Design a new strategy for evaluating biodegradation mechanisms between plant tape and industrial tapes

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In this work, the biodegradation behavior/mechanism and mechanical property of the polypropylene-based tape (BOPP tape), polypropylene doped with calcium carbonate (BOPP/CaCO 3 tape), and Plant-based tape (Plant tape) are discussed. It is found that the degradability ability and breaking strength of Plant tape are better than BOPP and BOPP/CaCO 3 tapes. Simultaneously, the possible degradation mechanisms of three tapes under three degradation ways were presented, providing a theoretical basis for developing their potential uses in the green packaging, express, and electronic industries. Tapes Environmental degradation Physical properties Thermal analysis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction The rapid development of worldwide online shopping leads to the prosperity of express delivery and the widespread use of plastic packaging materials(Xu et al. 2020, Amaraweera et al. 2021) The courier package can fill with nearly 200,000 football fields each year, and only packing tape can be around the equator several hundred laps(Zhao et al. 2018). In 2018, China's express delivery industry used about 14.3 billion boxes, 24.5 billion plastic bags, 5.3 billion woven bags, and 43 billion meters of tape(Yu et al. 2019, Su et al. 2020). Therefore, tape as an indispensable part of express packaging. And with increasing population growth, the rapid development of worldwide online shopping poses a great danger to the environment and possibly also to humans, because a large proportion of plastic tape are discarded as trash, which caused mismanaged plastic waste to frequently find its way into natural environments to finally reaching the ocean(Geyer et al. 2017, Det Udomsap and Hallinger 2020, Wayman and Niemann 2021). In order to protect the environment and reduce the use of plastics in 2020, 170 countries including China, the United States and the United Kingdom have issued "plastic bans"(da Costa 2021, Wang et al. 2021a, b, Huang et al. 2022). But for using the common packaging tape, it is also a kind of plastic(Hisham A. Maddah 2016). In summary, the research on tape is very necessary. Generally, packaging tape including Non-biodegradable materials (Polyethylene tape, (polypropylene-based tape material (BOPP tape), polypropylene doped with calcium carbonate (BOPP /CaCO 3 tape) etc.)(Hu et al. 2018, Sharma et al. 2019, Goutianos et al. 2020, Kakar et al. 2021, Tessarolo et al. 2021), and biodegradable materials( (Plant-based tape material (Plant tape) etc.). However, there are still disputes on biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials in academia and industry for whether randomly discarded plastic tape produces microplastics during the biodegradation process, due to the production of microplastics for causing panic among humans(Cox et al. 2019, Huang et al. 2021).Although there have been studies on the degradability ratio of the three tapes(Krämer et al. 2007, Moon et al. 2011, Sen et al. 2015, Essabir et al. 2017, Qin et al. 2019, Wang et al. 2019a, Spoerk et al. 2020, Tu et al. 2021), the degradation behavior of the three tapes are not very clear(Bao et al. 2019, Koechli et al. 2019, D’Acierno et al. 2020). Moreover, there is no direct evidence on the degradation mechanism (in soil, seawater and thermal degradation) of the three tapes in the academic and industrial circles. It restricts the application of green packaging, express industry and the development of degradable materials. Therefore, this work designed a new Strategy to study the degradation behavior and mechanisms of three tapes (BOPP, BOPP/CaCO 3 and Plant tapes) in different environments. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties, chemical composition and three degradation mechanisms are explored from shallow to deep. This work is useful for various tapes to develop their large-scale applications in food packaging, express and other industries. Materials and methods Materials Purchased BOPP tape by Nanjing Lishui Recreation Culture Tools Co., Ltd. And its main raw was polypropylene. BOPP/CaCO 3 tape was purchased from Shanlian (Changxing) New Materials Co., Ltd., which the main ingredient was BOPP and CaCO 3 . Plant tape (mainly cellulose) made by Shao Xing Mingji New Materials Co., Ltd. Characterization The chemical composition of three tapes were tested by a KBr disk method with a Nicolet IS50 Fourier transform infrared spectrometer at a resolution of 2 cm –1 in the wavelength range of 4000–400 cm –1 . The morphology of three tapes before and after degradation were studied by FE-SEM, with an acceleration voltage of 1.0 kV. The sample film was cut into a suitable size and directly attached to the conductive adhesive. Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) (Netzsch TG209 F1) was used to test the thermal properties of the three tapes. The samples (3-8 mg) were heated from room temperature to 1000 ºC at a rate of 20 ºC min -1 using a dynamic nitrogen atmosphere (30 mL min -1 ). And then the main thermal parameters of the TGA curve are recorded. The universal testing machine (Instron 5943, USA) was used to measure the mechanical test of three tapes Before testing, the tested samples were kept for 24h at 23°C with a relative humidity of 65%. The tensile tress (σ)-strain (ε) curves were performed on the rectangular-shaped samples (4 × 50 mm, The thickness of BOPP, BOPP/CaCO 3 and Plant tapes are 41 µm, 108 µm, and 51 µm, respectively) at the constant stretching rate of 100 mm/min. The samples were cut into rectangles with a side length of about 5*6 cm 2 , and there were naturally degraded under the cypress trees of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University in the soil about 10 cm deep from the ground. Samples were taken out every10 or 20 days. After washing and drying, the weight and size of the samples were measured. The percentage of weight loss was calculated using the following eq (1) where m 0 was the initial mass, m t was the mass after a given time of degradation. The sample was cut into a square (3*3 cm 2 ), each sample was kept in 30 mL of seawater and temperature of 25 °C, change the water every 10 days and the samples were removed every 10 or 20 days and then dried after washed with deionized water. The results of triplicate runs were used to calculate the weight of the dried samples, and the percentage of weight loss was calculated using the eq (1). A thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (TG/FTIR) was used to study the thermal degradation behavior of three tapes. In brief, samples (3-8 mg) were heated to 200 °C and stabilized for 4 h before TG operation. Under a nitrogen atmosphere, the flow rate was 30 mL min −1 , and thermal degradation was performed at a scan rate of 20 °C min −1 in the range of 30−1000 °C while the IR spectra were reordered. Results and discussion Chemical Composition and Mechanical Performance FT-IR spectra in Fig. 1 a shows that the characteristic peaks of BOPP tape at 2959cm -1 and 1376 cm -1 are caused by the asymmetric stretching of the methyl group and the deformation vibration of the methyl group, respectively(Nascimento et al. 2021). The peaks at 2922 cm -1 and 2840 cm -1 are caused by the asymmetric stretching and symmetric stretching of the methylene group (Laorenza and Harnkarnsujarit 2021). And the vibration of the C=C and the formation of the C-H are at1376, 902, and 842cm -1 , respectively(Luongo 1960, Verma et al. 2017). Compared to neat BOPP tape, new peaks at1428, 1115, and 711 cm -1 of BOPP/CaCO 3 tape was found, which was ascribed to CaCO 3 stretching vibration, demonstrating that CaCO 3 were effectively dispersed into the BOPP tape(Zou et al. 2019). Moreover, for plant tape, the stretching vibration of the hydroxyl group was located at 3439, 3138 and 3021 cm -1 (Zhang et al. 2020), and the vibration peak in the 995 cm -1 -1200 cm -1 region were due to the glycosidic bonds for cellulose (Tang et al. 2020, 2021, Sankhla et al. 2021). In general, the tape substrate should have enough strength to make the packaging box sealed and resist handling damage (Yu et al. 2014). Fig. 1 b displays the Strain-Stress curves of the three tapes, which implies the tensile strength for the three tapes to break. The maximum strength of the biaxially stretched BOPP tape was 144 MPa, and elongation at break of 193%, was found. It can be seen that the BOPP/CaCO 3 tape is a typical tough material with an obvious necking phenomenon during the stretching process, which exhibited the largest elongation at break of 365% and low breaking strength of 16 MPa, due to the strong plasticizing effect of calcium carbonate on polymers(Aliotta et al. 2019, Schlickmann et al. 2019). Thus, BOPP/CaCO 3 tape can be deformed and elongated to exhibit good toughness and low strength. As for the Plant tape, the strength of 160 MPa is the largest than other BOPP tapes. Compared with the other tapes, the plant tape had the strongest rigidity and the highest tensile strength, due to the enhanced intermolecular force and hydrogen bonds(Zhu et al. 2019), leading to the high mechanical performance. Even though plant tape was immersed in water ( Fig. S1a ), its mechanical strength was still higher than those of the BOPP and BOPP/CaCO 3 tapes. when the sample was dried in a natural state, its strength can be restored to the same level as before immersion (Fig. S1b ). Soil and Seawater Degradation Behaviors It is well known that soil degradation and seawater degradation depends on many factors, specifically water absorption and formation of oligomer fragments, solubilization of oligomer fragments, and diffusion of soluble oligomers by bacteria (Wang et al. 2019b). In this study, the appearance, size, weight and morphological changes and degradation mechanisms of the three tapes were studied after soil and seawater degradation. After 70 days of soil degradation ( Fig. 2 a), the weight of BOPP tape and BOPP/CaCO 3 tape is extremely small. And the plant tape remains only 32% and the degradation rate is 68%. Meanwhile, there is a significant appearance change after the soil were found for plant tape ( Fig. 2 b), BOPP tape and BOPP/CaCO 3 tape have no obvious changes in size and appearance. Because of BOPP and BOPP/CaCO 3 tapes were non-degradable and hydrophobic (see insert of Fig. 2 a). The plant tape became opaque and started to turn yellow and changes in transparency can also be found in 40 days. This could be related to the reduction of molecular weight and the change of crystallinity during the soil degradation process. On the other hand, the strong hydrophilicity of plant tape causes many microorganisms to digest tape in a relatively humid state(Wang et al. 2019b). The weight loss of the three tapes after 60 days of seawater degradation (Fig. 2b). The BOPP tape and BOPP/CaCO 3 tape still had a degradation rate of 2%. Surprisingly, the plant tape shows a higher degradation rate of 22%. It indicates that hydrophilic plant tape was beneficial for seawater degradation via hydrolysis, compared with hydrophobic BOPP and BOPP/CaCO 3 tapes (see insert of Fig. 2 a). Indeed, the samples after seawater exhibited the slower degradation rate than soil degradation, which can be owing to the low microbial content in seawaters (Dussud et al. 2018). And the appearance changes of above sample in Fig. 2 d can further support above results. Fig. 3 a-f shows the corresponding SEM before and after soil degradation and seawater degradation. It can be seen that the BOPP tape shows no obvious change, while there are 1-2μm holes on the surface of BOPP/CaCO 3 tape. On the other hand, the plant tape has 5-6μm or even larger holes. and surface morphology of the three tapes does not change significantly ( Fig. 3 d-f), which further prove the slow degradation rate in seawater. Besides, the plant tape gives relatively rough surface after seawater degradation, which was due to that water can enter into hydrophilic cellulose chains in the Plant tape to result in Swelling of cellulose(Chen et al. 2020). As we known, soil degradation rate was determined by erosion of microorganisms or the enzymes secretion and hydrolysis, while seawater degradation rate was dependent on the hydrolysis of polymer chains (Meereboer et al. 2020). Fig. 3 g and h provide two possible mechanisms for three tapes: the hydrophilic cellulose in plant tape was easy to accumulation of a large number of microorganisms and hydrolysis attacking, leading to faster soil and seawater degradation ratio, whereas the hydrophobicity of the BOPP tape and BOPP/CaCO 3 tapes avoids the adhesion of microorganisms and absorption water, so slow soil and seawater degradation were observed. Thermal Degradation Analysis TG-FTIR was used to investigate the thermal degradation mechanism of the base material of tape, and the TG-FTIR stack plots were shown in Fig. 4 a-c (The illustration showed the respective TG and DTG). Similar degradation temperature and infrared bands can be observed for BOPP and BOPP/CaCO 3 tapes, indicating analogous products formed in the thermal decomposition of BOPP and BOPP/CaCO 3 tapes. However, the first degradation temperature 474 °C (Fig. 4 b) of BOPP/CaCO 3 tape was higher than BOPP tape 472 °C ( Fig. 4 a), which the reason is that CaCO 3 can improve thermal stability (Pal et al. 2012, Li et al. 2019). The thermal degradation products of BOPP tape were mainly methane and propylene, which can be proved from the infrared spectrum of the maximum degradation temperature(Zielińska et al. 2022) ( Fig. S2a ). The stretching vibration peak near 3081 cm -1 and -C=C- stretching and bending vibration (1674 cm -1 ) indicate the formation of olefins. C-H stretching vibrations (2964 cm -1 and 1382 cm -1 ) and -CH 2 scissor vibration (1450 and 2985 cm -1 ) reflect the formation of alkanes (Al-Salem et al. 2017, Xu et al. 2018). The degradation product of BOPP/CaCO 3 tape was almost the same as BOPP tape degradation, While the difference was calcium oxide in the product after BOPP/CaCO 3 tape degradation. The characteristic peaks near 2358 and 666cm -1 ( Fig. S2b ), due to the formation of CO 2 which was the decomposition of CaCO 3 (dos Santos Araújo et al. 2019). The maximum degradation temperature of Plant tape was the lowest 348 °C ( Fig. 4 c) than BOPP and BOPP/CaCO 3 tapes, mainly due to the decomposition temperature of glycosidic bonds in Plant tape being lower than C=C bonds in BOPP and BOPP/CaCO 3 tapes ( Fig. 4 d). Indeed, the weight loss rate dropped greatly from 95% to 20% due to the thermal decomposition of cellulose, which was supported by Fig.S2c . Clearly, the -OH characteristics peaks at 3730 cm -1 , 2380-2278 cm -1 ,666 cm -1 ,2173 cm -1 and 2105 cm -1 were due to the formed of CO 2 and CO, respectively. The peak at 1746 cm -1 was attributed to the C=O group of carbonyl compounds (including aldehydes, ketones, and acids) and the position 3000-2770 cm -1 and 1500-1300 cm -1 indicates the formation aliphatic alkanes. Such results demonstrated that the degradation products of Plant tape were mainly CO, CO 2 , H 2 O, CH 4 , C 2 H 4 , and CH 2 O(Zhu et al. 2018)(Li et al. 2020). Conclusions In this work, we successfully designed new and direct evidence for the degradation and non-degradation behavior of tapes (BOPP, BOPP/CaCO 3 and Plant tapes). The degradation behavior and degradation mechanism in different environments (in soil, seawater and thermal degradation), mechanical properties and chemical composition had been evaluated in detail. It is found that the Plant tape weight lost 68 % in 70 days in soil and 22 % in 60 days in seawater, while BOPP and BOPP/CaCO 3 tapes had little weight loss in soil and seawater. The Plant tape has the best degradability ratio than BOPP and BOPP/CaCO 3 tapes in soil and seawater degradation, mainly due to the hydrophilicity of cellulose in Plant tape accelerated the hydrolysis of glyosidic bond and at the same time provided numerous enzymes/microorganisms to digest amorphous cellulose chains. Besides，the demonstrated work provided that designing new strategies on degradation behavior and degradation mechanisms have huge potential for reducing the burden of fossil resources, promoting a bio-based economy and accelerating the rapid development of the industry. Declarations Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank the financial support from the Outstanding Youth Project of Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (LR22E030002), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Key Foundation of China (LZ20E030003) Funding Outstanding Youth Project of Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (LR22E030002) (Houyong Yu), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Key Foundation of China (LZ20E030003) (Houyong Yu) Author contributions I declare that all the authors had a significant participation in the development of this work. Dongping Tang wrote the main manuscript text and drew the main Figure. Houyong Yu, Somia Yassin Hussain Abdalkarim, and Xiang Chen checked the manuscript for review and editing. Mingxin Wang Revised the manuscript format. Jingli Zhu and Meijin jin prepared experimental raw materials and test equipment. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Ethics declarations Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper Consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication All authors agreed to the publication in the submitted form. Ethics approval No results of studies involving humans or animals are reported. Availability of data and materials All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. Publishing policy We have read and understood the publishing policy, and submit this manuscript in accordance with this policy. Dual publication The results/data/figures in this manuscript have not been published elsewhere. Third Party Material All of the material is owned by the authors References Al-Salem SM, Sharma BK, Khan AR, et al (2017) Thermal degradation kinetics of virgin polypropylene (PP) and PP with starch blends exposed to natural weathering. 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Appl Surf Sci 500:144046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144046 Zhao P, Ouyang Y, Xu M, et al (2018) Applied Sciences in Graphic Communication and Packaging Zhu J, Chen Y, Yu HY, et al (2019) Comprehensive Insight into Degradation Mechanism of Green Biopolyester Nanocomposites Using Functionalized Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:15537–15547. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b03291 Zhu X, He Q, Hu Y, et al (2018) A comparative study of structure, thermal degradation, and combustion behavior of starch from different plant sources. J Therm Anal Calorim 132:927–935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7030-4 Zielińska D, Siwińska-Ciesielczyk K, Bula K, et al (2022) TiO2/nanocellulose hybrids as functional additives for advanced polypropylene nanocomposites. Ind Crops Prod 176:. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114314 Zou Z, Habraken WJEM, Matveeva G, et al (2019) A hydrated crystalline calcium carbonate phase: Calcium carbonate hemihydrate. Science (80- ) 363:396–400 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementaryInformation.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Aug, 2023 Read the published version in Cellulose → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 05 Sep, 2022 Editor assigned by journal 05 Sep, 2022 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Aug, 2022 First submitted to journal 22 Aug, 2022 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1985963","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":131499544,"identity":"3d2a1f9e-cb1d-42a8-916b-bb6516b99106","order_by":0,"name":"Dongping Tang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dongping","middleName":"","lastName":"Tang","suffix":""},{"id":131499545,"identity":"17cbc8dd-d627-4502-ae6b-d4dd9001521b","order_by":1,"name":"Houyong Yu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAwElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQYDBoYKKIeHeC1noKqJ18LYRooWc+nmbdK88+rs7SUSGB+8bWOQNyekxXLOsTJp3m1siT0SCcyGc9sYDHc2ENBicCPHDKiFJ4FHIoFNmreNIcHgAFFa5kjYA7Ww/yZBS4MBI9BhbMxEabGckVYM9E9CYs+Zh82Sc85JGG4gpMVcInnjjTc1dfbs7ckHP7wps5En7DAGBhYJCJOxgQEUTQQBUAvzB8LKRsEoGAWjYEQDALVbNzxP3bFuAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Houyong","middleName":"","lastName":"Yu","suffix":""},{"id":131499546,"identity":"5b8086a7-0bf6-4b01-b6cd-5c74a7081754","order_by":2,"name":"Somia Yassin Hussain Abdalkarim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Somia","middleName":"Yassin Hussain","lastName":"Abdalkarim","suffix":""},{"id":131499548,"identity":"4e81753f-e1f0-40cd-8c18-e916412f85cf","order_by":3,"name":"Mingxin Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mingxin","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":131499550,"identity":"9c971269-ac7b-4ca3-8269-c776b5c188ab","order_by":4,"name":"Xiang Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiang","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":131499551,"identity":"b2c72830-2f1a-496e-afcb-88984d712d46","order_by":5,"name":"Jingli Zhu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Huafon Environmental Protection Material Co., Ltd","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jingli","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhu","suffix":""},{"id":131499553,"identity":"517174bb-b6e3-42cb-8bf3-2acab531646a","order_by":6,"name":"Meijin jin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Huafon Environmental Protection Material Co., Ltd","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Meijin","middleName":"","lastName":"jin","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-08-22 10:59:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1985963/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1985963/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05431-1","type":"published","date":"2023-08-09T21:56:42+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":25794150,"identity":"5b6eae4c-4342-42ae-a14a-cc3ff033fd1e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 14:02:22","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":381527,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) FTIR spectra, (b) The Strain-Stress curve for three tapes\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1985963/v1/0cfd8896a6086508eadfdbf1.png"},{"id":25794620,"identity":"fdfacdf6-0ebd-4660-9392-2e3da098a9fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 14:07:22","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1561819,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Changes in the quality loss of each tape in the soil degradation over time (the illustration shows Water contact angle) and(c) The curves of the mass loss of each sealing tape with time in the degradation of seawater, (b)and(d) are appearance and dimensional changes during the soil and sweater degradation of three tapes.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1985963/v1/d1c97e9336dd6fa207446bce.png"},{"id":25794149,"identity":"b00ad782-1c4f-4ed5-a754-0b39add7683d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 14:02:21","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":878563,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe SEM images of BOPP, BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3,\u003c/sub\u003e and Plant tape before and after 70-day soil degradation (a, b, c) and 60-day seawater degradation (d, e, f), the possible soil degradation mechanism (g) and seawater degradation mechanism (h).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1985963/v1/807ab5beaace0063d7262957.png"},{"id":25794152,"identity":"e54370b6-e072-4dfb-bdad-656c81bfc76c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 14:02:22","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1783055,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTG-FTIR curves of each sealing tape (the illustrations are TG and DTG respectively), (a) BOPP tape, (b) BOPP /CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e tape, (c) Plant tape, and (d)Thermal degradation mechanism.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1985963/v1/caabaccc4bb111644d0a99f8.png"},{"id":44735956,"identity":"5a3a9af5-dba7-4b42-844d-36181495b501","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-16 22:28:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3680357,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1985963/v1/0f3ebabc-568d-483b-b8fd-52d3a7b56843.pdf"},{"id":25794153,"identity":"765e94bd-727d-4f16-9251-2bad49e23ac9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-29 14:02:22","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":632437,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryInformation.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1985963/v1/50fad2e443ba28a52fd5ab98.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Design a new strategy for evaluating biodegradation mechanisms between plant tape and industrial tapes","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe rapid development of worldwide online shopping leads to the prosperity of express delivery and the widespread use of plastic packaging materials(Xu et al. 2020, Amaraweera et al. 2021)\u0026nbsp;The courier package can fill with nearly 200,000 football fields each year, and only packing tape can be around the equator several hundred laps(Zhao et al. 2018). In 2018, China\u0026apos;s express delivery industry used about 14.3 billion boxes, 24.5 billion plastic bags, 5.3 billion woven bags, and 43 billion meters of tape(Yu et al. 2019, Su et al. 2020). Therefore, tape as an indispensable part of express packaging. And with increasing population growth, the rapid development of worldwide online shopping poses a great danger to the environment and possibly also to humans, because a large proportion of plastic tape are discarded as trash, which caused mismanaged plastic waste to frequently find its way into natural environments to finally reaching the ocean(Geyer et al. 2017, Det Udomsap and Hallinger 2020, Wayman and Niemann 2021). In order to protect the environment and reduce the use of plastics in 2020, 170 countries including China, the United States and the United Kingdom have issued \u0026quot;plastic bans\u0026quot;(da Costa 2021, Wang et al. 2021a, b, Huang et al. 2022). But for using the common packaging tape, it is also a kind of plastic(Hisham A. Maddah 2016). In summary, the research on tape is very necessary. Generally, packaging tape including Non-biodegradable materials\u0026nbsp;(Polyethylene tape, (polypropylene-based tape material (BOPP tape), polypropylene doped with calcium carbonate (BOPP /CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e tape)\u0026nbsp;etc.)(Hu et al. 2018, Sharma et al. 2019, Goutianos et al. 2020, Kakar et al. 2021, Tessarolo et al. 2021), and\u0026nbsp;biodegradable materials( (Plant-based tape material (Plant tape)\u0026nbsp;etc.). However, there are still disputes on biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials in academia and industry for whether randomly discarded plastic tape produces microplastics during the biodegradation process, due to the production of microplastics for causing panic among humans(Cox et al. 2019, Huang et al. 2021).Although there have been studies on the degradability ratio of the three tapes(Kr\u0026auml;mer et al. 2007, Moon et al. 2011, Sen et al. 2015, Essabir et al. 2017, Qin et al. 2019, Wang et al. 2019a, Spoerk et al. 2020, Tu et al. 2021), the degradation behavior of the three tapes are not very clear(Bao et al. 2019, Koechli et al. 2019, D\u0026rsquo;Acierno et al. 2020). Moreover, there is no direct evidence on the degradation mechanism (in soil, seawater and thermal degradation) of the three tapes in the academic and industrial circles. It restricts the application of green packaging, express industry and the development of\u0026nbsp;degradable materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, this work designed a new Strategy to study the degradation behavior and mechanisms of three tapes (BOPP, BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and Plant tapes) in different environments. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties, chemical composition and three degradation mechanisms are explored from shallow to deep. This work is useful for various tapes to develop their large-scale applications in food packaging, express and other industries.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003eMaterials\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePurchased BOPP tape by Nanjing Lishui Recreation Culture Tools Co., Ltd. And\u0026nbsp;its main raw was polypropylene.\u0026nbsp;BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e tape was purchased from Shanlian (Changxing) New Materials Co., Ltd., which the main ingredient was BOPP and CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. Plant tape (mainly cellulose) made by Shao Xing Mingji New Materials Co., Ltd.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCharacterization\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe chemical composition of three tapes were tested by a KBr disk method with a Nicolet IS50 Fourier transform infrared spectrometer at a resolution of 2 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;1\u003c/sup\u003e in the wavelength range of 4000\u0026ndash;400 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The morphology of three tapes before and after degradation were studied by FE-SEM, with an acceleration voltage of 1.0 kV.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample film was cut into a suitable size and directly attached to the conductive adhesive. Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) (Netzsch TG209 F1) was used to test the thermal properties of the three tapes. The samples (3-8 mg) were heated from room temperature to 1000 \u0026ordm;C at a rate of 20 \u0026ordm;C min\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e using a dynamic nitrogen atmosphere (30 mL min\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;-1\u003c/sup\u003e). And then the main thermal parameters of the TGA curve are recorded.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe universal testing machine (Instron 5943, USA) was used to measure the mechanical test of three tapes Before testing, the tested samples were kept for 24h at 23\u0026deg;C with a relative humidity of 65%. The tensile tress (\u0026sigma;)-strain (\u0026epsilon;) curves were performed on the rectangular-shaped samples (4 \u0026times; 50 mm, The thickness of BOPP, BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and Plant tapes are 41 \u0026micro;m, 108 \u0026micro;m, and 51 \u0026micro;m, respectively) at the constant stretching rate of 100 mm/min.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;samples were cut into rectangles with a side length of about 5*6 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, and there were naturally degraded under the cypress trees of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University in the soil about 10 cm deep from the ground. Samples were taken out every10 or 20 days. After washing and drying, the weight and size of the samples were measured. The percentage of weight loss was calculated using the following eq (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere m\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e was the initial mass, m\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e was the mass after a given time of degradation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample was cut into a square (3*3 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), each sample was kept in 30 mL of seawater and temperature of 25 \u0026deg;C, change the water every 10 days and the samples were removed every 10 or 20 days and then dried after washed with deionized water. The results of triplicate runs were used to calculate the weight of the dried samples, and the percentage of weight loss was calculated using the eq (1).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (TG/FTIR) was used to study the thermal degradation behavior of three tapes. In brief, samples (3-8 mg) were heated to 200 \u0026deg;C and stabilized for 4 h before TG operation. Under a nitrogen atmosphere, the flow rate was 30 mL min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and thermal degradation was performed at a scan rate of 20 \u0026deg;C min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e in the range of 30\u0026minus;1000 \u0026deg;C while the IR spectra were reordered.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and discussion","content":"\u003ch2\u003eChemical Composition and Mechanical Performance\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFT-IR spectra in \u003cstrong\u003eFig. 1\u003c/strong\u003ea shows that the characteristic peaks of BOPP tape at 2959cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1376 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e are caused by the asymmetric stretching of the methyl group and the deformation vibration of the methyl group, respectively(Nascimento et al. 2021). The peaks at 2922 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and 2840 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eare caused by the asymmetric stretching and symmetric stretching of the methylene group\u0026nbsp;(Laorenza and Harnkarnsujarit 2021). And the vibration of the C=C and the formation of the C-H are at1376, 902, and 842cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively(Luongo 1960, Verma et al. 2017).\u0026nbsp;Compared to neat BOPP tape, new peaks at1428, 1115, and 711 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e of BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e tape was found, which was ascribed to CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e stretching vibration, demonstrating that CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e were effectively dispersed into the BOPP tape(Zou et al. 2019).\u0026nbsp;Moreover,\u0026nbsp;for plant tape, the stretching vibration of the hydroxyl group was located at 3439, 3138 and 3021 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e(Zhang et al. 2020), and the vibration peak in the 995 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e-1200 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e region were due to the glycosidic bonds for cellulose\u0026nbsp;(Tang et al. 2020, 2021, Sankhla et al. 2021).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn general, the tape substrate should have enough strength to make the packaging box sealed and resist handling damage (Yu et al. 2014). \u003cstrong\u003eFig. 1\u003c/strong\u003eb displays the Strain-Stress curves of the three tapes, which implies the tensile strength for the three tapes to break. The maximum strength of the biaxially stretched BOPP tape was 144 MPa, and elongation at break of 193%, was found. It can be seen that the BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e tape is a typical tough material with an obvious necking phenomenon during the stretching process, which exhibited the largest elongation at break of 365% and low breaking strength of 16 MPa, due to the \u0026nbsp;strong plasticizing effect of calcium carbonate on polymers(Aliotta et al. 2019, Schlickmann et al. 2019). Thus, BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e tape can be deformed and elongated to exhibit good toughness and low strength. As for the Plant tape, the strength of 160 MPa is the largest than other BOPP tapes. Compared with the other tapes, the plant tape had the strongest rigidity and the highest tensile strength, due to the enhanced intermolecular force and hydrogen bonds(Zhu et al. 2019), leading to the high mechanical performance. Even though plant tape was immersed in water (\u003cstrong\u003eFig. S1a\u003c/strong\u003e), its mechanical strength was still higher than those of the BOPP and BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e tapes. when the sample was dried in a natural state, its strength can be restored to the same level as before immersion \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig. S1b\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSoil and Seawater Degradation Behaviors\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eIt is well known that soil degradation and seawater degradation depends on many factors, specifically water absorption and formation of oligomer fragments, solubilization of oligomer fragments, and diffusion of soluble oligomers by bacteria\u0026nbsp;(Wang et al. 2019b).\u0026nbsp;In this study, the appearance, size,\u0026nbsp;weight and morphological changes and degradation mechanisms of the three tapes were studied after\u0026nbsp;soil and seawater degradation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter 70 days of soil degradation (\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 2\u003c/strong\u003ea), the weight of BOPP tape and BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003etape is extremely small. And the plant tape remains only 32% and the degradation rate is 68%. Meanwhile, there is a significant appearance change after the soil were found for plant tape (\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 2\u003c/strong\u003eb), BOPP tape and BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e tape have no obvious changes in size and appearance. Because of BOPP and BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003etapes were non-degradable and hydrophobic (see insert of \u003cstrong\u003eFig. 2\u003c/strong\u003ea). The plant tape became opaque and started to turn yellow and changes in transparency can also be found in 40 days. This could be related to the reduction of molecular weight and the change of crystallinity during the soil degradation process. On the other hand, the strong hydrophilicity of plant tape causes many microorganisms to digest tape in a relatively humid state(Wang et al. 2019b).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;weight loss of the three tapes after 60 days of seawater degradation (Fig. 2b). The BOPP tape and BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003etape still had a degradation rate of 2%. Surprisingly, the plant tape shows a higher degradation rate of 22%. It indicates that hydrophilic plant tape was beneficial for seawater degradation via hydrolysis, compared with hydrophobic BOPP and BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003etapes (see insert of \u003cstrong\u003eFig. 2\u003c/strong\u003ea). Indeed, the samples after seawater exhibited the slower degradation rate than soil degradation, which can be owing to the low microbial content in seawaters (Dussud et al. 2018). And the appearance changes of above sample in \u003cstrong\u003eFig. 2\u003c/strong\u003ed can further support above results.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 3\u003c/strong\u003ea-f shows the corresponding SEM before and after soil degradation and seawater degradation. It can be seen that the BOPP tape shows no obvious change, while there are 1-2\u0026mu;m holes on the surface of BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e tape. On the other hand, the plant tape has 5-6\u0026mu;m or even larger holes. and surface morphology of the three tapes does not change significantly (\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 3\u003c/strong\u003ed-f), which further prove the slow degradation rate in seawater. Besides, the plant tape gives relatively rough surface after seawater degradation, which was due to that water can enter into hydrophilic cellulose chains in the Plant tape to result in Swelling of cellulose(Chen et al. 2020). As we known, soil degradation rate was determined by erosion of microorganisms or the enzymes secretion and hydrolysis, while seawater degradation rate was dependent on the hydrolysis of polymer chains\u0026nbsp;(Meereboer et al. 2020). \u003cstrong\u003eFig. 3\u003c/strong\u003eg and h provide two possible mechanisms for three tapes: the hydrophilic cellulose in plant tape was easy to accumulation of a large number of microorganisms and hydrolysis attacking, leading to faster soil and seawater degradation ratio, whereas the hydrophobicity of the BOPP tape and BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e tapes avoids the adhesion of microorganisms and\u0026nbsp;absorption water, so slow soil and seawater degradation were observed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThermal Degradation Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTG-FTIR was used to investigate the thermal degradation mechanism of the base material of tape, and the TG-FTIR stack plots were shown in \u003cstrong\u003eFig. 4\u003c/strong\u003ea-c (The illustration showed the respective TG and DTG).\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSimilar degradation temperature and infrared bands can be observed for BOPP and BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e tapes, indicating analogous products formed in the thermal decomposition of BOPP and BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e tapes. However, the first degradation temperature 474 \u0026deg;C \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig. 4\u003c/strong\u003eb) of BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e tape was higher than BOPP tape 472 \u0026deg;C (\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 4\u003c/strong\u003ea), which the reason is that CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e can improve thermal stability (Pal et al. 2012, Li et al. 2019). The thermal degradation products of BOPP tape were mainly methane and propylene, which can be proved from the infrared spectrum of the maximum degradation temperature(Zielińska et al. 2022) (\u003cstrong\u003eFig. S2a\u003c/strong\u003e). The stretching vibration peak near 3081 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and -C=C- stretching and bending vibration (1674 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) indicate the formation of olefins. C-H stretching vibrations (2964 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1382 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) and -CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e scissor vibration (1450 and 2985 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) reflect the formation of alkanes\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e(Al-Salem et al. 2017, Xu et al. 2018). The degradation product of BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e tape was almost the same as BOPP tape degradation, While the difference was calcium oxide in the product after BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e tape degradation. The characteristic peaks near 2358 and 666cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003eFig. S2b\u003c/strong\u003e), due to the formation of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e which was the decomposition of CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e(dos Santos Ara\u0026uacute;jo et al. 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe maximum degradation temperature of Plant tape was the lowest 348 \u0026deg;C (\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 4\u003c/strong\u003ec) than BOPP and BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e tapes, mainly due to the decomposition temperature of glycosidic bonds in Plant tape being lower than C=C bonds in BOPP and BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e tapes (\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 4\u003c/strong\u003ed). Indeed, the weight loss rate dropped greatly from 95% to 20% due to the thermal decomposition\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;cellulose, which was supported by \u003cstrong\u003eFig.S2c\u003c/strong\u003e. Clearly, the -OH characteristics peaks at 3730 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 2380-2278 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e,666 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e,2173 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and 2105 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e were due to the formed of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eand CO, respectively. The peak at 1746 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e was attributed to the C=O group of carbonyl compounds (including aldehydes, ketones, and acids) and the position 3000-2770 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1500-1300 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e indicates the formation aliphatic alkanes. Such results demonstrated that the degradation products of Plant tape were mainly CO,\u0026nbsp;CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, C\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, and CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO(Zhu et al. 2018)(Li et al. 2020).\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this work, we successfully designed new and direct evidence for the degradation and non-degradation behavior of tapes (BOPP, BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eand Plant tapes). The degradation behavior and degradation mechanism in different environments (in soil, seawater and thermal degradation), mechanical properties and chemical composition had been evaluated in detail. It is found that the Plant tape weight lost 68 % in 70 days in soil and 22 % in 60 days in seawater, while BOPP and BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e tapes had little weight loss in soil and seawater. The Plant tape has the best degradability ratio than BOPP and BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e tapes in soil and seawater degradation, mainly due to the hydrophilicity of cellulose in Plant tape accelerated the hydrolysis of glyosidic bond and at the same time provided numerous enzymes/microorganisms to digest amorphous cellulose chains. Besides，the demonstrated work provided that designing new strategies on degradation behavior and degradation mechanisms have huge potential for reducing the burden of fossil resources, promoting a bio-based economy and accelerating the rapid development of the industry.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors wish to thank the financial support from the Outstanding Youth Project of Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (LR22E030002), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Key Foundation of China (LZ20E030003)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eOutstanding Youth Project of Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (LR22E030002) (Houyong Yu), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Key Foundation of China (LZ20E030003)\u0026nbsp;(Houyong Yu)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e I declare that all the authors had a significant participation in the development of this work. Dongping Tang wrote the main manuscript text and drew the main Figure. Houyong Yu, Somia Yassin Hussain Abdalkarim, and Xiang Chen checked the manuscript for review and editing. Mingxin Wang Revised the manuscript format. \u0026nbsp;Jingli Zhu and Meijin jin prepared experimental raw materials and test equipment. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics declarations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll authors agreed to the publication in the submitted form.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e No results of studies involving humans or animals are reported.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublishing policy\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWe have read and understood the publishing policy, and submit this manuscript in accordance with this policy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDual publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe results/data/figures in this manuscript have not been published elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThird Party Material\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll of the material is owned by the authors\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Salem SM, Sharma BK, Khan AR, et al (2017) Thermal degradation kinetics of virgin polypropylene (PP) and PP with starch blends exposed to natural weathering. 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Science (80- ) 363:396\u0026ndash;400\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"cellulose","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cels","sideBox":"Learn more about [Cellulose](https://www.springer.com/journal/10570)","snPcode":"10570","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10570/3","title":"Cellulose","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Tapes, Environmental degradation, Physical properties, Thermal analysis ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1985963/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1985963/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eChina\u0026rsquo;s express delivery industry is developing rapidly, but the degradation and non-degradability of packaging tapes have been tremendously controversial and the degradation mechanism is not clear. In this work, the biodegradation behavior/mechanism and mechanical property of the polypropylene-based tape (BOPP tape), polypropylene doped with calcium carbonate (BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e tape), and Plant-based tape (Plant tape) are discussed. It is found that the degradability ability and breaking strength of Plant tape are better than BOPP and BOPP/CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e tapes. Simultaneously, the possible degradation mechanisms of three tapes under three degradation ways were presented, providing a theoretical basis for developing their potential uses in the green packaging, express, and electronic industries.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Design a new strategy for evaluating biodegradation mechanisms between plant tape and industrial tapes","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-08-29 14:02:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1985963/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2022-09-05T13:57:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2022-09-05T13:49:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2022-08-25T02:57:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Cellulose","date":"2022-08-22T10:55:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"cellulose","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cels","sideBox":"Learn more about [Cellulose](https://www.springer.com/journal/10570)","snPcode":"10570","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10570/3","title":"Cellulose","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b5b7f7b1-1d6e-471b-bcf6-b0fd8b921c4d","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 29th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-10-16T22:17:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-1985963","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05431-1","journal":{"identity":"cellulose","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Cellulose"},"publishedOn":"2023-08-09 21:56:42","publishedOnDateReadable":"August 9th, 2023"},"versionCreatedAt":"2022-08-29 14:02:19","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10570-023-05431-1","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05431-1","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1985963","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1985963","identity":"rs-1985963","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"J0_U0BvcaRcwD8yVFaRlm","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}