate increased (total amount remaining 1.1 times /week). Only two people out of the 110 exercised regularly twice a week during the 6-month intervention period. Of those who were allocated to the exercise group, 10% did not exercise at all, and another 10% took part in only 1–5 exercise sessions in the 6-month period. Of the whole study sample (n=219), 80% (n=176) and 72% (n=157) participated in the 6-month and 12-month follow-up measurements, respectively [ 36 ]. At 6 months, 22 persons had dropped out, and 91% of them (n=20) belonged to the least exercised group (0–5 exercise sessions). At 6 months, the dropout rate (n=21) was equal among non-exercisers (Fig.1). Baseline variables associated with exercise adherence The bivariate associations between exercise attendance rates and continuous background and baseline variables is presented in Table 1. The associations for categorical variables are shown in Table 2. Between-group differences for those variables that had statistically significant correlations with adherence rates in the bivariate analysis are presented in Table 3 for the exercise compliers vs non-compliers. Exercise non-compliers more often had a lower education level ( p =0.03) and did shift work ( p =0.02) compared to the exercise compliers (Table 3). From the baseline variables, higher fitness results in the one-legged squat ( p = 0.043) and 6-minute walk test ( p =0.048) were detected for exercise compliers (Table 3). Fear-avoidance beliefs At the baseline, there was a difference in the levels of FABs between occupational groups in the whole study sample ( n =219). Nursing assistants had more FABs related to physical activity (FAB-PA, mean 15.5, SD 6.0, n =89) than nurses (12.0, SD 5.9, n=102) and other professionals (11.6, SD 6.8, n =28) (F=9.5, p <0.001). Exercise compliers showed lower values for FAB-PA at the baseline compared to non-compliers ( p =0.02, Table 3). During the exercise intervention, both FAB-PA ( p =0.028, adjusted for perceived occupational physical loading) and also FAB-W ( p =0.007, adjusted for age, shift work, perceived health, fitness and occupational physical loading, and push-ups) decreased in the exercise group compared to the non-exercisers (Fig. 2; ITT analysis). There was a dose-response; both FAB-PA ( p =0.006) and FAB-W ( p =0.016) decreased more in the high exercise adherence group compared to the less exercised and non-exercisers (Fig. 2; PP analysis). At 12 months follow-up, there were no more group differences in FAB-PA. A reduction in FAB-PA (from the baseline to 6 months) did not correlate with a reduction in LBP intensity (r p =0.03, p =0.54), but there was a correlation between a reduction in FAB-W and a reduction in LBP intensity (r s =0.16, p =0.05). Discussion In this 6-month modified, Pilates-type exercise study for female healthcare personnel with sub-acute or recurrent, non-specific LBP, those possessing a lower basic education level, working shifts, and having lower levels of fitness and higher levels of physical activity-related FABs at the baseline had a lower exercise adherence. Exercising during the intervention reduced levels of FAB-PA and FAB-W, and there was a dose-response: the levels of FAB-PA and FAB-W decreased more in more exercised persons. In exercise interventions, levels of exercise adherence usually drop over time; approximately 50% reduction in 12 months has been presented [ 26 , 53 ]. In the present intervention, participation in the supervised groups decreased across time, but the amount of home-based exercise increased commensurately. The exercise videos, booklets, supportive e-mails and letters probably helped in maintaining the same exercise adherence level throughout the 6-month intervention. While we knew that exercise adherence is usually only modest at best among people with musculoskeletal pain[ 20 ], and that shift work makes attending regular group-based exercise demanding [ 54 ], the exercise adherence rate in the present study was lower than we expected. In 2012–2014, when the study interventions were conducted, Pilates was quite a popular exercise type in Finland, and for that reason it was expected to be more attractive than a typically conventional/traditional neuromuscular exercise form. It has been suggested that factors associated with exercise adherence among LBP patients can be divided into three categories [ 55 ]: 1) physical factors like pain [ 55 ] and perceived health status [ 56 ]; 2) psychological factors such as the fear of pain [ 23 ], diagnostic uncertainty [ 22 ], low self-efficacy[ 21 ], and depression and anxiety [ 21 ]; and 3) environmental factors, such as difficulty in integrating exercise into daily life [ 22 , 55 ], lack of time [ 22 , 23 , 55 ], and intervention-related variables [ 33 ]. This classification is partly insufficient: it is difficult to place education level, which is a socio-demographic background factor, into any of those categories. Socio-economic status is associated with back-related beliefs: those with high socio-economic status are more prone to believe that one should stay active regardless LBP [ 57 ]. Education level has been shown to affect adherence to exercise progression among people with chronic LBP [ 58 ], strength training [ 56 ], and leisure-time physical activity [ 59 ]. In the present study, lower basic education level was also associated with lower exercise adherence, even though healthcare workers are a fairly homogenous group, and socio-demographic differences are generally small in Finland [ 60 ]. In previous studies, LBP intensity [ 55 ] and older age [ 58 ] compromised adherence to exercise or exercise progression. Contradictory to earlier studies, they had no effect in the present study, perhaps because in most participants the intensity of LBP was mild to moderate, they were still working, and the age range was set to 30-55 years. Higher physical fitness level at the baseline contributed to better exercise adherence. To our knowledge, association between baseline physical fitness and exercise adherence in later intervention has not been reported previously. FABs-PA results at baseline in the current study were comparable to those detected among French hospital workers with recurrent LBP [ 61 ], but lower than among LBP patients seeking medical care for their pain [ 62 ]. FABs related to physical activity are known to affect exercise adherence [ 22 ]; activities or exercises are avoided for fear of increasing pain [ 23 ]. Cognitive and psychological interventions [ 27 ] and graded activity [ 63 ] are usually considered helpful in the management of fear avoidance-related pain. An intervention including education in addition to exercise was slightly more effective in reducing FABs-PA among French hospital workers with LBP than the present study [ 61 ]. Interventions to reduce FABs very seldom include exercise only , but a Pilates-type exercise has shown to reduce FABs more than stationary cycling in short term among chronic LBP patients [ 64 ]. We hypothesise that this modified, slowly progressing Pilates-type exercise programme, which was conducted at the pace of the participant’s calm breathing tempo, might have given the participants positive experiences of movement. They could move in a way that they could control; the movements were not harmful or dangerous and could even release pain. This might explain the reduction of FAB levels during the exercise intervention. Moderators (or treatment effect modifiers) are baseline characteristics that influence the outcome of treatment [ 65 ]. Mediators are factors that change during or as a consequence of an intervention and thereby influence outcome [ 65 ]. Thus, it might be hypothesised that the earlier reported reduction of LBP intensity among the present study sample after exercise intervention [ 34 ] might have been mediated by a reduction in the fear of movement. Nevertheless, there was no correlation between the reduction of LBP intensity and the reduction of FAB-PA, but exercise adherence was the key factor. Those with a lower FAB-PA at the baseline exercised more, and those who exercised more gained more positive results in pain reduction [ 34 ]. While we measured pain intensity only at the baseline and after the 6-month exercise intervention – i.e. not during the intervention period – we cannot say anything about causality. Exercising more might have reduced the pain levels due to exercise-induced hypoalgesia [ 66-68 ], or a potential rapid reduction of pain intensity at the beginning of the exercise intervention might have decreased the levels of FAB-PA, and thus increased the motivation to exercise. In exercise intervention, both FABs [ 69 ] and exercise adherence [ 26 ] can mediate the outcome, i.e. LBP intensity. Identification of the mechanisms through which different treatments affect outcomes is complicated, and there is a clear need for further research that investigates plausible mediators [ 69 ]. The reduction of FABs during the intervention was statistically significant, but we do not know its clinical relevance (three questions related to returning to work were removed from the original FAB Questionnaire). Among hospital workers with recurrent LBP, an intervention combining education and exercise reduced FABs-PA, but did not reduce LBP recurrence episodes in two-year follow up [ 61 ]. For those healthcare workers with previous LBP, both the physical workload and FABs are important in the development of new episodes of LBP [ 70 ]. A lack of time is the most frequently reported barrier to leisure-time physical activity or exercise, both among the general population [ 31 , 71 ] and among people with LBP [ 23 ]. Those working shifts had a lower exercise adherence than those working at regular times. Among nursing personnel, shift work is also associated with sleeping problems, fatigue, and lack of energy [ 72 , 73 ], which might compromise exercise adherence. Increasing adherence to exercise is an important factor for the longer-term effectiveness of an intervention. Integrating educational components to exercise sessions, like strategic planning [ 23 ], self-monitoring [ 56 ], goal-setting [ 25 , 74 ], supplementary printed material, motivation strategies and positive re-enforcement [ 74 ], encouragement and action planning to overcome barriers to exercise [ 23 ] have been suggested to increase exercise adherence. Also leadership and organisation skills [ 21 ], favourable environment and pleasure associated with exercise [ 23 ], and appropriate intensity of the training content [ 75 ] might help in reducing fear of pain and pain itself [ 23 ] and thus increase exercise adherence. Identification of especially those who have a low education level, and targeting motivating efforts at them [ 56 ] might be effective. Understanding the causality and reasons for exercise adherence is complicated, multidimensional, and difficult to study. People do not always behave in the way they intend to behave. Motivation alone is not sufficient to trigger an action, and one is often confronted with obstacles [ 23 ]. In the present study, exercise adherence was lower among those with a lower level of basic education. The levels of baseline FABs were also higher among assistant nurses. In clinical practice, motivational strategies with a focus on decreasing FABs especially among people with a low education level could be beneficial. Unfortunately, there is a lack of measurement methods to identify those who would benefit most from motivational actions. Limitations: This study was a secondary analysis of the NURSE-RCT. Investigating associations between individual factors at the baseline and exercise adherence was not planned simultaneously with planning the RCT, and it was not written into the study protocol [ 35 ]. We arrived at the idea for the study after we detected the dose response of exercising on LBP intensity and movement control impairments [ 34 ]. Due to the four-arm setting of the original NURSE-RCT (combined exercise + counselling, exercise only, counselling only, controls), targeting motivational strategies at exercisers (exercise only and the combined group) would have been difficult without contaminating the back care counselling intervention. Several additional measurements might have been beneficial: the immediate effects of the exercise sessions (to pain or other bodily sensations), home environment, previous physical activity (in earlier years), and the number and ages of the participants’ children were not ascertained in the study. This might have broadened our understanding of the factors affecting exercise adherence. We measured only the number of exercise sessions, which were either supervisor-documented (for group sessions) or self-reported (for home practice). The research calls for standard validated measures of exercise adherence [ 20 ]. Conclusion Participants with lower education and fitness levels who worked shifts and had high physical activity-related fear-avoidance beliefs at the baseline had a lower adherence to the 6-month neuromuscular exercise programme. Exercising with good adherence reduced levels of FABs, which are known to be linked with prolonged LBP. In exercise interventions, motivational strategies should be targeted at those with low education and fitness levels and high fear-avoidance beliefs to achieve better exercise adherence. In exercise intervention studies, strategies to enhance and/or maintain exercise adherence need to be taken more seriously, because adherence is a key link between intervention and outcomes. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The participants gave their informed consent in written form at their first visit to the research centre (i.e. at the baseline measurement of the study), and the trial was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Finland (ETL code R08157). Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials The datasets used and analysed during the current study are available from the principal researcher (JS; [email protected] ) of the NURSE RCT and from [email protected] upon reasonable request. Funding The original NURSE RCT received funding from the Social Insurance Institution of Finland (37/26/2011 and 31/26/2015) for planning and conducting the study interventions and collecting the data, and from Tampere University Hospital (9R015, 9S017, 9T015, 9U017, 9V014, and 9X013) for the data analysis and reporting. Hence, the current study, which is a secondary analysis of the NURSE RCT, received funding from Tampere University Hospital. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests Authors' contributions All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. AT is the corresponding author, and she drafted the manuscript. She planned the exercise intervention, trained the other exercise instructors, produced the exercise videos and booklets, and supervised some of the exercise groups. She conducted the literature search and the bivariate statistical analysis. MK contributed to the design of the present study and the interpretation and presentation of the results. MR contributed to the interpretation and presentation of the results. KT verified the bivariate statistical analysis, and he conducted all the multivariate analyses. He also contributed to the presentation of the results of the statistical analysis. JP is the responsible medical doctor of the study. He contributed to the design of the study and the interpretation and presentation of the results. JS is the principal researcher of the NURSE-RCT. She is responsible for measurement selection and development, and for data collection and management. She contributed to the design of the study and the interpretation and presentation of the results of the present study. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the nursing personnel who participated in the NURSE-RCT, the instructors who supervised the exercise groups, and the personnel who conducted the measurements at the UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research. They also wish to thank the head nurses and other personnel of Social and Health Services at the City of Tampere and Tampere University of Applied Sciences for organising locations for exercising close to the workplaces. Abbreviations ANOVA: Analysis of variance BMI: Body mass index DVD: Digital video disc FABs: Fear-avoidance beliefs FAB-PA: Fear-avoidance beliefs related to physical activity FAB-W: Work-related fear-avoidance beliefs GLMM: Generalised linear mixed model ITT: Intention to treat LBP: Low back pain NME: Neuromuscular exercise NRS: Numeric rating scale; 0–10 PHQ-9: Patient health questionnaire, 9 items PP: Per protocol RCT: Randomised controlled trial SD: Standard deviation VAS: Visual analogue scale; 0–100 References Hartvigsen J, Hancock MJ, Kongsted A, Louw Q, Ferreira ML, Genevay S, Hoy D, Karppinen J, Pransky G, Sieper J et al : What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention . Lancet 2018, 391 (10137):2356-2367. Yassi A, Lockhart K: Work-relatedness of low back pain in nursing personnel: a systematic review . Int J Occup Environ Health 2013, 19 (3):223-244. Chen MJ, Weng SS: Psychological symptoms among hospital nurses in Taiwan: a cross sectional study . 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Tables Table 1. Bivariate correlation between baseline continuing variables and exercise adherence rate. Correlation with adherence (r s ) Missing p -value Running figure-of-eight -0.27 9 0.006 One-legged squat 0.19 2 0.048 6MWT 0.28 0.003 Quality of life: Physical functioning 0.19 4 0.045 Energy 0.15 4 0.12 Social functioning 0.18 4 0.06 General health 0.23 4 0.019 Workability index 0.26 0.006 Depression; PHQ-9 -0.20 1 0.038 Musculoskeletal exertion 0.25 2 0.009 FABs (total) -0.26 7 0.009 FAB-PA -0.32 1 0.001 Intensity of LBP -0.06 2 0.54 6MWT = 6-minute walk test, FAB = fear-avoidance beliefs, FAB-PA = fear-avoidance beliefs related to physical activity, LBP = low back pain, PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire, 9 items Table 2. Association between baseline categorical variables and exercise adherence rate, analysed by the Kruskall–Wallis test. n Exercise adherence; median Range of adherence; min, max Missing p -value Education level low (secondary school or less) medium (high school) high (university) 30 74 5 18 28.5 16 0, 40 0, 55 0, 29 1 0.040 Work type regular daytime work shift work other working time 30 72 8 31.5 21.4 33 5, 55 0, 44 2, 43 0.001 Occupation assistant nurse nurse other (radiographer, PT, midwife) 43 56 11 16 28 35 0, 41 0, 55 4, 50 0.003 Sub-study Nurse I Nurse II Nurse III 27 41 42 12 24 29 0, 39 0, 50 0, 55 0.012 Perceived health in comparison to others of the same age and gender moderate good or very good 45 65 22 28 0, 55 0, 50 0.037 Perceived fitness in comparison to others of the same age and gender worse equal better 32 52 26 23 22 31 0, 55 0, 44 0, 55 0.06 Frequency of LBP on some days of the week on most days daily 46 38 18 22 29 40 0, 43 0, 55 0, 42 8 0.051 LBP = low back pain, PT = physiotherapist Table 3. Baseline variables of the participants (randomised to the exercise group) by exercise adherence status. Compliers (≥24 exercise sessions), n=58 Non-compliers (0–23 exercise sessions), n=52 Mean (SD) n % Mean (SD) n % Miss-ing p -value Running figure-of-eight; seconds □ 7.7 (1.0) 8.0 (1.2) 9 0.20 One-legged squat; (0–12 reps) □ 9.9 (2.3) 8.9 (2.9) 2 0.043 6MWT; metres □ 623.0 (43.8) 603.4 (56.2) - 0.048 Quality of life: Physical functioning (0–100) □ 87.3(11.1) 83.4 (13.4) 4 0.17 General health (0–100) * 70.2(16.4) 64.5 (17.5) 4 0.08 Workability index (3–27) □ 22.2 (2.6) 21.9 (2.9) 0.20 PHQ-9 (0-27) □ 7.4 (4.5) 8.5 (5.3) 1 0.29 Musculoskeletal exertion (7-35) * 12.2 (3.8) 13.5(4.0) 2 0.10 FABs total (0-78) □ 23.2 (12.9) 27.3(14.5) 7 0.07 FAB-PA; (0-30) □ 12.6(6.9) 15.4 (6.4) 1 0.019 LBP intensity; (VAS 0–100) □ 36.9 (19.9) 35.9 (19.9) 1 0.79 Education level° low (secondary school or less) medium or high 14 44 24.1 75.9 23 29 44.2 55.8 - 0.026 Work type; ° regular work shift work 24 34 41.4 58.6 11 41 21.2 78.8 - 0.023 Profession; ° assistant nurse nurse other (radiographer, PT, midwife) 18 31 9 31.0 53.4 15.5 25 25 2 48.1 48.1 3.8 - 0.052 Sub-study; ° Sub-study I Sub-study II Sub-study III 9 22 27 15.5 37.9 46.6 18 19 15 34.6 36.5 28.8 - 0.042 Perceived health in comparison to others of the same age and sex; ° moderate good or very good 20 38 34.5 65.5 25 27 48.1 51.8 - 0.14 Frequency of LBP; ° on some days of the week on most days daily 21 26 9 38 46 16 25 12 9 54 26 20 8 0.12 *normal distribution, independent samples t -test, □ Mann–Whitney U test, ° χ 2 test. FAB-PA = physical activity-related fear-avoidance beliefs, LBP = low back pain, PHQ-9 = Nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire measuring depression; PT = physical therapist; VAS = visual analogue scale of 0–100 during the past 4 weeks Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 04 May, 2020 Read the published version in BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation → Version 4 posted Editorial decision: Accept 20 Apr, 2020 Editor assigned by journal 17 Apr, 2020 Submission checks completed at journal 16 Apr, 2020 Editor invited by journal 16 Apr, 2020 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Kankaanpää","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tampere University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Markku","middleName":"","lastName":"Kankaanpää","suffix":""},{"id":499764,"identity":"08a064b7-37d0-4f73-8d80-27b99407dd1e","order_by":3,"name":"Marjo Rinne","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marjo","middleName":"","lastName":"Rinne","suffix":""},{"id":499765,"identity":"d7572d02-2f42-48f6-a77b-7fe91058bf3e","order_by":4,"name":"Kari Tokola","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kari","middleName":"","lastName":"Tokola","suffix":""},{"id":499766,"identity":"350817d1-49c1-4e8e-b077-2ba88d071106","order_by":5,"name":"Jari Parkkari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UKK Institute for 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17:24:47","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51116,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Trial profile (CONSORT flow chart). \nFootnot to Figure 1: Analysis methods for studying (1) the associations between baseline factors and exercise adherence rate, and (2) the effects of the exercise intervention on fear-avoidance beliefs (FABs).","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6547/v4/1.png"},{"id":968500,"identity":"3bfdff01-1e9e-489d-b1a1-b2898f933e57","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-04-24 17:24:47","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":64417,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Effects of the exercise program on fear avoidance beliefs\nFootnote to Figure 2: Effects and effectiveness of the modified Pilates-type neuromuscular exercise (NME) with a focus on controlling the neutral spine on a) physical activity-related fear-avoidance beliefs, and b) work-related fear-avoidance beliefs (the mean difference in percentage with 95% confidence intervals analysed by generalised linear mixed models).","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6547/v4/2.png"},{"id":13499847,"identity":"c14f6ffd-a6e3-45e2-b6dc-1f707251bb2a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-16 23:03:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2161472,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6547/v4/f6ffebb8-5ecf-474e-8f64-d4c554e839ff.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eFear-avoidance beliefs are associated with exercise adherence: Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) among female healthcare workers with recurrent low back pain\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eLow back pain (LBP) is common among people in all ages, but disability from LBP is highest in working-age groups [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_1\"\u003e1\u003c/a\u003e]. Among healthcare workers, LBP is the leading musculoskeletal disorder[\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_2\"\u003e2\u003c/a\u003e] and it has been reported to be the most costly and common self-reported disease [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_3\"\u003e3\u003c/a\u003e]. Major contributors to the high incidence of LBP among healthcare workers are physically heavy nursing duties, such as lifting and transferring patients, and working in awkward positions[\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_2\"\u003e2\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_4\"\u003e4\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_5\"\u003e5\u003c/a\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn physically demanding work duties, maintaining a healthy back requires adequate aerobic and musculoskeletal fitness level [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_6\"\u003e6-8\u003c/a\u003e]. Low ratings of self-reported physical capacity have been shown to be a predictor for future LBP in female healthcare workers [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_9\"\u003e9\u003c/a\u003e]. Female nurses with a recent back injury also show more impairment in lumbar movement control [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_10\"\u003e10\u003c/a\u003e], which has also been suggested to play an important role in maintaining a healthy back [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_11\"\u003e11\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_12\"\u003e12\u003c/a\u003e]. A systematic review on efficacy of interventions for LBP in nursing personnel [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_13\"\u003e13\u003c/a\u003e] revealed no strong evidence of efficacy for any intervention in preventing or treating LBP in healthcare workers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExercise is the most often recommended treatment for increasing fitness levels [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_14\"\u003e14\u003c/a\u003e], lumbar movement control [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_12\"\u003e12\u003c/a\u003e], and for the management and prevention of LBP [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_15\"\u003e15-19\u003c/a\u003e]. Thus, in the management of spinal pain exercise adherence is important to realise the beneficial effects of exercising. Adherence is a key link between the process and outcome of exercise interventions among people with musculoskeletal pain, and poor exercise adherence compromises the effectiveness of treatment[\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_20\"\u003e20\u003c/a\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBarriers to exercise adherence, such as pain with exercise [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_21\"\u003e21\u003c/a\u003e], fear of movement and pain aggravation [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_22\"\u003e22\u003c/a\u003e], low self-efficacy [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_21\"\u003e21\u003c/a\u003e], psychological dysfunction [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_21\"\u003e21\u003c/a\u003e], poor social support [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_21\"\u003e21\u003c/a\u003e], lack of time [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_23\"\u003e23\u003c/a\u003e], and uncertainty about the benefits of exercise [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_24\"\u003e24\u003c/a\u003e], have been reported among people with musculoskeletal pain [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_21\"\u003e21\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_22\"\u003e22\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_24\"\u003e24\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_25\"\u003e25\u003c/a\u003e]. Aforementioned studies have been conducted among older adults [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_25\"\u003e25\u003c/a\u003e], people with chronic LBP [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_26\"\u003e26\u003c/a\u003e]or other chronic musculoskeletal pain [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_22\"\u003e22\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_24\"\u003e24\u003c/a\u003e] or among people receiving physiotherapy[\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_21\"\u003e21\u003c/a\u003e]. To our knowledge, similar studies which concern exercise adherence among people with heavy physical work and non-chronic LBP have not been conducted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFear avoidance is the belief that activities should be avoided to reduce pain [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_27\"\u003e27\u003c/a\u003e]. Fear of pain develops as a result of a cognitive interpretation of nociseption as something threatening, and this fear affects attention processes (hypervigilance) and leads to the avoidance of behaviours, like physical activity and exercise, which are expected to cause pain [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_27\"\u003e27\u003c/a\u003e]. Fear-avoidance beliefs (FABs) influence treatment effects and are prognostic to poor outcomes in subacute LBP [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_28\"\u003e28\u003c/a\u003e]. Cognitive behavioural therapy is recommended to reduce FABs among people with LBP [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_29\"\u003e29\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_30\"\u003e30\u003c/a\u003e], but effects of exercise interventions on FABs among people with sub-acute or recurrent LBP are less clear.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBesides FABs, there are probably several other internal factors (like a lack of interest [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_31\"\u003e31\u003c/a\u003e], and low self-efficacy [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_32\"\u003e32\u003c/a\u003e]) that compromise adherence to exercise among people with LBP. Exercise might be avoided, because it is believed to cause pain, one is uncertain about the benefits of exercising, and one\u0026rsquo;s capabilities to perform and manage the instructed exercises [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_32\"\u003e32\u003c/a\u003e]. If those internal factors are combined with external barriers (like lack of time, environment, and transfer), exercise adherence might be challenging.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong people with chronic LBP, improvements in physical functioning are more strongly associated with adherence to exercise than with the type of exercise [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_26\"\u003e26\u003c/a\u003e]. Some 50\u0026ndash;70% of people with chronic LBP are non-adherent to prescribed home exercise [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_33\"\u003e33\u003c/a\u003e]. Thus, factors associated with adherence to exercise in LBP require more investigation [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_33\"\u003e33\u003c/a\u003e]. Exercise adherence among people with musculoskeletal pain in general is a poorly studied subject [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_20\"\u003e20\u003c/a\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn a previously reported study, we found that a 6-month modified Pilates-type neuromuscular exercise intervention, which focused on controlling the neutral lumbar spine posture and developing the muscle strength and endurance needed in heavy nursing tasks, was effective in reducing lumbar pain and lumbar movement control impairments among a sample of nursing personnel with sub-acute or recurrent LBP [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_34\"\u003e34\u003c/a\u003e]. In the 6-month intervention, the target was to exercise twice a week, i.e. 48 times in 24 weeks. Exercise adherence was only modest; the mean attendance rate was 26.1 (of the targeted 48). The reduction of LBP intensity and lumbar movement control impairment was significantly better in those who exercised once a week or more compared to the less exercised and non-exercisers [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_34\"\u003e34\u003c/a\u003e]. Thus, factors affecting exercise adherence needed more investigation. Our hypothesis was that pain intensity, psychological, and environmental factors compromise exercise adherence, and that the modified Pilates-type exercise reduces FABs-PA.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this study was to (1) investigate the effects of baseline bio-psychosocial factors on exercise adherence among female healthcare personnel with sub-acute or recurrent LBP. Furthermore, we sought to (2) examine the effects of the exercise intervention on the development of FABs over time (at 6 and 12 months\u0026rsquo; follow-up).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eStudy design\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study is based on the data of a four-arm randomised controlled trial (RCT) among female healthcare personnel (NURSE-RCT, clinical trial registration NCT01465698) [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_35\"\u003e35\u003c/a\u003e], in which healthcare personnel with sub-acute or recurrent LBP were randomised to participate in neuromuscular exercise/non-exercise and to receive/not receive back care counselling for 6 months [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_36\"\u003e36\u003c/a\u003e]. In the secondary analysis, those receiving exercise (combined exercise + counselling, and exercise only) were merged to be exercisers, and non-exercisers (counselling only and controls) were merged to be the controls [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_34\"\u003e34\u003c/a\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in the form of three identical consecutive sub-studies. The participants were female healthcare workers in physically demanding duties: in old people\u0026rsquo;s homes and geriatric wards (in the first sub-study in 2011, n=56); in home service, public healthcare units, and community hospital wards (in the second sub-study in 2012; n=80); and in university hospital wards (in the third sub-study in 2013; n=83) in the city of Tampere, Finland. The protocol and time frame of each sub-study are presented in the study protocol [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_35\"\u003e35\u003c/a\u003e]. The recruitment of participants, eligibility criteria, and reasons for exclusion have been previously described in detail [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_36\"\u003e36\u003c/a\u003e]. Briefly, 30\u0026ndash;55-year-old female healthcare workers were eligible if they had worked in their current job for at least 12 months and had experienced LBP of an intensity of 2 or above on a numeric rating scale (NRS; 0\u0026ndash;10) [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_37\"\u003e37\u003c/a\u003e] during the previous four weeks. The exclusion criteria were a specific or serious earlier back condition (disc protrusion, fracture, surgery), chronic LBP (pain duration \u0026ge;7 months), pregnancy or recent delivery (\u0026lt;12 months), and engagement in a neuromuscular-type exercise (NME) more than once a week.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe power calculations, recruitment process, randomisation, and ethical issues of the NURSE-RCT have been presented previously [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_35\"\u003e35\u003c/a\u003e], as have the contents of the exercise intervention [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_34\"\u003e34\u003c/a\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study design and flow of the participants are shown in Figure 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe participants were female healthcare workers who engaged in physically demanding work (including lifting, patient transfer and working in awkward positions) and suffered from sub-acute or recurrent LBP. The mean age of the participants was 46 years, and they had worked in their current job on average for 11 years [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_7\"\u003e7\u003c/a\u003e]. Some 87% were nurses or nursing assistants, and 70% did shift work [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_7\"\u003e7\u003c/a\u003e]. In the pre-study screening, most of the study subjects (82%) experienced LBP on a few or most days of the week, but not daily, while 18% had LBP daily [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_7\"\u003e7\u003c/a\u003e]. At the baseline, the mean of the pain intensity measured on a visual analogue scale (VAS; 0\u0026ndash;100) [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_38\"\u003e38\u003c/a\u003e] during the previous 4 weeks was 36.2 (SD 22.6) [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_7\"\u003e7\u003c/a\u003e]. The majority (77 %) of the study sample can be described as having sub-acute, mild-to-moderate, recurrent or fluctuating non-specific LBP (4). Among those with daily pain (18%), the pain intensity was higher the mean in VAS being 55.7 (25.3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeasurements\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA wide range of measurements was taken at the baseline. In addition to background factors (age, education level, marital status, occupation, number of working years in the current job, working hours, smoking, perceived health and perceived fitness in comparison to persons of the same age and gender, current use of medication, high blood pressure (yes/no), and hormonal status); LBP intensity (VAS; 0\u0026ndash;100) during the previous 4 weeks [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_38\"\u003e38\u003c/a\u003e]; the frequency of LBP; the number of musculoskeletal pain sites [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_7\"\u003e7\u003c/a\u003e]; quality of life (RAND 36) with eight sub-scales [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_39\"\u003e39\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_40\"\u003e40\u003c/a\u003e]; depression (using the modified Finnish version of the Patient Health Questionnaire; PHQ-9)[\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_41\"\u003e41\u003c/a\u003e]; the short form of the workability index [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_42\"\u003e42\u003c/a\u003e]; physical functioning in nursing tasks [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_35\"\u003e35\u003c/a\u003e]; tiredness, sleepiness, and difficulties in recovering from work [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_43\"\u003e43\u003c/a\u003e]; work-induced exertion in different body parts [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_44\"\u003e44\u003c/a\u003e]; and psychosocial factors at work (Finnish work satisfaction questionnaire) [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_45\"\u003e45\u003c/a\u003e] were investigated by questionnaires. FABs were measured with a questionnaire assessing FABs related to work (FAB-W) and physical activity (FAB-PA) [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_46\"\u003e46\u003c/a\u003e]. Three questions considering long-term sick leave were removed from the original FABs questionnaire, because the participants were still in work [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_35\"\u003e35\u003c/a\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhysical measurements included body mass index (BMI), movement control of the low back [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_47\"\u003e47\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_48\"\u003e48\u003c/a\u003e], and performance tests for physical fitness, namely aerobic fitness by the 6-minute walk test [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_49\"\u003e49\u003c/a\u003e], muscular strength (modified push-up [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_50\"\u003e50\u003c/a\u003e], one-legged squat with progressively increasing external load (10% of body weight after each performance up to 40%) [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_50\"\u003e50\u003c/a\u003e], vertical jump [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_50\"\u003e50\u003c/a\u003e], modified sit-ups [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_51\"\u003e51\u003c/a\u003e]), agility by running a figure-of-eight [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_52\"\u003e52\u003c/a\u003e], flexibility by trunk lateral side bending [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_50\"\u003e50\u003c/a\u003e], and rhythm coordination [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_52\"\u003e52\u003c/a\u003e]. More precise information on the measurements is given in the study protocol article [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_35\"\u003e35\u003c/a\u003e], the article on the repeatability of the physical measurements [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_48\"\u003e48\u003c/a\u003e], and the baseline analysis of the study sample [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_7\"\u003e7\u003c/a\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExercise interventions in the NURSE-RCT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe contents of the 6-month exercise intervention have been described previously [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_34\"\u003e34\u003c/a\u003e]. The modified 6-month Pilates-type exercise intervention programme, which focused on controlling the neutral spine posture, started with light and easier exercises, and it was progressive in terms of demands for coordination, balance, and muscular strength over three stages. The goal was to exercise twice a week; during the first 2 months (stage I) in supervised neuromuscular exercise (NME) classes (lasting 60 minutes) and during the next 4 months (stages II and III) in one supervised class and one home session with the help of a DVD (lasting 50 minutes) or booklet produced for the study [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_34\"\u003e34\u003c/a\u003e]. During stages II and III, the participants were also allowed to exercise in supervised group sessions more than once a week if exercise at home was inconvenient, and also only at home if the group sessions were difficult to attend. During the progression (stages II and III), the participants were allowed and/or advised to do easier exercises from the previous stage if the more challenging exercises proved too demanding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe leaders of the neuromuscular exercise groups were all certified Pilates instructors with a background in physiotherapy, a master\u0026rsquo;s degree in health sciences, or both [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_34\"\u003e34\u003c/a\u003e]. Supervised exercise groups were organised in facilities near the workplaces of the healthcare personnel. Group sessions were provided on weekdays starting 15 minutes after the typical work shifts ended. The exercise classes, videos, and booklets were free for the participants, but they exercised in their own time [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_36\"\u003e36\u003c/a\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdherence to exercise\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe instructors monitored the participation of supervised group exercise, and study subjects kept an exercise diary of their home practice. The structured exercise diaries were returned at the end of stage II (week 16) and stage III (week 24). Attendance of the supervised exercise sessions and the number of home exercise sessions were added together to determine the total exercise attendance rate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMotivational strategies\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll participants in the exercise group received an information letter at the beginning of the exercise intervention about the goals and principles of the exercise programme. During the 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week of the first-stage exercise period, those who had not participated in any group-based exercise sessions received a telephone call from a research nurse (not involved in the exercise intervention or measurements), who encouraged them to start to exercise. All participants received two material packages (between stages I and II, and between stages II and III), which included an exercise DVD, exercise booklet, exercise diary for home practice, and a letter including information about the study and the importance of regular exercise. They also received two e-mails during stage II in order to encourage exercise, and a letter before the 6-month follow-up measurements from the principal investigator (JS).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo avoid any contamination to the back care counselling intervention (in the original four-arm setting), and to ensure exactly the same information to all who were allocated to the exercise group, the exercise instructors focused on instructing the standardised exercise programme (individual modifications due to musculoskeletal problems other than LBP were allowed). All other kinds of counselling (e.g. lifestyle, pain management, and ergonomics) were avoided in the exercise classes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical methods:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePower calculations (at least 160 subjects needed) for the original NURSE-RCT have been reported previously [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_35\"\u003e35\u003c/a\u003e], as has the randomisation of the participants [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_36\"\u003e36\u003c/a\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePartial correlation analysis was conducted between all background and baseline variables and the adherence rate to determine which of the 60 different variables could have an association with the exercise adherence. Those variables showing a statistically significant association with the exercise adherence rate were selected for bivariate analysis with the adherence rate; the analytical methods were Spearman\u0026rsquo;s correlation for continuous variables and the Kruskall\u0026ndash;Wallis test for the categorical variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe median (24 times) was used to split the exercise group into the compliers (those who exercised once a week or more; \u0026ge;24 times during the 24 weeks) and non-compliers (those who exercised 0\u0026ndash;23 times) We examined the baseline characteristics of the participants randomised to the exercisers by the adherence status for those variables showing statistically significant associations with the adherence rate in the bivariate analysis. The analytical methods were the independent samples \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e-test, the \u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e test, or the Mann\u0026ndash;Whitney \u003cem\u003eU\u003c/em\u003e test as applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo analyse the effects of the exercise programme on FABs, the mean differences in time (at three measurement points: baseline, 6 months, and 12 months) between the two groups (exercisers vs non-exercisers) were tested using a generalised linear mixed model (GLMM) (Fig. 1). To take the interaction between back counselling and exercise into consideration, all analyses were first adjusted for counselling. Second, the sub-study was included as a random effect in all the GLLM analysis models to indicate the possible heterogeneity between the study sites and study time in the three consecutive sub-studies. Other confounding factors were background variables (age, civil status, education), work-related factors (shift work/regular work, psycho-social factors at work [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_45\"\u003e45\u003c/a\u003e], perceived work-induced lumbar exertion [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_44\"\u003e44\u003c/a\u003e]), and health-related factors (BMI, hormonal status, perceived health, perceived fitness, blood pressure, current medication, self-reported physical activity and fitness components). Only those confounding factors that improved the model in the second stage in the sense of Bayesian information criteria were included in the final adjusted model.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter analysis according to the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle (Fig. 1), the study sample was assigned into two groups in order to investigate the effectiveness of the exercise on FABs, based on a per-protocol (PP) analysis. The mean difference in time (0, 6, 12 months) of exercise compliers (\u0026ge;24 exercise sessions) were estimated and compared to the results of a combined group of non-compliers and non-exercisers (0\u0026ndash;23 exercise sessions + controls).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe correlation between the change in LBP intensity from the baseline to 6 months [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_34\"\u003e34\u003c/a\u003e] and the change in the results of the FAB measurements after the intervention period were calculated by Spearman\u0026rsquo;s correlation coefficient (r\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e). Associations between professional status and fear avoidance at the baseline were analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the analyses were conducted using SPSS (IBM Corp. Released 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0 Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eExercise adherence\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe target was for the participants to exercise twice a week \u0026ndash; i.e. 48 sessions over 24 weeks. The mean attendance rate was 26.3 (12.2) exercise sessions. Some 53% of the participants exercised 1\u0026ndash;2 times/week. The mean attendance rate was 1.1 times/week during the whole intervention. During the last 8 weeks, the mean attendance rate of the group-based exercise decreased, but the home-based exercise rate increased (total amount remaining 1.1 times /week). Only two people out of the 110 exercised regularly twice a week during the 6-month intervention period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf those who were allocated to the exercise group, 10% did not exercise at all, and another 10% took part in only 1\u0026ndash;5 exercise sessions in the 6-month period. Of the whole study sample (n=219), 80% (n=176) and 72% (n=157) participated in the 6-month and 12-month follow-up measurements, respectively [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_36\"\u003e36\u003c/a\u003e]. At 6 months, 22 persons had dropped out, and 91% of them (n=20) belonged to the least exercised group (0\u0026ndash;5 exercise sessions). At 6 months, the dropout rate (n=21) was equal among non-exercisers (Fig.1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBaseline variables associated with exercise adherence\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe bivariate associations between exercise attendance rates and continuous background and baseline variables is presented in Table 1. The associations for categorical variables are shown in Table 2. Between-group differences for those variables that had statistically significant correlations with adherence rates in the bivariate analysis are presented in Table 3 for the exercise compliers vs non-compliers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExercise non-compliers more often had a lower education level (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.03) and did shift work (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.02) compared to the exercise compliers (Table 3). From the baseline variables, higher fitness results in the one-legged squat (\u003cem\u003ep \u003c/em\u003e= 0.043) and 6-minute walk test (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.048) were detected for exercise compliers (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFear-avoidance beliefs\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the baseline, there was a difference in the levels of FABs between occupational groups in the whole study sample (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e=219). Nursing assistants had more FABs related to physical activity (FAB-PA, mean 15.5, SD 6.0, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e=89) than nurses (12.0, SD 5.9, n=102) and other professionals (11.6, SD 6.8,\u003cem\u003e n\u003c/em\u003e=28) (F=9.5, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExercise compliers showed lower values for FAB-PA at the baseline compared to non-compliers (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.02, Table 3). During the exercise intervention, both FAB-PA (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.028, adjusted for perceived occupational physical loading) and also FAB-W (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.007, adjusted for age, shift work, perceived health, fitness and occupational physical loading, and push-ups) decreased in the exercise group compared to the non-exercisers (Fig. 2; ITT analysis). There was a dose-response; both FAB-PA (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.006) and FAB-W (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.016) decreased more in the high exercise adherence group compared to the less exercised and non-exercisers (Fig. 2; PP analysis). At 12 months follow-up, there were no more group differences in FAB-PA. A reduction in FAB-PA (from the baseline to 6 months) did not correlate with a reduction in LBP intensity (r\u003csub\u003ep\u003c/sub\u003e=0.03, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.54), but there was a correlation between a reduction in FAB-W and a reduction in LBP intensity (r\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e=0.16, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.05).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this 6-month modified, Pilates-type exercise study for female healthcare personnel with sub-acute or recurrent, non-specific LBP, those possessing a lower basic education level, working shifts, and having lower levels of fitness and higher levels of physical activity-related FABs at the baseline had a lower exercise adherence. Exercising during the intervention reduced levels of FAB-PA and FAB-W, and there was a dose-response: the levels of FAB-PA and FAB-W decreased more in more exercised persons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn exercise interventions, levels of exercise adherence usually drop over time; approximately 50% reduction in 12 months has been presented [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_26\"\u003e26\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_53\"\u003e53\u003c/a\u003e]. In the present intervention, participation in the supervised groups decreased across time, but the amount of home-based exercise increased commensurately. The exercise videos, booklets, supportive e-mails and letters probably helped in maintaining the same exercise adherence level throughout the 6-month intervention. While we knew that exercise adherence is usually only modest at best among people with musculoskeletal pain[\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_20\"\u003e20\u003c/a\u003e], and that shift work makes attending regular group-based exercise demanding [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_54\"\u003e54\u003c/a\u003e], the exercise adherence rate in the present study was lower than we expected. In 2012\u0026ndash;2014, when the study interventions were conducted, Pilates was quite a popular exercise type in Finland, and for that reason it was expected to be more attractive than a typically conventional/traditional neuromuscular exercise form.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt has been suggested that factors associated with exercise adherence among LBP patients can be divided into three categories [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_55\"\u003e55\u003c/a\u003e]: 1) physical factors like pain [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_55\"\u003e55\u003c/a\u003e] and perceived health status [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_56\"\u003e56\u003c/a\u003e]; 2) psychological factors such as the fear of pain [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_23\"\u003e23\u003c/a\u003e], diagnostic uncertainty [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_22\"\u003e22\u003c/a\u003e], low self-efficacy[\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_21\"\u003e21\u003c/a\u003e], and depression and anxiety [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_21\"\u003e21\u003c/a\u003e]; and 3) environmental factors, such as difficulty in integrating exercise into daily life [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_22\"\u003e22\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_55\"\u003e55\u003c/a\u003e], lack of time [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_22\"\u003e22\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_23\"\u003e23\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_55\"\u003e55\u003c/a\u003e], and intervention-related variables [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_33\"\u003e33\u003c/a\u003e]. This classification is partly insufficient: it is difficult to place education level, which is a socio-demographic background factor, into any of those categories. Socio-economic status is associated with back-related beliefs: those with high socio-economic status are more prone to believe that one should stay active regardless LBP [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_57\"\u003e57\u003c/a\u003e]. Education level has been shown to affect adherence to exercise progression among people with chronic LBP [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_58\"\u003e58\u003c/a\u003e], strength training [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_56\"\u003e56\u003c/a\u003e], and leisure-time physical activity [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_59\"\u003e59\u003c/a\u003e]. In the present study, lower basic education level was also associated with lower exercise adherence, even though healthcare workers are a fairly homogenous group, and socio-demographic differences are generally small in Finland [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_60\"\u003e60\u003c/a\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn previous studies, LBP intensity [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_55\"\u003e55\u003c/a\u003e] and older age [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_58\"\u003e58\u003c/a\u003e] compromised adherence to exercise or exercise progression. Contradictory to earlier studies, they had no effect in the present study, perhaps because in most participants the intensity of LBP was mild to moderate, they were still working, and the age range was set to 30-55 years. Higher physical fitness level at the baseline contributed to better exercise adherence. To our knowledge, association between baseline physical fitness and exercise adherence in later intervention has not been reported previously.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFABs-PA results at baseline in the current study were comparable to those detected among French hospital workers with recurrent LBP [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_61\"\u003e61\u003c/a\u003e], but lower than among LBP patients seeking medical care for their pain [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_62\"\u003e62\u003c/a\u003e]. FABs related to physical activity are known to affect exercise adherence [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_22\"\u003e22\u003c/a\u003e]; activities or exercises are avoided for fear of increasing pain [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_23\"\u003e23\u003c/a\u003e]. Cognitive and psychological interventions [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_27\"\u003e27\u003c/a\u003e] and graded activity [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_63\"\u003e63\u003c/a\u003e] are usually considered helpful in the management of fear avoidance-related pain. An intervention including education in addition to exercise was slightly more effective in reducing FABs-PA among French hospital workers with LBP than the present study [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_61\"\u003e61\u003c/a\u003e]. Interventions to reduce FABs very seldom include exercise only , but a Pilates-type exercise has shown to reduce FABs more than stationary cycling in short term among chronic LBP patients [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_64\"\u003e64\u003c/a\u003e]. We hypothesise that this modified, slowly progressing Pilates-type exercise programme, which was conducted at the pace of the participant\u0026rsquo;s calm breathing tempo, might have given the participants positive experiences of movement. They could move in a way that they could control; the movements were not harmful or dangerous and could even release pain. This might explain the reduction of FAB levels during the exercise intervention.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModerators\u003c/em\u003e (or treatment effect modifiers) are baseline characteristics that influence the outcome of treatment [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_65\"\u003e65\u003c/a\u003e]. \u003cem\u003eMediators\u003c/em\u003e are factors that change during or as a consequence of an intervention and thereby influence outcome [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_65\"\u003e65\u003c/a\u003e]. Thus, it might be hypothesised that the earlier reported reduction of LBP intensity among the present study sample after exercise intervention [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_34\"\u003e34\u003c/a\u003e] might have been mediated by a reduction in the fear of movement. Nevertheless, there was no correlation between the reduction of LBP intensity and the reduction of FAB-PA, but exercise adherence was the key factor. Those with a lower FAB-PA at the baseline exercised more, and those who exercised more gained more positive results in pain reduction [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_34\"\u003e34\u003c/a\u003e]. While we measured pain intensity only at the baseline and after the 6-month exercise intervention \u0026ndash; i.e. not during the intervention period \u0026ndash; we cannot say anything about causality. Exercising more might have reduced the pain levels due to exercise-induced hypoalgesia [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_66\"\u003e66-68\u003c/a\u003e], or a potential rapid reduction of pain intensity at the beginning of the exercise intervention might have decreased the levels of FAB-PA, and thus increased the motivation to exercise. In exercise intervention, both FABs [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_69\"\u003e69\u003c/a\u003e] and exercise adherence [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_26\"\u003e26\u003c/a\u003e] can mediate the outcome, i.e. LBP intensity. Identification of the mechanisms through which different treatments affect outcomes is complicated, and there is a clear need for further research that investigates plausible mediators [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_69\"\u003e69\u003c/a\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe reduction of FABs during the intervention was statistically significant, but we do not know its clinical relevance (three questions related to returning to work were removed from the original FAB Questionnaire). Among hospital workers with recurrent LBP, an intervention combining education and exercise reduced FABs-PA, but did not reduce LBP recurrence episodes in two-year follow up [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_61\"\u003e61\u003c/a\u003e]. For those healthcare workers with previous LBP, both the physical workload and FABs are important in the development of new episodes of LBP [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_70\"\u003e70\u003c/a\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA lack of time is the most frequently reported barrier to leisure-time physical activity or exercise, both among the general population [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_31\"\u003e31\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_71\"\u003e71\u003c/a\u003e] and among people with LBP [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_23\"\u003e23\u003c/a\u003e]. Those working shifts had a lower exercise adherence than those working at regular times. Among nursing personnel, shift work is also associated with sleeping problems, fatigue, and lack of energy [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_72\"\u003e72\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_73\"\u003e73\u003c/a\u003e], which might compromise exercise adherence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncreasing adherence to exercise is an important factor for the longer-term effectiveness of an intervention. Integrating educational components to exercise sessions, like strategic planning [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_23\"\u003e23\u003c/a\u003e], self-monitoring [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_56\"\u003e56\u003c/a\u003e], goal-setting [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_25\"\u003e25\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_74\"\u003e74\u003c/a\u003e], supplementary printed material, motivation strategies and positive re-enforcement [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_74\"\u003e74\u003c/a\u003e], encouragement and action planning to overcome barriers to exercise [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_23\"\u003e23\u003c/a\u003e] have been suggested to increase exercise adherence. Also leadership and organisation skills [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_21\"\u003e21\u003c/a\u003e], favourable environment and pleasure associated with exercise [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_23\"\u003e23\u003c/a\u003e], and appropriate intensity of the training content [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_75\"\u003e75\u003c/a\u003e] might help in reducing fear of pain and pain itself [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_23\"\u003e23\u003c/a\u003e] and thus increase exercise adherence. Identification of especially those who have a low education level, and targeting motivating efforts at them [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_56\"\u003e56\u003c/a\u003e] might be effective.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding the causality and reasons for exercise adherence is complicated, multidimensional, and difficult to study. People do not always behave in the way they intend to behave. Motivation alone is not sufficient to trigger an action, and one is often confronted with obstacles [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_23\"\u003e23\u003c/a\u003e]. In the present study, exercise adherence was lower among those with a lower level of basic education. The levels of baseline FABs were also higher among assistant nurses. In clinical practice, motivational strategies with a focus on decreasing FABs especially among people with a low education level could be beneficial. Unfortunately, there is a lack of measurement methods to identify those who would benefit most from motivational actions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLimitations:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was a secondary analysis of the NURSE-RCT. Investigating associations between individual factors at the baseline and exercise adherence was not planned simultaneously with planning the RCT, and it was not written into the study protocol [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_35\"\u003e35\u003c/a\u003e]. We arrived at the idea for the study after we detected the dose response of exercising on LBP intensity and movement control impairments [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_34\"\u003e34\u003c/a\u003e]. Due to the four-arm setting of the original NURSE-RCT (combined exercise + counselling, exercise only, counselling only, controls), targeting motivational strategies at exercisers (exercise only and the combined group) would have been difficult without contaminating the back care counselling intervention.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeveral additional measurements might have been beneficial: the immediate effects of the exercise sessions (to pain or other bodily sensations), home environment, previous physical activity (in earlier years), and the number and ages of the participants\u0026rsquo; children were not ascertained in the study. This might have broadened our understanding of the factors affecting exercise adherence. We measured only the number of exercise sessions, which were either supervisor-documented (for group sessions) or self-reported (for home practice). The research calls for standard validated measures of exercise adherence [\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_20\"\u003e20\u003c/a\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eParticipants with lower education and fitness levels who worked shifts and had high physical activity-related fear-avoidance beliefs at the baseline had a lower adherence to the 6-month neuromuscular exercise programme. Exercising with good adherence reduced levels of FABs, which are known to be linked with prolonged LBP. In exercise interventions, motivational strategies should be targeted at those with low education and fitness levels and high fear-avoidance beliefs to achieve better exercise adherence. In exercise intervention studies, strategies to enhance and/or maintain exercise adherence need to be taken more seriously, because adherence is a key link between intervention and outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe participants gave their informed consent in written form at their first visit to the research centre (i.e. at the baseline measurement of the study), and the trial was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Finland (ETL code R08157).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and analysed during the current study are available from the principal researcher (JS; [email protected]) of the NURSE RCT and from [email protected] upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe original NURSE RCT received funding from the Social Insurance Institution of Finland (37/26/2011 and 31/26/2015) for planning and conducting the study interventions and collecting the data, and from Tampere University Hospital (9R015, 9S017, 9T015, 9U017, 9V014, and 9X013) for the data analysis and reporting. Hence, the current study, which is a secondary analysis of the NURSE RCT, received funding from Tampere University Hospital.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAT is the corresponding author, and she drafted the manuscript. She planned the exercise intervention, trained the other exercise instructors, produced the exercise videos and booklets, and supervised some of the exercise groups. She conducted the literature search and the bivariate statistical analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMK contributed to the design of the present study and the interpretation and presentation of the results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMR contributed to the interpretation and presentation of the results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKT verified the bivariate statistical analysis, and he conducted all the multivariate analyses. He also contributed to the presentation of the results of the statistical analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJP is the responsible medical doctor of the study. He contributed to the design of the study and the interpretation and presentation of the results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJS is the principal researcher of the NURSE-RCT. She is responsible for measurement selection and development, and for data collection and management. She contributed to the design of the study and the interpretation and presentation of the results of the present study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors wish to thank the nursing personnel who participated in the NURSE-RCT, the instructors who supervised the exercise groups, and the personnel who conducted the measurements at the UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research. They also wish to thank the head nurses and other personnel of Social and Health Services at the City of Tampere and Tampere University of Applied Sciences for organising locations for exercising close to the workplaces.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eANOVA: Analysis of variance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBMI: Body mass index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVD: Digital video disc\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFABs: Fear-avoidance beliefs\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFAB-PA: Fear-avoidance beliefs related to physical activity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFAB-W: Work-related fear-avoidance beliefs\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGLMM: Generalised linear mixed model\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eITT: Intention to treat\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLBP: Low back pain\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNME: Neuromuscular exercise\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNRS: Numeric rating scale; 0\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePHQ-9: Patient health questionnaire, 9 items\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePP: Per protocol\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRCT: Randomised controlled trial\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD: Standard deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVAS: Visual analogue scale; 0\u0026ndash;100\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHartvigsen J, Hancock MJ, Kongsted A, Louw Q, Ferreira ML, Genevay S, Hoy D, Karppinen J, Pransky G, Sieper J\u003cem\u003e et al\u003c/em\u003e: \u003cstrong\u003eWhat low back pain is and why we need to pay attention\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eLancet \u003c/em\u003e2018, \u003cstrong\u003e391\u003c/strong\u003e(10137):2356-2367.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYassi A, Lockhart K: \u003cstrong\u003eWork-relatedness of low back pain in nursing personnel: a systematic review\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eInt J Occup Environ Health \u003c/em\u003e2013, \u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c/strong\u003e(3):223-244.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen MJ, Weng SS: \u003cstrong\u003ePsychological symptoms among hospital nurses in Taiwan: a cross sectional study\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eBMC women's health \u003c/em\u003e2017, \u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e(1):101.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJensen JN, Holtermann A, Clausen T, Mortensen OS, Carneiro IG, Andersen LL: \u003cstrong\u003eThe greatest risk for low-back pain among newly educated female health care workers; body weight or physical work load?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eBMC Musculoskelet Disord \u003c/em\u003e2012, \u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e:87.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLagerstrom M, Hansson T, Hagberg M: \u003cstrong\u003eWork-related low-back problems in nursing\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eScand J Work Environ Health \u003c/em\u003e1998, \u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e(6):449-464.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFrost DM, Beach TA, Callaghan JP, McGill SM: \u003cstrong\u003eExercise-Based Performance Enhancement and Injury Prevention for Firefighters: Contrasting the Fitness- and Movement-Related Adaptations to Two Training Methodologies\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJournal of strength and conditioning research \u003c/em\u003e2015, \u003cstrong\u003e29\u003c/strong\u003e(9):2441-2459.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaulaniemi A, Kuusinen L, Tokola K, Kankaanpaa M, Suni JH: \u003cstrong\u003eBio-psychosocial factors are associated with pain intensity, physical functioning, and ability to work in female healthcare personnel with recurrent low back pain\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJournal of rehabilitation medicine : official journal of the UEMS European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine \u003c/em\u003e2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKolu P, Tokola K, Kankaanpaa M, Suni J: \u003cstrong\u003eEvaluation of the Effects of Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Condition, and Neuromuscular Fitness on Direct Healthcare Costs and Sickness-Related Absence Among Nursing Personnel With Recurrent Nonspecific Low Back Pain\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eSpine (Phila Pa 1976) \u003c/em\u003e2017, \u003cstrong\u003e42\u003c/strong\u003e(11):854-862.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRasmussen CD, Jorgensen MB, Clausen T, Andersen LL, Stroyer J, Holtermann A: \u003cstrong\u003eDoes self-assessed physical capacity predict development of low back pain among health care workers? 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Bivariate correlation between baseline continuing variables and exercise adherence rate.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eCorrelation with adherence (r\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eMissing\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ep\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e-value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eRunning figure-of-eight\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e-0.27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.006\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eOne-legged squat\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.048\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e6MWT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.003\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eQuality of life:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Physical functioning\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.045\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Energy\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Social functioning\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.06\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; General health\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.019\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eWorkability index\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.006\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eDepression; PHQ-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e-0.20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.038\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eMusculoskeletal exertion\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.009\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eFABs (total)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e-0.26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.009\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eFAB-PA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e-0.32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eIntensity of LBP\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e-0.06\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e6MWT = 6-minute walk test, FAB = fear-avoidance beliefs, FAB-PA = fear-avoidance beliefs related to physical activity, LBP = low back pain, PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire, 9 items\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 444.85pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eTable 2. Association between baseline categorical variables and exercise adherence rate, analysed by the Kruskall\u0026ndash;Wallis test.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168.45pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eExercise adherence; median\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eRange of adherence; min, max\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.2pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eMissing\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ep\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e-value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168.45pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eEducation level\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; low (secondary school or less)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; medium (high school)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; high (university)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e74\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e18\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e28.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e16\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0, 40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0, 55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0, 29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.2pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.040\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168.45pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eWork type\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; regular daytime work\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; shift work\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; other working time\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e72\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e31.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e21.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e33\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e5, 55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0, 44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e2, 43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.2pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168.45pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eOccupation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; assistant nurse\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; nurse\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; other (radiographer, PT, midwife)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e16\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e28\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e35\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0, 41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0, 55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e4, 50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.2pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.003\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168.45pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eSub-study\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Nurse I\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Nurse II\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Nurse III\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e12\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e24\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e29\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0, 39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0, 50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0, 55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.2pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.012\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168.45pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePerceived health in comparison to others of the same age and gender\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;moderate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;good or very good\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e22\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e28\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0, 55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0, 50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.2pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.037\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168.45pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePerceived fitness in comparison to others of the same age and gender\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;worse\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;equal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;better\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e23\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e22\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e31\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0, 55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0, 44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0, 55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.2pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.06\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168.45pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eFrequency of LBP\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eon some days of the week\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eon most days\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003edaily\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e22\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e29\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e40\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0, 43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0, 55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0, 42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.2pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.051\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:200%;\"\u003eLBP = low back pain, PT = physiotherapist\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 5.3e+2pt;margin-left:-14.45pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" style=\"width: 530.15pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eTable 3. Baseline variables of the participants (randomised to the exercise group) by exercise adherence status.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175.8pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eCompliers (\u0026ge;24 exercise sessions), n=58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 134.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eNon-compliers (0\u0026ndash;23 exercise sessions), n=52\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175.8pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eMiss-ing\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ep\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e-value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175.8pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eRunning figure-of-eight; seconds\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e□\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e7.7 (1.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e8.0 (1.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175.8pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eOne-legged squat; (0\u0026ndash;12 reps)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e□\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e9.9 (2.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e8.9 (2.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.043\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175.8pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e6MWT; metres\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e□\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e623.0 (43.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e603.4 (56.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.048\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175.8pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eQuality of life:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175.8pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Physical functioning (0\u0026ndash;100)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e□\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e87.3(11.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e83.4 (13.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175.8pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; General health (0\u0026ndash;100) *\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e70.2(16.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e64.5 (17.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.08\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175.8pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eWorkability index (3\u0026ndash;27)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e□\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e22.2 (2.6)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e21.9 (2.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175.8pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePHQ-9 (0-27)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e□\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e7.4 (4.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e8.5 (5.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175.8pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eMusculoskeletal exertion (7-35) *\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n 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0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e35.9 (19.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.79\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175.8pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 38.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eEducation level\u0026deg;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; low\u0026nbsp;(secondary school or less)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; medium or high\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 38.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 38.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 38.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e24.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e75.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 38.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 38.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e23\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e29\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 38.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e44.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e55.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 38.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 38.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.026\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175.8pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eWork type; \u0026deg;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; regular work\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; shift work\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e41.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e58.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e11\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e41\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e21.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e78.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.023\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175.8pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eProfession; \u0026deg;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; assistant nurse\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; nurse\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; other (radiographer, PT, midwife)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e31.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e53.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e15.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e25\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e48.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e48.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e3.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.052\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175.8pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eSub-study; \u0026deg;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Sub-study I\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Sub-study II\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Sub-study III\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e15.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e37.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e46.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e18\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e19\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e15\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e34.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e36.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e28.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.042\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175.8pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003ePerceived health in comparison to others of the same age and sex; \u0026deg;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;moderate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;good or very good\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e34.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e65.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e25\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e27\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e48.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e51.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 175.8pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003eFrequency of LBP; \u0026deg;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;on some days of the week\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;on most days\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;daily\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e25\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e12\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:15px;\"\u003e0.12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e*normal distribution, independent samples\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003et\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e-test,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e□\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;Mann\u0026ndash;Whitney \u003cem\u003eU\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003etest, \u0026deg;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e test. FAB-PA = physical activity-related fear-avoidance beliefs, LBP = low back pain, PHQ-9 = Nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire measuring depression; PT = physical therapist; VAS = visual analogue scale of 0\u0026ndash;100 during the past 4 weeks\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssmr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation](http://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ssmr/default.aspx","title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"exercise compliance; Pilates; fear of pain; lumbar pain; nursing personnel","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.2.15890/v4","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.15890/v4","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e: Exercise is recommended for the treatment and management of low back pain (LBP) and the prevention of chronicity. Exercise adherence has been only modest in intervention studies among people with musculoskeletal pain. Fear-avoidance beliefs (FABs) are known to affect exercise adherence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe purpose\u003c/strong\u003e was twofold: to examine which bio-psycho-social factors contributed to exercise adherence during a 6-month neuromuscular exercise intervention among female healthcare workers with recurrent LBP, and to investigate how exercising affects FABs at 6 and 12 months’ follow-up. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e: Some 219 healthcare workers aged 30–55 years with mild-to-moderate re-current non-specific LBP were originally allocated into: 1) exercise, 2) counselling, 3) combined exercise and counselling, and 4) control groups. In the present secondary analysis, groups 1 and 3 (exercise only and exercise+counselling) were merged to be exercisers and groups 2 and 4 were merged to be non-exercisers. Baseline variables of the exercise compliers (≥24 times over 24 weeks; n=58) were compared to those of the non-compliers (\u0026lt;1 time/week, 0–23 times; n=52). The effects of the exercise programme on FABs were analysed by a generalised linear mixed model according to the intention-to-treat principle (exercisers; n= 110 vs non-exercisers; n=109) at three measurement points (baseline, 6, and 12 months). A per-protocol analysis compared the more exercised to the less exercised and non-exercisers. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eA low education level (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.026), shift work (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.023), low aerobic \u003cem\u003e(p\u003c/em\u003e=0.048) and musculoskeletal (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.043) fitness, and high baseline physical activity-related FABs (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.019) were related to low exercise adherence. The exercise programme reduced levels of both physical activity- and work-related FABs, and there was a dose response: FABs reduced more in persons who exercised ≥24 times compared to those who exercised 0-23 times.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e: Healthcare workers who had lower education and fitness levels, worked shifts, and had high physical activity-related FABs had a lower adherence to the 6-month neuromuscular exercise programme. Exercising with good adherence reduced levels of FABs, which have been shown to be linked with prolonged LBP. Motivational strategies should be targeted at persons with low education and fitness levels and high FABs in order to achieve better exercise adherence.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Fear-avoidance beliefs are associated with exercise adherence: Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) among female healthcare workers with recurrent low back pain","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":4,"date":"2020-04-24 17:24:42","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.15890/v4","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Accept","date":"2020-04-20T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2020-04-17T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-04-16T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2020-04-16T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssmr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation](http://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ssmr/default.aspx","title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":3,"date":"2020-03-17 19:10:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.15890/v3","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Minor revision","date":"2020-04-10T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2020-03-16T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Accept after discretionary revisions\nForm responses:\n---\n\nComments to Author:\n---\nPEER REVIEWER ASSESSMENTS:\n\nOBJECTIVE - Full research articles: is there a clear objective that addresses one or several testable research questions? (Brief or other article types: is there a clear objective?)\nYes - there is a clear objective\n\nDESIGN - Is the current approach (including controls and analysis protocols) appropriate for the objective?\nYes - the approach is appropriate\n\nEXECUTION - Are the experiments and analyses performed with sufficient technical rigor to allow confidence in the results?\nYes - experiments and analyses were performed appropriately\n\nSTATISTICS - Is the use of statistics in the manuscript appropriate?\nYes - appropriate statistical analyses have been used in the study\n\nINTERPRETATION - Is the current interpretation/discussion of the results reasonable and not overstated?\nYes - the author's interpretation is reasonable\n\nOVERALL MANUSCRIPT POTENTIAL - Has the author addressed your concerns sufficiently for you to now recommend the work as a technically sound contribution? If not, can further revisions be made to make the work technically sound?\nYes - current version is technically sound\n\nPEER REVIEWER COMMENTS:\n\nGENERAL COMMENTS: The revised manuscript is considerably improved and the authors have addressed all my previous concerns and seem to have also addressed the concerns of the previous reviewer.\nI think the manuscript is considerably improved.\n\nREQUESTED REVISIONS:\nI would just suggest a final careful proofreading for errors. I did not notice any glaring mistakes, but the authors may find one or two small errors. Otherwise, I think the manuscript is sound.* Are the methods appropriate and well described?: **Yes**\n* Does the work include the necessary controls?: **Yes**\n* Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the data shown?: **Yes**\n* Are you able to assess any statistics in the manuscript or would you recommend an additional statistical review?: **I am able to assess the statistics**\n* Quality of written English: **Acceptable**\n* Declaration of competing interests: **This reviewer has been recruited by a partner organization, Research Square. Reviewers with declared or apparent competing interests are not utilized for these reviews. This reviewer has agreed to publication of their comments online under a Creative Commons Attribution License attributed to Research Square and was paid a small honorarium for completing the review within a specified timeframe. Honoraria for reviews such as this are paid regardless of the reviewer recommendation.**\n* I agree to the open peer review policy of the journal. I understand that my name will be included on my report to the authors and, if the manuscript is accepted for publication, my named report including any attachments I upload will be posted on the website along with the authors' responses. I agree for my report to be made available under an Open Access Creative Commons CC-BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). I understand that any comments which I do not wish to be included in my named report can be included as confidential comments to the editors, which will not be published.: ** I agree to the open peer review policy of the journal**\n"},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2020-03-11T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2020-03-11T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-03-11T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-03-10T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2020-03-10T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssmr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation](http://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ssmr/default.aspx","title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":2,"date":"2019-12-05 18:24:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.15890/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2020-02-17T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2020-02-10T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Major revisions required\nForm responses:\n---\n* Are the methods appropriate and well described?: **Yes**\n* Does the work include the necessary controls?: **Yes**\n* Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the data shown?: **No**\n* Are you able to assess any statistics in the manuscript or would you recommend an additional statistical review?: **I am able to assess the statistics**\n* Quality of written English: **Acceptable**\n* Declaration of competing interests: **This reviewer has been recruited by a partner organization, Research Square. Reviewers with declared or apparent competing interests are not utilized for these reviews. This reviewer has agreed to publication of their comments online under a Creative Commons Attribution License attributed to Research Square and was paid a small honorarium for completing the review within a specified timeframe. Honoraria for reviews such as this are paid regardless of the reviewer recommendation.**\n\nComments to Author:\n---\n\"PEER REVIEWER ASSESSMENTS:\n\nOBJECTIVE - Full research articles: is there a clear objective that addresses one or several testable research questions? (Brief or other article types: is there a clear objective?)\nNo - there are minor issues\n\nDESIGN - Is the current approach (including controls and analysis protocols) appropriate for the objective?\nYes - the approach is appropriate\n\nEXECUTION - Are the experiments and analyses performed with sufficient technical rigor to allow confidence in the results?\nYes - experiments and analyses were performed appropriately\n\nSTATISTICS - Is the use of statistics in the manuscript appropriate?\nYes - appropriate statistical analyses have been used in the study\n\nINTERPRETATION - Is the current interpretation/discussion of the results reasonable and not overstated?\nNo - there are minor issues\n\nOVERALL MANUSCRIPT POTENTIAL - Has the author addressed your concerns sufficiently for you to now recommend the work as a technically sound contribution? If not, can further revisions be made to make the work technically sound?\nMaybe - with major revisions\n\nPEER REVIEWER COMMENTS:\n\nGENERAL COMMENTS: The revised manuscript is improved over the previous version. Where the reviewers provided specific comments and suggestions, the authors have mostly addressed the concerns. The authors have done a good job with revisions to the methods and results sections.\nHowever, in regards to larger conceptual challenges with the manuscript considerable revisions are still required. Overall, in agreement with previous reviewers, the authors' have not clearly developed a convincing rationale that the present research is necessary and will add considerably (\"The contribution of this work beyond what is already included in the literature is not clearly described. The authors emphasized and described the barriers to exercise adherence in trials, but I did not see a description of the novelty of this study relative to existing literature.\").\n\nREQUESTED REVISIONS:\nOverall, in agreement with previous reviewers, the authors' have not clearly developed a convincing rationale that the present research is necessary and will add considerably (\"The contribution of this work beyond what is already included in the literature is not clearly described. The authors emphasized and described the barriers to exercise adherence in trials, but I did not see a description of the novelty of this study relative to existing literature.\").\nFurthermore, the authors are too often vague and general in their statements. The authors needs to be more specific about what is being explained, discussed, etc.\nAbstract\nPage 2 line 27. Research does not \"prove\". Research provides evidence, supports theories or hypotheses, but research does not prove. Please revise accordingly.\nPage 2 line 34. \"In original RCT study,..\" this is not written correctly. Please revise.\nPage 2 line 46. Are these positive or negative relationships? Wouldn't it be more correct to state \"… at the baseline were inversely correlated with lower exercise adherence.\" ?\nPage 2 line 49. \"… FABs reduced more in persons with better exercise adherence.\" This is unclear what the authors are trying to say. Please revise to be more clear and specific.\nPage 3 line 53. \"…which are known to be linked with prolonged LBP.\" Known to be linked is probably too strongly worded. It might be better to state \"which have been shown to be linked\"\nIntroduction\nPage 4 line 60. I have a major concern with originality in this manuscript, as the first sentence of the introduction is a direct quote from the key messages of source #1, yet it is not presented as a quote.\nPage 4 lines 61-62. Need to be more specific in what was found in the cited research... do not over generalize. The cited study (source #2) was in nurses in Taiwan, not all healthcare workers for the whole world.\nPage 4 line 62. The authors need to be more specific in their writing… \"Major contributors to the high incidence of LBP are physically heavy nursing duties…\" this statement only applies to those in the nursing profession, and not to other types of work associated low back pain.\nPage 4, line 65. \"Certain fitness level\" is vague. Would this be considered to be an above average level of aerobic fitness? Or muscular fitness? Be more specific.\nPage 4 line 69-71. This sentence is almost verbatim from the cited source (\"At present there is no strong evidence of efficacy for any intervention in preventing or treating low back pain in nurses\")\nPage 4, line 73 \"Thus, you need to….\" Is very much written out of the typical convention when writing research manuscripts. Please revise to avoid 1st or 2nd person.\nPage 4 line 74-76. The authors need revise this statement to be specific that exercise adherence is key for exercise helping with low back pain.\nPage 4, line 79. A citation for lack of time is necessary\nPage 4-5, Lines 80 - 83. The sentence beginning \"studies have been conducted…\" needs to be revised to be specific about what these studies were evaluating that is germane to the present project.\nPage 5, line 82-83. The authors need to return to the literature. A quick search of PubMed returned an article titled \"Neuromuscular exercise reduces low back pain intensity and improves physical functioning in nursing duties among female healthcare workers; secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial.\" (which is cited by the authors in a subsequent paragraph) This article seems to dismiss the authors' statement.\nPage 5, line 93. What is meant by \"one's capabilities to manage the exercises\"? Please be more specific\nPage 5, line 93. The sentence \"Combined with..\" needs to considerable revision to be clear to the reader. I'm not sure what the authors are trying so say\nThe discussion is obviously improved. But, as stated by previous reviewers, the discussion still does not adequately incorporate and relate previous research to the present findings, and then synthesize the information into an adequate discussion of how the present research adds new insight. (\"\"... without discussing them in the light of the existing literature. This must be attended to.\"\"\nFor example, why was the exercise adherence rate lower than expected? (based on previous research)\nPage 17, line 339. How much does exercise adherence drop over time?\nPage 17, line 340. \"\"The exercise videos and booklets probably helped...\"\" This statement needs to be considerably improved and supported with a more detailed connection/explanation relative to previous research\nPage 18 line 353-356 \"\"In the present study, exercise adherence was the lowest in the first sub-study, which included those working in an old people's home and on geriatric wards. The majority of the group had a lower education level and worked as assistant nurses.\"\" needs to be more fully developed and related to previous research. These statements also need to connected more effectively into the overall discussion and how this present research adds to the existing knowledge\nIssues like those mentioned above are still rife throughout the discussion.\nThe use of subheadings in the discussion (Page 18 line 357, line 365, etc.) is not in keeping with usual writing conventions.\nThe bulleted list on page 21 is not in keeping with normal conventions in this type of writing. A discussion should be a narrative explanation of how the present research relates to and contributes to the knowledge. Not a bulleted list if ideas followed by a citation.\nADDITIONAL REQUESTS/SUGGESTIONS:\nI think my previous comments explain the remaining challenges with this manuscript.\""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-01-23T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2020-01-13T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Accept after discretionary revisions\nForm responses:\n---\n* Are the methods appropriate and well described?: **Yes**\n* Does the work include the necessary controls?: **Yes**\n* Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the data shown?: **Yes**\n* Are you able to assess any statistics in the manuscript or would you recommend an additional statistical review?: **I am able to assess the statistics**\n* Quality of written English: **Acceptable**\n* Declaration of competing interests: **'I declare that I have no competing interests'**\n\nComments to Author:\n---\nThank you for re-submitting this much improved paper. Well done. I have some minor comments to make.\nKeywords - should compliance be adherence?\npage 18 - you have a one sentence paragraph. \"Psychological factors\"This makes no sense. If it is important, find a way to link it to other information, or expand it.\npage 20 - Training intensity - I'm not sure that this adds very much. You still had poor adherence, maybe leave it out.\n\n\nWell done,\n\nAngie Fearon\n"},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2019-12-20T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2019-12-20T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2019-12-01T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2019-11-30T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2019-11-30T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssmr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation](http://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ssmr/default.aspx","title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2019-10-10 20:12:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.15890/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2019-11-03T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2019-10-28T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Major revisions required\nForm responses:\n---\n* Are the methods appropriate and well described?: **Yes**\n* Does the work include the necessary controls?: **No**\n* Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the data shown?: **Yes**\n* Are you able to assess any statistics in the manuscript or would you recommend an additional statistical review?: **I am able to assess the statistics**\n* Quality of written English: **Acceptable**\n* Declaration of competing interests: **I declare that I have no competing interests.**\n\nComments to Author:\n---\nReview\n\nThe stated objective of this paper was to \"investigate the effects of baseline bio-psychosocial 101 factors on exercise compliance among female healthcare personnel with sub-acute or 102 recurrent LBP. Furthermore, we sought to (2) examine the effects of the exercise intervention 103 on the development of FABs over time…\". The approach was a RCT. I think the general topic is appropriate for this journal. The document is fairly well-written and understandable. Several comments / suggestions are provided to the authors in an effort to help them improve their manuscript:\n\nGeneral Comments to Authors\nThe contribution of this work beyond what is already included in the literature is not clear described. The authors emphasized and described the barriers to exercise adherence in trials, but I did not see what is the novelty of this study to literature. In other words, the authors did not clearly depict or state the research gap which gives the rationale to conduct this study. The authors could help to solve this issue in this regard by being more explicit in which types of trails have not been investigated and what is different to others. This could be done more completely in the Introduction.\n\nThe hypothesis for the relationship between, exercise adherence, fear avoidance belief, and LBP need to be clearly defined. Does FAB influence LBP and exercise adherence moderate or mediate the relationship? Or FAB acts as the mediator? This relationship seems often confused and mixed up in introduction and discussion, so makes it hard to understand. The author suggested that pain intensity might be mediated by a reduction in FAB and a lower FAB could exercise more. However, later on, the author also suggested that more exercise could reduce pain so decreased pain could reduce FAB that results in more exercise. This confusion needs to be addressed.\n\nAnother concern with this study is the analysis plan for the main outcome. My understanding about the main outcome is the barrier to exercise adherence. To measure the one outcome, two different statistical models were applied, 1) compliance rate and 2) two compliance groups. I don't see what is the benefit of repeating two similar models with the same set of independent variables. Further on this I wonder how the authors interpret the result of analysis to make final conclusion. In discussion, as stated \"those possessing a lower basic education level, working as assistant nurses, working shifts, and having lower levels of fitness and higher, levels of physical activity-related FABs at the baseline had a lower exercise compliance\" on what statistical model based is the study findings? If one factor is found significant in both analyses, is it considered a significant finding? In table 3 for example, Profession is not a significant factor.\n\nDiscussion section lacked discussion and interpretation of the results, and comparison of the results to the literature. The beginning part of discussion was to introduce the barrier to exercise adherence and categorize them into three groups. In the middle, there are lots of what is important for exercise adherence and LBP but they are not the measured variables in the study, eg., motivation, difficulty of exercise, pain change during intervention, attractiveness of program, so on. The author need to present and discuss the actual study findings with respect to the study purposes.\nAlso, some words are used interchangeably for example, adherence and compliance, aerobic and fitness levels, baseline variables and baseline characteristics. They need to be consistent.\n\n\nSpecific Comments to Authors\nAbstract\n1. Line 37-39. This sentence is confusing.\n2. Method section could give more info about how the intervention was done rather than what statistical models were chosen.\n\nIntroduction\n3. Lines 65 to 69. In this paragraph, the author seemed to introduce the importance of exercise on LBP especially for female health professionals. However, the way it is written it sounds quite hard to catch the author's intention of what to say. I think the author can strengthen this paragraph by adding more context in a better logical flow e.g., evidence of exercise on LBP in female health carer rather than study on questionnaire, or higher prevalence of back pain in female health carer than others..\n\n4. Lines 67-68. Motor control is different story. The authors should be careful in bring about it unless addressing it later on in the paper.\n\n5. Lines 75-78. Does this sentence mean that those barriers to exercise adherence are found more in LBP group compared to non-LBP? Where is further explanation on it?\n\n6. Lines 75-86. What is the main idea of this paragraph? This paragraph is for the introduction of the barriers to exercise adherence and the definitions of FABs. I think there are more contents to discuss about how those barriers affect exercise adherence and what is the overall conclusion on all identified barriers.\n7. Lines 87-90: What type of functioning is discussing here? Is this one of main barrier to exercise adherence?\n\n8. Lines 91-99: This paragraph might be discussed earlier in the introduction to make an emphasis on the benefit of exercise on LBP. What's the difference in content between this paragraph and the 3rd paragraph?\n\n9. Lines 100-102. Sub-acute and recurrent LBP are very different definitions of back pain. Authors better to have a precise outcome definition over the whole paper.\n\nMethods\n10. Line 123. Does this definition include recurrent LBP too?\n\n11. Line 130. This sentence is repeated.\n\n12, Line 138. Please add more info about what's the definition of physically demanding work.\n\n13. Please describe how blinding strategy for sequence generation, allocation concealment, outcome assessors, intervention providers.\n\n14. What is the rationale for the cut off 24 times exercise attendance? The author could cite the previous findings.\n\n15. Please consider to use simple but more robust analysis when to examine numerous independent variables. The authors could use generalized linear model to capture the overall relationships at a time (rather than multiple correlation analysis) and to avoid the type 1 error due to multiple t-test or chi2 test. I guess the FAB is the main variable out of all independent variables and the readers might be interested in knowing the true effect of it when all covariates adjusted.\n\nResults\n16. I couldn't find the findings at 12 month follow up. The stated purpose proposed to examine the effects of the exercise intervention on the development of FABs over time (at 6 and 12 months follow up)\n\nDiscussion:\n17. Lines 339-340. What is your interpretation for the discrepancy in findings? .\n\n18. Lines 359-377. This paragraph is confusing. What is the main idea of this paragraph? \"the earlier reported reduction of LBP intensity during exercise intervention\" does this mean the finding in the earlier study or the pattern of pain reduction found in this current study? This is a new information that was not stated earlier in the manuscript. At the end of the paragraph, a rapid reduction of pain intensity was also mentioned. Was there actually a rapid reduction in pain?\n19. As earlier mentioned, the relationship between LBP, FAB, and exercise adherence are not clearly hypothesized and described. Which one is moderator and mediator in this relationship?\n\n20. Line 372-377. Does this paragraph mean that FAB may not be a compelling factor to consider for workers engaging in physically demanding work and experiencing prolonged LBP? The strong influence of physical work on LBP is well known and that's why the study sample was chosen?\n\n21. Line 378-382. Physical inactivity is not a psychological factor. Is this one of the measures of the study?\n\n22. Line 395 - 399. This study had only one type exercise and the effect of exercise type on adherence was not a study purpose. I guess this paragraph may not help the context.\n23. Line 400 - 406. Intensity of exercise is important factor for adherence, however, this was not study measure and there was no comparison on this. I suggest that authors may shorten the contents in length for those barriers to adherence but not considered in the study.\n\n24. Line 415- 428. Same as above, please consider if this info is necessary.\n\n25. Line 414-428. This content might be better described in introduction.\n\n26. In figure 2, there was no change at 12 months follow up in both FABs. The author needs to decide whether to present the findings. If so, please provide further discussion on it.\n\n"},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2019-10-06T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2019-10-04T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2019-09-26T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Accept after minor essential revisions\nForm responses:\n---\n* Are the methods appropriate and well described?: **Yes**\n* Does the work include the necessary controls?: **Yes**\n* Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the data shown?: **Yes**\n* Are you able to assess any statistics in the manuscript or would you recommend an additional statistical review?: **I am able to assess the statistics**\n* Quality of written English: **Needs some language corrections before being published**\n* Declaration of competing interests: **'I declare that I have no competing interests'**\n\nComments to Author:\n---\nDear Ms Taulaniemi,\nThank you for submitting an interesting and generally well written article.\nYou and the team have undertaken an interesting post-hoc analysis of a well run RCT on the treatment of LBP in health professionals.\nBefore this can be published there are some amendments that are required. I itemise them below. Most importantly - your discussion is the weakest part of the paper. It is too long and contains many paragraphs that simply restate your findings without discussing them in the light of the existing literature. This must be attended to. I stopped writing comments about your discussion, as many of the comments were the same.\n\n65 - remove \"obviously\"\n71 - 72 can you simplify this sentence? you need to do the exercises to get the benefit\n76 how is low levels of physical activity a barrier to exercise adherence?\n78 - what is it about time management that is a barrier?\n80 I think you mean nociception rather than pain\n85 \"for instance\" rather than \"like\" (please amend all version of this)\n95-97 - this sentence isn't clear\n123 how was \"serious back injury\" defined?\n142 \"while\" rather than \"and\"\n144 \"4 week[33] \" is 33 a reference. maybe move it elsewhere\n145 what proportion?\n149 \"civil status\" I am not familiar with this phrase.\n160 three, rather than tree\n161 did you exclude those who took time off for back pain? I think this needs to be made clear in the exclusion criteria\n259 people (not persons)\n265 - 266 this sentence isn't clear\nTable 1 \u0026 3 \"workability\" I don't know what this means in this context\n277 \"Exercise non-compliers MORE OFTEN had a lower education level, were employed as A/N etc\n270 what is higher fitness results for a single leg squat? this isn't a measure of the single leg squat\n\n321 -324 have you got any evidence to support these statements? This is not the first study to examine compliance - you need to provide some comparison - or at least some citations.\n327 Not \"like\" try \"such as\", and LOW self efficacy\n336 what about job satisfaction?\n341 - citation please\n343 how does this relate to the current study? connect the themes.\n345 - 350 and...you've already told me this in the results section - can you compare with other studies and their findings about FAB and exercise?\n351- 358 Please explain how this is relevant and link it to your results, and to the results of others.\n372 have you looked for MCID? I'd like to see a more robust discussion about the reduction in FABs in relation to other studies\n378 - 382 please discuss in relation to other studies\n385 - 389 what is your evidence? please compare with other studies\n\nI have stopped making comments here because it is clear that you are telling me much about your results without being judicious in what you are writing about and without making suitable comparisons to other studies.\n\nPlease reduce your discussion to between 5 and 7 key paragraphs without duplication, and with reference to other studies on FAB, LBP and exercise compliance.\n\n\n\n\n\n"},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2019-09-11T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2019-09-11T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2019-09-11T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2019-09-10T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"","date":"2019-09-09T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssmr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation](http://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ssmr/default.aspx","title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f184b8f6-6522-444f-b64c-37a0f43920d4","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 24th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":71200,"name":"Sports Medicine and Kinesiology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-07-22T20:40:47+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6547","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-020-00177-w","journal":{"identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation"},"publishedOn":"2020-05-04 20:40:47","publishedOnDateReadable":"May 4th, 2020"},"versionCreatedAt":"2020-04-24 17:24:42","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s13102-020-00177-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-020-00177-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v4","identity":"rs-6547","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"identity":"rs-6547","version":["v4"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}