Stigma Towards Health Care Providers Taking Care of COVID-19 Patients: A Multi-Country Study

Background: Health care providers (HCPs) have always been a common target of stigmatization during widespread infections and COVID-19 is not an exception. Aim: This study aims to investigate the prevalence of stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic among HCPs in 7 different countries using the Stigma COVID-19 Healthcare Providers tool (S19-HCPs). Design: Cross-sectional Methods: The S19-HCPs is a self-administered survey (16-item) developed and validated by the research team. The participants were invited to complete an online survey. Data collection started from June-July 2020 using a convenience sample of HCPs from Iraq, Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Kuwait. Results: A total number of 1726 participants were included in the final analysis. The majority of the study participants were Jordanians (22%), followed by Kuwaitis (19%), Filipinos (18%) and the lowest participants were Indonesians (6%). Other nationalities were Iraqis, Saudis, and Egyptians with 15%, 11% and 9% respectively. Among the respondents, 57% have worked either in a COVID-19 designated facility or in a quarantine center and 78% claimed that they had received training for COVID-19. Statistical significance between COVID-19 stigma and demographic variables were found in all aspect of the S19-HCPs. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrated high levels of stigmatization against HCPs in all the included seven countries. On the other hand, they are still perceived positively by their communities and in their utmost, highly motivated to care for COVID-19 patients. Educational and awareness programs could have a crucial role in the solution of stigmatization problems over the world.Funding: This study received no grant or fund.Declaration of Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.Ethics Approval Statement: The Ethics Committee approved all study activities of the following Centers: Iraq, University of Baghdad (UoB) in Iraq (Ref20-09-2020); Jordan, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) (Ref15-10-2020), King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC) (04-NOV-2020), Islamic Hospital (6-2020-2968), Al Essra Hospital (02-01-2021); Saudi Arabia, Faculty of Nursing, King Abdulaziz University (KAU) (Ref No 2F. 38); Kuwait, Ministry of Health (1604/2020); Indonesia, Universitas Triatma Mulya (2020-10022); for the Philippines and Egypt (no IRB approvals were required).