Comparison study of Sargassum Vulgare and Padina Pavonica of Persian Gulf extracts for their bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and sun protection factor to improve UV absorption

Comparison study of Sargassum Vulgare and Padina Pavonica of Persian Gulf extracts for their bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and sun protection factor to improve UV absorption | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparison study of Sargassum Vulgare and Padina Pavonica of Persian Gulf extracts for their bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and sun protection factor to improve UV absorption Nafise Nabizade, Amanollah Zarei-Ahmady, Mohammad Reza Shushizadeh, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5468833/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This research paper investigates the bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and sun protection factor (SPF) in ethanolic extracts from two brown algae, Sargassum vulgare ( S. vulgare ) and Padina pavonica ( P. pavonica ), collected from the Persian Gulf. Through qualitative and quantitative tests, various bioactive compounds such as phenols, flavonoids, proteins, and carbohydrates were identified. The antioxidant activity was measured via 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. SPF values were evaluated for different concentrations of ethanolic extracts. Notably, P. pavonica exhibited higher SPF values than S. vulgare , with an optimal concentration of 4 mg/mL for both species. The findings underscore the potential of these algae extracts as natural ingredients in cosmetic and sun protection products, bolstered by their significant antioxidant and photoprotective properties. Natural ingredients brown algae antioxidant activity sun protection factor polyphenols Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 1. Introduction Prolonged exposure to the sun can cause the skin to Photoageing, photocarcinogenesis and pigmentary changes. It is advised by specialists to use sunscreen recommendations that are specific to one's skin type and skin conditions, and to be mindful of the type of sun filters and products being utilized (Passeron et al., 2020 ; Passeron et al., 2021 ). The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) is a measure that indicates the level of protection a sunscreen product offers against the sun's ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, which is responsible for sunburn and increasing the risk of skin cancer (Breneman & Belsito, 2022 ). SPF values typically range from 2 to 100 or more, with higher numbers indicating greater protection (Putri et al., 2022 ). SPF measures the sunscreen's ability to protect against UVB radiation, which is responsible for causing sunburn and contributing to skin cancer risk (Rizki et al., 2022 ). It also indicates the level of protection a sunscreen provides compared to not wearing sunscreen (Lavanya et al., 2022 ). The percentage of UVB blocked by the sunscreen is also measured. For example, SPF 15 blocks approximately 93% of UVB rays, while SPF 30 blocks about 97%. However, SPF values are not linear, and higher SPF values result in smaller incremental increases in protection (Parwaiz & Khan, 2023 ). The bioactive compounds like proteins, carbohydrates and polyphenols are existing in plants and marine algae, have antioxidant activity that can be useful in cosmetic and sunscreen formulation. while, The SPF values of 36 (Biswas et al., 2021 ), 36.22 (Ayad et al., 2023 ), and 38.26 (Lahmadi et al., 2022 ) obtained for polyphenols extracted from algae and have made them ideal for use in sunscreen creams, not only poly phenols but also The effectiveness of others compounds as protecting against the sun has been examined by some studies. Authors reported SPF values in long range for protein; 3.69 (Ma et al., 2021 ), 11.9 (Yap & Gan, 2021 ), and 50 (Chang et al., 2021 ), also SPF values of 2.61 (Guerreiro et al., 2021 ), 10.93 (Munir et al., 2021 ), and 29.42 (Lu et al., 2021 ) for carbohydrates. Over 8000 types of polyphenols have been identified, which can be grouped into four main categories: flavonoids, phenolic acids, polyphenolic amides, and other polyphenols (Hossen & Ali, 2023 ; Zhou et al., 2016 ). Phenolic compounds have strong antioxidant properties by providing hydrogen to free radicals, creating inactive radicals (Liu et al., 2023 ). Synthetic antioxidants used to reduce the destructive effects of free radicals have harmful side effects, which has led to the study of natural antioxidants and the possibility of replacing synthetic ones becoming more important (Chaiwangyen et al., 2023 ).These compounds absorb UV radiation, particularly in the UV-B range, preventing it from reaching deeper skin layers, reducing the risk of DNA damage and oxidative stress (Hawas et al., 2023 ). These compounds also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, modulating inflammatory pathways and cytokine production to alleviate UV-induced skin damage and promote healing (Meshalkina et al., 2023 ). They stabilize biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, which are susceptible to UV damage (Meichssner et al., 2023 ). Additionally, they regulate enzyme activity, such as DNA repair and antioxidant enzymes, to enhance cellular defense mechanisms against UV-induced damage and promote cell survival. Overall, the combined effects of these compounds contribute to their photoprotective properties, protecting skin cells from the harmful effects of UV radiation (Endo et al., 2023 ). Various techniques are utilized for extracting compounds for example, Maceration is a cost-effective way to extract specific compounds. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and pulsed electric field extraction (PEF) are viable alternatives to maceration, as they require less time, but the equipment and its operational costs are too high, which restricts their use. Soxhlet extraction is effective in extracting fat-soluble phytochemicals, but it is not efficient for samples with high moisture content like phenol (Kumar et al., 2023 ). Various organic solvents, including nonpolar solvents like hexane, petroleum ether, and cyclohexane, protic solvents such as ethanol and methanol, and aprotic solvents like acetone are employed in extraction processes. Ethanol is a more effective choice than other. Using 70% ethanol as a solvent for extraction has been proven to show the highest amount of TPC (Michalak & Chojnacka, 2014 ; Wu et al., 2022 ). Also looking at it from a commercial angle, ethanol is the most financially viable option for extraction (Stengel & Connan, 2015 ). Maceration by ethanoic solvent is potential to extract not only polyphenols, but also for protein and carbohydrate. In marine ecosystems, many macroalgae grow faster than terrestrial plants. Algae have the ability to create phenolic compounds with more rings, which are not found in land plants (Dini & Grumetto, 2022 ). Macroalgae are roughly classified as green, red, or brown algae based on their photosynthetic pigments. Brown algae are considered to be a rich source of biologically active compounds including protein, carbohydrates, polyphenols, minerals, and fatty acids (Shibasaki & Ueda, 2023 ). These compounds have various biological properties such as antitumor, anti-viral, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. As a result, macroalgae are used in industries such as medical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and health (Rathnayake et al., 2022 ; Sirbu & Cadar, 2023 ). A study determined that brown algae exhibit a greater concentration of polyphenols compared to other types of algae (Aminina et al., 2020 ). Sargassum is a large and diverse genus of brown algae, with approximately 400 taxonomically accepted species (Marcelo D. Catarino et al., 2023 ; Edubos et al., 2022 ). Sargassum algae has branched branches and cylindrical masses that spread from one axis in all directions. The branches of this algae are surrounded by leaf-like protrusions that enable it to float in water (Marcelo D Catarino et al., 2023 ). Sargassum species are typically found in tropical and subtropical shallow marine environments (Akbary et al., 2021 ). Padina is a type of brown seaweed that belongs to the Dictyotaceae family. It is commonly found in tropical waters, particularly along coral reefs (Kalasariya et al., 2023 ). There are currently 80 identified species of Padina worldwide (Mahendran et al., 2023 ). This seaweed is typically found in shallow, warm waters at depths of 0–10 meters during tidal periods (FAROBIE & Ernawati, 2023 ). Due to its unique shape, size, and color, particularly its leaves, it can be easily distinguished from other types of algae (Waluyo, 2022 ). The southern coastline of Iran, comprising of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, stretches for 1,360 kilometers and is dotted with numerous islands. The intertidal zone of these coasts boasts a rich diversity of marine macroalgae, with 250 different species being identified in 2007 based on their morphology (Sohrabipour & Rabiei, 2007 ). Zolgharnain and his coworkers in 2013, have been identified, six species of Padina in the Northern Persian Gulf (Amini et al., 2013 ). In this study, we aim to collect two species of brown algae from the Persian Gulf in Hormozgan Province. After preparing their hydroalcoholic extracts, we will investigate the physicochemical properties of the biological compounds present in the algae to study their anti-UV properties. 2. Material and Method 2.1. Material and instruments All chemicals prepared in pharmaceutical grade. 2,4,6-tripyridyl triazine (TPTZ), Bovine Serum albumin (BSA), anthrone, Folin-Ciocalteau, Sulfuric Acid (H 2 SO 4 ) 98%, Gallic acid, Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Ferric Chloride, Sodium Carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ), Aluminum Chloride (AlCl 3 ), Sodium Nitrite (NaNO 2 ), Copper (II) Sulfate (CuSO 4 ), Potassium tartrate, Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), D-glucose, Iron (III) Chloride (FeCl 3 ), Iron(II) Sulfate (FeSO 4 ), Acetate and Methanol were obtained from Merck ( Rahway, New Jersey, United States of America). Catechin, DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France). Ethanol absolute was prepared from kimiaalcohol (zanjan, Iran). Heidolph rotary evaporator,Germany 2.2. Sampling Description Samples of algae P.Pavonica and S.Vulgare were collected from Basaidu Beach, Qeshm Island, Hormozgan Province in late September 2023. Samples were rinsed with seawater and then distilled water. Mud and epiphytes were removed and air-dried in the dark place for a week. 2.3. Preparation of extracts The dried algae samples were ground into a powder. Then, 30 grams of each algae sample was used for extraction using 70% ethanol solvent at a ratio of 1:10 through three maceration steps. After the extraction process, the mixtures were filtered through Whatman No. 4 filter paper, a rotary evaporator evaporated the filtered liquid solvent at 50°C in reduced pressure and the extracts were weighed. 2.4. Qualitative identification 2.4.1. Qualitative test of phenol The Ferric chloride test used for the identification of phenols (Yohannan et al., 2023 ). A few drops of ferric chloride (10%) were added to 1 mL of the 70% ethanolic extract (1 mg/ml − 1 ). The presence of phenols is indicated by the formation of a blackish precipitate. 2.4.2. Alkaline reagent test For qualitative Flavonoid analysis, the Alkaline reagent test has used by some modifications (Roghini & Vijayalakshmi, 2018 ). To 2 ml of 70% ethanolic extract (1 mg/ml − 1 ), 1 ml of sodium hydroxide (2N) was added. The presence of yellow color indicates flavonoids. 2.4.3. Qualitative test of protein To identify protein, 1ml of 70% ethanolic extract (1 mg/ml − 1 ) was mixed with a few drops of of 2% ninhydrin reagent, and then it was heated for 5 minutes.The blue color signifies the presence of amino acids (Dauda et al., 2020 ). 2.4.4. Qualitative test of carbohydrate Carbohydrates are detected through the combination of 2 ml of 70% ethanolic extract (1 mg/ml − 1 ) with 1 ml of Molisch's reagent and a few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid. This resulted in the formation of purple or reddish color (Dauda et al., 2020 ). 2.5. Quantitative identification 2.5.1. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) The total phenolic content of the extracts was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method (Maurya & Singh, 2010 ) by adding 0.5 ml of ethanolic Gallic acid standard solution (0.0075, 0.0052, 0.0035 and 0.0023 mg.ml − 1 ) or 0.5 ml of prepared ethanolic algae 70% ethanolic extract solution (1 mg.ml − 1 ) to 2.0 ml of Na 2 CO 3 aqueous solution (7.5%) and 2.5 ml of Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. The mixture was left for 30 minutes and then their absorbance was measured at 760 nm for draw standard curve of Gallic acid and total phenolics concentration determination respectively. the results were expressed as milligram of Gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of extract. 2.5.2. Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) The total flavonoid content of the extracts was determined by the aluminum chloride method (Kamtekar et al., 2014 ). To carry out this method, 0.5 ml of 70% ethanolic extract (1mg.ml − 1 ) or standard (0.1,0.075,0.05 and 0.025 mg.ml − 1 ), 2.0 ml of distilled water, and 0.15 ml of NaNO 2 (5%) were mixed and kept for 5 minutes. After that, 0.15 ml of AlCl 3 (10%) was added to the mixture and incubated for 6 minutes. Next, 1 ml of aqueous NaOH (1M) was added, and the volume was made up to 5 ml with distilled water. The sample was vortexed and incubated for 15 minutes. The development of an orange-yellowish color was measured at 510 nm. The concentration of total flavonoid content was calculated using the catechin standard curve and expressed as mg of Catechin per 100 gram of extract. 2.5.3. Total Protein Content The protein content of the extract was determined by the Lowry method (Lowry et al., 1951 ). To prepare alkaline copper reagent, a mixture of Na 2 CO 3 (2%), CuSO 4 (1%) and Potassium tartrate (2%) is required in a ratio of 100:1:1 respectively. Then, 5 ml of the prepared solution is added to 1 ml of the 70% ethanolic extract (1mg.ml − 1 ) or standard (0.1,0.075,0.05 and 0.025 mg.ml − 1 ) and allowed to incubate at room temperature for 30 minutes. After that, 0.5 ml of Folin-Ciocalteau reagent is added to the mixture and left for 6 minutes. Finally, the absorbance is measured at 660 nm to calculate the protein content using the calibration curve obtained using Bovine Serum albumin as a standard. mg of Bovine Serum albumin per 100 gram of extract 2.5.4. Total Carbohydrate Content The total carbohydrate content of the extracts was determined by the anthrone method (Jaswir et al., 2014 ). To perform the test, 5 ml of HCl (2.5 N) was added to 1 ml of the 70% ethanolic extract (1mg.ml − 1 ) or Aqueous solution standard (0.1, 0.075, 0.05, and 0.025 mg.ml − 1 ). After 3 hours, the mixture is neutralized with Na 2 CO 3 and centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 15 minutes. Then, 4 ml of anthrone reagent (0.2 g of anthrone reagent in 100 ml of H 2 SO 4 (71.5%)) is added to 1 ml of the centrifuged solution. The mixture is kept in a boiling water bath for 8 minutes. Finally, the absorbance is measured at 490 nm. The amount of carbohydrates in the extract samples is expressed based on a standard curve in terms of milligram of D-glucose per gram of extract. 2.5.5. GC-MS analysis For the analysis of biologically active compounds, helium was utilized as the carrier gas at a constant flow rate of 1 mL/min, with the sample injected at a split ratio of 1:30. The temperatures of the ion source and injector were set at 260°C and 320°C, respectively. A lower split mode was applied with an injection volume of 1 µL and a flow rate of 1 mL/min (Soleimani et al., 2018 ). 2.5.6. FT-IR analysis For FT-IR analysis (Soleimani et al., 2018 ) of the algae extract, the dried extract was first prepared in a powdered form. Subsequently, the sample was mixed with potassium bromide (KBr) and compressed into a pellet. This pellet was then placed in the FTIR apparatus, where infrared light was directed onto it to record the absorption spectrum corresponding to the various functional groups present in the extract. 2.6. Antioxidant activity 2.6.1. DPPH Radical scavenging assay The antioxidant activity of seaweed extracts were evaluatwd using DPPH through free radical scavenging based on reported procedure (Singh et al., 2008 ). Various concentrations (2,1,0.5,0.25 and 0.125 mg.ml − 1 ) of the 70% ethanolic extract (1 ml) was mixed with of 0.1 mM methanolic DPPH solution (1 ml), then the mixture left to incubate in the dark at room temperature for 30 minutes. The absorptions at wavelength of 517 nm were read by UV-vis spectrophotometer and similar procedure was adopted for the methanol solvent as control group. The percentage of inhibition of DPPH free radicals was calculated using the following equation (Palanisamy et al., 2017 ). Inhibition absorbance = \(\:\:\frac{Control\:absorbance-Sample\:absorbance}{Control\:absorbance}\) ×100 IC 50 was calculated from the regression line (Khlifi et al., 2011 ). 2.6.2. FRAP assay The total antioxidant activity of the sample was determined using the FRAP assay (Singh et al., 2008 ). To prepare the FRAP reagent, acetate buffer (300 mM; pH 3.6), TPTZ (2,4,6-tripyridyl triazine) (10 mM), and FeCl 3 (20 mM) were mixed in the ratio of 10:1:1. Then, 0.5 ml of ethanolic (70%) extract (1mg.ml − 1 )/standard (0.1,0.075,0.05 and 0.025 mg.ml − 1 ), 0.5 ml of water, and 2.0 ml of FRAP reagent were mixed, vortexed, and incubated at 40°C for 30 minutes. The absorbance was measured at 593 nm, and the antioxidant capacity was expressed in FRAP units (mmol Fe 2+ per gram of extract). The calculation was done by using the linear regression curve of FeSO 4 standard. 2.7. Calculations of solar protection factor (SPF) Solar protection factor measured through UV absorbance values of extracts using UV-vis spectrophotometer (Mosa et al.). The device was calibrated using the solvent (ethanol) as a blank, and the different concentrations of 70% ethanolic extracts (1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg.ml − 1 ) were evaluated at wavelengths ranging from 290–320, with a 5 to 5-fold. 2.7.1. Optimization of SPF To optimize the solvent effect on SPF value, various ethanolic (60 and 80%) extracts prepared, and this property measured for best concentration of extracts which achieved ( figure ? ) using uv-absorbtion. 3. Results and Discussions The measured values for SPF and bioactive compounds of two types of algae, P.Pavonica and S.Vulgare , are compared in Fig. 1. P.Pavonica consistently has higher numbers in every instance. 3.2. qualitative tests Both examined algae showed yellow color change when subjected to the Alkaline reagent test, indicating the presence of flavonoids. Furthermore, the ferric chloride test resulted in the formation of black deposits, indicating the presence of phenols in both algae. The appearance of blue color in the protein test confirmed the presence of amino acids. Additionally, the molisch test confirmed the presence of carbohydrate in the algae, as evidenced by the reddish color produced. 3.3. quantitative tests Table 1 Comparison of different study of bioactive compounds Raw Algae Bioactive Compound Amount Reference 1 S.Vulgare TPC a 56.88 Present Study 2 P.Pavonica 68.4 Present Study 3 S.Dentifolium 50.6 (Helal et al., 2023 ) 4 S.Polycystum 6.8 (Wu et al., 2022 ) 5 S.Muticum 8.31 (Silva et al., 2021 ) 1 S.Vulgare TFC b 71.78 Present Study 2 P.Pavonica 101.08 Present Study 3 S.Dentifolium 33.9 (Helal et al., 2023 ) 4 S.Polycystum 187 (Pirian et al., 2018 ) 5 83 (Fu & Akhoundian, 2022 ) 1 S.Vulgare Total Protein Content c 15.71 Present Study 2 P.Pavonica 17.63 Present Study 3 S. Illicifolium 9.8 (Hafezieh et al., 2021 ) 4 S.Illicifolium 8.40 (Helal et al., 2023 ) 1 S.Vulgare Total Carbohydrate Content d 28.13 Present Study 2 P.Pavonica 33.1 Present Study 3 S. Dentifolium 25.80 (Helal et al., 2023 ) 4 S. Illicifolium 33.2 (Hafezieh et al., 2021 ) 5 P.Gymnospora 42.17 (Bhuyar et al., 2021 ) a: mg GAE per g of extract; b: mg catechin per gram of extract; c: %; d: % 3.3.1. TPC Based on the standard curve of gallic acid and its equation (Fig. 2), we obtained the amounts of TPC in P.Pavonica and S.Vulgare as 68.4 (6.84% of extract) and 56.88 (5.68% of extract) mg GAE per g of extract, respectively. Similar study were done by other authors (Helal et al., 2023 ) in case of S.Polycystum collected from Bangladesh coast with TPC of 58.80 mg GAE/g of extract. A. Silva et al. (Silva et al., 2021 ) reported that water extract of brown seaweed, S.Muticum showed a TPC of 8.31 mg GAE/g which is lower than the present finding. In another study, K. H. Farvin et al. (Farvin et al., 2019 ) looked at some brown algae near Kuwait's coast. When different solvents were used, the TPC in S.Aquifolium algae was found to be 30.6 mg GAE/g in absolute ethanol, 61.5 mg GAE/g in 50% ethanol, and 42.3 mg GAE/g in water. P.Gymnospora algae contained 93.5 mg GAE/g of TPC when treated with Absolute ethanol, 71.9 mg GAE/g with 50% ethanol, and 24.5 mg GAE/g when treated with water. These values are consistent with the present study. Phenolic compounds with a higher amount of hydroxyl group and the presence of other polar functional groups (e.g., carbonyl, carboxyl) tend to have better solubility in the ethanolic solvent, resulting in higher extraction yields (Charlton et al., 2023 ). 3.3.2. TFC We used a catechin standard curve and Its equation (Fig. 3) to figure out the amounts of TFC in the extract. We found that there is 101.08 (10.1% of extract) and 71.78 (7.17% of extract) mg catechin per g of the extract in P.Pavonica and S.Vulgare , respectively. Another research conducted by Pirian et al. (Pirian et al., 2018 ), revealed that the S.Vulgare algae in the Persian Gulf contains a high amount of TFC 187 mg catechin/g of extract in June, more than what was observed in the present study. P. Fu et al. (Fu & Akhoundian, 2022 ) reported a TFC value of 83 mg catechin/g of extract for P.Boergesenii from the Persian Gulf between October 2018 and February 2019 that was lower than our findings in the same study. The discrepancy might stem from the fact that the items were gathered in disparate locations and at distinct times (Kamal et al., 2023 ). 3.3.3. Total Protein Content The protein content of P.Pavonica and S.Vulgare extracts were determined using the standard curve of bovine serum albumin (Fig. 4). The obtained values were 176.34 (17.63% of extract) and 157.17 (15.71% of extract) mg of bovine serum albumin per g of extract, respectively. The protein content of brown algae constitutes 5–15% of their dry weight (Harnedy & FitzGerald, 2011 ). In comparison to other elements in algae, our knowledge of algae proteins is limited (Beaulieu, 2019 ). According to two different studies, S. Illicifolium algae has been found to contain protein levels of of 9.8% (Hafezieh et al., 2021 ) and 8.40% (Helal et al., 2023 ). 3.3.4. Total Carbohydrate Content The D-glucose standard curve and its equation (Fig. 5) were used to determine the amount of Carbohydrate Content in the extract. P. Pavonica and S. Vulgare were found to contain 331 (33.1% of extract) and 281.3 (28.13% of extract) mg D-glucose per g of extract, respectively. M. A. Helal et al. (Helal et al., 2023 ) reported 25.80% for carbohydrate content of S. Dentifolium from Red Sea, Egypt. According to another study, S. Illicifolium has 33.2% (Hafezieh et al., 2021 ) carbohydrates and P.Gymnospora has 42.17% (Bhuyar et al., 2021 ) carbohydrates. Given that the data falls within the same range, the solvent and method employed are suitable. 3.3.6. GC-MS analysis The results obtained from the GC-MS analysis of the ethanolic extracts of the brown algae S. Vulgare and P. Pavonica are presented in Figs. 6 and 7, respectively. The NIST GC-MS library was employed for the identification of the present compounds, and the closest matches were recorded, as detailed in Tables 2 and 3. 3.3.5. FT-IR analysis Figures 8 and 9 illustrate the results obtained from the infrared (IR) analysis of the ethanolic extracts of the brown algae S. Vulgare and P. Pavonica , respectively. The FTIR spectrum analysis was utilized to identify the functional groups of bioactive compounds based on peak values in the wavenumber range of 500–4000 cm⁻¹ (Janakiraman et al., 2011 ). The overall complexity of the spectrum, characterized by numerous sharp and intense peaks, indicates that the ethanolic extract contains a diverse array of organic compounds, reflecting the chemical richness of the algae samples. In the present study, the concentrations of polyphenols, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and proteins were measured. Both polyphenols and flavonoids possess benzene rings and hydroxyl (OH) groups in their structures. The spectral analysis of both algal species indicated the presence of peaks in the range of 3400 − 3300 cm⁻¹, which confirms the existence of OH groups. Additionally, the compounds 1,7,7-Trimethyl-Bicyclo[2.2.1]Heptan-2-Ol and 3,3-Dimethyl-2-(3-Methyl-1,3-Butadienyl), along with (1R,2S,8R,8Ar)-8-Hydroxy-1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1,2,5,5-Tetramethyl-Trans-Decalin, identified in the GC-MS analysis of the two algal species, further corroborate the presence of OH groups. The detection of peaks in the range of 3550 − 3250 cm⁻¹ in both spectra indicates the presence of NH groups, which are also found in the compounds Benzenamine, 4-Bromo, and 1,4-Benzenediamine, N,N-Dimethyl, as derived from the GC-MS spectra. Furthermore, the presence of amine functional groups in protein structures confirms the existence of proteins in the extract. Peaks observed in the range of 1700 cm⁻¹ are indicative of carbonyl and hydrocarbon functional groups, which are characteristic of carbohydrates. Among the compounds identified from the GC-MS spectrum, Bicyclo[3.1.1]Heptan-3-One, 2-(But-3-Enyl)-6,6-Dimethyl, and 9-Octadecenoic Acid (Z)-, Ethyl Ester contain these functional groups. 3.4. Antioxidant activity Antioxidant activity of two species of algae evaluated using DPPH and FRAP methods. 3.4.1. DPPH The radical scavenging activity DPPH (RSA%) was assessed for various concentrations of the ethanolic extract of brown algae. Based on these evaluations, the concentration of the extract that inhibits 50% of the radicals (IC50) was also determined (see Table 4). Table 4 DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extracts Sample Inhibition % of DPPH radical (mean ± SD) in various concentrations IC 50 (mg/ml) 0.125 (mg/ml) 0.25 (mg/ml) 0.5 (mg/ml) 1 (mg/ml) 2 (mg/ml) P.Pavonica 47.13 61.58 71.68 94.85 134.26 0.052 S.Vulgare 46.34 56.83 68.91 89.90 125.35 0.102 The analysis of the data (Fig. 10) revealed a linear relationship between the concentration of the extracts and the percentage of radical scavenging activity. Specifically, as the concentration of the brown algae extracts decreased, the percentage of radical scavenging also declined. The highest percentage of radical scavenging was observed at a concentration of 2 mg/mL for the ethanolic extracts of both brown algae studied. Notably, the radical scavenging percentage for P. Pavonica was greater than that of S. Vulgare across all concentrations. Furthermore, the IC50 value for P. Pavonica (0.052) was lower than that for S. Vulgare (0.102), indicating a stronger antioxidant capacity for P. Pavonica since a lower IC50 signifies a higher ability to neutralize free radicals (Martinez-Morales et al., 2020 ). In a related study conducted by Hawas et al (Hawas et al., 2024 ), the IC50 values for the methanolic and hexane extracts of P. Gymnospora were found to be 0.386 mg/mL and 0.745 mg/mL, respectively, with the methanolic extract exhibiting a lower IC50. Hexane, being a non-polar solvent, is primarily used for extracting non-polar compounds such as fats. In contrast, methanol and ethanol are polar solvents, with methanol being more effective in extracting stronger antioxidant compounds like polyphenols due to its higher polarity (Daud et al., 2022 ). Additionally, another study investigated the impact of five different extraction solvents: ethanol, ethyl acetate, hexane, and chloroform on extraction yield, polyphenolic content, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of nine brown algae, confirming ethanol as the most effective solvent (Silva et al., 2021 ). 3.4.2. FRAP The reduction capacity of the extract was assessed based on mmol Fe 2+ per gram of extract equivalents utilizing the Fe2SO4 linear regression line (Fig. 11). P.Pavonica and S.Vulgare exhibit Frap values of 5.03 (50.3%) and 4.34 (43.4%) mmol Fe 2+ per gram of extract, respectively. Other authors have reported FRAP values of 5.15 (Wu et al., 2022 ) and 4.18 (Silva et al., 2021 ) for S. Polycystum and S. Muticum algae, respectively. Studies have shown a positive correlation between the FRAP activity of algae extracts and their content of bioactive compounds, particularly phenolic compounds. This suggests that the antioxidant activity of algae is largely attributed to these compounds (Heckmann et al., 2024 ). 3.5. SPF The resulting of each different concentration 70% ethanolic extracts absorbtion (table 4 and table 5) were entered into Eq. 2 to calculate the SPF. $$\:SPF=CF{\sum\:}_{290nm}^{390nm}EE\left({\lambda\:}\right)\times\:I\left({\lambda\:}\right)\times\:ABS\left({\lambda\:}\right)$$ CF: is the correction factor (= 10); EE: the erythemal effect of radiation at wavelength λ; I: the intensity of the solar spectrum; ABS: the absorbance at wavelengths 290–320 nm (table 6 and 7) Equation 2: SPF calculation formula The values of EE, I, and ABS are obtained or applied for every wavelength (λ). The values for each [EE(λ) × I(λ)] are constants that have been normalized based on the work by Sayre et al (Sayre et al., 1979 ). These values can be found in Table 3. Table 5 Normalized product function used in the calculation of SPF (Sayre et al., 1979 ) Wavelength (nm) EE × I (normalized) 290 0.0150 295 0.0812 300 0.2864 305 0.3278 310 0.1864 315 0.0837 320 0.0180 To calculate the SPF for extracts, we used the measured values from Tables 6 and 7 in Eq. 2. We recorded the results in Fig. 7. P.Pavonica has higher values than S.Vulgare . The S.Vulgare sample becomes more effective at increasing SPF up to concentration of 4 mg.ml − 1 , but after that, it becomes less effective. The SPF in the P.Pavonica sample reaches a concentration of 4 mg.ml − 1 and then remains consistent. Therefore, 4 mg.ml − 1 is the optimal concentration for both groups. To gauge the influence of different dilution of solvent on SPF effectiveness, we conducted the experiment using ethanol 60 and 80. Using the same procedure as before, we determined the SPF value, and the outcomes are documented in table 8. Increasing or decreasing the dilution of solvent doesn't have a substantial effect on the SPF due to the close similarity of the values. Prior research has shown that natural components exert their photoprotective effects, such as enhancing skin elasticity and hydration, improving skin texture, and reducing wrinkles, through their antioxidant properties and by regulating UV-induced skin inflammation, barrier impairment, and aging (He et al., 2020 ). Soolmaz Soleimani et al. (Soleimani et al., 2023 ) formulated A sunscreen utilizing P. Boergesenii ethyl acetate extract, providing an SPF of 20.32. A study by G. Schneider et al. (Schneider et al., 2020 ) investigated the protective properties of extracts from 22 macroalgae species and marine lichen collected along the southern Iberian Peninsula against the sun. Results indicated that S. Vulgare and P. Umbilical extracts offered the most effective protection, suggesting potential use in beauty product ingredients. Table 6 the absorbance of S.Vulgare ethanolic extracts at wavelengths 290–320 nm Wavelength (nm) ABS (1 mg.ml − 1 ) ABS (2 mg.ml − 1 ) ABS (4 mg.ml − 1 ) ABS (6 mg.ml − 1 ) ABS (8 mg.ml − 1 ) ABS (4 mg.ml − 1 ) ABS (4 mg.ml − 1 ) 70% ethanolic extract 60% 80% 290 2.054 2.636 2.959 2.216 2.154 3.010 3.010 295 1.979 2.541 2.903 2.102 2.067 3.010 3.010 300 1.883 2.484 2.846 2.034 1.986 3.010 3.010 305 1.734 2.389 2.810 1.967 1.844 2.984 2.935 310 1.632 2.224 2.725 1.837 1.721 2.959 2.913 315 1.554 2.113 2.617 1.723 1.645 2.935 2.872 320 1.479 2.008 2.524 1.681 1.584 2.892 2.853 Table 7 the absorbance of P.Pavonica extracts at wavelengths 290–320 nm Wavelength (nm) ABS (nm) Ethanolic (70%)Extract (1mg.ml − 1 ) ABS (nm) Ethanolic (70%)Extract (2mg.ml − 1 ) ABS (nm) Ethanolic (70%)Extract (4mg.ml − 1 ) ABS (nm) Ethanolic (70%)Extract (6mg.ml − 1 ) ABS (nm) Ethanolic (70%)Extract (8mg.ml − 1 ) 290 2.214 2.872 2.959 2.959 2.959 295 2.081 2.816 2.959 2.959 2.959 300 1.979 2.752 2.872 2.959 2.959 305 1.903 2.683 2.853 2.935 2.935 310 1.822 2.623 2.815 2.935 2.935 315 1.777 2.561 2.767 2.913 2.913 320 1.755 2.542 2.752 2.872 2.853 Table 8 The SPF value of various dilutions of ethanolic solvent for S.Vulgare extract Solvent 60% 70% 80% SPF 29.76 27.86 29.45 4. Conclusion Brown algae are a valuable resource for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries due to their bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties. In this study comparing padina and sargassum , it was found that the crude extract of padina contains more bioactive compounds and exhibits a higher antioxidant value and SPF. The antioxidant effect (DPPH) enhances with higher extract concentration. The study used a 70% ethanol solvent for experimentation. Different concentrations of the 70% ethanol extract of sargassum and padina also were tested to boost the SPF value. The 4 mg/ml extract concentration displayed the highest SPF for both algae. To further enhance the SPF, the concentration of this extract was evaluated by adjusting the dilution of the solvent to 60% and 80% ethanol. Since the data were not significantly different, the dilution of the solvent had no impact on the SPF value. 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J Food Sci 87(3):968–981. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.16051 Yap P-G, Gan C-Y (2021) Multifunctional tyrosinase inhibitor peptides with copper chelating, UV-absorption and antioxidant activities: Kinetic and docking studies. Foods 10(3):675. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10030675 Yohannan ASK, Mookkan P, Nagabhushana S (2023) Phytochemistry, bioactive potential, and chemical characterization of free-floating algae Ulva profunda WR Taylor—a lesser known species from Andhra Pradesh, India. Biomass Convers Biorefinery 1–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-05001-2 Zhou Y, Zheng J, Li Y, Xu DP, Li S, Chen YM, Li HB (2016) Natural Polyphenols for Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. Nutrients 8(8). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu8080515 Tables Table 2 and 3 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5468833","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":379194962,"identity":"9a508fbb-74dc-4929-96a3-2c7673edd637","order_by":0,"name":"Nafise Nabizade","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nafise","middleName":"","lastName":"Nabizade","suffix":""},{"id":379194964,"identity":"1cb36c52-8ec3-47dc-a472-a01fa3dd016c","order_by":1,"name":"Amanollah Zarei-Ahmady","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA10lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLCCBAYGOQaGA1AeM5FajEnUAgSJDUS7Sb797MMHDxjs0vsbz5hu/MFgJ8/AzvsArxbGnnRjgwSG5NwZB86Y3eZhSDZsYGY3wKuFmSGNTSLxH3NuA0gLkJ/AwMyG32Fs/M/YfyQw1KfLA7Xc/MFQT1gLj0QaGzDEDicYALXc4AEyCGqRkHjGLJHAcNxw44FjZbd5DI4bthHSIt+fxvjxB0O1vNyNw9tu/qiolufnP4ZfC5J9B4AEMKwI2IEM+BuIVzsKRsEoGAUjCwAA1/87YKxIVTcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amanollah","middleName":"","lastName":"Zarei-Ahmady","suffix":""},{"id":379194965,"identity":"001ccd51-fa10-41be-ae5d-2d80f99d9a1d","order_by":2,"name":"Mohammad Reza Shushizadeh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"Reza","lastName":"Shushizadeh","suffix":""},{"id":379194966,"identity":"f7dd9376-371c-4918-b19f-c894dc6a96f4","order_by":3,"name":"Ebrahim RajabZadehGhatrami","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ebrahim","middleName":"","lastName":"RajabZadehGhatrami","suffix":""},{"id":379194967,"identity":"28cc5591-f84d-44b6-8851-f1ac9e3a56b6","order_by":4,"name":"Fereshteh Golfakhrabadi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fereshteh","middleName":"","lastName":"Golfakhrabadi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-11-17 08:08:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5468833/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5468833/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":71604289,"identity":"43fb6b85-de7d-46b1-8786-aaf7ec9e7549","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 06:05:03","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9685,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of \u003cem\u003eP.Pavonica\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eS.Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5468833/v1/35de39b1dfd09211f2a07ec4.png"},{"id":71605906,"identity":"5f9e05a9-c198-4f85-80c6-6b8893e79bd0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 06:13:01","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4467,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGallic acid standard curve\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5468833/v1/f9342d5b48f8d49f0ee8ab67.png"},{"id":71604276,"identity":"e024446a-6dce-4a9c-85eb-f03916ac1f26","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 06:05:01","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4056,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCatechin standard curve\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5468833/v1/e9ac78b0e171bf9b51821c5c.png"},{"id":71604287,"identity":"2cc68913-03d9-4791-a2c0-de34bbe3392a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 06:05:02","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4380,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBovine Serum albumin standard curve\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5468833/v1/31705ab538a226a56e91c9f5.png"},{"id":71604277,"identity":"86d97b1d-c47d-434b-bc61-bbd0cb7f8f77","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 06:05:01","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4465,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eD-glucose standard curve\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5468833/v1/5168b09dd77d594ee85a3f27.png"},{"id":71604278,"identity":"1c744c68-c92c-4ad9-acca-06160fde33d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 06:05:01","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":55269,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe spectrum of GC-MS analysis of the ethanolic extract of \u003cem\u003eS. Vulgare.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage110.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5468833/v1/7bd9863aa079384c633ec437.png"},{"id":71604281,"identity":"650fa4a4-1a9c-4620-a251-38197be51a37","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 06:05:01","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":37114,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe spectrum of GC-MS analysis of the ethanolic extract of \u003cem\u003eP.Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage26.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5468833/v1/1303b0d131265797e01b205e.png"},{"id":71605907,"identity":"74eccb2f-e613-4347-bc59-6fb4b6ea09b7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 06:13:01","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":117145,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFT-IR spectrum of ethanolic extract of \u003cem\u003eS.Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage23.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5468833/v1/2c95090c5b95fdb880b3a8c3.png"},{"id":71604283,"identity":"edc1577b-71c0-4a03-9cd8-0da47fe57b46","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 06:05:01","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":119448,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFT-IR spectrum of ethanolic extract of \u003cem\u003eP.Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage24.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5468833/v1/cf59ff40a68c26b10c3c9ce0.png"},{"id":71604285,"identity":"6257f3f8-d56c-4280-9353-01a23936134e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 06:05:01","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":5806,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe percentage of free radical scavenging activity using the DPPH method for the ethanolic extracts of the brown algae \u003cem\u003eP. pavonica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e at various concentrations\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5468833/v1/3185685b59b0da3040c618ab.png"},{"id":71604284,"identity":"ddaf9c63-782b-45ab-a74e-9f11e8d13458","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 06:05:01","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4227,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFeSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e standard curve\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5468833/v1/02f63afa20295d0f82392cb5.png"},{"id":71605908,"identity":"d6ae28e4-e635-4212-9469-eb518eb9d32a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 06:13:01","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":7524,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe SPF value of different concenteration of extracts of \u003cem\u003eS.Vulgare \u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e P.Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5468833/v1/a927f80145eb107a8a84c463.png"},{"id":72098096,"identity":"7c5ffed1-426c-4771-a426-f4d47bbb8027","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-22 11:01:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1528521,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5468833/v1/79005e57-75c8-4aee-ac8a-e5e23582e5e6.pdf"},{"id":71604280,"identity":"70bb4e6b-dd2a-40e6-a10a-9b84535147ec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 06:05:01","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":138180,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table23.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5468833/v1/76dbb6dcd20d1a599952c9ad.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Comparison study of Sargassum Vulgare and Padina Pavonica of Persian Gulf extracts for their bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and sun protection factor to improve UV absorption","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eProlonged exposure to the sun can cause the skin to Photoageing, photocarcinogenesis and pigmentary changes. It is advised by specialists to use sunscreen recommendations that are specific to one's skin type and skin conditions, and to be mindful of the type of sun filters and products being utilized (Passeron et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Passeron et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) is a measure that indicates the level of protection a sunscreen product offers against the sun's ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, which is responsible for sunburn and increasing the risk of skin cancer (Breneman \u0026amp; Belsito, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). SPF values typically range from 2 to 100 or more, with higher numbers indicating greater protection (Putri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). SPF measures the sunscreen's ability to protect against UVB radiation, which is responsible for causing sunburn and contributing to skin cancer risk (Rizki et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). It also indicates the level of protection a sunscreen provides compared to not wearing sunscreen (Lavanya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The percentage of UVB blocked by the sunscreen is also measured. For example, SPF 15 blocks approximately 93% of UVB rays, while SPF 30 blocks about 97%. However, SPF values are not linear, and higher SPF values result in smaller incremental increases in protection (Parwaiz \u0026amp; Khan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe bioactive compounds like proteins, carbohydrates and polyphenols are existing in plants and marine algae, have antioxidant activity that can be useful in cosmetic and sunscreen formulation. while, The SPF values of 36 (Biswas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), 36.22 (Ayad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), and 38.26 (Lahmadi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) obtained for polyphenols extracted from algae and have made them ideal for use in sunscreen creams, not only poly phenols but also The effectiveness of others compounds as protecting against the sun has been examined by some studies. Authors reported SPF values in long range for protein; 3.69 (Ma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), 11.9 (Yap \u0026amp; Gan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), and 50 (Chang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), also SPF values of 2.61 (Guerreiro et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), 10.93 (Munir et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), and 29.42 (Lu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) for carbohydrates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOver 8000 types of polyphenols have been identified, which can be grouped into four main categories: flavonoids, phenolic acids, polyphenolic amides, and other polyphenols (Hossen \u0026amp; Ali, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Zhou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Phenolic compounds have strong antioxidant properties by providing hydrogen to free radicals, creating inactive radicals (Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Synthetic antioxidants used to reduce the destructive effects of free radicals have harmful side effects, which has led to the study of natural antioxidants and the possibility of replacing synthetic ones becoming more important (Chaiwangyen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).These compounds absorb UV radiation, particularly in the UV-B range, preventing it from reaching deeper skin layers, reducing the risk of DNA damage and oxidative stress (Hawas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). These compounds also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, modulating inflammatory pathways and cytokine production to alleviate UV-induced skin damage and promote healing (Meshalkina et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). They stabilize biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, which are susceptible to UV damage (Meichssner et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, they regulate enzyme activity, such as DNA repair and antioxidant enzymes, to enhance cellular defense mechanisms against UV-induced damage and promote cell survival. Overall, the combined effects of these compounds contribute to their photoprotective properties, protecting skin cells from the harmful effects of UV radiation (Endo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarious techniques are utilized for extracting compounds for example, Maceration is a cost-effective way to extract specific compounds. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and pulsed electric field extraction (PEF) are viable alternatives to maceration, as they require less time, but the equipment and its operational costs are too high, which restricts their use. Soxhlet extraction is effective in extracting fat-soluble phytochemicals, but it is not efficient for samples with high moisture content like phenol (Kumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarious organic solvents, including nonpolar solvents like hexane, petroleum ether, and cyclohexane, protic solvents such as ethanol and methanol, and aprotic solvents like acetone are employed in extraction processes. Ethanol is a more effective choice than other. Using 70% ethanol as a solvent for extraction has been proven to show the highest amount of TPC (Michalak \u0026amp; Chojnacka, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Wu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Also looking at it from a commercial angle, ethanol is the most financially viable option for extraction (Stengel \u0026amp; Connan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Maceration by ethanoic solvent is potential to extract not only polyphenols, but also for protein and carbohydrate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn marine ecosystems, many macroalgae grow faster than terrestrial plants. Algae have the ability to create phenolic compounds with more rings, which are not found in land plants (Dini \u0026amp; Grumetto, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Macroalgae are roughly classified as green, red, or brown algae based on their photosynthetic pigments. Brown algae are considered to be a rich source of biologically active compounds including protein, carbohydrates, polyphenols, minerals, and fatty acids (Shibasaki \u0026amp; Ueda, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). These compounds have various biological properties such as antitumor, anti-viral, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. As a result, macroalgae are used in industries such as medical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and health (Rathnayake et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Sirbu \u0026amp; Cadar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). A study determined that brown algae exhibit a greater concentration of polyphenols compared to other types of algae (Aminina et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eSargassum\u003c/em\u003e is a large and diverse genus of brown algae, with approximately 400 taxonomically accepted species (Marcelo D. Catarino et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Edubos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eSargassum\u003c/em\u003e algae has branched branches and cylindrical masses that spread from one axis in all directions. The branches of this algae are surrounded by leaf-like protrusions that enable it to float in water (Marcelo D Catarino et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eSargassum\u003c/em\u003e species are typically found in tropical and subtropical shallow marine environments (Akbary et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003ePadina\u003c/em\u003e is a type of brown seaweed that belongs to the \u003cem\u003eDictyotaceae\u003c/em\u003e family. It is commonly found in tropical waters, particularly along coral reefs (Kalasariya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). There are currently 80 identified species of \u003cem\u003ePadina\u003c/em\u003e worldwide (Mahendran et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This seaweed is typically found in shallow, warm waters at depths of 0\u0026ndash;10 meters during tidal periods (FAROBIE \u0026amp; Ernawati, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Due to its unique shape, size, and color, particularly its leaves, it can be easily distinguished from other types of algae (Waluyo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe southern coastline of Iran, comprising of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, stretches for 1,360 kilometers and is dotted with numerous islands. The intertidal zone of these coasts boasts a rich diversity of marine macroalgae, with 250 different species being identified in 2007 based on their morphology (Sohrabipour \u0026amp; Rabiei, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Zolgharnain and his coworkers in 2013, have been identified, six species of \u003cem\u003ePadina\u003c/em\u003e in the Northern Persian Gulf (Amini et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, we aim to collect two species of brown algae from the Persian Gulf in Hormozgan Province. After preparing their hydroalcoholic extracts, we will investigate the physicochemical properties of the biological compounds present in the algae to study their anti-UV properties.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Material and Method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Material and instruments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll chemicals prepared in pharmaceutical grade. 2,4,6-tripyridyl triazine (TPTZ), Bovine Serum albumin (BSA), anthrone, Folin-Ciocalteau, Sulfuric Acid (H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) 98%, Gallic acid, Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Ferric Chloride, Sodium Carbonate (Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), Aluminum Chloride (AlCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), Sodium Nitrite (NaNO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), Copper (II) Sulfate (CuSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), Potassium tartrate, Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), D-glucose, Iron (III) Chloride (FeCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), Iron(II) Sulfate (FeSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), Acetate and Methanol were obtained from Merck ( Rahway, New Jersey, United States of America). Catechin, DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) were purchased from Sigma\u0026ndash;Aldrich (Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France). Ethanol absolute was prepared from kimiaalcohol (zanjan, Iran). Heidolph rotary evaporator,Germany\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Sampling Description\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples of algae \u003cem\u003eP.Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS.Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e were collected from Basaidu Beach, Qeshm Island, Hormozgan Province in late September 2023. Samples were rinsed with seawater and then distilled water. Mud and epiphytes were removed and air-dried in the dark place for a week.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Preparation of extracts\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dried algae samples were ground into a powder. Then, 30 grams of each algae sample was used for extraction using 70% ethanol solvent at a ratio of 1:10 through three maceration steps. After the extraction process, the mixtures were filtered through Whatman No. 4 filter paper, a rotary evaporator evaporated the filtered liquid solvent at 50\u0026deg;C in reduced pressure and the extracts were weighed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Qualitative identification\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.1. Qualitative test of phenol\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ferric chloride test used for the identification of phenols (Yohannan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). A few drops of ferric chloride (10%) were added to 1 mL of the 70% ethanolic extract (1 mg/ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). The presence of phenols is indicated by the formation of a blackish precipitate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.2. Alkaline reagent test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor qualitative Flavonoid analysis, the Alkaline reagent test has used by some modifications (Roghini \u0026amp; Vijayalakshmi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). To 2 ml of 70% ethanolic extract (1 mg/ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), 1 ml of sodium hydroxide (2N) was added. The presence of yellow color indicates flavonoids.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.3. Qualitative test of protein\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo identify protein, 1ml of 70% ethanolic extract (1 mg/ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was mixed with a few drops of of 2% ninhydrin reagent, and then it was heated for 5 minutes.The blue color signifies the presence of amino acids (Dauda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.4. Qualitative test of carbohydrate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbohydrates are detected through the combination of 2 ml of 70% ethanolic extract (1 mg/ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) with 1 ml of Molisch's reagent and a few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid. This resulted in the formation of purple or reddish color (Dauda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Quantitative identification\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.1. Total Phenolic Content (TPC)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total phenolic content of the extracts was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method (Maurya \u0026amp; Singh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) by adding 0.5 ml of ethanolic Gallic acid standard solution (0.0075, 0.0052, 0.0035 and 0.0023 mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) or 0.5 ml of prepared ethanolic algae 70% ethanolic extract solution (1 mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) to 2.0 ml of Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e aqueous solution (7.5%) and 2.5 ml of Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. The mixture was left for 30 minutes and then their absorbance was measured at 760 nm for draw standard curve of Gallic acid and total phenolics concentration determination respectively. the results were expressed as milligram of Gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of extract.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.2. Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total flavonoid content of the extracts was determined by the aluminum chloride method (Kamtekar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). To carry out this method, 0.5 ml of 70% ethanolic extract (1mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) or standard (0.1,0.075,0.05 and 0.025 mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), 2.0 ml of distilled water, and 0.15 ml of NaNO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (5%) were mixed and kept for 5 minutes. After that, 0.15 ml of AlCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (10%) was added to the mixture and incubated for 6 minutes. Next, 1 ml of aqueous NaOH (1M) was added, and the volume was made up to 5 ml with distilled water. The sample was vortexed and incubated for 15 minutes. The development of an orange-yellowish color was measured at 510 nm. The concentration of total flavonoid content was calculated using the catechin standard curve and expressed as mg of Catechin per 100 gram of extract.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.3. Total Protein Content\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe protein content of the extract was determined by the Lowry method (Lowry et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1951\u003c/span\u003e). To prepare alkaline copper reagent, a mixture of Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (2%), CuSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (1%) and Potassium tartrate (2%) is required in a ratio of 100:1:1 respectively. Then, 5 ml of the prepared solution is added to 1 ml of the 70% ethanolic extract (1mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) or standard (0.1,0.075,0.05 and 0.025 mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and allowed to incubate at room temperature for 30 minutes. After that, 0.5 ml of Folin-Ciocalteau reagent is added to the mixture and left for 6 minutes. Finally, the absorbance is measured at 660 nm to calculate the protein content using the calibration curve obtained using Bovine Serum albumin as a standard. mg of Bovine Serum albumin per 100 gram of extract\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.4. Total Carbohydrate Content\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total carbohydrate content of the extracts was determined by the anthrone method (Jaswir et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). To perform the test, 5 ml of HCl (2.5 N) was added to 1 ml of the 70% ethanolic extract (1mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) or Aqueous solution standard (0.1, 0.075, 0.05, and 0.025 mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). After 3 hours, the mixture is neutralized with Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 15 minutes. Then, 4 ml of anthrone reagent (0.2 g of anthrone reagent in 100 ml of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (71.5%)) is added to 1 ml of the centrifuged solution. The mixture is kept in a boiling water bath for 8 minutes. Finally, the absorbance is measured at 490 nm. The amount of carbohydrates in the extract samples is expressed based on a standard curve in terms of milligram of D-glucose per gram of extract.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.5. GC-MS analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the analysis of biologically active compounds, helium was utilized as the carrier gas at a constant flow rate of 1 mL/min, with the sample injected at a split ratio of 1:30. The temperatures of the ion source and injector were set at 260\u0026deg;C and 320\u0026deg;C, respectively. A lower split mode was applied with an injection volume of 1 \u0026micro;L and a flow rate of 1 mL/min (Soleimani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.6. FT-IR analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor FT-IR analysis (Soleimani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) of the algae extract, the dried extract was first prepared in a powdered form. Subsequently, the sample was mixed with potassium bromide (KBr) and compressed into a pellet. This pellet was then placed in the FTIR apparatus, where infrared light was directed onto it to record the absorption spectrum corresponding to the various functional groups present in the extract.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6. Antioxidant activity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6.1. DPPH Radical scavenging assay\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe antioxidant activity of seaweed extracts were evaluatwd using DPPH through free radical scavenging based on reported procedure (Singh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Various concentrations (2,1,0.5,0.25 and 0.125 mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) of the 70% ethanolic extract (1 ml) was mixed with of 0.1 mM methanolic DPPH solution (1 ml), then the mixture left to incubate in the dark at room temperature for 30 minutes. The absorptions at wavelength of 517 nm were read by UV-vis spectrophotometer and similar procedure was adopted for the methanol solvent as control group. The percentage of inhibition of DPPH free radicals was calculated using the following equation (Palanisamy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhibition absorbance =\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\:\\frac{Control\\:absorbance-Sample\\:absorbance}{Control\\:absorbance}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026times;100\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e was calculated from the regression line (Khlifi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6.2. FRAP assay\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total antioxidant activity of the sample was determined using the FRAP assay (Singh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). To prepare the FRAP reagent, acetate buffer (300 mM; pH 3.6), TPTZ (2,4,6-tripyridyl triazine) (10 mM), and FeCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (20 mM) were mixed in the ratio of 10:1:1. Then, 0.5 ml of ethanolic (70%) extract (1mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)/standard (0.1,0.075,0.05 and 0.025 mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), 0.5 ml of water, and 2.0 ml of FRAP reagent were mixed, vortexed, and incubated at 40\u0026deg;C for 30 minutes. The absorbance was measured at 593 nm, and the antioxidant capacity was expressed in FRAP units (mmol Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e per gram of extract). The calculation was done by using the linear regression curve of FeSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e standard.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7. Calculations of solar protection factor (SPF)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolar protection factor measured through UV absorbance values of extracts using UV-vis spectrophotometer (Mosa et al.). The device was calibrated using the solvent (ethanol) as a blank, and the different concentrations of 70% ethanolic extracts (1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) were evaluated at wavelengths ranging from 290\u0026ndash;320, with a 5 to 5-fold.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7.1. Optimization of SPF\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo optimize the solvent effect on SPF value, various ethanolic (60 and 80%) extracts prepared, and this property measured for best concentration of extracts which achieved ( figure ? ) using uv-absorbtion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe measured values for SPF and bioactive compounds of two types of algae, \u003cem\u003eP.Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS.Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e, are compared in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1. \u003cem\u003eP.Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e consistently has higher numbers in every instance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. qualitative tests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth examined algae showed yellow color change when subjected to the Alkaline reagent test, indicating the presence of flavonoids. Furthermore, the ferric chloride test resulted in the formation of black deposits, indicating the presence of phenols in both algae. The appearance of blue color in the protein test confirmed the presence of amino acids. Additionally, the molisch test confirmed the presence of carbohydrate in the algae, as evidenced by the reddish color produced.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. quantitative tests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of different study of bioactive compounds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlgae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBioactive Compound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmount\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTPC\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresent Study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP.Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresent Study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.Dentifolium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Helal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.Polycystum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Wu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.Muticum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Silva et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTFC\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresent Study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP.Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresent Study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.Dentifolium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Helal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.Polycystum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Pirian et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Fu \u0026amp; Akhoundian, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Protein Content\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresent Study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP.Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresent Study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. Illicifolium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Hafezieh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.Illicifolium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Helal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Carbohydrate Content\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresent Study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP.Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresent Study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. Dentifolium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Helal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. Illicifolium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Hafezieh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP.Gymnospora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Bhuyar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003ea: mg GAE per g of extract; b: mg catechin per gram of extract; c: %; d: %\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.1. TPC\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the standard curve of gallic acid and its equation (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2), we obtained the amounts of TPC in \u003cem\u003eP.Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS.Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e as 68.4 (6.84% of extract) and 56.88 (5.68% of extract) mg GAE per g of extract, respectively. Similar study were done by other authors (Helal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) in case of \u003cem\u003eS.Polycystum\u003c/em\u003e collected from Bangladesh coast with TPC of 58.80 mg GAE/g of extract. A. Silva et al. (Silva et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) reported that water extract of brown seaweed, \u003cem\u003eS.Muticum\u003c/em\u003e showed a TPC of 8.31 mg GAE/g which is lower than the present finding. In another study, K. H. Farvin et al. (Farvin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) looked at some brown algae near Kuwait's coast. When different solvents were used, the TPC in \u003cem\u003eS.Aquifolium\u003c/em\u003e algae was found to be 30.6 mg GAE/g in absolute ethanol, 61.5 mg GAE/g in 50% ethanol, and 42.3 mg GAE/g in water. \u003cem\u003eP.Gymnospora\u003c/em\u003e algae contained 93.5 mg GAE/g of TPC when treated with Absolute ethanol, 71.9 mg GAE/g with 50% ethanol, and 24.5 mg GAE/g when treated with water. These values are consistent with the present study. Phenolic compounds with a higher amount of hydroxyl group and the presence of other polar functional groups (e.g., carbonyl, carboxyl) tend to have better solubility in the ethanolic solvent, resulting in higher extraction yields (Charlton et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.2. TFC\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe used a catechin standard curve and Its equation (Fig.\u0026nbsp;3) to figure out the amounts of TFC in the extract. We found that there is 101.08 (10.1% of extract) and 71.78 (7.17% of extract) mg catechin per g of the extract in \u003cem\u003eP.Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS.Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e, respectively. Another research conducted by Pirian et al. (Pirian et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), revealed that the \u003cem\u003eS.Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e algae in the Persian Gulf contains a high amount of TFC 187 mg catechin/g of extract in June, more than what was observed in the present study. P. Fu et al. (Fu \u0026amp; Akhoundian, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) reported a TFC value of 83 mg catechin/g of extract for \u003cem\u003eP.Boergesenii\u003c/em\u003e from the Persian Gulf between October 2018 and February 2019 that was lower than our findings in the same study. The discrepancy might stem from the fact that the items were gathered in disparate locations and at distinct times (Kamal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.3. Total Protein Content\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe protein content of \u003cem\u003eP.Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS.Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e extracts were determined using the standard curve of bovine serum albumin (Fig.\u0026nbsp;4). The obtained values were 176.34 (17.63% of extract) and 157.17 (15.71% of extract) mg of bovine serum albumin per g of extract, respectively. The protein content of brown algae constitutes 5\u0026ndash;15% of their dry weight (Harnedy \u0026amp; FitzGerald, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). In comparison to other elements in algae, our knowledge of algae proteins is limited (Beaulieu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). According to two different studies, \u003cem\u003eS. Illicifolium\u003c/em\u003e algae has been found to contain protein levels of of 9.8% (Hafezieh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and 8.40% (Helal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec29\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.4. Total Carbohydrate Content\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe D-glucose standard curve and its equation (Fig.\u0026nbsp;5) were used to determine the amount of Carbohydrate Content in the extract. \u003cem\u003eP. Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e were found to contain 331 (33.1% of extract) and 281.3 (28.13% of extract) mg D-glucose per g of extract, respectively. M. A. Helal et al. (Helal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) reported 25.80% for carbohydrate content of \u003cem\u003eS. Dentifolium\u003c/em\u003e from Red Sea, Egypt. According to another study, \u003cem\u003eS. Illicifolium\u003c/em\u003e has 33.2% (Hafezieh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) carbohydrates and \u003cem\u003eP.Gymnospora\u003c/em\u003e has 42.17% (Bhuyar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) carbohydrates. Given that the data falls within the same range, the solvent and method employed are suitable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec30\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.6. GC-MS analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results obtained from the GC-MS analysis of the ethanolic extracts of the brown algae \u003cem\u003eS. Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e are presented in Figs.\u0026nbsp;6 and 7, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe NIST GC-MS library was employed for the identification of the present compounds, and the closest matches were recorded, as detailed in Tables\u0026nbsp;2 and 3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec31\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.5. FT-IR analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigures 8 and 9 illustrate the results obtained from the infrared (IR) analysis of the ethanolic extracts of the brown algae \u003cem\u003eS. Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe FTIR spectrum analysis was utilized to identify the functional groups of bioactive compounds based on peak values in the wavenumber range of 500\u0026ndash;4000 cm⁻\u0026sup1; (Janakiraman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). The overall complexity of the spectrum, characterized by numerous sharp and intense peaks, indicates that the ethanolic extract contains a diverse array of organic compounds, reflecting the chemical richness of the algae samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, the concentrations of polyphenols, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and proteins were measured. Both polyphenols and flavonoids possess benzene rings and hydroxyl (OH) groups in their structures. The spectral analysis of both algal species indicated the presence of peaks in the range of 3400\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3300 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, which confirms the existence of OH groups. Additionally, the compounds 1,7,7-Trimethyl-Bicyclo[2.2.1]Heptan-2-Ol and 3,3-Dimethyl-2-(3-Methyl-1,3-Butadienyl), along with (1R,2S,8R,8Ar)-8-Hydroxy-1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1,2,5,5-Tetramethyl-Trans-Decalin, identified in the GC-MS analysis of the two algal species, further corroborate the presence of OH groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe detection of peaks in the range of 3550\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3250 cm⁻\u0026sup1; in both spectra indicates the presence of NH groups, which are also found in the compounds Benzenamine, 4-Bromo, and 1,4-Benzenediamine, N,N-Dimethyl, as derived from the GC-MS spectra. Furthermore, the presence of amine functional groups in protein structures confirms the existence of proteins in the extract.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeaks observed in the range of 1700 cm⁻\u0026sup1; are indicative of carbonyl and hydrocarbon functional groups, which are characteristic of carbohydrates. Among the compounds identified from the GC-MS spectrum, Bicyclo[3.1.1]Heptan-3-One, 2-(But-3-Enyl)-6,6-Dimethyl, and 9-Octadecenoic Acid (Z)-, Ethyl Ester contain these functional groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec32\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Antioxidant activity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant activity of two species of algae evaluated using DPPH and FRAP methods.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec33\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4.1. DPPH\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe radical scavenging activity DPPH (RSA%) was assessed for various concentrations of the ethanolic extract of brown algae. Based on these evaluations, the concentration of the extract that inhibits 50% of the radicals (IC50) was also determined (see Table\u0026nbsp;4).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDPPH radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extracts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhibition % of DPPH radical (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD) in various concentrations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/ml)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.125 (mg/ml)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25 (mg/ml)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5 (mg/ml)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (mg/ml)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (mg/ml)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP.Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of the data (Fig.\u0026nbsp;10) revealed a linear relationship between the concentration of the extracts and the percentage of radical scavenging activity. Specifically, as the concentration of the brown algae extracts decreased, the percentage of radical scavenging also declined. The highest percentage of radical scavenging was observed at a concentration of 2 mg/mL for the ethanolic extracts of both brown algae studied. Notably, the radical scavenging percentage for \u003cem\u003eP. Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e was greater than that of \u003cem\u003eS. Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e across all concentrations. Furthermore, the IC50 value for \u003cem\u003eP. Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e (0.052) was lower than that for \u003cem\u003eS. Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e (0.102), indicating a stronger antioxidant capacity for \u003cem\u003eP. Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e since a lower IC50 signifies a higher ability to neutralize free radicals (Martinez-Morales et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a related study conducted by Hawas et al (Hawas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), the IC50 values for the methanolic and hexane extracts of \u003cem\u003eP. Gymnospora\u003c/em\u003e were found to be 0.386 mg/mL and 0.745 mg/mL, respectively, with the methanolic extract exhibiting a lower IC50. Hexane, being a non-polar solvent, is primarily used for extracting non-polar compounds such as fats. In contrast, methanol and ethanol are polar solvents, with methanol being more effective in extracting stronger antioxidant compounds like polyphenols due to its higher polarity (Daud et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, another study investigated the impact of five different extraction solvents: ethanol, ethyl acetate, hexane, and chloroform on extraction yield, polyphenolic content, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of nine brown algae, confirming ethanol as the most effective solvent (Silva et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec34\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4.2. FRAP\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe reduction capacity of the extract was assessed based on mmol Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e per gram of extract equivalents utilizing the Fe2SO4 linear regression line (Fig.\u0026nbsp;11). \u003cem\u003eP.Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS.Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e exhibit Frap values of 5.03 (50.3%) and 4.34 (43.4%) mmol Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e per gram of extract, respectively. Other authors have reported FRAP values of 5.15 (Wu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) and 4.18 (Silva et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) for \u003cem\u003eS. Polycystum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. Muticum\u003c/em\u003e algae, respectively. Studies have shown a positive correlation between the FRAP activity of algae extracts and their content of bioactive compounds, particularly phenolic compounds. This suggests that the antioxidant activity of algae is largely attributed to these compounds (Heckmann et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec35\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5. SPF\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe resulting of each different concentration 70% ethanolic extracts absorbtion (table 4 and table 5) were entered into Eq.\u0026nbsp;2 to calculate the SPF.\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:SPF=CF{\\sum\\:}_{290nm}^{390nm}EE\\left({\\lambda\\:}\\right)\\times\\:I\\left({\\lambda\\:}\\right)\\times\\:ABS\\left({\\lambda\\:}\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF: is the correction factor (=\u0026thinsp;10); EE: the erythemal effect of radiation at wavelength λ; I: the intensity of the solar spectrum; ABS: the absorbance at wavelengths 290\u0026ndash;320 nm (table 6 and 7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation 2: SPF calculation formula\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe values of EE, I, and ABS are obtained or applied for every wavelength (λ). The values for each [EE(λ) \u0026times; I(λ)] are constants that have been normalized based on the work by Sayre et al (Sayre et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e). These values can be found in Table\u0026nbsp;3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormalized product function used in the calculation of SPF (Sayre et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWavelength (nm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEE \u0026times; I (normalized)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e290\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e295\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0812\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2864\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e305\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1864\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0837\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo calculate the SPF for extracts, we used the measured values from Tables\u0026nbsp;6 and 7 in Eq.\u0026nbsp;2. We recorded the results in Fig.\u0026nbsp;7. \u003cem\u003eP.Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e has higher values than \u003cem\u003eS.Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e. The \u003cem\u003eS.Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e sample becomes more effective at increasing SPF up to concentration of 4 mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, but after that, it becomes less effective. The SPF in the \u003cem\u003eP.Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e sample reaches a concentration of 4 mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and then remains consistent. Therefore, 4 mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e is the optimal concentration for both groups. To gauge the influence of different dilution of solvent on SPF effectiveness, we conducted the experiment using ethanol 60 and 80. Using the same procedure as before, we determined the SPF value, and the outcomes are documented in table 8. Increasing or decreasing the dilution of solvent doesn't have a substantial effect on the SPF due to the close similarity of the values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrior research has shown that natural components exert their photoprotective effects, such as enhancing skin elasticity and hydration, improving skin texture, and reducing wrinkles, through their antioxidant properties and by regulating UV-induced skin inflammation, barrier impairment, and aging (He et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Soolmaz Soleimani et al. (Soleimani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) formulated A sunscreen utilizing \u003cem\u003eP. Boergesenii\u003c/em\u003e ethyl acetate extract, providing an SPF of 20.32. A study by G. Schneider et al. (Schneider et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) investigated the protective properties of extracts from 22 macroalgae species and marine lichen collected along the southern Iberian Peninsula against the sun. Results indicated that \u003cem\u003eS. Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. Umbilical\u003c/em\u003e extracts offered the most effective protection, suggesting potential use in beauty product ingredients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ethe absorbance of \u003cem\u003eS.Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e ethanolic extracts at wavelengths 290\u0026ndash;320 nm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWavelength (nm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABS (1 mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABS (2 mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABS (4 mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABS (6 mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABS (8 mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABS (4 mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABS (4 mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70% ethanolic extract\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e290\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.636\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e295\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.979\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.541\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.903\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.883\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.484\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.846\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.986\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e305\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.734\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.389\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.810\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.967\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.844\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.984\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.935\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.632\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.725\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.837\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.721\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.913\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.554\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.617\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.723\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.645\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.935\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.872\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.479\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.524\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.681\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.584\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.853\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ethe absorbance of \u003cem\u003eP.Pavonica\u003c/em\u003e extracts at wavelengths 290\u0026ndash;320 nm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWavelength (nm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABS (nm) Ethanolic (70%)Extract (1mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABS (nm) Ethanolic (70%)Extract (2mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABS (nm) Ethanolic (70%)Extract (4mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABS (nm) Ethanolic (70%)Extract (6mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABS (nm) Ethanolic (70%)Extract (8mg.ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e290\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.214\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.872\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e295\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.081\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.816\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.979\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.752\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.872\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e305\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.903\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.683\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.853\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.935\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.935\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.822\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.623\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.815\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.935\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.935\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.561\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.767\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.913\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.913\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.755\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.752\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.872\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.853\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe SPF value of various dilutions of ethanolic solvent for \u003cem\u003eS.Vulgare\u003c/em\u003e extract\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolvent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSPF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBrown algae are a valuable resource for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries due to their bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties. In this study comparing \u003cem\u003epadina\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003esargassum\u003c/em\u003e, it was found that the crude extract of \u003cem\u003epadina\u003c/em\u003e contains more bioactive compounds and exhibits a higher antioxidant value and SPF. The antioxidant effect (DPPH) enhances with higher extract concentration. The study used a 70% ethanol solvent for experimentation. Different concentrations of the 70% ethanol extract of \u003cem\u003esargassum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003epadina\u003c/em\u003e also were tested to boost the SPF value. The 4 mg/ml extract concentration displayed the highest SPF for both algae. To further enhance the SPF, the concentration of this extract was evaluated by adjusting the dilution of the solvent to 60% and 80% ethanol. Since the data were not significantly different, the dilution of the solvent had no impact on the SPF value. Consequently,These results underscore emphasize the promising potential of \u003cem\u003epadina\u003c/em\u003e as a natural sunscreen agent, show casing the significance of marine algae as bioactive compound sources for cosmeceutical applications in sunscreen development and skincare formulations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNafise Nabizade and amanollah zarei ahmady wrote the main manuscript. 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Nutrients 8(8). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu8080515\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 2 and 3 are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Natural ingredients, brown algae, antioxidant activity, sun protection factor, polyphenols","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5468833/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5468833/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis research paper investigates the bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and sun protection factor (SPF) in ethanolic extracts from two brown algae, \u003cem\u003eSargassum vulgare\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eS. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e) and \u003cem\u003ePadina pavonica\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eP. pavonica\u003c/em\u003e), collected from the Persian Gulf. Through qualitative and quantitative tests, various bioactive compounds such as phenols, flavonoids, proteins, and carbohydrates were identified. The antioxidant activity was measured via 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. SPF values were evaluated for different concentrations of ethanolic extracts. Notably, \u003cem\u003eP. pavonica\u003c/em\u003e exhibited higher SPF values than \u003cem\u003eS. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e, with an optimal concentration of 4 mg/mL for both species. The findings underscore the potential of these algae extracts as natural ingredients in cosmetic and sun protection products, bolstered by their significant antioxidant and photoprotective properties.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparison study of Sargassum Vulgare and Padina Pavonica of Persian Gulf extracts for their bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and sun protection factor to improve UV absorption","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-17 06:04:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5468833/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3818718a-165f-4c39-9a77-d11790c7110a","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 17th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-12-22T10:53:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-17 06:04:56","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5468833","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5468833","identity":"rs-5468833","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}