A Novel Hybrid Range-free Approach to locate Sensor Nodes in 3D WSN using GWO-FA Algorithm

A Novel Hybrid Range-free Approach to locate Sensor Nodes in 3D WSN using GWO-FA Algorithm | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A Novel Hybrid Range-free Approach to locate Sensor Nodes in 3D WSN using GWO-FA Algorithm Prabhjot Singh, Nitin Mittal, Parulpreet Singh This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-638905/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The precise node location of the sensor nodes is an essential requirement in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) to determine the place or event occurring at a particular instant of time. In WSN, existing localization schemes considers two-dimensional (2D) space, while in actual life, sensor nodes are placed in three-dimensional (3D) space. In 3D localization, there are many research challenges, such as higher computational complexity, poor location prediction, lesser coverage, and depending only on fewer anchor nodes. To address various research issues in 3D environment we propose a range-free technique applied in an anisotropic scenario having Degree of Irregularity (DOI) as 0.01 using the concepts of fuzzy logic system (FLS). Anisotropic properties of nodes are considered to determine the efficiency of Grey wolf with Firefly algorithm. In our proposed scenario, the received signal strength (RSS) information is necessary among the target nodes and their corresponding anchor nodes for determining the location of target nodes using the information based on edge weights. These edge weights are further modelled using Hybrid GWO-FA to estimate the location of target nodes. The proposed algorithms is energy efficient as a single location aware node is used for localization. Further, the concept of virtual anchors is introduced that helps the algorithm to determine 3D positions. Cell Communication and Signaling Localization WSNs GWO-FA Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 29 Jul, 2021 Reviewers invited by journal 24 Jul, 2021 Editor assigned by journal 18 Jun, 2021 First submitted to journal 18 Jun, 2021 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-638905","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":41676823,"identity":"f5305f3b-ad44-4ed6-b58f-6000ce09da36","order_by":0,"name":"Prabhjot Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chandigarh University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Prabhjot","middleName":"","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""},{"id":41676824,"identity":"1aea273c-02e2-44b8-ace1-8d5bf0d1e1e0","order_by":1,"name":"Nitin Mittal","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZhBRwMDAxsDYwPCBxwbIY2w8gF8LM1CpAVALG2MD4wyZNJCWBvxaGKBagNYwMPPYHAaL4dWi285//MEPA4Y8Pvnmtoczcs7brW0/DLSlxiYalxazw8yMjT0GDMVAh7UbfDhzO3nbmUSglmNpuQ14tDTwGDAktrExtknO7LmdbHYAqIWx4TBeLY1/oFqkef+dSzY7/5CwlmaYLdI8PAfszG4QtsVwtoyBBFBLYpvkDJ7kBLMbQFsS8Pnl/MEHH99U2CTObz7+TOIDj5292fn0hw8+1Njg1AIFEnBWIlhlAn7lqMCeFMWjYBSMglEwMgAAdyxdrnigI3MAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0758-2755","institution":"Chandigarh University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nitin","middleName":"","lastName":"Mittal","suffix":""},{"id":41676825,"identity":"4dec2e8e-b9d6-4f6e-b708-2b4654967891","order_by":2,"name":"Parulpreet Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lovely Professional University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Parulpreet","middleName":"","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-06-18 17:08:46","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-638905/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-638905/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":13662423,"identity":"fe527b30-d44d-44ba-8adc-4088abbab903","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 10:32:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1829751,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Rangefree3DPrabh.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-638905/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":11809616,"identity":"b95959db-9502-434b-bbe0-7e766f685710","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-07-26 15:11:46","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1826167,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Rangefree3DPrabh.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-638905/v1_covered.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"A Novel Hybrid Range-free Approach to locate Sensor Nodes in 3D WSN using GWO-FA Algorithm","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"This preprint is available for \u003ca href='/article/rs-638905/latest.pdf' target='_blank'\u003edownload as a PDF\u003c/a\u003e."}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"telecommunication-systems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"tels","sideBox":"Learn more about [Telecommunication Systems](https://www.springer.com/journal/11235)","snPcode":"11235","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11235/3","title":"Telecommunication Systems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Localization, WSNs, GWO-FA","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-638905/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-638905/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe precise node location of the sensor nodes\u0026nbsp;is an\u0026nbsp;essential requirement in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) to determine the place or event\u0026nbsp;occurring\u0026nbsp;at a particular instant of time. In WSN, existing\u0026nbsp;localization schemes considers two-dimensional (2D) space, while in actual life, sensor nodes are placed in three-dimensional (3D) space. In 3D localization, there are\u0026nbsp;many research\u0026nbsp;challenges, such as higher\u0026nbsp;computational complexity, poor location prediction, lesser coverage, and depending only on fewer anchor nodes. To address various research\u0026nbsp;issues in 3D environment\u0026nbsp;we propose a range-free technique applied in an\u0026nbsp;anisotropic scenario having Degree of Irregularity (DOI) as 0.01 using the concepts of fuzzy logic system\u0026nbsp;(FLS). Anisotropic properties of nodes are considered to determine the efficiency of Grey wolf with Firefly algorithm. In our proposed scenario, the received signal strength (RSS) information is necessary among the target nodes and their corresponding anchor nodes for determining the location of target nodes using the information based on edge weights.\u0026nbsp;These edge weights are further modelled using Hybrid GWO-FA to estimate the location of target nodes. The proposed algorithms is energy efficient as a single location aware node is used for localization. Further, the concept of virtual anchors is introduced that helps the algorithm to determine 3D positions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A Novel Hybrid Range-free Approach to locate Sensor Nodes in 3D WSN using GWO-FA Algorithm","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-07-26 15:11:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-638905/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-07-29T10:17:45+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2021-07-24T23:32:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2021-06-19T00:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Telecommunication Systems","date":"2021-06-18T13:08:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"telecommunication-systems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"tels","sideBox":"Learn more about [Telecommunication Systems](https://www.springer.com/journal/11235)","snPcode":"11235","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11235/3","title":"Telecommunication Systems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4bc5f004-de71-40ab-96b1-afb7248b6870","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 26th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":5972645,"name":"Cell Communication and Signaling"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-02-16T18:09:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2021-07-26 15:11:39","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-638905","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-638905","identity":"rs-638905","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"J0_U0BvcaRcwD8yVFaRlm","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}