Systems-Level Coordination of Metabolism and Immunity in Health and Metabolic Disorders

Immuno modulation and metabolism are crucial for survival, with host metabolites and microbiota influencing immune responses. This study explores the role of immune stimulation on insulin sensitivity, lipid management, and glucose regulation, highlighting tissue-specific effects in muscles, liver, adipose tissue, and the gut. It also examines human milk-derived bioactives on early metabolism and immunity, as well as how microbial substrates, postbiotics, and dysbiosis impact immune function and contribute to metabolic diseases, including obesity and inflammation. Prenatal immunometabolism changes significantly impact pregnancy outcomes and are linked to long-term metabolic issues. This review explores various factors, including the microbiome, autophagy, epigenetics, organokine signaling, and immunological dysfunction from undernutrition, along with advancements in metabolomics. It assesses therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring metabolic-immune balance, particularly focusing on anti-inflammatory and nutritional interventions such as IL-1β antagonism, omega-3 fatty acids, and intermittent fasting. The findings highlight the importance of understanding immune-metabolic interactions to improve health and develop personalized treatments for metabolic syndrome and related disorders.