Distribution and Utilization pattern of wild and domesticated Musa spp. by Khamti tribe of Namsai district in Arunachal Pradesh, India

Distribution and Utilization pattern of wild and domesticated Musa spp. by Khamti tribe of Namsai district in Arunachal Pradesh, India | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Distribution and Utilization pattern of wild and domesticated Musa spp. by Khamti tribe of Namsai district in Arunachal Pradesh, India Walung Songthing, Govinda Pangging This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4835569/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The study was done to document the distribution and utilization pattern of wild and domesticated Musa spp. by the Khamti tribe of Namsai district, Arunachal Pradesh. This study was conducted from January to June 2023 through a questionnaire survey and informal interviews with 55 respondents from the Khamti tribe. In this study, 10 Musa spp. were reported from the Namsai district. Of these 7 were wild Musa spp. namely M. balbisiana, M. flaviflora, M. itinerens, M. markkuana, M. siangensis, M. velutina and one unknown Musa spp. M1 and 3 cultivated Musa sp. Jahaji, chinikol, sabji-kol. Khampti tribe utilized Musa spp. in 8 use categories for their various socio-cultural purposes such as ceremonies and rituals (CNR), commercial uses (COM), construction (CON), edible (EDB), livestock feed (FED), traditional medicine (MED), packing (PAC) and others (OTH). The highest use percentage was found in the edible (EDB) and commercial (COM) use categories with 26% each, followed by ceremonies and rituals (15%), others (11%), etc. Among the plant parts, fruits and inflorescences had the highest utilization (21% each), followed by leaf and pseudo stem (16% each), etc. Among all Musa spp., M.balbisiana had the highest number of plant parts utilized i.e. 7 followed by M.itinerans. Distribution Utilization Musa Khamti Namsai Arunachal Pradesh Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Introduction Banana plants belong to the genus Musa L. the monocot family Musacea in the order Zingiberales. There are two more genera Ensete Bruce ex Horan and Musella (Franch) in the family (Kress et al. 2001 ). There are 83 species of Musa distributed throughout the world and maximum diversity of species in tropical and subtropical regions of Southeast Asia, southwest pacific and northern Australia (Liu et al. 2002 ; POWO, 2023; Kennedy 2009 ). Most of the species of Musa are concentrated and considered to be originated from Indo-Myanmar and south Asian regions including Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam (Daniells et al. 2001; Joe and Sabu 2016 ; Hastuti H et al. 2019 ; Myers et al. 2000 ; Uma et al. 2005 ). A total of 34 taxa of Musaceae were reported in India of which 30 taxa occurred in Northeastern states with 19 taxa endemic to the region, representing 81% of the total wild Musaceae diversity in India (Sabu et al. 2016). The majority of wild Musa in the Indian subcontinent are found in the North-eastern states, which represent the junction of the Indo-burma and eastern Himalayas (Deb CR et al. 2023). Besides wild species in natural habitats, many cultivated varieties of Musa spp. are found in the traditional home gardens in the region (Molina et al. 2002). Six new Musa spp. ( M. argentii, M. arunachalensis , M. markkui, M. markuana, M. kamengnensis , M. puspanjalieae ) were recorded from Arunachal Pradesh in the last six years (Dey et al. 2014 ; Gogoi& Borah, 2013 ; Gogoi& Borah, 2014 ; Gogoi & Hakkinen, 2013 ; Hareesh et al. 2017; Sreejith et al. 2013 ). With the diverse distribution of Musa spp. in different parts of the world, the indigenous communities are dependent on Musa spp. for various socio-cultural, religious and economic purposes. In addition to wide use of banana fruit as a source of food, different parts of the banana plants are also used in numerous ways by different communities. The leaves of Musa spp. are used extensively for preparing weaving baskets, mats, table clothes, plates, and cups, food wrappers for both marketing and cooking and for covering food (Kamira et al. 2015 ). The fruit, leaves, peels, pseudo stem and roots of the Musa plant have different pharmacological effects (Palde et al. 2022 ). The male bud is cooked and consumed as a vegetable in Malaysia and India (Hassan, 2002). It is also used in several meals because of various health advantages (Palde et al. 2022 ). The sap liquid obtained from male buds of many Musa species are used as a remedy for stomach problems (Mustaffa and Sathiamoothy, 2002). Ripen fruits of M.cheesmani and M.itinerans is consumed to cure dysentery (Dutta et al. 2019 ). Many species of Musa are also extensively used for magico-religious practices viz., the use of M. balbisiana stem during preparation of the ceremonial altar in Tallenguie and Sarak puja by the Mising and Deori tribes of Assam, respectively (Pangging et al. 2019 ; Pangging et al. 2021 ). Arunachal Pradesh located in the Northeastern region of India has large geographical area with varying range of agro-climatic conditions harboring rich floral and faunal diversity. The state also possesses high ethnic and cultural diversity. Khamti is a major tribal community inhabiting the Namsai district located in the eastern part of Arunachal. The Khamti like other tribal community are dependent on forest resources since time immemorial. The cultivation and utilization of Musa is an integral part of the traditional knowledge systems of Khamti tribe. Thus, the present study was carried out to document the distribution and utilization pattern of both wild and domesticated Musa spp. by the Khamti tribe in Namsai district of Arunachal Pradesh. Methodology Study area and community The present study was conducted in Namsai district located in the eastern part of Arunachal Pradesh and its coordinates are 27 0 30’ to 27 0 55’ N latitude and 95 0 52’ to 96 0 20’ E longitude with average elevation of 156mMSL. The district is surrounded by Assam in the West and Southwest, Changlang district in the South and Southeast, and Lohit district in the East and North (Fig. 1 ). The geographical area is 1587 sq km (approx). Namsai has a warm and temperate climate. Heavy rainfall occurs during summer compared to winter. During summer the temperature rises to 35° C while in winter it falls to 10 0 C. The average annual temperature is 22.8°C. Precipitation here averages 2728 mm. The vegetation of Namsai district is a tropical wet semi-evergreen forest found in the ecology of the Himalayan Mountains. (Hazarika et al. 2020). The people of the district mainly depend on agriculture. The Tai-Khamti tribe belonging to the Tai ethnic group, are the major tribes inhabiting the Namsai district of Arunachal Pradesh. However, some populations are also found in Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh and Tinsukia, Lakhimpur, and Dhemaji districts of Assam. They are the followers of Theravada (Hinayana) Buddhism and have their own script locally known as ‘ Lik Tai ’ and they speak Khamti language. There is a prayer room in every house, and the family pray morning and evening while bringing offerings of food (khao tang som) and flowers (nam taw yongli). Tai-Khampti are built their house on raised floors with thatched roofs (Namsai District Administration 2024 ). It was observed that every household has land for homesteads, wet rice fields and dry land for cultivation during the survey. The Khamti tribe mostly practice rice cultivation while some also grow Musa spp., vegetables and cash crops. Other tribes namely Deories, Aiton, Khamyangs and Phake were also found inhibiting Namsai district. Documentation of distribution and identification of Musa Species The documentation on distribution of Musa spp. was conducted through an extensive field survey and the exact locations of occurrence of Musa spp. were recorded with the help of Global Positioning System (GPS). The identification of Musa spp. was done by consulting published literature and comparing the morpho-taxonomic characterization based on described in the “descriptors of banana” (IPGRI, INIBAP and CIRAD 1996), name and synonyms of banana were confirmed by consulting web resource, plants of the world online (POWO, 2023) and musalogue (Daniel et al. 2001).The leaves, inflorescences, fruits were collected for preparation of the herbarium following the standard methodology (Jain and Rao 1977). The distribution map of Musa spp. was prepared using QGIS 3.32 software. The distribution of wild species was obtained through informal interaction with the informants and by visiting the forests. These species were grouped into various categories such as abundant – the species that is available in abundance; rare – the species that are very uncommon, scare, infrequently encountered or could be an endemic species; random – individuals that are spaced at unpredictable distances from each other and cultivated – the species that is available and can be cultivated by humans to meet their needs (Dutta et al. 2019 ). Utilization pattern The utilization of both wild and cultivated Musa spp. was done with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire, informal interview and personal observation as per methodology (Jain and Mudgal 1999 ). In this present study, 55 informants were selected through random sampling from selected villages of the Namsai district namely, Namsai, Lathao, Manfaiseng, Mengkeng, Chongkham, Kherem, Nampong, Enten, Manna, Ningloo, Mumong , etc. The informants were broadly grouped as village heads (GB), monks, farmers, local healers, etc. from different age groups and gender. Prior informed consent (PIC) was also obtained before commencing the interview. The information obtained included the inventory of local name of the Musa spp., synonym and meaning if any, local knowledge, and knowledge about bananas. The uses of plant parts of banana were categorized into rhizome, sucker, seed, sap, leaf, pseudo stem, inflorescence, and fruit. Also, the uses of bananas were grouped into nine use categories such as ceremonies and ritual (CNR- ceremony and traditional needs), commercial (COM- Musa parts and products sold in markets), construction (CON- used in roofing), edible (EDB- consumed by the locals, traditional cuisine etc.), feed (FED- livestock feeds), medicine (MED- traditional medicines), nutrient resource management (NRM- traditional nutrient management), packing (PAC- packing, wrapping, binding, etc.), and others (OTH-domestic uses, ornamental, miscellaneous uses, etc.). Results Distribution of Musa spp. in Namsai district of Arunachal Pradesh The distribution of Musa spp. was done by taking GPS points with the help of Garmin GPS device by visiting the forest areas and roadways throughout the district as much as possible. A total of seven wild Musa spp. namely M. balbisiana, M. itinerans, M. velutina, M. markkuana, M. flaviflora, M. siangensis and one unidentified spp. named Musa M1 , and three domesticated cultivars Jahaji, Sabji-kol and Chini-champa were recorded from different parts of Namsai district, Arunachal Pradesh. The distributions of seven wild Musa spp. in Namsai district of Arunachal Pradesh are shown in Fig. 2. The location (latitude and longitude coordinates) of different wild Musa spp. was recorded with the help of Garmin GPS device which is noted in table 2 and the point distribution (with reference to the location) of wild Musa spp. distributed in Namsai district is plotted in the distribution map (Fig 3). The map was created using QGIS 3.32 software in OSM standard map. Among the wild species, M. velutina and M. itinerans were found to be the most abundant wild species. While M. balbisiana , M. flaviflora and Musa M1 (unknown sp.) were found randomly distributed in the district. M. siangensis and M. markkuana were the least distributed with few locations recorded from the study area with f 5-10 individuals/bananas per clump. The domesticated Musa spp. was found mainly in the home gardens and agricultural fields of the tribal community. Indigenous knowledge on utilization of Musa spp . by the Khamti tribe. The Khamti tribe utilized both wild and domesticated Musa spp. under 8 broad utilization categories such as ceremonies and rituals (CNR), commercial (COM), construction (CON), edible (EDB), feed (FED), medicine (MED), packaging/wrapping purpose (PAC) and other purposes (OTH). The indigenous knowledge system related to utilization of Musa spp. by Khamti tribe has been passed down from the older generation to the current generation since time immemorial (informant). The utilization pattern of seven Musa spp. and three cultivars are given in table 1. The various utilization of Musa spp. by Khamti tribe is shown in fig 5. A comparative analysis among different Musa spp. use categories (Fig. 4) showed that M. balbisiana was dominant in terms of highest use categories with 7 use categories followed by M. itinerans (6 use categories), Musa sp. ( Jahaji ) (5 use categories), etc. However, Musa M1 and M. siangensis had no record of use among the Khamti tribe. The highest use from M. balbisiana parts was seen in medicinal purposes followed by ceremonies and rituals. While M. itinerens had the highest uses in ceremonies and rituals. Among all Musa spp., M. balbisiana had the highest number of plant parts utilized i.e. 7, followed by M. itinerans and Jahaji i.e. 4 each (Fig. 6). In M. balbisiana , the highest number of usages of plant parts was found in leaf with 9 usages, followed by pseudo stem (6 usages), fruit, inflorescence, peel and seed (Fig. 6). Dutta et al ., (2019) reported usages of Musa spp. by five different tribes of Arunachal Pradesh where M. Cheesmani was found with maximum uses followed by M. itinerens and M. acuminata etc. in Siang and Subansiri region of Arunachal Pradesh. The highest used percentage was found in the Ceremonies and Rituals (23%), followed by edible (19%), commercial use categories (18%), other (14%), etc. The least use was found in construction (2%) as shown in Fig. 7. However, Dutta et al ., (2019) recorded the highest uses in food consumption (42%), followed by fodder (23%), other (15%), etc. in Siang and Subansiri regions of Arunachal Pradesh. Among all plant parts, fruits and inflorescences were utilized maximum (21% each), followed by leaf and pseudo stem (16% each), peel (6%), etc. The least use (5% each) was recorded for the whole plant, sap, seed and sucker (Fig. 8). Dutta et al ., (2019) reported the highest usage of fruits as food and fodder (35%) followed by leaves (24%), inflorescence (22%) and pseudo-stems (19%) in Siang and Subansiri region of Arunachal Pradesh. Discussion A total of seven wild Musa spp. namely M. balbisiana, M. itinerans, M. velutina, M. markkuana, M. flaviflora, M. siangensis and one unidentified spp. named Musa M1 , and three domesticated cultivars Jahaji, Sabji-kol and Chini-champa were recorded from different parts of Namsai district, Arunachal Pradesh. One unidentified species needs taxonomic characterization and description which may be a new species. M. balbisiana was found in abundance in the district which has been reported to occur in all states in Northeastern India particularly in Assam (Subbaraya, 2006). Most of the species were recorded from roadside, near agricultural fields and nearby forests. Some of the species such as the unknown Musa M1 and M. siangensis were under tremendous stress due to expansion of roads, agriculture fields and deforestation activities. Moreover, M. siangensis was recorded from East Siang district located near agriculture lands and human settlements which restricted its distribution and rare occurrence making it an endangered species (Taid et al., 2024 ). This suggests that urgent need for state level conservation strategy is required to conserve these species from extinction. The highest use of Musa species was observed in Ceremonies and rituals. Rituals such as Khnpasa-mau where the bride is allowed to pass between two Musa sucker tied with rope after marriage while entering the groom house is an important ritual of the Khamti tribe. Likewise, the use of Musa species in Antrekang – ritual performed for positive spirit in a house after death of a household member, Hapsomna – a ritual done for good fortune during rice harvest, Maikho-sumphai – a ritual where the khamti tribe pray to God for warm and sunny weather by burning woods after chill winter, Nunsietapong – a conical structure resembling a temple (Kong-mu) where banana pseudo stem is used to construct it and fruits of Musa species are also offered in various ceremonies and festivals in Khamti tradition. These practices show that the Khamti tribe has preserved their traditional ways of celebrating ceremonies, functions and rituals, which are also an important part of their life. Authors such as Laishram & Thokchom 2019 , Kumar et al., 2023 and Devi et al., 2024 also reported the use of Musa spp. in different ceremonies and rituals. Traditional dishes such as Pikoi-sen, Pikoi-moh, Pikoi-tam, Pikoi-tangnam and Paa-som are an important traditional dish prepared from Musa species by the tribe. Jumari ( 2000 ) reported the use of some varieties of Musa spp. were cooked in various dishes. Paa-som which is prepared by using Pseudo stem of M. itinerens added with fermented fish is an important dish which is compulsory on several occasions such as marriage, naming of newborn baby, housewarming etc. M. balbisiana leaves also play an important role in making local pitha (Tongtep), which is prepared during festivals. Musa inflorescences are not only consumed but also sold in local markets. Padam (2014) reported that banana inflorescence is consumed as vegetables. The inflorescences of wild Musa species such as M. balbisiana, M. flaviflora, M. itinerens, M. markkuana and M. velutina were consumed as vegetables and sold in local markets for 20–50 rupees. The price ranges according to the size of the inflorescences. Tribal people have used parts of the plant including banana traditionally as medicine to cure diverse health ailments (Dutta et al., 2019 ). Such traditional medicines from Musa species were also observed which is still practiced by the Khamti tribe. These includes, consuming crushed seeds of M. balbisiana after mixing with water cures piles and it acts as vitamins for infants. The sap of M. balbisiana is consumed to cure dysentery and stomach-ache. Similar study was conducted by Emery et al., ( 1997 ); Sampath et al., ( 2012 ) on the effects of Banana on curing stomach troubles and other stomach related ailments. De-worming and cough are cured if the burnt peel mixed with water of M. balbisiana is consumed. Decay pseudo stem of M. balbisiana mixed with garlic cures tooth pain. Elephant owner feeds their elephants with the pseudo stem of Musa species to get energy during work. Recently, Mehra et al., 2014 , Jyothirmayi & Rao 2015 , Yuhlung & Battacharyya 2016, Galini 2019, Ajijolakewu et al., 2021 , Supiandi et al., 2023 , Gaikwad et al., 2023 and Rahman et al., 2022 reported different traditional medicines utilized from different Musa spp. Musa plants are also utilized in other purposes such as domestic purposes, packing, feed, manure and miscellaneous purposes. Musa leaves are used in various daily purposes such as plates in various ceremonies and festivals, steaming of fish, to store dry meat and fish, roof in forest camps, wrapping beetle leave for selling and to wrap vegetables for selling. It is also planted in areca nut plantation which serve as a nurse crop. The leaves and pseudo stem are also used as manures. The pseudo stems are used as fodder for pig. Similar reports were conducted by Aurore et al., ( 2009 ) that unpeeled green bananas are used as pig feed while Akinyele & Agbro ( 2007 ) reported the use of Musa waste as animal feed. The pseudo stem of Musa species is used in making Huttak-phai (traditional fire chulla) and local boat for rafting or crossing river. The leaves of M. balbisiana were used to write and practice Khamti scripts by monks. These practices and uses of Musa species in various purposes shows that Musa species has been an important part of human life since time immemorial. Further, scientific investigation may be done on the wild Musa species on the information acquired in this paper. Conclusion The present study recorded seven wild Musa spp. which are M. balbisiana, M. flaviflora, M. itinerens, M. markkuana, M. siangensis, M. velutina and one unknown Musa sp . (M1) from Namsai district of Arunachal Pradesh. The diverse distribution of Musa species and occurrence of new species (M1) from the study shows that this area is suitable for Musa occurrence. Moreover, three domesticated Musa spp. (cultivars) namely Jahaji (Cavendish), Chini-champa and Sabji-kol were also found to be cultivated in home gardens and agricultural land by the Khamti tribe. Banana plants ( Musa spp.) may be considered an important socio-cultural plant species, which are utilized under 8 broad use categories such as construction, commercial, edible, feed, medicine, etc. Among these use categories, edible and commercial use was dominant with 26% each and least in construction and medicine (4% each). M. balbisiana had the highest use categories which may be considered as an important species among all the wild species found in the region. Besides, the highest utilized plant parts were fruits and inflorescences (21%) each and the least utilization was recorded for whole plant (pseudo stem), sap and sucker. Musa spp. was also utilized for magico-religious purposes wherein many rituals and ceremonies such as Khnpasa-mau , Hap-somna , Maikho-sumphai , Antrekang and Paa-som. Various traditional dishes such as Pikoi-sen, Pikoi-moh, Pikoi-tam, Pikoi-tangnam and Paa-som were also prepared using different parts of Musa spp. The practice of traditional knowledge in rituals, ceremonies, functions and ethnic dishes shows that not only the Khamti tribe has preserved their culture and tradition but also preserved their traditional knowledge from their previous generation. This also proves that there may be further practices involving different species in preparing traditional medicine, magico-religious practices, ethnic dishes rather than Musa species which may be an important and beneficial resource for the outer world. Lastely, M. balbisiana has the highest use categories and the highest number of plant parts utilized among all the Musa spp. Hence, M. balbisiana may be considered as an important Musa spp. for the Khamti tribe. Declarations Conflict of interest: On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest. Author Contribution Walung Songthing: data curation; formal analysis; validation; writing- original draft; software; Dr. G. Pangging: conceptualization; supervision; visualization; methodology; writing-review and editing. Acknowledgement First, I (Walung Songthing) would like to gratefully acknowledge MHRD, Govt. of India for awarding National Tribal fellowship. I would like to thank all the respondents of the Khamti tribe for their cooperation and genuine responses. I also thank my supervisor Dr. G. Pangging for his guidance and my friends namely Chau P. Manlong, Chau M. Namchoom, Chau K. Manpoong, Chau N. 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Sarma U, Govila VK, Yadav A, (2020) The traditional and therapeutic use of banana and its plant-based delicacies in ethnic Assamese cuisine and religious rituals from Northeast India. Journal of Ethnic Foods 7(1):21. Sreejith PE, Joe A, Sabu M, (2013) Musa arunachalensis : a new species of Musa section Rhodochlamys ( Musaceae ) from Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. Phytotaxa 134(1):49-54. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.134.1.4 Subbaraya U, Lutaladio N, Baudoin WO, (2006) Farmer’s knowledge of wild Musa in India. Rome:Plant Production and Protection Division. FAO 1-46. Supiandi MI, Julung H, Susanti Y, Zubaidah S, Mahanal S, (2023) Potential of traditional medicinal plants in the Dayak Tamambaloh Tribe, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 24(6). https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d240634 Taid S, Singh SS, Raj Gajurel P, (2024) Two new species of wild ornamental Musa (Musaceae) from Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India. Nordic Journal of Botany e04271. Uma S, Kalpana S, Sathiamoorthy S, Kumar V, (2005) Evaluation of commercial cultivars of banana ( Musa spp.) for their suitability for the fibre industry. Plant genetic resources newsletter 142:29-35. Uma S, Saathiamoorthy S, (2002) Names and Synonyms of Bananas and Plantains of India. National Research Centre for Banana (ICAR). Tiruchirapalli 62. Namsai District Administration, (2024) Developed and hosted by National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India. https://namsai.nic.in/tai-khampti/#:~:text=The%20Tai%2DKhampti%20is%20one,remained%20unexplored%20in%20its%20totality. Tables Table 1. Utilization pattern of both wild and domesticated Musa spp. by the Khamti tribe of Namsai district (Fig. 3 &5). Sl. No. Name of species Local name Distribution (Wild/ Cultivated) Parts used Uses Use category 1 Musa flaviflora N.W.Simmonds Koi Random (Wild) Inflorescence Consumed in cooked form. EDB Sold in local markets. COM 2 Musa itinerans Cheesman Koi laii Abundant (Wild) Inflorescence Consumed in cooked form. It is also used in the preparation of traditional dishes such as Pikoi-sen, Pikoi-moh, Pikoi-tam, and Pikoi-tangnam . EDB Pseudo stem Consumed in cooked form. Inflorescence Inflorescences are sold in local markets. COM Pseudo stem Sold in local markets. Pseudo stem It is used for preparing traditional dishes such as Paasom (fermented fish + pseudo stem). This dish is compulsory during various ceremonies, especially in marriage, newborn celebrations, etc. CNR It is used during many rituals and ceremonies of Khamti tribe: (i) Khnpasa-mau – It is a ritual done after marriage; the bride is allowed to pass between two banana plants which are made as a gate to enter the groom’s house. Sucker (ii) Maikho-sumphai/Khamphai – It is a ceremony where they pray to God for warm and sunny weather by burning woods after a chill winter in February. (iii) Hongkhonkhau/hap-somna (rice harvest) – It is a ritual done for a good harvest where 2 young plants are used. (iv) Antrekang – It is a ritual performed for the positive spirit of the house especially done after the death of a family member wherein 4 young saplings of Musa sp. are used. Leaf The betel leaves are wrapped in banana leaves and sold in the market. PAC Leaf Used as a mat by local vegetable vendors OTH Pseudo stem 4-5 pseudo stems tied together and usedas a boat to cross rivers or streams. Leaf It is used as a roof for the construction of camps in the jungle. CON 3 Musa velutina H.Wendl. &Drude Koi kaei Abundant (Wild) Inflorescence It is consumed in cooked form. EDB Sold in local markets. COM 4 Musa M1 (Unknown) Koi kea Rare (Wild) - No use was reported. - 5 Musa markkuana (M.Sabu, A.Joe& Sreejith) Hareesh, A.Joe&M.Sabu Koi ka Rare (Wild) Inflorescence Consumed in cooked form as vegetable. EDB Sold in local markets. COM 6 Musa siangensis Taid Koi Rare (Wild) - No use was reported. - 7 Musa balbisiana Colla Athiya Abundant (Wild) Inflorescence Consumed in cooked form. EDB Fruit Fruits are consumed after ripe. Inflorescence Sold in local markets. COM Fruit Sold in local markets. Leaf Leaves are used to store dry fish and meat for longer periods. PAC Tongtep (local pitha ) is made and wrapped in banana leaves as a substitute for Phrynium pubinerve leaf. The leaves are used to steam fish. It is used as anoffering plate during any rituals or ceremonies. CNR The leaves are converted into conical shapes and used to offer flowers in temples during the Sangken festival. During Measles ( aye puja ), the leaf is used as an offering plate used during the ritual. The leaves are used for serving the Monk during any ceremony or festival. Pseudo stem Nunsietapong - pseudo stems are used to build Kong-mu during the Sangken festival. Leaf The leaves were used to write Khamti scripts for monks. OTH Opium is consumed by mixing with leaves of M.balbisiana by aged people . Pseudo stem The traditional fire chulla ( Huttak - phai ) is prepared with pseudo stem. Seed The seeds are crushed and mixedin water to cure piles. MED The seeds are crushed and mixedin waterand used as vitamins for children. Sap The sap is consumed to cure dysentery and stomachache. Peel The burnt peel is mixed with water and used to cure worms in children. The burnt peel is mixed with water and used to cure cough. Pseudo stem Elephants are fed to get energy during work. Decay pseudo stem is mixed with garlic to cure tooth pain. Pseudo stem Elephant feed – pseudo stem is given as food. FED It is used as pig feed. 8 Musa sp. (Musaceae) Jahaji Cultivated Fruit Fruits are offered in temples during any ceremony. CNR Self-consumption. EDB Sold in markets and to traders. COM Leaf It is used as manure for associated species. OTH Used as a mat to cut meats in functions. Whole plant Serves as a nurse crop to areca nut. Pseudo stem The pseudo stem is used as pig feed. FED 9 Musa sp. (Musaceae) Chinikol Cultivated Fruit Dried and preserved for longer periods and consumed. EDB Consumed in ripe form. Sold in local markets. COM Fresh fruits are offered in temples during festivals and ceremonies. CNR 10 Musa sp. (Musaceae) Sabjikol Cultivated Fruit Consumed in cooked form. EDB Sold in markets. COM CNR-Ceremonies and rituals; COM-Commercial; CON-Construction; EDB-Edible; FED-Feed; MED-Medicine; OTH-Other; PAC-Packagin Table 2. Coordinates of wild Musa spp. along with altitude. Sl. No. Name of Musa species Latitude Longitude Altitude (masl) 1. M. balbisiana Colla 27 0 39’28.872” 95 0 52’34.608” 144 27 0 48’59.364” 96 0 1’30.36” 155 27 0 47’37.428” 96 0 7’6.924” 155 27 0 46’40.224” 95 0 58’37.236” 154 27 0 47’47.868” 95 0 59’41.224” 156 27 0 48’28.872” 96 0 4’22.332” 160 27 0 48’46.692” 96 0 6’26.856” 162 27 0 48’50.544” 96 0 7’39.54” 162 27 0 48’7.74” 96 0 7’31.008” 166 27 0 48’59.4” 96 0 1’30.504” 174 27 0 44’31.164” 95 0 55’38.712” 154 27 0 44’24.936” 95 0 54’48.276” 157 27 0 40’18.264” 95 0 53’30.264” 158 27 0 39’52.992” 95 0 52’51.636” 164 27 0 38’32.316” 95 0 51’31.392” 163 27 0 38’8.196” 95 0 49’53.184” 166 2. M. flaviflora N.W.Simmonds 27 0 44’56.436” 95 0 55’47.82” 174 27 0 43’33.24” 95 0 57’5.724” 170 27 0 44’25.188” 95 0 55’38.712” 188 27 0 45’25.884” 95 0 56’31.092” 192 27 0 46’22.404” 95 0 58’38.892” 180 27 0 45’43.488” 95 0 56’57.588” 178 27 0 43’44.148” 95 0 57’32.832” 182 3. M. itinerens Cheesman 27 0 43’44.148” 95 0 57’32.832 154 27 0 45’42.66” 95 0 56’57.12” 156 27 0 46’40.224” 95 0 58’37.236” 152 27 0 48’11.988” 96 0 0’14.94” 168 27 0 48’37.44” 96 0 5’17.628” 166 27 0 48’53.028” 96 0 6’57.456” 170 27 0 48’0.18” 96 0 7’22.728” 165 27 0 46’22.404” 95 0 58’38.892” 158 27 0 43’33.672” 95 0 57’34.704” 156 4. M. markkuana (M. Sabu, A. Joe & Sreejith) Hareesh, A. Joe & M. Sabu 27 0 45’25.884” 95 0 56’31.092 154 27 0 48’11.52” 96 0 0’21.204” 153 5. M. siangensis Taid, S.S.Singh et Gajurel 27 0 43’28.884” 95 0 56’54.384” 186 6. M. velutina H.Wendl. & Drude 27 0 45’53.964” 95 0 57’44.46” 154 27 0 46’48.792” 95 0 58’57.684” 165 27 0 47’28.5” 95 0 59’24.18” 152 27 0 46’57” 96 0 14’4.956” 172 27 0 48’10.584” 96 0 1’3.072” 168 27 0 48’56.34” 96 0 6’58.608” 169 27 0 44’27.816” 95 0 54’57.564” 174 27 0 47’10.536” 95 0 59’9.924” 170 27 0 48’37.08” 96 0 3’41.58” 178 27 0 47’33.756” 96 0 3’27.18” 177 27 0 48’45” 96 0 7’45.84” 176 27 0 47’36.168” 96 0 10’7.212” 172 27 0 45’27.288” 95 0 56’23.82” 154 27 0 40’20.064” 95 0 53’43.62” 156 27 0 38’33.072” 95 0 55’27.552” 148 27 0 47’56.112” 96 0 7’16.608” 150 27 0 47’37.572” 96 0 7’6.888” 158 27 0 48’16.992” 96 0 1’17.292” 160 27 0 43’40.908” 95 0 56’43.296” 157 27 0 46’15.672” 95 0 58’40.332” 160 7. Unknown Musa M1 27 0 45’55.224” 95 0 58’15.78” 163 27 0 43’36.984” 95 0 56’44.016” 158 27 0 45’43.488” 95 0 56’57.588” 159 27 0 45’55.116” 95 0 58’14.7” 162 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4835569","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":337760541,"identity":"f4232a9d-bc9a-4bc6-8caf-645bc75011c9","order_by":0,"name":"Walung Songthing","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABJklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAC5gYYi40hgYGBh40dJGBggUcLI0wLM1iLHB/PAZAWCSK1AIGxnEQCiMatxeD4wTbpgl91cub86489eLijNrFN8vnVDT8KJBj427sTsGo5k9gmPbPvsLHljMfsBolnjgO5OWU3e4AOkzhzdgM2LWYHgGp4ew4kbrhxmE0ise0YSEvaDR6gFgOJXOxazj8EaalD0iJ5Ju3mH3xabgCN5fnBnLjhfDNIS40xmwT7sdv4bLG/8bDZmrfhsLHBDWYzoJYDcmw8OWy3ZQwkeHD5RbI/+eBtnj91cgbnDz6T/NlWxyPffvzZzTd/bOT423uxagEDxjYgAYmOw0DMYwBi8eBUDgZ/gJj/AIhVB8TsD/CrHgWjYBSMgpEGACc5aKG9asSIAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Walung","middleName":"","lastName":"Songthing","suffix":""},{"id":337760542,"identity":"b7a291bb-907c-4dbe-8b2e-4e0dbac97628","order_by":1,"name":"Govinda Pangging","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Govinda","middleName":"","lastName":"Pangging","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-31 12:37:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4835569/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4835569/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":63398989,"identity":"f0cefa7e-a4cc-4e9e-accc-99dc79487fc2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-27 18:12:56","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":163059,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of Namsai district, Arunachal Pradesh, India.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4835569/v1/cbf00a8c2c49ed916d92f3d0.png"},{"id":63398988,"identity":"92f4c128-55f8-40c5-bbad-6502323c7670","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-27 18:12:56","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1474080,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. found in Namsai district: (A) \u003cem\u003eM.balbisiana\u003c/em\u003e, (B) \u003cem\u003eM. flaviflora\u003c/em\u003e, (C) \u003cem\u003eM. itinerens\u003c/em\u003e, (D) \u003cem\u003eM. markkuana\u003c/em\u003e, (E) Unknown\u003cem\u003e Musa M1, \u003c/em\u003e(F) \u003cem\u003eM. siangensis\u003c/em\u003e (G) \u003cem\u003eM. velutina\u003c/em\u003e, (H) \u003cem\u003eMusa sp. Chini-kol,\u003c/em\u003e (I) \u003cem\u003eMusa sp. Sabji-kol\u003c/em\u003eand (J) \u003cem\u003eMusa sp. Jahaji.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4835569/v1/72ca42a59801e35213deb602.png"},{"id":63399292,"identity":"682cebdc-e799-43fa-b6b3-aa2ee61c525a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-27 18:20:56","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":811695,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution map of wild \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. found in Namsai district. The map was created using QGIS 3.32 in OSM standard. Geospatial data was used to create the study map. The point color dots represent the location of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003espp. distributed in the Namsai district. The points were recorded with the help of a Garmin GPS device.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4835569/v1/45db878bd855bcebf90cb8df.png"},{"id":63398987,"identity":"8440e48c-17a4-446e-a11e-5e92b8d88cf8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-27 18:12:56","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":41266,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraphical representation of various use categories of both wild and domesticated \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003espp.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCNR-Ceremonies and rituals; COM-Commercial; CON-Construction; EDB-Edible; FED-Feed; MED-Medicine; OTH-Other; PAC-Packaging/Wrapping.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4835569/v1/5a64b8c39a78ed2da6b5374d.png"},{"id":63399657,"identity":"848ced42-4fdf-4930-8c4b-29d4e64bd015","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-27 18:28:57","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1658745,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUtilization of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. for different purposes: (A) Pseudo-stem used to build \u003cem\u003eKong-mu. \u003c/em\u003e(B) \u003cem\u003eKhnpasa-mau\u003c/em\u003e–Young banana plant used during Marriage ceremony, (C) \u003cem\u003eHongkhon-khau\u003c/em\u003e/\u003cem\u003eHap-somna\u003c/em\u003e - \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. used after rice harvest,(D) Banana leaf used during sales of vegetables, (E) \u003cem\u003eKhamphai/Maikho-sumphai – Musa\u003c/em\u003e sucker used as decoration during the festival, (F) \u003cem\u003eAntrekang\u003c/em\u003e – \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e sucker used in Khamti ritual,(G) \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e sucker used as decoration in temples, (H) \u003cem\u003eMusa sp. Jahaji\u003c/em\u003e fruits sold to trader, (I) Inflorescence of \u003cem\u003eMusa \u003c/em\u003espp. sold in the market, (J) Domesticated \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e fruits sold in the local market, (K) \u003cem\u003ePii-koi tang-nam\u003c/em\u003e – Traditional Khamti dish prepared from \u003cem\u003eMusa \u003c/em\u003einflorescence and pseudo-stem sold in the restaurant, (L) \u003cem\u003eMusa sp.\u003c/em\u003e (domesticated) grown as nurse crop in areca-nut plantation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4835569/v1/fc29a5f2e1f6929fcff8b072.png"},{"id":63399294,"identity":"e2ba367a-8f3f-496a-a05f-f151eb2e482e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-27 18:20:57","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51386,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUse of different parts of wild and domesticated \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003espp. by Khamti Tribe.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4835569/v1/66f2babf45c15b7d3e23000a.png"},{"id":63398992,"identity":"1ada48b2-faa2-4162-8c4a-bb5f0a2dd0ab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-27 18:12:57","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":55055,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUtilization pattern of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. w.r.t. use categories.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCNR-Ceremonies and rituals; COM-Commercial; CON-Construction; EDB-Edible; FED-Feed; MED-Medicine; OTH-Other; PAC-Packaging\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4835569/v1/5bd9f497df55e6b4b11d3e97.png"},{"id":63398990,"identity":"f654b279-37ea-4b6e-97a5-7b7e1b74e4d7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-27 18:12:57","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":64657,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe utilization pattern of different parts of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4835569/v1/e801312f51d8fa5ac039be0b.png"},{"id":64125420,"identity":"484f3d48-056c-401b-bb3d-d074720a212b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-08 01:16:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5477354,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4835569/v1/3d5e779e-2f74-412f-a68d-41ec2eea4d30.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Distribution and Utilization pattern of wild and domesticated Musa spp. by Khamti tribe of Namsai district in Arunachal Pradesh, India","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBanana plants belong to the genus \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e L. the monocot family \u003cem\u003eMusacea in\u003c/em\u003e the order Zingiberales. There are two more genera \u003cem\u003eEnsete\u003c/em\u003e Bruce ex Horan and \u003cem\u003eMusella\u003c/em\u003e (Franch) in the family (Kress et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). There are 83 species of Musa distributed throughout the world and maximum diversity of species in tropical and subtropical regions of Southeast Asia, southwest pacific and northern Australia (Liu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; POWO, 2023; Kennedy \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Most of the species of Musa are concentrated and considered to be originated from Indo-Myanmar and south Asian regions including Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam (Daniells et al. 2001; Joe and Sabu \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Hastuti H et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Myers et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Uma et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 34 taxa of \u003cem\u003eMusaceae\u003c/em\u003e were reported in India of which 30 taxa occurred in Northeastern states with 19 taxa endemic to the region, representing 81% of the total wild \u003cem\u003eMusaceae\u003c/em\u003e diversity in India (Sabu et al. 2016). The majority of wild \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e in the Indian subcontinent are found in the North-eastern states, which represent the junction of the Indo-burma and eastern Himalayas (Deb CR et al. 2023). Besides wild species in natural habitats, many cultivated varieties of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. are found in the traditional home gardens in the region (Molina et al. 2002). Six new \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. (\u003cem\u003eM. argentii, M. arunachalensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eM. markkui, M. markuana, M. kamengnensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eM. puspanjalieae\u003c/em\u003e) were recorded from Arunachal Pradesh in the last six years (Dey et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Gogoi\u0026amp; Borah, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Gogoi\u0026amp; Borah, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Gogoi \u0026amp; Hakkinen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Hareesh et al. 2017; Sreejith et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the diverse distribution of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. in different parts of the world, the indigenous communities are dependent on \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. for various socio-cultural, religious and economic purposes. In addition to wide use of banana fruit as a source of food, different parts of the banana plants are also used in numerous ways by different communities. The leaves of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. are used extensively for preparing weaving baskets, mats, table clothes, plates, and cups, food wrappers for both marketing and cooking and for covering food (Kamira et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The fruit, leaves, peels, pseudo stem and roots of the \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e plant have different pharmacological effects (Palde et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The male bud is cooked and consumed as a vegetable in Malaysia and India (Hassan, 2002). It is also used in several meals because of various health advantages (Palde et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The sap liquid obtained from male buds of many \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e species are used as a remedy for stomach problems (Mustaffa and Sathiamoothy, 2002). Ripen fruits of \u003cem\u003eM.cheesmani\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eM.itinerans\u003c/em\u003e is consumed to cure dysentery (Dutta et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Many species of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e are also extensively used for magico-religious practices viz., the use of \u003cem\u003eM. balbisiana\u003c/em\u003e stem during preparation of the ceremonial altar in \u003cem\u003eTallenguie\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSarak puja\u003c/em\u003e by the Mising and Deori tribes of Assam, respectively (Pangging et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Pangging et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArunachal Pradesh located in the Northeastern region of India has large geographical area with varying range of agro-climatic conditions harboring rich floral and faunal diversity. The state also possesses high ethnic and cultural diversity. Khamti is a major tribal community inhabiting the Namsai district located in the eastern part of Arunachal. The Khamti like other tribal community are dependent on forest resources since time immemorial. The cultivation and utilization of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e is an integral part of the traditional knowledge systems of Khamti tribe. Thus, the present study was carried out to document the distribution and utilization pattern of both wild and domesticated \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. by the Khamti tribe in Namsai district of Arunachal Pradesh.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy area and community\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study was conducted in Namsai district located in the eastern part of Arunachal Pradesh and its coordinates are 27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 30\u0026rsquo; to 27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 55\u0026rsquo; N latitude and 95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 52\u0026rsquo; to 96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 20\u0026rsquo; E longitude with average elevation of 156mMSL. The district is surrounded by Assam in the West and Southwest, Changlang district in the South and Southeast, and Lohit district in the East and North (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The geographical area is 1587 sq km (approx). Namsai has a warm and temperate climate. Heavy rainfall occurs during summer compared to winter. During summer the temperature rises to 35\u0026deg; C while in winter it falls to 10\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e C. The average annual temperature is 22.8\u0026deg;C. Precipitation here averages 2728 mm. The vegetation of Namsai district is a tropical wet semi-evergreen forest found in the ecology of the Himalayan Mountains. (Hazarika et al. 2020).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe people of the district mainly depend on agriculture. The Tai-Khamti tribe belonging to the Tai ethnic group, are the major tribes inhabiting the Namsai district of Arunachal Pradesh. However, some populations are also found in Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh and Tinsukia, Lakhimpur, and Dhemaji districts of Assam. They are the followers of Theravada (Hinayana) Buddhism and have their own script locally known as \u0026lsquo;\u003cem\u003eLik Tai\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rsquo; and they speak Khamti language. There is a prayer room in every house, and the family pray morning and evening while bringing offerings of food (khao tang som) and flowers (nam taw yongli). Tai-Khampti are built their house on raised floors with thatched roofs (Namsai District Administration \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). It was observed that every household has land for homesteads, wet rice fields and dry land for cultivation during the survey. The Khamti tribe mostly practice rice cultivation while some also grow \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp., vegetables and cash crops. Other tribes namely \u003cem\u003eDeories, Aiton, Khamyangs\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePhake\u003c/em\u003e were also found inhibiting Namsai district.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDocumentation of distribution and identification of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eMusa\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eSpecies\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe documentation on distribution of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. was conducted through an extensive field survey and the exact locations of occurrence of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. were recorded with the help of Global Positioning System (GPS). The identification of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. was done by consulting published literature and comparing the morpho-taxonomic characterization based on described in the \u0026ldquo;descriptors of banana\u0026rdquo; (IPGRI, INIBAP and CIRAD 1996), name and synonyms of banana were confirmed by consulting web resource, plants of the world online (POWO, 2023) and musalogue (Daniel et al. 2001).The leaves, inflorescences, fruits were collected for preparation of the herbarium following the standard methodology (Jain and Rao 1977). The distribution map of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. was prepared using QGIS 3.32 software. The distribution of wild species was obtained through informal interaction with the informants and by visiting the forests. These species were grouped into various categories such as abundant \u0026ndash; the species that is available in abundance; rare \u0026ndash; the species that are very uncommon, scare, infrequently encountered or could be an endemic species; random \u0026ndash; individuals that are spaced at unpredictable distances from each other and cultivated \u0026ndash; the species that is available and can be cultivated by humans to meet their needs (Dutta et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eUtilization pattern\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe utilization of both wild and cultivated \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. was done with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire, informal interview and personal observation as per methodology (Jain and Mudgal \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). In this present study, 55 informants were selected through random sampling from selected villages of the Namsai district namely, \u003cem\u003eNamsai, Lathao, Manfaiseng, Mengkeng, Chongkham, Kherem, Nampong, Enten, Manna, Ningloo, Mumong\u003c/em\u003e, etc. The informants were broadly grouped as village heads (GB), monks, farmers, local healers, etc. from different age groups and gender. Prior informed consent (PIC) was also obtained before commencing the interview. The information obtained included the inventory of local name of the \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp., synonym and meaning if any, local knowledge, and knowledge about bananas. The uses of plant parts of banana were categorized into rhizome, sucker, seed, sap, leaf, pseudo stem, inflorescence, and fruit. Also, the uses of bananas were grouped into nine use categories such as ceremonies and ritual (CNR- ceremony and traditional needs), commercial (COM- \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e parts and products sold in markets), construction (CON- used in roofing), edible (EDB- consumed by the locals, traditional cuisine etc.), feed (FED- livestock feeds), medicine (MED- traditional medicines), nutrient resource management (NRM- traditional nutrient management), packing (PAC- packing, wrapping, binding, etc.), and others (OTH-domestic uses, ornamental, miscellaneous uses, etc.).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. in Namsai district of Arunachal Pradesh\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe distribution of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. was done by taking GPS points with the help of Garmin GPS device by visiting the forest areas and roadways throughout the district as much as possible. A total of seven wild \u003cem\u003eMusa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003espp. namely \u003cem\u003eM. balbisiana, M. itinerans, M. velutina, M. markkuana, M. flaviflora, M. siangensis\u003c/em\u003e and one unidentified spp. named \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eM1\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand three domesticated cultivars \u003cem\u003eJahaji, Sabji-kol\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eChini-champa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewere recorded from different parts of Namsai district, Arunachal Pradesh. The distributions of seven wild \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. in Namsai district of Arunachal Pradesh are shown in Fig. 2. The location (latitude and longitude coordinates) of different wild \u003cem\u003eMusa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003espp. was recorded with the help of Garmin GPS device which is noted in table 2 and the point distribution (with reference to the location) of wild \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. distributed in Namsai district is plotted in the distribution map (Fig 3). The map was created using QGIS 3.32 software in OSM standard map. Among the wild species, \u003cem\u003eM. velutina\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;M. itinerans\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewere found to be the most abundant wild species. While \u003cem\u003eM. balbisiana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eM. flaviflora\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eMusa M1\u003c/em\u003e (unknown sp.) were found randomly distributed in the district. \u003cem\u003eM. siangensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eM. markkuana\u003c/em\u003e were the least distributed with few locations recorded from the study area with f 5-10 individuals/bananas per clump. The domesticated \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. was found mainly in the home gardens and agricultural fields of the tribal community.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndigenous knowledge on utilization of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003espp\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e by the Khamti tribe.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Khamti tribe utilized both wild and domesticated \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. under 8 broad utilization categories such as ceremonies and rituals (CNR), commercial (COM), construction (CON), edible (EDB), feed (FED), medicine (MED), packaging/wrapping purpose (PAC) and other purposes (OTH). The indigenous knowledge system related to utilization of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. by Khamti tribe has been passed down from the older generation to the current generation since time immemorial (informant). The utilization pattern of seven \u003cem\u003eMusa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003espp. and three cultivars are given in table 1. The various utilization of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003espp. by Khamti tribe is shown in fig 5.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA comparative analysis among different \u003cem\u003eMusa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003espp. use categories (Fig. 4) showed that \u003cem\u003eM. balbisiana\u003c/em\u003e was dominant in terms of highest use categories with 7 use categories followed by \u003cem\u003eM. itinerans\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(6 use categories), \u003cem\u003eMusa sp.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eJahaji\u003c/em\u003e) (5 use categories), etc. However, \u003cem\u003eMusa M1\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eM. siangensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ehad no record of use among the Khamti tribe. The highest use from \u003cem\u003eM. balbisiana\u003c/em\u003e parts was seen in medicinal purposes followed by ceremonies and rituals. While \u003cem\u003eM. itinerens\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ehad the highest uses in ceremonies and rituals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong all \u003cem\u003eMusa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003espp., \u003cem\u003eM. balbisiana\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ehad the highest number of plant parts utilized i.e. 7, followed by \u003cem\u003eM. itinerans\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eJahaji\u003c/em\u003e i.e. 4 each (Fig. 6). In \u003cem\u003eM. balbisiana\u003c/em\u003e, the highest number of usages of plant parts was found in leaf with 9 usages, followed by pseudo stem (6 usages), fruit, inflorescence, peel and seed (Fig. 6). Dutta \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2019) reported usages of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. by five different tribes of Arunachal Pradesh where \u003cem\u003eM. Cheesmani\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas found with maximum uses followed by\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;M. itinerens\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eM. acuminata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eetc. in Siang and Subansiri region of Arunachal Pradesh.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe highest used percentage was found in the Ceremonies and Rituals (23%), followed by edible (19%), commercial use categories (18%), other (14%), etc. The least use was found in construction (2%) as shown in Fig. 7. However, Dutta \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2019) recorded the highest uses in food consumption (42%), followed by fodder (23%), other (15%), etc. in Siang and Subansiri regions of Arunachal Pradesh.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong all plant parts, fruits and inflorescences were utilized maximum (21% each), followed by leaf and pseudo stem (16% each), peel (6%), etc. The least use (5% each) was recorded for the whole plant, sap, seed and sucker (Fig. 8). Dutta \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2019) reported the highest usage of fruits as food and fodder (35%) followed by leaves (24%), inflorescence (22%) and pseudo-stems (19%) in Siang and Subansiri region of Arunachal Pradesh.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of seven wild \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. namely \u003cem\u003eM. balbisiana, M. itinerans, M. velutina, M. markkuana, M. flaviflora, M. siangensis\u003c/em\u003e and one unidentified spp. named \u003cem\u003eMusa M1\u003c/em\u003e, and three domesticated cultivars \u003cem\u003eJahaji, Sabji-kol\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eChini-champa\u003c/em\u003e were recorded from different parts of Namsai district, Arunachal Pradesh. One unidentified species needs taxonomic characterization and description which may be a new species. \u003cem\u003eM. balbisiana\u003c/em\u003e was found in abundance in the district which has been reported to occur in all states in Northeastern India particularly in Assam (Subbaraya, 2006). Most of the species were recorded from roadside, near agricultural fields and nearby forests. Some of the species such as the unknown \u003cem\u003eMusa M1\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eM. siangensis\u003c/em\u003e were under tremendous stress due to expansion of roads, agriculture fields and deforestation activities. Moreover, \u003cem\u003eM. siangensis\u003c/em\u003e was recorded from East Siang district located near agriculture lands and human settlements which restricted its distribution and rare occurrence making it an endangered species (Taid et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This suggests that urgent need for state level conservation strategy is required to conserve these species from extinction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe highest use of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e species was observed in Ceremonies and rituals. Rituals such as \u003cem\u003eKhnpasa-mau\u003c/em\u003e where the bride is allowed to pass between two \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e sucker tied with rope after marriage while entering the groom house is an important ritual of the Khamti tribe. Likewise, the use of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e species in \u003cem\u003eAntrekang\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ndash; ritual performed for positive spirit in a house after death of a household member, \u003cem\u003eHapsomna\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ndash; a ritual done for good fortune during rice harvest, \u003cem\u003eMaikho-sumphai\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ndash; a ritual where the khamti tribe pray to God for warm and sunny weather by burning woods after chill winter, \u003cem\u003eNunsietapong\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ndash; a conical structure resembling a temple (Kong-mu) where banana pseudo stem is used to construct it and fruits of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e species are also offered in various ceremonies and festivals in Khamti tradition. These practices show that the Khamti tribe has preserved their traditional ways of celebrating ceremonies, functions and rituals, which are also an important part of their life. Authors such as Laishram \u0026amp; Thokchom \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e, Kumar et al., 2023 and Devi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e also reported the use of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. in different ceremonies and rituals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional dishes such as \u003cem\u003ePikoi-sen, Pikoi-moh, Pikoi-tam, Pikoi-tangnam\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePaa-som\u003c/em\u003e are an important traditional dish prepared from \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e species by the tribe. Jumari (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) reported the use of some varieties of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. were cooked in various dishes. \u003cem\u003ePaa-som\u003c/em\u003e which is prepared by using Pseudo stem of \u003cem\u003eM. itinerens\u003c/em\u003e added with fermented fish is an important dish which is compulsory on several occasions such as marriage, naming of newborn baby, housewarming etc. \u003cem\u003eM. balbisiana\u003c/em\u003e leaves also play an important role in making local pitha (Tongtep), which is prepared during festivals. \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e inflorescences are not only consumed but also sold in local markets. Padam (2014) reported that banana inflorescence is consumed as vegetables. The inflorescences of wild \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e species such as \u003cem\u003eM. balbisiana, M. flaviflora, M. itinerens, M. markkuana\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eM. velutina\u003c/em\u003e were consumed as vegetables and sold in local markets for 20\u0026ndash;50 rupees. The price ranges according to the size of the inflorescences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTribal people have used parts of the plant including banana traditionally as medicine to cure diverse health ailments (Dutta et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Such traditional medicines from \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e species were also observed which is still practiced by the Khamti tribe. These includes, consuming crushed seeds of \u003cem\u003eM. balbisiana\u003c/em\u003e after mixing with water cures piles and it acts as vitamins for infants. The sap of \u003cem\u003eM. balbisiana\u003c/em\u003e is consumed to cure dysentery and stomach-ache. Similar study was conducted by Emery et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e); Sampath et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) on the effects of Banana on curing stomach troubles and other stomach related ailments. De-worming and cough are cured if the burnt peel mixed with water of \u003cem\u003eM. balbisiana\u003c/em\u003e is consumed. Decay pseudo stem of \u003cem\u003eM. balbisiana\u003c/em\u003e mixed with garlic cures tooth pain. Elephant owner feeds their elephants with the pseudo stem of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e species to get energy during work. Recently, Mehra et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, Jyothirmayi \u0026amp; Rao \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Yuhlung \u0026amp; Battacharyya 2016, Galini 2019, Ajijolakewu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, Supiandi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e, Gaikwad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e and Rahman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e reported different traditional medicines utilized from different \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e plants are also utilized in other purposes such as domestic purposes, packing, feed, manure and miscellaneous purposes. \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e leaves are used in various daily purposes such as plates in various ceremonies and festivals, steaming of fish, to store dry meat and fish, roof in forest camps, wrapping beetle leave for selling and to wrap vegetables for selling. It is also planted in areca nut plantation which serve as a nurse crop. The leaves and pseudo stem are also used as manures. The pseudo stems are used as fodder for pig. Similar reports were conducted by Aurore et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) that unpeeled green bananas are used as pig feed while Akinyele \u0026amp; Agbro (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) reported the use of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e waste as animal feed. The pseudo stem of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e species is used in making \u003cem\u003eHuttak-phai\u003c/em\u003e (traditional fire chulla) and local boat for rafting or crossing river. The leaves of \u003cem\u003eM. balbisiana\u003c/em\u003e were used to write and practice Khamti scripts by monks. These practices and uses of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e species in various purposes shows that \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e species has been an important part of human life since time immemorial. Further, scientific investigation may be done on the wild \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e species on the information acquired in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study recorded seven wild \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. which are \u003cem\u003eM. balbisiana, M. flaviflora, M. itinerens, M. markkuana, M. siangensis, M. velutina\u003c/em\u003e and one unknown \u003cem\u003eMusa sp\u003c/em\u003e. (M1) from Namsai district of Arunachal Pradesh. The diverse distribution of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e species and occurrence of new species (M1) from the study shows that this area is suitable for \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e occurrence. Moreover, three domesticated \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. (cultivars) namely \u003cem\u003eJahaji\u003c/em\u003e (Cavendish), \u003cem\u003eChini-champa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSabji-kol\u003c/em\u003e were also found to be cultivated in home gardens and agricultural land by the Khamti tribe. Banana plants (\u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp.) may be considered an important socio-cultural plant species, which are utilized under 8 broad use categories such as construction, commercial, edible, feed, medicine, etc. Among these use categories, edible and commercial use was dominant with 26% each and least in construction and medicine (4% each). \u003cem\u003eM. balbisiana\u003c/em\u003e had the highest use categories which may be considered as an important species among all the wild species found in the region. Besides, the highest utilized plant parts were fruits and inflorescences (21%) each and the least utilization was recorded for whole plant (pseudo stem), sap and sucker. \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. was also utilized for magico-religious purposes wherein many rituals and ceremonies such as \u003cem\u003eKhnpasa-mau\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eHap-somna\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMaikho-sumphai\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAntrekang\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePaa-som.\u003c/em\u003e Various traditional dishes such as \u003cem\u003ePikoi-sen, Pikoi-moh, Pikoi-tam, Pikoi-tangnam\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePaa-som\u003c/em\u003e were also prepared using different parts of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. The practice of traditional knowledge in rituals, ceremonies, functions and ethnic dishes shows that not only the Khamti tribe has preserved their culture and tradition but also preserved their traditional knowledge from their previous generation. This also proves that there may be further practices involving different species in preparing traditional medicine, magico-religious practices, ethnic dishes rather than \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e species which may be an important and beneficial resource for the outer world. Lastely, M. balbisiana has the highest use categories and the highest number of plant parts utilized among all the \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. Hence, \u003cem\u003eM. balbisiana\u003c/em\u003e may be considered as an important \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. for the Khamti tribe.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWalung Songthing: data curation; formal analysis; validation; writing- original draft; software; Dr. G. Pangging: conceptualization; supervision; visualization; methodology; writing-review and editing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirst, I (Walung Songthing) would like to gratefully acknowledge MHRD, Govt. of India for awarding National Tribal fellowship. I would like to thank all the respondents of the Khamti tribe for their cooperation and genuine responses. I also thank my supervisor Dr. G. Pangging for his guidance and my friends namely Chau P. Manlong, Chau M. Namchoom, Chau K. Manpoong, Chau N. Chaumoung, Limshung Jugli and Kimlu Tangha for their valuable time and help in completing my survey. Lastly, to the Department of Forestry, NERIST.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAjijolakewu KA, Ayoola AS, Agbabiaka TO, Zakariyah FR, Ahmed NR, Oyedele OJ, Sani A, (2021) A review of the ethnomedicinal, antimicrobial, and phytochemical properties of Musa paradisiaca (plantain). 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Plant genetic resources newsletter 142:29-35.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUma S, Saathiamoorthy S, (2002) Names and Synonyms of Bananas and Plantains of India. National Research Centre for Banana (ICAR). Tiruchirapalli 62.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNamsai District Administration, (2024) Developed and hosted by National Informatics Centre,\u003cbr\u003e Ministry of Electronics \u0026amp; Information Technology, Government of India. https://namsai.nic.in/tai-khampti/#:~:text=The%20Tai%2DKhampti%20is%20one,remained%20unexplored%20in%20its%20totality.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"936\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 1. Utilization pattern of both wild and domesticated \u003cem\u003eMusa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003espp. by the Khamti tribe of Namsai district (Fig. 3 \u0026amp;5).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.021367521367521%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSl. No.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.192307692307693%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eName of species\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLocal name\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Wild/ Cultivated)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParts used\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.324786324786324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUse category\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.021367521367521%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.192307692307693%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMusa flaviflora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eN.W.Simmonds\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKoi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRandom\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Wild)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInflorescence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.324786324786324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConsumed in cooked form.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEDB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"81.73076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSold in local markets.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.26923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.021367521367521%\" rowspan=\"11\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.192307692307693%\" rowspan=\"11\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMusa itinerans\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eCheesman\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" rowspan=\"11\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKoi laii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" rowspan=\"11\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbundant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Wild)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInflorescence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.324786324786324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConsumed in cooked form. It is also used in the preparation of traditional dishes such as \u003cem\u003ePikoi-sen, Pikoi-moh, Pikoi-tam,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003ePikoi-tangnam\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEDB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.423423423423422%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePseudo stem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"76.57657657657657%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConsumed in cooked form.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInflorescence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.38461538461539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInflorescences are sold in local markets.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.615384615384615%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.423423423423422%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePseudo stem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"76.57657657657657%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSold in local markets.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePseudo stem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.38461538461539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt is used for preparing traditional dishes such as \u003cem\u003ePaasom\u003c/em\u003e (fermented fish + pseudo stem). This dish is compulsory during various ceremonies, especially in marriage, newborn celebrations, etc.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.615384615384615%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCNR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.423423423423422%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"76.57657657657657%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt is used during many rituals and ceremonies of Khamti tribe:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(i) \u003cem\u003eKhnpasa-mau\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ndash; It is a ritual done after marriage; the bride is allowed to pass between two banana plants which are made as a gate to enter the groom\u0026rsquo;s house.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.423423423423422%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSucker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"76.57657657657657%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ii) \u003cem\u003eMaikho-sumphai/Khamphai\u003c/em\u003e\u0026ndash; It is a ceremony where they pray to God for warm and sunny weather by burning woods after a chill winter in February.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(iii) \u003cem\u003eHongkhonkhau/hap-somna\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(rice harvest) \u0026ndash; It is a ritual done for a good harvest where 2 young plants are used.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(iv) \u003cem\u003eAntrekang\u003c/em\u003e\u0026ndash; It is a ritual performed for the positive spirit of the house especially done after the death of a family member wherein 4 young saplings of \u003cem\u003eMusa sp.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eare used.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.38461538461539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe betel leaves are wrapped in banana leaves and sold in the market.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.615384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePAC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.38461538461539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUsed as a mat by local vegetable vendors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.615384615384615%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOTH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.423423423423422%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePseudo stem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"76.57657657657657%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-5 pseudo stems tied together and usedas a boat to cross rivers or streams.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.38461538461539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt is used as a roof for the construction of camps in the jungle.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.615384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCON\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.021367521367521%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.192307692307693%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMusa velutina\u003c/em\u003eH.Wendl. \u0026amp;Drude\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKoi kaei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbundant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Wild)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInflorescence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.324786324786324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt is consumed in cooked form.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEDB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"81.73076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSold in local markets.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.26923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.021367521367521%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.192307692307693%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMusa M1 (Unknown)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKoi kea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRare (Wild)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.324786324786324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo use was reported.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.021367521367521%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.192307692307693%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMusa markkuana\u003c/em\u003e (M.Sabu, A.Joe\u0026amp; Sreejith) Hareesh, A.Joe\u0026amp;M.Sabu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKoi ka\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRare (Wild)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInflorescence\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.324786324786324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConsumed in cooked form as vegetable.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEDB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"81.73076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSold in local markets.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.26923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.021367521367521%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.192307692307693%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMusa siangensis\u003c/em\u003eTaid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKoi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRare (Wild)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.324786324786324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo use was reported.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.021367521367521%\" rowspan=\"24\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.192307692307693%\" rowspan=\"24\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMusa balbisiana\u003c/em\u003eColla\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" rowspan=\"24\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAthiya\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" rowspan=\"24\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbundant (Wild)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInflorescence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.324786324786324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConsumed in cooked form.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEDB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.423423423423422%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"76.57657657657657%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits are consumed after ripe.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInflorescence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.38461538461539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSold in local markets.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.615384615384615%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.423423423423422%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"76.57657657657657%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSold in local markets.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.38461538461539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves are used to store dry fish and meat for longer periods.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.615384615384615%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePAC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTongtep\u003c/em\u003e (local \u003cem\u003epitha\u003c/em\u003e) is made and wrapped in banana leaves as a substitute for \u003cem\u003ePhrynium pubinerve\u003c/em\u003e leaf.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe leaves are used to steam fish.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"81.73076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt is used as anoffering plate during any rituals or ceremonies.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.26923076923077%\" rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCNR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe leaves are converted into conical shapes and used to offer flowers in temples during the \u003cem\u003eSangken\u003c/em\u003e festival.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuring Measles (\u003cem\u003eaye puja\u003c/em\u003e), the leaf is used as an offering plate used during the ritual.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe leaves are used for serving the Monk during any ceremony or festival.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.423423423423422%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePseudo stem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"76.57657657657657%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNunsietapong\u003c/em\u003e - pseudo stems are used to build \u003cem\u003eKong-mu\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eduring the \u003cem\u003eSangken\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003efestival.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.38461538461539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe leaves were used to write Khamti scripts for monks.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.615384615384615%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOTH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOpium is consumed by mixing with leaves of \u003cem\u003eM.balbisiana\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eby aged people\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.423423423423422%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePseudo stem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"76.57657657657657%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe traditional fire \u003cem\u003echulla\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eHuttak\u003c/em\u003e-\u003cem\u003ephai\u003c/em\u003e) is prepared with pseudo stem.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.38461538461539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe seeds are crushed and mixedin water to cure piles.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.615384615384615%\" rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMED\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe seeds are crushed and mixedin waterand used as vitamins for children.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.423423423423422%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSap\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"76.57657657657657%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe sap is consumed to cure dysentery and stomachache.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.423423423423422%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"76.57657657657657%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe burnt peel is mixed with water and used to cure worms in children.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe burnt peel is mixed with water and used to cure cough.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.423423423423422%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePseudo stem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"76.57657657657657%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElephants are fed to get energy during work.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDecay pseudo stem is mixed with garlic to cure tooth pain.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePseudo stem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.38461538461539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElephant feed \u0026ndash; pseudo stem is given as food.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.615384615384615%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFED\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt is used as pig feed.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.021367521367521%\" rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.192307692307693%\" rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMusa sp.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Musaceae)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJahaji\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCultivated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.324786324786324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits are offered in temples during any ceremony.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCNR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"81.73076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-consumption.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.26923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEDB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"81.73076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSold in markets and to traders.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.26923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.38461538461539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt is used as manure for associated species.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.615384615384615%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOTH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUsed as a mat to cut meats in functions.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.423423423423422%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhole plant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"76.57657657657657%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eServes as a nurse crop to areca nut.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePseudo stem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.38461538461539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe pseudo stem is used as pig feed.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.615384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFED\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.021367521367521%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.192307692307693%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMusa sp.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Musaceae)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChinikol\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCultivated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.324786324786324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDried and preserved for longer periods and consumed.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEDB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConsumed in ripe form.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"81.73076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSold in local markets.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.26923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"81.73076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFresh fruits are offered in temples during festivals and ceremonies.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.26923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCNR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.021367521367521%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.192307692307693%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMusa sp.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Musaceae)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSabjikol\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCultivated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.324786324786324%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConsumed in cooked form.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.11965811965812%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEDB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"81.73076923076923%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSold in markets.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.26923076923077%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCNR-Ceremonies and rituals; COM-Commercial; CON-Construction; EDB-Edible; FED-Feed; MED-Medicine; OTH-Other; PAC-Packagin\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. Coordinates of wild \u003cem\u003eMusa\u003c/em\u003e spp. along with altitude.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSl. No.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eName of \u003cem\u003eMusa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003especies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLatitude\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLongitude\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAltitude (masl)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. balbisiana\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eColla\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 39\u0026rsquo;28.872\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 52\u0026rsquo;34.608\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 48\u0026rsquo;59.364\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 1\u0026rsquo;30.36\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 47\u0026rsquo;37.428\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 7\u0026rsquo;6.924\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 46\u0026rsquo;40.224\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 58\u0026rsquo;37.236\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 47\u0026rsquo;47.868\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 59\u0026rsquo;41.224\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 48\u0026rsquo;28.872\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 4\u0026rsquo;22.332\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 48\u0026rsquo;46.692\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 6\u0026rsquo;26.856\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 48\u0026rsquo;50.544\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 7\u0026rsquo;39.54\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 48\u0026rsquo;7.74\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 7\u0026rsquo;31.008\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 48\u0026rsquo;59.4\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 1\u0026rsquo;30.504\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 44\u0026rsquo;31.164\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 55\u0026rsquo;38.712\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 44\u0026rsquo;24.936\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 54\u0026rsquo;48.276\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 40\u0026rsquo;18.264\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 53\u0026rsquo;30.264\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 39\u0026rsquo;52.992\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 52\u0026rsquo;51.636\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 38\u0026rsquo;32.316\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 51\u0026rsquo;31.392\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 38\u0026rsquo;8.196\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 49\u0026rsquo;53.184\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. flaviflora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eN.W.Simmonds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 44\u0026rsquo;56.436\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 55\u0026rsquo;47.82\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 43\u0026rsquo;33.24\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 57\u0026rsquo;5.724\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 44\u0026rsquo;25.188\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 55\u0026rsquo;38.712\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 45\u0026rsquo;25.884\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 56\u0026rsquo;31.092\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 46\u0026rsquo;22.404\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 58\u0026rsquo;38.892\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 45\u0026rsquo;43.488\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 56\u0026rsquo;57.588\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 43\u0026rsquo;44.148\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 57\u0026rsquo;32.832\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. itinerens\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eCheesman\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 43\u0026rsquo;44.148\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 57\u0026rsquo;32.832\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 45\u0026rsquo;42.66\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 56\u0026rsquo;57.12\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 46\u0026rsquo;40.224\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 58\u0026rsquo;37.236\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 48\u0026rsquo;11.988\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 0\u0026rsquo;14.94\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 48\u0026rsquo;37.44\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 5\u0026rsquo;17.628\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 48\u0026rsquo;53.028\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 6\u0026rsquo;57.456\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 48\u0026rsquo;0.18\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 7\u0026rsquo;22.728\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 46\u0026rsquo;22.404\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 58\u0026rsquo;38.892\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 43\u0026rsquo;33.672\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 57\u0026rsquo;34.704\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. markkuana\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(M. Sabu, A. Joe \u0026amp; Sreejith) Hareesh, A. Joe \u0026amp; M. Sabu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 45\u0026rsquo;25.884\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 56\u0026rsquo;31.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 48\u0026rsquo;11.52\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 0\u0026rsquo;21.204\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. siangensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eTaid, S.S.Singh et Gajurel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 43\u0026rsquo;28.884\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 56\u0026rsquo;54.384\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. velutina\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eH.Wendl. \u0026amp; Drude\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 45\u0026rsquo;53.964\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 57\u0026rsquo;44.46\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 46\u0026rsquo;48.792\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 58\u0026rsquo;57.684\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 47\u0026rsquo;28.5\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 59\u0026rsquo;24.18\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 46\u0026rsquo;57\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 14\u0026rsquo;4.956\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 48\u0026rsquo;10.584\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 1\u0026rsquo;3.072\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 48\u0026rsquo;56.34\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 6\u0026rsquo;58.608\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 44\u0026rsquo;27.816\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 54\u0026rsquo;57.564\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 47\u0026rsquo;10.536\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 59\u0026rsquo;9.924\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 48\u0026rsquo;37.08\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 3\u0026rsquo;41.58\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 47\u0026rsquo;33.756\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 3\u0026rsquo;27.18\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 48\u0026rsquo;45\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 7\u0026rsquo;45.84\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 47\u0026rsquo;36.168\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 10\u0026rsquo;7.212\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 45\u0026rsquo;27.288\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 56\u0026rsquo;23.82\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 40\u0026rsquo;20.064\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 53\u0026rsquo;43.62\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 38\u0026rsquo;33.072\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 55\u0026rsquo;27.552\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 47\u0026rsquo;56.112\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 7\u0026rsquo;16.608\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 47\u0026rsquo;37.572\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 7\u0026rsquo;6.888\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 48\u0026rsquo;16.992\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 1\u0026rsquo;17.292\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 43\u0026rsquo;40.908\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 56\u0026rsquo;43.296\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 46\u0026rsquo;15.672\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 58\u0026rsquo;40.332\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnknown \u003cem\u003eMusa M1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 45\u0026rsquo;55.224\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 58\u0026rsquo;15.78\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 43\u0026rsquo;36.984\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 56\u0026rsquo;44.016\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 45\u0026rsquo;43.488\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 56\u0026rsquo;57.588\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.951845906902086%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.69502407704655%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 45\u0026rsquo;55.116\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 58\u0026rsquo;14.7\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.903691813804173%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Distribution, Utilization, Musa, Khamti, Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4835569/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4835569/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The study was done to document the distribution and utilization pattern of wild and domesticated Musa spp. by the Khamti tribe of Namsai district, Arunachal Pradesh. This study was conducted from January to June 2023 through a questionnaire survey and informal interviews with 55 respondents from the Khamti tribe. In this study, 10 Musa spp. were reported from the Namsai district. Of these 7 were wild Musa spp. namely M. balbisiana, M. flaviflora, M. itinerens, M. markkuana, M. siangensis, M. velutina and one unknown Musa spp. M1 and 3 cultivated Musa sp. Jahaji, chinikol, sabji-kol. Khampti tribe utilized Musa spp. in 8 use categories for their various socio-cultural purposes such as ceremonies and rituals (CNR), commercial uses (COM), construction (CON), edible (EDB), livestock feed (FED), traditional medicine (MED), packing (PAC) and others (OTH). The highest use percentage was found in the edible (EDB) and commercial (COM) use categories with 26% each, followed by ceremonies and rituals (15%), others (11%), etc. Among the plant parts, fruits and inflorescences had the highest utilization (21% each), followed by leaf and pseudo stem (16% each), etc. Among all Musa spp., M.balbisiana had the highest number of plant parts utilized i.e. 7 followed by M.itinerans.","manuscriptTitle":"Distribution and Utilization pattern of wild and domesticated Musa spp. by Khamti tribe of Namsai district in Arunachal Pradesh, India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-27 18:12:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4835569/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f9679734-1939-48dd-bf12-ea52c36bae24","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 27th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-08T01:08:33+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-27 18:12:52","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4835569","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4835569","identity":"rs-4835569","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}