Green’s Function-Based Analysis of Convergence for Offline Iterative Real-Time Hybrid Simulation

Green’s Function-Based Analysis of Convergence for Offline Iterative Real-Time Hybrid Simulation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Green’s Function-Based Analysis of Convergence for Offline Iterative Real-Time Hybrid Simulation Liang HUANG, Cheng CHEN This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7644241/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Compared to online real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS), offline RTHS transforms the closed-loop interaction into an open-loop iterative process, substantially reducing the computational and communication demands while simplifying the overall testing procedure. Despite its practical advantages, a critical challenge persists that iteration errors in offline RTHS are not guaranteed to decrease monotonically. In fact, errors may initially increase, creating a serious risk of uncontrolled loading when commands exceed the physical limits of specimens or actuators. To date, this phenomenon has lacked a rigorous theoretical explanation. This study pioneers a Green’s function-based analysis to elucidate the convergence behavior of offline RTHS. Practical criterion is derived for ensuring monotonic convergence of iteration errors, providing-for the first time-a theoretical safeguard against divergence in offline testing. Importantly, the analysis establishes that while monotonic convergence is not necessary for ultimate convergence, it is a sufficient condition to prevent loss of loading control. Parametric studies on damping ratio, natural frequency, experimental substructure proportion, test time, and external excitation further reveal their distinct roles in convergence behavior, offering systematic design insights for safe and robust offline RTHS implementation. Although conservative by nature, the proposed criterion represents the first theoretical foundation for analyzing error convergence in offline RTHS. Supported by both numerical simulations and experimental validation, it provides a pioneering step toward improving the reliability, safety, and theoretical understanding of structural hybrid simulation systems. offline RTHS convergency monotonicity nonlinear issue Full Text Supplementary Files Appendix.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 28 Sep, 2025 Editor invited by journal 25 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 20 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 18 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7644241","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":521750988,"identity":"f691806c-dd60-4c71-9231-967f2179b3b5","order_by":0,"name":"Liang 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Despite its practical advantages, a critical challenge persists that iteration errors in offline RTHS are not guaranteed to decrease monotonically. In fact, errors may initially increase, creating a serious risk of uncontrolled loading when commands exceed the physical limits of specimens or actuators. To date, this phenomenon has lacked a rigorous theoretical explanation. This study pioneers a Green\u0026rsquo;s function-based analysis to elucidate the convergence behavior of offline RTHS. Practical criterion is derived for ensuring monotonic convergence of iteration errors, providing-for the first time-a theoretical safeguard against divergence in offline testing. Importantly, the analysis establishes that while monotonic convergence is not necessary for ultimate convergence, it is a sufficient condition to prevent loss of loading control. Parametric studies on damping ratio, natural frequency, experimental substructure proportion, test time, and external excitation further reveal their distinct roles in convergence behavior, offering systematic design insights for safe and robust offline RTHS implementation. Although conservative by nature, the proposed criterion represents the first theoretical foundation for analyzing error convergence in offline RTHS. 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