Study on the evolution law and numerical simulation of the mechanical properties of rockfill under dry-wet cycle conditions

Study on the evolution law and numerical simulation of the mechanical properties of rockfill under dry-wet cycle conditions | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Study on the evolution law and numerical simulation of the mechanical properties of rockfill under dry-wet cycle conditions Rongxian Yang, Lingkai Zhang, Chong Shi, Runhan Zhang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7467471/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Granular Matter → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The mechanical properties of rockfill materials degrade markedly under dry-wet cycles, uneven settlement of rockfill dams over time. This study employed numerical simulations of crushable triaxial compression on rockfill samples subjected to various dry-wet cycles, utilizing the particle discrete element method. The macroscopic mechanical behavior and the micrscopic degradation mechanisms of rockfill under these cycles were subsequently analyzed. The research findings are presented in detail below: (1) Macroscopic law: As the number of dry-wet cycles ( N ) increases, the peak stress of rockfill decreases while the volume strain increases. After N reaches a certain threshold, the peak stress and volume strain show minimal change. The shear strength, cohesion ( c ), and internal friction angle ( φ ) of rockfill exhibit an exponential relationship with N . With the progression of cycles, the rate of particle breakage ( B r ) and the increment in particle count diminish. (2) Microscopic mechanism: As N increases, the dense chain regions, areas of particle breakage, fracture distribution, and displacement field within the sample all expand overall, while the average coordination number rises significantly. However, beyond a certain N , these microscopic changes become less pronounced. (3) Damage evolution: The parameters A , B , and C of the modified Duncan-Chang model follow an exponential relationship with N . As N increases, these parameters exhibit exponential growth, with a marked increase during the early cycles, which stabilizes in the later cycles. Dry-wet cycle Rockfill Discrete element method Mechanical properties micrscopic mechanism Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Granular Matter → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7467471","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":515179996,"identity":"b0dcfdbe-6d28-4963-b376-dbf929134e83","order_by":0,"name":"Rongxian Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Xinjiang Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rongxian","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":515179998,"identity":"e165ec36-671a-438d-aa7d-8f897834be3c","order_by":1,"name":"Lingkai 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conditions","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Dry-wet cycle, Rockfill, Discrete element method, Mechanical properties, micrscopic mechanism","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7467471/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7467471/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe mechanical properties of rockfill materials degrade markedly under dry-wet cycles, uneven settlement of rockfill dams over time. This study employed numerical simulations of crushable triaxial compression on rockfill samples subjected to various dry-wet cycles, utilizing the particle discrete element method. The macroscopic mechanical behavior and the micrscopic degradation mechanisms of rockfill under these cycles were subsequently analyzed. The research findings are presented in detail below: \u003cstrong\u003e(1) Macroscopic law:\u003c/strong\u003e As the number of dry-wet cycles (\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e) increases, the peak stress of rockfill decreases while the volume strain increases. After \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e reaches a certain threshold, the peak stress and volume strain show minimal change. The shear strength, cohesion (\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e), and internal friction angle (\u003cem\u003eφ\u003c/em\u003e) of rockfill exhibit an exponential relationship with \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e. With the progression of cycles, the rate of particle breakage (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e) and the increment in particle count diminish. \u003cstrong\u003e(2) Microscopic mechanism:\u003c/strong\u003e As \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e increases, the dense chain regions, areas of particle breakage, fracture distribution, and displacement field within the sample all expand overall, while the average coordination number rises significantly. However, beyond a certain \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e, these microscopic changes become less pronounced. \u003cstrong\u003e(3) Damage evolution:\u003c/strong\u003e The parameters \u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e of the modified Duncan-Chang model follow an exponential relationship with \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e. As \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e increases, these parameters exhibit exponential growth, with a marked increase during the early cycles, which stabilizes in the later cycles.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Study on the evolution law and numerical simulation of the mechanical properties of rockfill under dry-wet cycle conditions","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-19 12:54:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7467471/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0a6bc981-2111-4543-acc6-6c29399c87f2","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-02T16:08:35+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7467471","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-025-01608-6","journal":{"identity":"granular-matter","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Granular Matter"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-29 15:58:27","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 29th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-19 12:54:04","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10035-025-01608-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-025-01608-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7467471","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7467471","identity":"rs-7467471","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}