The Psychological Buffer of Scenic Views: Coping with Overcrowding in Istanbul's Public Transit

The Psychological Buffer of Scenic Views: Coping with Overcrowding in Istanbul's Public Transit | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Psychological Buffer of Scenic Views: Coping with Overcrowding in Istanbul's Public Transit Sora Gharaibeh This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7393929/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The rapid urbanization of cities has led to overcrowding in public transportation systems, intensifying the psychological stress faced by passengers, particularly during peak hours. While the negative impacts of overcrowding on well-being are well documented, few studies have explored how scenic window views might serve as a coping mechanism to mitigate this stress. This study investigates the role of gazing at natural and urban vistas in reducing the emotional and cognitive strain caused by overcrowding on the Istanbul Tram T5. Additionally, it examines the coping strategies employed by passengers under these conditions, including both psychological and behavioral techniques, to manage discomfort. The results suggest that both natural and urban window views provide restorative benefits, with passengers showing a strong preference for natural views, especially those of Halic water, for their calming effects. Notably, this study highlights the emergence of technology-driven coping strategies, such as smartphone use and music listening, which often complement traditional behaviors such as posture adjustment and avoiding eye contact. This study underscores the importance of incorporating restorative environmental features in public transportation to alleviate stress and enhance the commuting experience in crowded urban settings. Urban Studies Scenic views Coping strategies Psychological stress Public transportation Istanbul tram Technology-driven coping behaviors Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction The rapid pace of urbanization over the past century has resulted in increasingly dense urban centers, with projections indicating that by 2030, 60% of the global population will reside in urban areas (World Bank, 2023). This urban growth has placed immense pressure on public transportation systems, particularly during peak hours, where overcrowding exacerbates the challenges of daily commuting. Istanbul is estimated to constitute approximately 16 million people in 2024 (World Population Review, 2024), which represents a case study of this issue. The Istanbul Tram T5, a vital route connecting neighborhoods along Golden Horn, has recently experienced crowding, with passenger density sometimes exceeding 4 people per square meter during peak hours. This level of crowding reduces personal space and increases stress, negatively impacting passenger comfort and well-being (Cox, 2006; Tirachini, 2013). Hall's (1966) concept of personal space emphasizes that this phenomenon is culturally influenced and varies on the basis of relationships and situational contexts, making it a critical element in understanding passenger experiences in crowded settings. Personal space, as defined by Sommer, is “an invisible boundary surrounding an individual, which regulates interpersonal distance and varies depending on cultural, situational, and psychological factors.” Sommer distinguishes personal space from territory, noting that personal space is carried around by an individual, whereas territory is relatively stationary. On this basis, the perception of crowdedness by commuters in transportation, which mitigates personal space, is not merely associated with physical distance or density (number of people per square meter). Stokols (1972) distinguishes between density—an objective measure of spatial limitations—and crowding, the subjective psychological experience of excessive density. While density refers to the physical limitations of space, crowding results from heightened social interactions and sensory stimulation, both of which lead to increased psychological stress. Density and crowding are fundamental concepts in understanding the psychological impacts of overcrowded environments. Research indicates that overcrowding in public spaces, such as public transport, can increase levels of anxiety and emotional strain (Evans & Wener, 2007). Desor (1972) further emphasized that crowding not only affects personal space but also increases social interactions that can overwhelm passengers' senses. Coping strategies are dynamic psychological processes that individuals use to manage stress by regulating emotional responses or directly addressing stressors. According to Lazarus and Folkman (1984), coping strategies involve cognitive and behavioral efforts to handle situations that exceed an individual’s resources. Coping can be seen as a context-dependent process that enables individuals to navigate stressful situations. In the context of overcrowding, passengers may employ various coping strategies to mitigate stress. Stokols (1972) distinguishes between active strategies, in the tram context of overcrowding, reflected as moving to less crowded areas of the tram, and passive strategies, such as enduring discomfort without making changes to their position. These active and passive responses help individuals manage the discomfort of overcrowded environments. Later, Carver, Scheier, and Weintraub (1989) classified coping strategies into emotion-focused coping, where individuals seek to reduce the emotional impact of a stressor, and problem-focused coping, which involves actively addressing the stressor itself. Gifford (2013) identified additional strategies, such as cognitive strategies, where individuals mentally distance themselves from the crowd, and behavioral strategies, in the tram context of overcrowding, reflected standing near doors or using luggage to create personal space. Folkman and Moskowitz (2004) emphasized the importance of adaptive coping strategies, highlighting how individuals manage stress over time through approaches such as finding distractions or avoiding stressors. Endler and Parker (1990) further expanded on these types, categorizing coping strategies into task-oriented, emotion-oriented, and avoidance strategies, each of which is suited to different stressors. In overcrowded environments, emotion-oriented coping may involve seeking emotional relief through distractions, whereas Aldwin (2007) elaborated on how coping mechanisms evolve, noting that environmental factors play a key role in shaping individuals' coping responses. Although environmental resources, such as calming stimuli from natural scenes, are important in emotion-oriented coping, few studies have directly explored how gazing from scenic window views could specifically serve as a coping mechanism to mitigate the psychological stress caused by overcrowding. This is where the concepts of stress recovery theory (SRT) and attention restoration theory (ART) offer valuable insight. According to stress recovery theory (SRT), proposed by Ulrich (1983) and Orians (1986), exposure to natural environments promotes emotional restoration by reducing psychological stress. Natural features such as greenery, water, and expansive landscapes have been shown to reduce anxiety, mental fatigue, and overall stress levels (Ulrich et al., 1991). In the context of the Istanbul Tram T5, the Halic water view serves as a natural restorative environment, offering passengers a psychological escape from the stress caused by overcrowding. While SRT traditionally focuses on natural settings, it is important to note that restorative experiences can also occur in nonnatural or urban settings. Scopelliti and Giuliani (2004) noted that nonnatural environments, such as houses of worship or indoor simulations of nature, can offer similar stress-reducing benefits (Kjellgren & Buhrkall, 2010). This suggests that even in urban transit settings, such as the Istanbul Tram T5, a combination of natural and urban views may still provide restorative effects for passengers, helping to alleviate stress. Furthermore, attention restoration theory (ART), introduced by Kaplan and Kaplan (1989), focuses on the cognitive aspects of stress recovery. According to ART, natural environments provide "soft fascination," a form of effortless attention that enables mental recovery from cognitive fatigue. In contrast, urban environments often require directed attention, which can exacerbate mental strain. Berto (2005) highlights that natural environments are perceived as more restorative than urban environments are, offering a psychological reprieve from overstimulation. This theory supports the hypothesis that scenic views, whether natural or thoughtfully designed urban environments, can provide passengers with a mental break, reducing the cognitive and emotional strain caused by overcrowding. By offering a restorative environment, these views could help passengers recover from the stress and fatigue induced by crowded public transport. However, the restorative quality of nature is not universal. As highlighted by Korpela et al. (2014) in "Environmental Psychology Matters," nature can also present dangers such as storms, wildfires, or extreme weather conditions, which could create stress rather than alleviate it (van den Berg & ter Heijne, 2005). The presence of potential threats, such as a stalker or other safety concerns, can diminish the restorative qualities of a natural environment. Therefore, in transit settings such as the Istanbul Tram T5, ensuring that passengers feel safe and secure while being exposed to scenic views is essential for realizing the stress-reducing benefits of these environments. 1.1 Aim of the study This study explores the role of gazing at scenic windows in mitigating the psychological stress caused by overcrowding, focusing on how environmental features, specifically natural or urban vistas can alleviate the emotional and cognitive strain experienced by passengers on the Istanbul Tram T5. Additionally, this study investigated the general use of coping strategies during crowded conditions in trams and examined how passengers employ various psychological and behavioral techniques to manage the discomfort and stress associated with overcrowding. By considering both the restorative potential of scenic views and the broader coping mechanisms available to passengers, this research seeks to better understand how environmental and personal strategies interact to enhance the commuting experience in crowded urban transit systems. 1.2 The case of the Istanbul tram T5 The T5 Eminonu-Alibeykoy tram line is part of Istanbul's urban transportation network, offering both mobility and cultural accessibility. Spanning 8.8 kilometers (5.5 miles) and serving 12 stations, the line runs along the southern shore of the Golden Horn and the right bank of Alibeykoy Creek, connecting the districts of Faith and Eyupsultan. With a one-way capacity of up to 12,000 passengers per hour, T5 is a vital connection to other transportation modes, including the TF2 Eyupsultan-Piyer Loti cable car at Eyup Teleferik and the M7 Mecidiyekoy-Mahmutbey metro line at the Alibeykoy station. Additionally, it links the historic Eminonu quarter, the primary gateway to Istanbul's iconic landmarks, with the Balat and Fener neighborhoods, which are rich in Greek Orthodox and Jewish heritage, as well as Eyupsultan, home to the revered tomb and mosque of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari. The tram line plays a significant role in both the daily mobility of residents and the tourism of these culturally important areas, helping preserve Istanbul's rich heritage while addressing modern transportation needs. (Istanbul Investment Agency, 2016). The T5 line passes through areas with a mix of natural and urban landscapes, providing passengers with alternating views that offer a unique context for studying the relationship between environmental psychology and public transportation experiences. While coping strategies such as territoriality and defensive behavior are well documented in managing stress caused by overcrowding, there is limited research on the potential of window views to act as a psychological buffer under these conditions. The passengers at T5 encounter two main types of scenery: natural (such as the calming view of the Golden Horn) and urban (including vibrant streets and dense residential areas). While natural environments are frequently associated with stress reduction and cognitive recovery, the restorative effects of urban views are less understood. This study aims to explore how these different types of scenery impact passengers’ perceptions of personal space, crowding, and overall comfort during their journeys. Methodology This study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining observational data and survey responses to examine how environmental features—specifically window views—served as coping mechanisms for passengers experiencing overcrowding on the Istanbul Tram T5. The research design included both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods to comprehensively assess the relationships between environmental factors and passenger well-being during peak commuting hours. 3.1. Data collection methods 3.1.1. Observation Observations were conducted during peak hours (morning and evening rush hours) on the Istanbul Tram T5. Researchers have focused on passenger behavior, body language, and interactions within the tram environment. Special attention was given to how passengers engaged with window views—whether they appeared to be looking at the natural view (Halic water) or urban scenery. The researcher documented any signs of stress or discomfort, such as tense body language, fidgeting, or avoidance behavior. The goal was to gain insights into how passengers cope with overcrowding and whether certain views have a calming or distracting effect. The observational data included the level of overcrowding (measured by the number of passengers in each section of the tram), the type of view available to each passenger (natural or urban), passenger reactions and behaviors (engagement with views, signs of stress) and general coping strategies with overcrowding. 3.1.2. Survey A structured survey was administered to passengers on the Istanbul Tram T5. The survey included both quantitative and qualitative questions designed to assess passenger stress levels, coping strategies, and perceptions of window views. The participants rated their stress levels on a Likert scale (1--5) on the basis of their experience during the commute. The survey also included questions about their overall satisfaction with the tram environment and their preferences for different types of views (natural vs. urban). Results This study aimed to explore how passengers adapt to the overwhelming experience of overcrowding on the Istanbul Tram T5, focusing specifically on the role of window views in alleviating the psychological and physiological stress of passengers during peak hours. Research has sought to provide insights into how environmental factors, particularly scenic views from tram windows, can serve as restorative features to reduce the discomfort associated with crowded transit environments. The study identified a range of factors contributing to the feeling of crowding, with varying levels of influence. The number of people per square meter emerged as the most critical factor, with 100% of respondents citing it as a determinant of discomfort. The highly influential factors reported by 62.5% of the respondents included proximity to others, poor ventilation, loss of personal space, temperature, and duration of exposure, highlighting the importance of physical and environmental conditions within the tram. Additionally, the lack of seating significantly contributed to the perception of crowding for 50% of the respondents, whereas tram design and passenger behavior, such as narrow aisles, limited standing space, and loud or disrespectful behavior, moderately impacted the experience for 37.5% of the respondents. The less influential factors included window views and group dynamics, with only 12.5% of the respondents identifying these as contributors to crowding perception. The analysis also revealed that window views could help alleviate discomfort in crowded environments. When asked about their impact, 12.5% of the respondents stated that window views very strongly reduced their feelings of crowding, 37.5% reported significant contributions, 25% noted moderate contributions, and another 25% indicated slight contributions. No respondents felt that window views had no effect. The attractiveness of external views also varied among participants, with 12.5% finding window views very strongly attractive, 50% significantly attractive, 12.5% moderately attractive, and 25% slightly attractive. None reported that window views had no appeal. With respect to the types of external views that help relieve stress, natural views such as water or trees were preferred by most respondents, with 62.5% indicating their effectiveness in stress relief, whereas 25% found urban views helpful. Interestingly, 37.5% reported no difference between natural and urban views, suggesting that individual preferences may influence the perceived benefits of external scenery. The study revealed a fascinating array of coping mechanisms employed by passengers to manage the discomfort of overcrowding on the Istanbul Tram T5. Many passengers turned to distraction techniques, such as listening to music, browsing their phones, or simply gazing out the window. One respondent aptly noted, “I try to listen to something useful to avoid noise and congestion.” Others sought mental escape, closing their eyes and immersing themselves in their own thoughts or music, as one passenger described, “I close my eyes and focus on my music to block out the surroundings.” Some passengers adopted more active strategies, moving to less crowded areas or even switching cars to escape unpleasant odors. As one respondent shared, “I move to a different car to get away from the odors." A significant number of passengers also demonstrated a proactive approach, strategically choosing travel times with lower crowding to minimize stress. These findings underscore the crucial role of external stimuli in shaping the passenger experience. The calming influence of the Halic waterway, as one participant eloquently stated, "The view of the water makes me feel calm, even when the tram is packed," aligns perfectly with the principles of Stress Recovery Theory (SRT) and Attention Restoration Theory (ART). These theories emphasize the restorative power of nature in reducing stress and enhancing cognitive function. The study also sheds light on the significant factors contributing to the perception of crowding. Not surprisingly, passenger density, particularly during peak hours, emerged as the primary culprit. The tram's design, with its narrow aisles and small doorways, further exacerbated the feeling of confinement. Close proximity to other passengers, poor ventilation, and high noise levels all contributed to a heightened sense of discomfort. Interestingly, the study revealed the significant impact of external views in alleviating this discomfort. Nearly all the respondents reported that the window view offered a welcome distraction from the crowded environment. While both natural views of the Halic and urban vistas provided some relief, the calming influence of the water was particularly pronounced. Maintaining window cleanliness was crucial, as passengers emphasized the importance of a clear view for optimal stress reduction. However, the observation results revealed that more than half of the passengers appeared unaware of their surroundings, often displaying signs of mind-wandering or being lost in thought, rather than focusing on the external environment. This suggests that many passengers disengage from their immediate setting, likely as a coping mechanism for overcrowded conditions. Using mobile phones is a common coping strategy, with passengers frequently engaging in activities such as browsing social media or playing games. This behavior highlights a preference for distraction over direct engagement with the environment, potentially helping to alleviate the psychological discomfort caused by overcrowding. Engagement with window views was generally minimal, with no significant difference in attention between natural and urban scenery. However, tourists appeared to be more attracted to these views, showing greater interest in the external environment than local passengers did. This suggests that familiarity with one’s surroundings may influence the level of engagement with window views. These findings have important implications for the design and operation of public transportation systems. By strategically incorporating restorative elements such as scenic views and optimizing the interior design for passenger comfort, we can create a more enjoyable and less stressful commuting experience for everyone. Discussion This study reveals a multifaceted picture of how passengers cope with overcrowding in the Istanbul Tram T5. While scenic views, particularly captivating vistas of Halic water, undeniably offer stress-reducing benefits, this aligns with the principles of stress recovery theory (SRT) and attention restoration theory (ART), as they suggest that exposure to natural environments can facilitate emotional and cognitive restoration (Ulrich, 1983; Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989). However, a significant shift has emerged in passenger behavior, as the integration of technology-driven strategies—such as smartphone usage for entertainment and distraction has become an integral part of their coping mechanisms. This finding highlights the need for a nuanced understanding of how passengers interact with their environment and technology within the context of modern public transportation. The use of mobile phones and listening to music in the tram can be categorized into emotion-oriented coping strategies and avoidance strategies, as defined in the literature on coping strategies (Endler & Parker, 1990). Emotion-oriented coping involves regulating emotional responses rather than addressing the stressor itself, and music listening serves as an auditory distraction that helps passengers manage the discomfort of overcrowding (Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989). This aligns with SRT, which posits that exposure to positive stimuli such as music can mitigate psychological distress. Similarly, avoidance coping, which entails diverting attention away from the stressor (Endler & Parker, 1990), is reflected in passengers’ use of technology to disengage from the immediate experience of overcrowding, creating a psychological boundary in a stressful setting. From the perspective of crowding theories, Hall’s (1966) concept of personal space and Stokols' (1972) distinction between density and crowding provide critical insights. While the physical density of the tram is objectively high during peak hours, passengers' subjective experience of crowding is mitigated through perceptual and behavioral coping mechanisms, including both engagement with scenic views (a restorative environmental factor) and technology (a personal distraction tool). These strategies enable passengers to regulate their cognitive load, aligning with attention restoration theory (ART), which suggests that environments that do not require sustained directed attention such as natural landscapes can promote mental recovery (Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989). This study also supports Gifford’s (2013) classification of coping mechanisms, particularly cognitive strategies (mentally distancing oneself from the crowd) and behavioral strategies (positioning oneself near doors or adopting specific postures to reduce physical contact). These findings indicate that passengers employ a hybrid approach, blending environmental, cognitive, and technological coping mechanisms to manage stress in crowded transit conditions. 5.1 Enhancing the Commuting Experience: The Role of Scenic Views and Technology The findings suggest a compelling opportunity: leveraging the scenic beauty of the T5 tramline not only as a means of transportation but also as a restorative and even touristic attraction. The existence of a YouTube video titled "The Most Beautiful Tramway in Istanbul: T5 Windows View" highlights the potential for the tram to function as an experiential transit mode, akin to San Francisco cable cars or Hong Kong’s Peak Tram, both of which are celebrated for their scenic routes. This aligns with Scopelliti & Giuliani’s (2004) argument that even nonnatural environments—when designed with aesthetic or historical significance can offer restorative experiences. By ensuring window cleanliness, incorporating informational displays about landmarks, and possibly offering audio commentaries, Istanbul could enhance the restorative potential of T5, making commuting less stressful and more engaging for passengers. Moreover, the integration of technology into the transit experience presents both opportunities and challenges. Real-time information screens could provide passengers with historical facts, upcoming scenic points, or interactive digital content that encourages them to engage with the environment. However, an overreliance on technology could lead to "digital disengagement" from the physical environment, reducing social interaction and diminishing the psychological benefits of direct engagement with one’s surroundings. Conclusion in alleviating stress caused by overcrowding. The findings align with established theories of coping strategies (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Endler & Parker, 1990), emphasizing the role of both passive (scenic engagement) and active (technological distraction) coping methods. Supported by theoretical insights, survey data, and observational analysis of the Istanbul tram case study, the results confirm that gazing from window views whether natural or urban, particularly the Halic water view serves as an effective stress-relief mechanism, making it a valuable coping strategy in crowded conditions. Moreover, the growing reliance on technology-driven coping strategies underscores the need for public transportation planners to create a balance between digital engagement and environmental enrichment, fostering commuting experiences that support both psychological well-being and social connectivity. Nonetheless, this study has certain limitations. While some theories address physiological indicators of stress, such as changes in heart rate or cortisol levels, the present research focuses primarily on psychological stress as expressed through observable behaviors and self-reported experiences. This choice reflects the accessibility of such data within the study’s design but suggests that future work could incorporate physiological measurements for a more comprehensive understanding. Moreover, questions remain regarding the long-term psychological effects of increasing digital engagement during commutes: does prolonged smartphone use contribute to deeper disengagement from the urban environment? Similarly, future studies could explore how coping strategies differ across various transit modes such as metros, buses, or high-speed rail where environmental stimuli and spatial conditions vary significantly. Addressing these directions would provide broader insights into how individuals adapt to crowded public transport systems in an increasingly digitalized urban context. Declarations The observational part of this study involved anonymous behavior in public spaces, with no identifiable data collected, and therefore formal ethics committee approval was not required. For the survey component, participants provided informed consent prior to participation. All responses were collected anonymously and confidentially, and participants could withdraw at any time without consequences. All procedures adhered to ethical research principles regarding privacy, confidentiality, and voluntary participation. Note: AI assistance was used solely for organizing and enhancing the writing structure. However, all the ideas, arguments, analyses, and interpretations presented in this study are entirely the work of the researcher. References Aldwin, C. M. (2009). 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Istanbul population . https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/istanbul-population. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7393929","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":501542246,"identity":"07198920-e6cb-45e7-a3ef-42b1ca3b7b67","order_by":0,"name":"Sora 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18:16:33","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7393929/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7393929/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89453514,"identity":"2c4bf127-ad69-4acf-8580-6b5a8aafe5c5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 06:41:05","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":884866,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTram T5 in Istanbul (2016).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7393929/v1/f633ae443a19d8af073c8cbb.png"},{"id":89453513,"identity":"29bce4f1-223f-454e-a716-02d3ea2189bb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 06:41:05","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":763747,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eT5 tram line route and station map (2025).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7393929/v1/a2887e9417977d6606607041.png"},{"id":89452506,"identity":"b407f992-a3e9-46a3-a411-1e7b13af38b1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 06:33:05","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1228213,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTram T5 types of scenery: nature scenery and urban scenery (Researcher, 2025).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7393929/v1/bd7dd52523eb5fdc63696a5e.png"},{"id":89452502,"identity":"72f7aaa4-136a-4ea5-a3ea-8bbc6654e165","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 06:33:05","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":125328,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFactors that contribute to the feeling of crowding from the perspective of passengers in Tram T5 in Istanbul.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7393929/v1/ce3d888f5ac5219795eea444.png"},{"id":89455007,"identity":"446c5b9d-b41c-4a72-b26d-2d22812d46d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 06:49:05","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":854842,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 7: \u003c/strong\u003eObservation of coping strategies (2025).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7393929/v1/9046879f5be29187aaa40206.png"},{"id":89456051,"identity":"0ebb7521-99bd-4391-8bb1-2a240f98fd2e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 06:57:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4917536,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7393929/v1/e01bea8e-0440-4bf1-9688-8f82998b0e41.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eThe Psychological Buffer of Scenic Views: Coping with Overcrowding in Istanbul's Public Transit\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe rapid pace of urbanization over the past century has resulted in increasingly dense urban centers, with projections indicating that by 2030, 60% of the global population will reside in urban areas (World Bank, 2023). This urban growth has placed immense pressure on public transportation systems, particularly during peak hours, where overcrowding exacerbates the challenges of daily commuting. Istanbul is estimated to constitute approximately 16 million people in 2024 (World Population Review, 2024), which represents a case study of this issue. The Istanbul Tram T5, a vital route connecting neighborhoods along Golden Horn, has recently experienced crowding, with passenger density sometimes exceeding 4 people per square meter during peak hours. This level of crowding reduces personal space and increases stress, negatively impacting passenger comfort and well-being (Cox, 2006; Tirachini, 2013).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHall\u0026apos;s (1966) concept of personal space emphasizes that this phenomenon is culturally influenced and varies on the basis of relationships and situational contexts, making it a critical element in understanding passenger experiences in crowded settings. Personal space, as defined by Sommer, is \u0026ldquo;an invisible boundary surrounding an individual, which regulates interpersonal distance and varies depending on cultural, situational, and psychological factors.\u0026rdquo; Sommer distinguishes personal space from territory, noting that personal space is carried around by an individual, whereas territory is relatively stationary. On this basis, the perception of crowdedness by commuters in transportation, which mitigates personal space, is not merely associated with physical distance or density (number of people per square meter). Stokols (1972) distinguishes between density\u0026mdash;an objective measure of spatial limitations\u0026mdash;and crowding, the subjective psychological experience of excessive density. While density refers to the physical limitations of space, crowding results from heightened social interactions and sensory stimulation, both of which lead to increased psychological stress. Density and crowding are fundamental concepts in understanding the psychological impacts of overcrowded environments. Research indicates that overcrowding in public spaces, such as public transport, can increase levels of anxiety and emotional strain (Evans \u0026amp; Wener, 2007). Desor (1972) further emphasized that crowding not only affects personal space but also increases social interactions that can overwhelm passengers\u0026apos; senses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoping strategies are dynamic psychological processes that individuals use to manage stress by regulating emotional responses or directly addressing stressors. According to Lazarus and Folkman (1984), coping strategies involve cognitive and behavioral efforts to handle situations that exceed an individual\u0026rsquo;s resources. Coping can be seen as a context-dependent process that enables individuals to navigate stressful situations. In the context of overcrowding, passengers may employ various coping strategies to mitigate stress. Stokols (1972) distinguishes between active strategies, in the tram context of overcrowding, reflected as moving to less crowded areas of the tram, and passive strategies, such as enduring discomfort without making changes to their position. These active and passive responses help individuals manage the discomfort of overcrowded environments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLater, Carver, Scheier, and Weintraub (1989) classified coping strategies into emotion-focused coping, where individuals seek to reduce the emotional impact of a stressor, and problem-focused coping, which involves actively addressing the stressor itself. Gifford (2013) identified additional strategies, such as cognitive strategies, where individuals mentally distance themselves from the crowd, and behavioral strategies, in the tram context of overcrowding, reflected standing near doors or using luggage to create personal space. Folkman and Moskowitz (2004) emphasized the importance of adaptive coping strategies, highlighting how individuals manage stress over time through approaches such as finding distractions or avoiding stressors. Endler and Parker (1990) further expanded on these types, categorizing coping strategies into task-oriented, emotion-oriented, and avoidance strategies, each of which is suited to different stressors. In overcrowded environments, emotion-oriented coping may involve seeking emotional relief through distractions, whereas Aldwin (2007) elaborated on how coping mechanisms evolve, noting that environmental factors play a key role in shaping individuals\u0026apos; coping responses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough environmental resources, such as calming stimuli from natural scenes, are important in emotion-oriented coping, few studies have directly explored how gazing from scenic window views could specifically serve as a coping mechanism to mitigate the psychological stress caused by overcrowding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is where the concepts of stress recovery theory (SRT) and attention restoration theory (ART) offer valuable insight. According to stress recovery theory (SRT), proposed by Ulrich (1983) and Orians (1986), exposure to natural environments promotes emotional restoration by reducing psychological stress. Natural features such as greenery, water, and expansive landscapes have been shown to reduce anxiety, mental fatigue, and overall stress levels (Ulrich et al., 1991). In the context of the Istanbul Tram T5, the Halic water view serves as a natural restorative environment, offering passengers a psychological escape from the stress caused by overcrowding. While SRT traditionally focuses on natural settings, it is important to note that restorative experiences can also occur in nonnatural or urban settings. Scopelliti and Giuliani (2004) noted that nonnatural environments, such as houses of worship or indoor simulations of nature, can offer similar stress-reducing benefits (Kjellgren \u0026amp; Buhrkall, 2010). This suggests that even in urban transit settings, such as the Istanbul Tram T5, a combination of natural and urban views may still provide restorative effects for passengers, helping to alleviate stress.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, attention restoration theory (ART), introduced by Kaplan and Kaplan (1989), focuses on the cognitive aspects of stress recovery. According to ART, natural environments provide \u0026quot;soft fascination,\u0026quot; a form of effortless attention that enables mental recovery from cognitive fatigue. In contrast, urban environments often require directed attention, which can exacerbate mental strain. Berto (2005) highlights that natural environments are perceived as more restorative than urban environments are, offering a psychological reprieve from overstimulation. This theory supports the hypothesis that scenic views, whether natural or thoughtfully designed urban environments, can provide passengers with a mental break, reducing the cognitive and emotional strain caused by overcrowding. By offering a restorative environment, these views could help passengers recover from the stress and fatigue induced by crowded public transport.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the restorative quality of nature is not universal. As highlighted by Korpela et al. (2014) in \u0026quot;Environmental Psychology Matters,\u0026quot; nature can also present dangers such as storms, wildfires, or extreme weather conditions, which could create stress rather than alleviate it (van den Berg \u0026amp; ter Heijne, 2005). The presence of potential threats, such as a stalker or other safety concerns, can diminish the restorative qualities of a natural environment. Therefore, in transit settings such as the Istanbul Tram T5, ensuring that passengers feel safe and secure while being exposed to scenic views is essential for realizing the stress-reducing benefits of these environments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.1 Aim of the study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study explores the role of gazing at scenic windows in mitigating the psychological stress caused by overcrowding, focusing on how environmental\u0026nbsp;features, specifically natural or urban vistas can alleviate the emotional and cognitive strain experienced by passengers on the Istanbul Tram T5. Additionally, this study investigated the general use of coping strategies during crowded conditions in trams and examined how passengers employ various psychological and behavioral techniques to manage the discomfort and stress associated with overcrowding. By considering both the restorative potential of scenic views and the broader coping mechanisms available to passengers, this research seeks to better understand how environmental and personal strategies interact to enhance the commuting experience in crowded urban transit systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.2 The case of the Istanbul tram T5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe T5 Eminonu-Alibeykoy tram line is part of Istanbul\u0026apos;s urban transportation network, offering both mobility and cultural accessibility. Spanning 8.8 kilometers (5.5 miles) and serving 12 stations, the line runs along the southern shore of the Golden Horn and the right bank of Alibeykoy Creek, connecting the districts of Faith and Eyupsultan. With a one-way capacity of up to 12,000 passengers per hour, T5 is a vital connection to other transportation modes, including the TF2 Eyupsultan-Piyer Loti cable car at Eyup Teleferik and the M7 Mecidiyekoy-Mahmutbey metro line at the Alibeykoy station. Additionally, it links the historic Eminonu quarter, the primary gateway to Istanbul\u0026apos;s iconic landmarks, with the Balat and Fener neighborhoods, which are rich in Greek Orthodox and Jewish heritage, as well as Eyupsultan, home to the revered tomb and mosque of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari. The tram line plays a significant role in both the daily mobility of residents and the tourism of these culturally important areas, helping preserve Istanbul\u0026apos;s rich heritage while addressing modern transportation needs. (Istanbul Investment Agency, 2016).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe T5 line passes through areas with a mix of natural and urban landscapes, providing passengers with alternating views that offer a unique context for studying the relationship between environmental psychology and public transportation experiences. While coping strategies such as territoriality and defensive behavior are well documented in managing stress caused by overcrowding, there is limited research on the potential of window views to act as a psychological buffer under these conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe passengers at T5 encounter two main types of scenery: natural (such as the calming view of the Golden Horn) and urban (including vibrant streets and dense residential areas). While natural environments are frequently associated with stress reduction and cognitive recovery, the restorative effects of urban views are less understood. This study aims to explore how these different types of scenery impact passengers\u0026rsquo; perceptions of personal space, crowding, and overall comfort during their journeys.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining observational data and survey responses to examine how environmental features\u0026mdash;specifically window views\u0026mdash;served as coping mechanisms for passengers experiencing overcrowding on the Istanbul Tram T5. The research design included both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods to comprehensively assess the relationships between environmental factors and passenger well-being during peak commuting hours.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1. Data collection methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1.1. Observation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eObservations were conducted during peak hours (morning and evening rush hours) on the Istanbul Tram T5. Researchers have focused on passenger behavior, body language, and interactions within the tram environment. Special attention was given to how passengers engaged with window views\u0026mdash;whether they appeared to be looking at the natural view (Halic water) or urban scenery. The researcher documented any signs of stress or discomfort, such as tense body language, fidgeting, or avoidance behavior. The goal was to gain insights into how passengers cope with overcrowding and whether certain views have a calming or distracting effect. The observational data included the level of overcrowding (measured by the number of passengers in each section of the tram), the type of view available to each passenger (natural or urban), passenger reactions and behaviors (engagement with views, signs of stress) and general coping strategies with overcrowding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1.2. Survey\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA structured survey was administered to passengers on the Istanbul Tram T5. The survey included both quantitative and qualitative questions designed to assess passenger stress levels, coping strategies, and perceptions of window views. The participants rated their stress levels on a Likert scale (1--5) on the basis of their experience during the commute. The survey also included questions about their overall satisfaction with the tram environment and their preferences for different types of views (natural vs. urban).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to explore how passengers adapt to the overwhelming experience of overcrowding on the Istanbul Tram T5, focusing specifically on the role of window views in alleviating the psychological and physiological stress of passengers during peak hours. Research has sought to provide insights into how environmental factors, particularly scenic views from tram windows, can serve as restorative features to reduce the discomfort associated with crowded transit environments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study identified a range of factors contributing to the feeling of crowding, with varying levels of influence. The number of people per square meter emerged as the most critical factor, with 100% of respondents citing it as a determinant of discomfort. The highly influential factors reported by 62.5% of the respondents included proximity to others, poor ventilation, loss of personal space, temperature, and duration of exposure, highlighting the importance of physical and environmental conditions within the tram. Additionally, the lack of seating significantly contributed to the perception of crowding for 50% of the respondents, whereas tram design and passenger behavior, such as narrow aisles, limited standing space, and loud or disrespectful behavior, moderately impacted the experience for 37.5% of the respondents. The less influential factors included window views and group dynamics, with only 12.5% of the respondents identifying these as contributors to crowding perception.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis also revealed that window views could help alleviate discomfort in crowded environments. When asked about their impact, 12.5% of the respondents stated that window views very strongly reduced their feelings of crowding, 37.5% reported significant contributions, 25% noted moderate contributions, and another 25% indicated slight contributions. No respondents felt that window views had no effect.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe attractiveness of external views also varied among participants, with 12.5% finding window views very strongly attractive, 50% significantly attractive, 12.5% moderately attractive, and 25% slightly attractive. None reported that window views had no appeal.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith respect to the types of external views that help relieve stress, natural views such as water or trees were preferred by most respondents, with 62.5% indicating their effectiveness in stress relief, whereas 25% found urban views helpful. Interestingly, 37.5% reported no difference between natural and urban views, suggesting that individual preferences may influence the perceived benefits of external scenery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study revealed a fascinating array of coping mechanisms employed by passengers to manage the discomfort of overcrowding on the Istanbul Tram T5. Many passengers turned to distraction techniques, such as listening to music, browsing their phones, or simply gazing out the window. One respondent aptly noted, \u0026ldquo;I try to listen to something useful to avoid noise and congestion.\u0026rdquo; Others sought mental escape, closing their eyes and immersing themselves in their own thoughts or music, as one passenger described, \u0026ldquo;I close my eyes and focus on my music to block out the surroundings.\u0026rdquo; Some passengers adopted more active strategies, moving to less crowded areas or even switching cars to escape unpleasant odors. As one respondent shared, \u0026ldquo;I move to a different car to get away from the odors.\u0026quot; A significant number of passengers also demonstrated a proactive approach, strategically choosing travel times with lower crowding to minimize stress.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese findings underscore the crucial role of external stimuli in shaping the passenger experience. The calming influence of the Halic waterway, as one participant eloquently stated, \u0026quot;The view of the water makes me feel calm, even when the tram is packed,\u0026quot; aligns perfectly with the principles of Stress Recovery Theory (SRT) and Attention Restoration Theory (ART). These theories emphasize the restorative power of nature in reducing stress and enhancing cognitive function.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study also sheds light on the significant factors contributing to the perception of crowding. Not surprisingly, passenger density, particularly during peak hours, emerged as the primary culprit. The tram\u0026apos;s design, with its narrow aisles and small doorways, further exacerbated the feeling of confinement. Close proximity to other passengers, poor ventilation, and high noise levels all contributed to a heightened sense of discomfort.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, the study revealed the significant impact of external views in alleviating this discomfort. Nearly all the respondents reported that the window view offered a welcome distraction from the crowded environment. While both natural views of the Halic and urban vistas provided some relief, the calming influence of the water was particularly pronounced. Maintaining window cleanliness was crucial, as passengers emphasized the importance of a clear view for optimal stress reduction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the observation results revealed that more than half of the passengers appeared unaware of their surroundings, often displaying signs of mind-wandering or being lost in thought, rather than focusing on the external environment. This suggests that many passengers disengage from their immediate setting, likely as a coping mechanism for overcrowded conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing mobile phones is a common coping strategy, with passengers frequently engaging in activities such as browsing social media or playing games. This behavior highlights a preference for distraction over direct engagement with the environment, potentially helping to alleviate the psychological discomfort caused by overcrowding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEngagement with window views was generally minimal, with no significant difference in attention between natural and urban scenery. However, tourists appeared to be more attracted to these views, showing greater interest in the external environment than local passengers did. This suggests that familiarity with one\u0026rsquo;s surroundings may influence the level of engagement with window views.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese findings have important implications for the design and operation of public transportation systems. By strategically incorporating restorative elements such as scenic views and optimizing the interior design for passenger comfort, we can create a more enjoyable and less stressful commuting experience for everyone.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study reveals a multifaceted picture of how passengers cope with overcrowding in the Istanbul Tram T5. While scenic views, particularly captivating vistas of Halic water, undeniably offer stress-reducing benefits, this aligns with the principles of stress recovery theory (SRT) and attention restoration theory (ART), as they suggest that exposure to natural environments can facilitate emotional and cognitive restoration (Ulrich, 1983; Kaplan \u0026amp; Kaplan, 1989). However, a significant shift has emerged in passenger behavior, as the integration of technology-driven strategies\u0026mdash;such as smartphone usage for entertainment and distraction\u0026nbsp;has become an integral part of their coping mechanisms. This finding highlights the need for a nuanced understanding of how passengers interact with their environment and technology within the context of modern public transportation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe use of mobile phones and listening to music in\u0026nbsp;the tram can be categorized into emotion-oriented coping strategies and avoidance strategies, as defined in the literature on coping strategies (Endler \u0026amp; Parker, 1990). Emotion-oriented coping involves regulating emotional responses rather than addressing the stressor itself, and music listening serves as an auditory distraction that helps passengers manage the discomfort of overcrowding (Carver, Scheier, \u0026amp; Weintraub, 1989). This aligns with SRT, which posits that exposure to positive stimuli such as music can mitigate psychological distress. Similarly, avoidance coping, which entails diverting attention away from the stressor (Endler \u0026amp; Parker, 1990), is reflected in passengers\u0026rsquo; use of technology to disengage from the immediate experience of overcrowding, creating a psychological boundary in a stressful setting.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the perspective of crowding theories, Hall\u0026rsquo;s (1966) concept of personal space and Stokols\u0026apos; (1972) distinction between density and crowding provide critical insights. While the physical density of the tram is objectively high during peak hours, passengers\u0026apos; subjective experience of crowding is mitigated through perceptual and behavioral coping mechanisms, including both engagement with scenic views (a restorative environmental factor) and technology (a personal distraction tool). These strategies enable passengers to regulate their cognitive load, aligning with attention restoration theory (ART), which suggests that environments that do not require sustained directed attention\u0026nbsp;such as natural landscapes can promote mental recovery (Kaplan \u0026amp; Kaplan, 1989).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study also supports Gifford\u0026rsquo;s (2013) classification of coping mechanisms, particularly cognitive strategies (mentally distancing oneself from the crowd) and behavioral strategies (positioning oneself near doors or adopting specific postures to reduce physical contact). These findings indicate that passengers employ a hybrid approach, blending environmental, cognitive, and technological coping mechanisms to manage stress in crowded transit conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e5.1 Enhancing the Commuting Experience: The Role of Scenic Views and Technology\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings suggest a compelling opportunity: leveraging the scenic beauty of the T5 tramline not only as a means of transportation but also as a restorative and even touristic attraction. The existence of a YouTube video titled \u003cem\u003e\u0026quot;The Most Beautiful Tramway in Istanbul: T5 Windows View\u0026quot;\u003c/em\u003e highlights the potential for the tram to function as an experiential transit mode, akin to San Francisco cable cars or Hong Kong\u0026rsquo;s Peak Tram, both of which are celebrated for their scenic routes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis aligns with Scopelliti \u0026amp; Giuliani\u0026rsquo;s (2004) argument that even nonnatural environments\u0026mdash;when designed with aesthetic or historical significance\u0026nbsp;can offer restorative experiences. By ensuring window cleanliness, incorporating informational displays about landmarks, and possibly offering audio commentaries, Istanbul could enhance the restorative potential of T5, making commuting less stressful and more engaging for passengers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, the integration of technology into the transit experience presents both opportunities and challenges. Real-time information screens could provide passengers with historical facts, upcoming scenic points, or interactive digital content that encourages them to engage with the environment. However, an overreliance on technology could lead to \u0026quot;digital disengagement\u0026quot; from the physical environment, reducing social interaction and diminishing the psychological benefits of direct engagement with one\u0026rsquo;s surroundings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003ein alleviating stress caused by overcrowding. The findings align with established theories of coping strategies (Lazarus \u0026amp; Folkman, 1984; Endler \u0026amp; Parker, 1990), emphasizing the role of both passive (scenic engagement) and active (technological distraction) coping methods. Supported by theoretical insights, survey data, and observational analysis of the Istanbul tram case study, the results confirm that gazing from window views\u0026nbsp;whether natural or urban, particularly the Halic water view serves as an effective stress-relief mechanism, making it a valuable coping strategy in crowded conditions. Moreover, the growing reliance on technology-driven coping strategies underscores the need for public transportation planners to create a balance between digital engagement and environmental enrichment, fostering commuting experiences that support both psychological well-being and social connectivity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNonetheless, this study has certain limitations. While some theories address physiological indicators of stress, such as changes in heart rate or cortisol levels, the present research focuses primarily on psychological stress as expressed through observable behaviors and self-reported experiences. This choice reflects the accessibility of such data within the study\u0026rsquo;s design but suggests that future work could incorporate physiological measurements for a more comprehensive understanding. Moreover, questions remain regarding the long-term psychological effects of increasing digital engagement during commutes: does prolonged smartphone use contribute to deeper disengagement from the urban environment? Similarly, future studies could explore how coping strategies differ across various transit modes such as metros, buses, or high-speed rail where environmental stimuli and spatial conditions vary significantly. Addressing these directions would provide broader insights into how individuals adapt to crowded public transport systems in an increasingly digitalized urban context.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe observational part of this study involved anonymous behavior in public spaces, with no identifiable data collected, and therefore formal ethics committee approval was not required. For the survey component, participants provided informed consent prior to participation. All responses were collected anonymously and confidentially, and participants could withdraw at any time without consequences. All procedures adhered to ethical research principles regarding privacy, confidentiality, and voluntary participation.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote:\u003c/strong\u003e AI assistance was used solely for organizing and enhancing the writing structure. However, all the ideas, arguments, analyses, and interpretations presented in this study are entirely the work of the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAldwin, C. M. (2009). \u003cem\u003eStress, coping, and development: An integrative perspective\u003c/em\u003e. Guilford press.https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-10765-000\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBerto, R. (2005). Exposure to restorative environments helps restore attentional capacity. \u003cem\u003eJournal of environmental psychology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e25\u003c/em\u003e(3), 249-259. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272494405000381\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCarver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., \u0026amp; Weintraub, J. K. (1989). 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(2024). \u003cem\u003eIstanbul population\u003c/em\u003e. https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/istanbul-population.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Istanbul Technical University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Scenic views, Coping strategies, Psychological stress, Public transportation, Istanbul tram, Technology-driven coping behaviors","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7393929/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7393929/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eThe rapid urbanization of cities has led to overcrowding in public transportation systems, intensifying the psychological stress faced by passengers, particularly during peak hours. While the negative impacts of overcrowding on well-being are well documented, few studies have explored how scenic window views might serve as a coping mechanism to mitigate this stress. This study investigates the role of gazing at natural and urban vistas in reducing the emotional and cognitive strain caused by overcrowding on the Istanbul Tram T5. Additionally, it examines the coping strategies employed by passengers under these conditions, including both psychological and behavioral techniques, to manage discomfort. The results suggest that both natural and urban window views provide restorative benefits, with passengers showing a strong preference for natural views, especially those of Halic water, for their calming effects. Notably, this study highlights the emergence of technology-driven coping strategies, such as smartphone use and music listening, which often complement traditional behaviors such as\u003c/span\u003e posture \u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eadjustment and avoiding eye contact. This study underscores the importance of incorporating restorative environmental features in public transportation to alleviate stress and enhance the commuting experience in crowded urban settings.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Psychological Buffer of Scenic Views: Coping with Overcrowding in Istanbul's Public Transit","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-20 06:33:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7393929/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"78120c45-cde5-460a-8dfd-cce4f13db647","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":53422305,"name":"Urban Studies"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-20T06:33:00+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-20 06:33:00","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7393929","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7393929","identity":"rs-7393929","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}