Why rivers disappear - analysis of postmining factors using the example of the Sztoła River, Poland.

This study examines the drought in the Olkusz region using satellite imagery and remote sensing indices. The analysis reveals that the region experienced multiple types of drought, including hydrogeological drought due to groundwater level lowering caused by mining activities, agricultural drought resulting from insufficient soil moisture, hydrological drought characterized by reduced water flow in rivers, and meteorological drought linked to decreased precipitation and high temperatures. The study demonstrates the usefulness of optical imaging and remote sensing indices such as NDVI, MSAVI2, MSI, NDWI, and NMDI in monitoring and assessing drought conditions. The results indicate significant changes in vegetation health and water content, as well as alterations in the natural environment within the region. The research highlights the importance of considering both human-induced and natural factors when evaluating drought phenomena. Continued monitoring and expansion of the study area would provide valuable insights into the long-term effects of weather conditions and the broader impacts on the ecosystem.