Insulin Resistance a Dysfunction far Beyond the Beta Cell

Abstract Insulin resistance (IR) is recognized as a biological reaction to insulin stimulation in target tissues. IR alters glucose metabolism, resulting in an elevation in insulin production by beta-cells. The main condition that accompanies IR in our environment is obesity due to environmental factors, especially diet, which over the years has gradually taken hold in our civilization. Objective: To describe the IR in different organs and present the signaling pathway project. Methods: PubMed database was employed to search IR review publications. The referenced data of the signaling pathway was chosen by aggregating references from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. A signaling pathway was designed based on the IR research manuscripts, where we show various mechanisms involved. The KEGG server was employed to explore the protein-protein interrelationship, and devise the signaling pathway diagram. The mapping of the signaling path was performed with the PathVisio software, adapting to the model of KEGG PATHWAY Database: https://www.genome.jp/pathway/map04930. Results: We selected articles from the PubMed database that featured the terms "insulin resistance" and "signaling pathway." Based on research articles validated by the database, we chose well-founded pathways and achieved a representative description of these pathways. Reproduction contigs taken from the KEGG database projected the signaling pathway of biomolecules leading to IR. Thus, the action between multiple mechanisms releases factors that participate in the development of IR. Conclusion: Interaction between multiple mechanisms and molecular interactions are important factors in development of IR in various organs and systems.